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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9162" ID-GBIF-Dataset="153fc0b6-24b9-425c-a355-6ba33b9de475" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-51-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFCF966B691BFFC1FF950C14486D5B5D" ID-ZBK="B3D68EDB9CF844A3BC43E9C2D6626BD7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="147922" ID-ZooBank="B3D68EDB9CF844A3BC43E9C2D6626BD7" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2607-51-1" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51" ModsDocTitle="North-Western Palaearctic species of the Pristiphoraruficornis group (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)" checkinTime="1472501929960" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Prous, Marko, Vikberg, Veli, Liston, Andrew &amp; Kramp, Katja" docDate="2016" docId="237F51F2DB378A36399512FEB75A244E" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 51: 1-54" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51" docPubDate="2016-08-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9162" docTitle="Pristiphora armata Thomson 1863" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="FFCF966B691BFFC1FF950C14486D5B5D" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FFCF966B691BFFC1FF950C14486D5B5D" masterDocTitle="North-Western Palaearctic species of the Pristiphora ruficornis group (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1678749194293" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>North-Western Palaearctic species of the Pristiphora ruficornis group (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Prous, Marko</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5329-7608</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Strasse 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany &amp; Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">mprous@ut.ee</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vikberg, Veli</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Liinalammintie 11 as. 6, FI- 14200 Turenki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Liston, Andrew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Strasse 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kramp, Katja</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Strasse 90, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2016-08-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>51</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>54</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9162</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9162</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-51-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">B3D68EDB9CF844A3BC43E9C2D6626BD7</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFCF966B691BFFC1FF950C14486D5B5D</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">147922</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127900815" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:237F51F2DB378A36399512FEB75A244E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/237F51F2DB378A36399512FEB75A244E" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName LSID="BDBF74CD-E61B-595E-A05D-3D0A52ADE945" authority="(Thomson, 1863)" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1863" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Pristiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristiphora armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armata">Pristiphora armata (Thomson, 1863)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus crassicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassicornis">Nematus crassicornis</taxonomicName>
Hartig, 1837: 204-205. Primary homonym of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus crassicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassicornis">Nematus crassicornis</taxonomicName>
Stephens, 1829 [=
<taxonomicName authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1785" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Cladius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cladius (Cladius) pectinicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectinicornis" subGenus="Cladius">Cladius (Cladius) pectinicornis</taxonomicName>
(Geoffroy, 1785)]. 3 ♀♀ and 13 ♂♂ possible syntypes belonging to
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="armata">P. armata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="leucopus">P. leucopus</taxonomicName>
in ZSM, examined. Type locality: Germany according to the title of the publication.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus armatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">Nematus armatus</taxonomicName>
Thomson, 1863: 619. Seven possible female syntypes belonging to
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="armata">P. armata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="leucopus">P. leucopus</taxonomicName>
in MZLU, examined. Type locality: Bohus
<normalizedToken originalValue="Län">Laen</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bohuslän">Bohuslaen</normalizedToken>
), Stockholm, and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Skåne">Skane</normalizedToken>
, Sweden.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brischke" authorityYear="1883" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus crataegi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegi">Nematus crataegi</taxonomicName>
Brischke, 1883: pl. I(7), 6. Syntype(s) possibly destroyed (
<bibRefCitation author="Blank, SM" editor="Taeger, A" journalOrPublisher="Goecke &amp; Evers, Keltern" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="141 - 174" refId="B8" refString="Blank, SM, Taeger, A, 1998. Comments on the taxonomy of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) (Preliminary studies for a catalogue of Symphyta, part 4). In: Taeger, A, Blank, SM, Eds., Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme. Goecke &amp; Evers, Keltern: 141 - 174" title="Comments on the taxonomy of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) (Preliminary studies for a catalogue of Symphyta, part 4)." volumeTitle="Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme." year="1998">Blank and Taeger 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Type locality: not stated, but probably in former East Prussia (now Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, or Poland).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nematus</taxonomicName>
Fletcheri [sic!] Cameron, 1884: 26. Syntype(s) possibly in BMNH, not examined. Type locality: Worcester and Clydesdale, United Kingdom.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zaddach" authorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus melanostomus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanostomus">Nematus melanostomus</taxonomicName>
Zaddach in Brischke, 1884: 140-141. Holotype ♀ possibly destroyed (
<bibRefCitation author="Blank, SM" editor="Taeger, A" journalOrPublisher="Goecke &amp; Evers, Keltern" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="141 - 174" refId="B8" refString="Blank, SM, Taeger, A, 1998. Comments on the taxonomy of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) (Preliminary studies for a catalogue of Symphyta, part 4). In: Taeger, A, Blank, SM, Eds., Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme. Goecke &amp; Evers, Keltern: 141 - 174" title="Comments on the taxonomy of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) (Preliminary studies for a catalogue of Symphyta, part 4)." volumeTitle="Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme." year="1998">Blank and Taeger 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Type locality: Bautzen, Saxony, Germany.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jacobs" authorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus ensicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensicornis">Nematus ensicornis</taxonomicName>
Jacobs, 1884: XXIII. Syntype(s) ♀ possibly in IRSNB, not examined. Type locality: near Brussels, Belgium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1885" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus nigricollis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricollis">Nematus nigricollis</taxonomicName>
Cameron, 1885: 66. Syntype(s) possibly in BMNH, not examined. Type locality: Worcester, United Kingdom.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="similar species">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Similar species.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The most similar species is
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Differences between these two species were extensively discussed by
<bibRefCitation author="Grearson, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="72 - 88" refId="B29" refString="Grearson, KJ, Liston, AD, 2012. Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae). Zootaxa 3502: 72 - 88" title="Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae)." volume="3502" year="2012">Grearson and Liston (2012)</bibRefCitation>
. Briefly, specimens, both male and female, with completely or nearly completely pale metafemur (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–36" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 18 - 36. 18 P. albitibia DEI-GISHym 31514, thorax in lateral view 19 P. luteipes DEI-GISHym 80038, thorax in lateral view 20 P. astragali holotype, thorax in lateral view 21 P. leucopus DEI-GISHym 31556, lateral 22 P. leucopus DEI-GISHym 4989, lateral 23 P. luteipes DEI-GISHym 80038, lateral 24 P. luteipes DEI-GISHym 80038, flagellum 25 P. ruficornis DEI-GISHym 31185, flagellum 26 P. armata DEI-GISHym 11092 27 P. subopaca holotype, pterostigma (arrow) 28 P. opaca holotype, pterostigma (arrow) 29 P. ruficornis DEI-GISHym 31185, pterostigma (arrow) 30 P. appendiculata DEI-GISHym 31500, claw 31 P. opaca holotype, claw 32 P. subopaca holotype, claw 33 P. armata DEI-GISHym 11554, claw 34 P. bifida DEI-GISHym 31507, claw 35 P. frigida NHRS-HEVA 000005006, flagellum with barely visible stout black setae (arrows) 36 P. pusilla DEI-GISHym 80050, flagellum with clearly visible stout black setae." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures18-36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100808" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">22</figureCitation>
) belong to
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but specimens with black or mostly black metafemur (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–36" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 18 - 36. 18 P. albitibia DEI-GISHym 31514, thorax in lateral view 19 P. luteipes DEI-GISHym 80038, thorax in lateral view 20 P. astragali holotype, thorax in lateral view 21 P. leucopus DEI-GISHym 31556, lateral 22 P. leucopus DEI-GISHym 4989, lateral 23 P. luteipes DEI-GISHym 80038, lateral 24 P. luteipes DEI-GISHym 80038, flagellum 25 P. ruficornis DEI-GISHym 31185, flagellum 26 P. armata DEI-GISHym 11092 27 P. subopaca holotype, pterostigma (arrow) 28 P. opaca holotype, pterostigma (arrow) 29 P. ruficornis DEI-GISHym 31185, pterostigma (arrow) 30 P. appendiculata DEI-GISHym 31500, claw 31 P. opaca holotype, claw 32 P. subopaca holotype, claw 33 P. armata DEI-GISHym 11554, claw 34 P. bifida DEI-GISHym 31507, claw 35 P. frigida NHRS-HEVA 000005006, flagellum with barely visible stout black setae (arrows) 36 P. pusilla DEI-GISHym 80050, flagellum with clearly visible stout black setae." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures18-36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100808" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">21</figureCitation>
) cannot be distinguished externally. Unfortunately, differences in lancets (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 54–57" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 54 - 57. Lancets of Pristiphora armata subgroup. 54 P. leucopus PR. 393 VV, summer morph 55 P. leucopus PR. 467 VV reared ex larva from Tilia sp. 56 Nematus armatus Thomson syntype specimen 8 (X 112) 57 P. armata DEI-GISHym 20366." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100813" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">54-57</figureCitation>
) and penis valves (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 77–86" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figures 77 - 86. Penis valves of Pristiphora ruficornis group. 77 P. appendiculata DEI-GISHym 31555 78 P. albitibia DEI-GISHym 20956 79 P. ruficornis PR. 462 VV 80 P. melanocarpa PR. 425 VV 81 P. ruficornis DEI-GISHym 19636 82 P. melanocarpa PR. 409 VV 83 P. armata PR. 465 VV 84 P. leucopus PR. 466 VV reared ex ovo from Tilia sp. 85 P. armata DEI-GISHym 80020 86 P. leucopus GBIF-GISHym 3246 (syntype of Nematus crassicornis Hartig)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures77-86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100819" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">83-86</figureCitation>
) are also small and might not always be detectable. According to
<bibRefCitation author="Grearson, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="72 - 88" refId="B29" refString="Grearson, KJ, Liston, AD, 2012. Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae). Zootaxa 3502: 72 - 88" title="Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae)." volume="3502" year="2012">Grearson and Liston (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, the general proportions of the lamnium of
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 54–57" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 54 - 57. Lancets of Pristiphora armata subgroup. 54 P. leucopus PR. 393 VV, summer morph 55 P. leucopus PR. 467 VV reared ex larva from Tilia sp. 56 Nematus armatus Thomson syntype specimen 8 (X 112) 57 P. armata DEI-GISHym 20366." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100813" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">56-57</figureCitation>
) are wider than that of
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 54–57" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 54 - 57. Lancets of Pristiphora armata subgroup. 54 P. leucopus PR. 393 VV, summer morph 55 P. leucopus PR. 467 VV reared ex larva from Tilia sp. 56 Nematus armatus Thomson syntype specimen 8 (X 112) 57 P. armata DEI-GISHym 20366." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100813" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">54</figureCitation>
), but this does not always work, because
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can have a distinctly wider lamnium than
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">though</pageBreakToken>
serrulae are in this case somewhat weaker (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 54–57" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 54 - 57. Lancets of Pristiphora armata subgroup. 54 P. leucopus PR. 393 VV, summer morph 55 P. leucopus PR. 467 VV reared ex larva from Tilia sp. 56 Nematus armatus Thomson syntype specimen 8 (X 112) 57 P. armata DEI-GISHym 20366." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures54-57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100813" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">55</figureCitation>
). Males can perhaps be distinguished through small differences in penis valves (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 77–86" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figures 77 - 86. Penis valves of Pristiphora ruficornis group. 77 P. appendiculata DEI-GISHym 31555 78 P. albitibia DEI-GISHym 20956 79 P. ruficornis PR. 462 VV 80 P. melanocarpa PR. 425 VV 81 P. ruficornis DEI-GISHym 19636 82 P. melanocarpa PR. 409 VV 83 P. armata PR. 465 VV 84 P. leucopus PR. 466 VV reared ex ovo from Tilia sp. 85 P. armata DEI-GISHym 80020 86 P. leucopus GBIF-GISHym 3246 (syntype of Nematus crassicornis Hartig)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures77-86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100819" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">85-86</figureCitation>
and Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 3–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 3 - 17. 3 Pristiphora bifida DEI-GISHym 31507, sawsheath with large scopa (arrows) in dorsal view 4 P. appendiculata DEI-GISHym 80025, sawsheath with large scopa (arrows) in apical view 5 P. albitibia DEI-GISHym 31514, head in dorsal view showing short postocellar area (lines and arrows) 6 P. geniculata DEI-GISHym 20961, head in dorsal view showing long postocellar area (lines and arrows) 7 P. appendiculata DEI-GISHym 31500, smooth mesopostnotum (arrow) 8 P. albitibia DEI-GISHym 31516, matt mesopostnotum (arrow) 9 P. ruficornis DEI-GISHym 31185, dorsal view 10 P. subopaca DEI-GISHym 20899, dorsal view 11 P. ruficornis DEI-GISHym 31185, lateral view 12 P. subopaca DEI-GISHym 20899, lateral view 13 P. beaumonti DEI-GISHym 20766, lateral view 14 P. melanocarpa DEI-GISHym 21031, abdomen in lateral view 15 P. luteipes DEI-GISHym 18872, abdomen in lateral view 16 P. armata DEI-GISHym 11092, tergum 8 in dorsal view with apical projection (arrow) 17 P. subopaca DEI-GISHym 31560, tergum 8 in dorsal view without apical projection." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures3-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100807" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">9-10</figureCitation>
in
<bibRefCitation author="Grearson, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="72 - 88" refId="B29" refString="Grearson, KJ, Liston, AD, 2012. Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae). Zootaxa 3502: 72 - 88" title="Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae)." volume="3502" year="2012">Grearson and Liston 2012</bibRefCitation>
), as described by
<bibRefCitation author="Grearson, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="72 - 88" refId="B29" refString="Grearson, KJ, Liston, AD, 2012. Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae). Zootaxa 3502: 72 - 88" title="Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae)." volume="3502" year="2012">Grearson and Liston (2012)</bibRefCitation>
: &quot;In
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the outer edge of the spine has a short straight section near the apex, termi
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">nated</pageBreakToken>
ventrally by a marked angle and below this a second section which is almost straight; there is a noticeable narrowing of the width of the spine at this point. In
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the spine is almost parallel with a smoothly-curved outer edge and only a slight narrowing near the base&quot;. Unfortunately, the differences are not always evident (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 77–86" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figures 77 - 86. Penis valves of Pristiphora ruficornis group. 77 P. appendiculata DEI-GISHym 31555 78 P. albitibia DEI-GISHym 20956 79 P. ruficornis PR. 462 VV 80 P. melanocarpa PR. 425 VV 81 P. ruficornis DEI-GISHym 19636 82 P. melanocarpa PR. 409 VV 83 P. armata PR. 465 VV 84 P. leucopus PR. 466 VV reared ex ovo from Tilia sp. 85 P. armata DEI-GISHym 80020 86 P. leucopus GBIF-GISHym 3246 (syntype of Nematus crassicornis Hartig)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures77-86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100819" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">83-84</figureCitation>
). Females might be confused also with some specimens of
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. confusa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="confusa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(if they have completely smooth mesepisternum), the only differences perhaps being the colour of pterostigma (uniformly dark brown in
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, usually basally dark brown and apically brown in
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. confusa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="confusa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and small differences in the lancet (ctenidia tend be more distinct in
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. confusa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="confusa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 62–65" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 62 - 65. Lancets of Pristiphora aphantoneura subgroup. 62 P. confusa holotype 63 P. confusa PR. 544 VV reared ex larva from Salix caprea 64 P. opaca DEI-GISHym 80032 (presence of a fold is indicated by an arrow) 65 P. opaca PR. 389 VV." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figures62-65" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100815" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">62-63</figureCitation>
). Differences in host plant use are the only reliable way to separate
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that have a black metafemur (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Crataegus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Crataegus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Tilia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tilia" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Tilia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Because of difficulties separating these species, we refrain from selecting lectotypes (in agreement with
<bibRefCitation author="Grearson, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="72 - 88" refId="B29" refString="Grearson, KJ, Liston, AD, 2012. Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae). Zootaxa 3502: 72 - 88" title="Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae)." volume="3502" year="2012">Grearson and Liston 2012</bibRefCitation>
) for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus crassicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nematus crassicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hartig and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Nematus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematus armatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nematus armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thomson at this stage.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="genetic data">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Genetic data.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Based on COI barcode sequences,
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the same BIN cluster (BOLD:AAQ2302) as
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Maximum likelihood tree of Pristiphora ruficornis group based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences (1078 bp). Specimens that had at least the full barcode sequence (658 bp) were included in the analysis. Branches with multiple specimen identification labels represent identical sequences, only one of which was used in the analysis. Numbers on the nodes show approximate likelihood-ratio test (aLRT) support values and bootstrap proportions (%, BP). Support values for weakly supported branches (aLRT &lt;0.9 and / or BP &lt;70) are not shown. The inset shows the tree with outgroup species. The scale bar shows the number of estimated substitutions per nucleotide position. An asterisk (*) indicates the specimens that we have not studied. AUT, Austria; CAN, Canada; CHN, China; DEU, Germany; ESP, Spain; EST, Estonia; FIN, Finland; FRA, France; GBR, United Kingdom; ITA, Italy; MAR, Morocco; NOR, Norway; PRT, Portugal; SWE, Sweden; USA, United States of America. NUMTs?, possible nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100805" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">1</figureCitation>
). The nearest neighbour (BOLD:AAG3568) is 2.76% different. BOLD:AAG3568 includes
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. aphantoneura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="aphantoneura">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. aphantoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. bifida" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="bifida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. bifida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. confusa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="confusa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. luteipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="luteipes">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. luteipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. opaca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="opaca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. opaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. pusilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. pusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. staudingeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="staudingeri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. staudingeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. subopaca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="subopaca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. subopaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although we have only one TPI sequence of
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it also does not allow separation of
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum likelihood tree of Pristiphora ruficornis group based on triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI) sequences (alignment length 842 bp). Branches with multiple specimen identification labels represent identical sequences, only one of which was used in the analysis. Numbers on the nodes show approximate likelihood-ratio test (aLRT) support values and bootstrap proportions (%, BP). Support values for weakly supported branches (aLRT &lt;0.9 and / or BP &lt;70) are not shown. The scale bar shows the number of estimated substitutions per nucleotide position." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9162.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100806" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">2</figureCitation>
). The single
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sequence would be identical to the single available
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female sequence when ambiguous positions due to heterozygosity are excluded. Examination of all the six heterozygous sites (double peaks in chromatograms) in
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. leucopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="leucopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. leucopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
revealed that all of them include also the nucleotide found in
<taxonomicName family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. armata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. armata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possibly indicating haplotype sharing between these two taxa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="host">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Host plants.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Crataegus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Crataegus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation author="Brischke, CGA" journalOrPublisher="Schriften der physikalisch-oekonomischen Gesellschaft zu Koenigsberg" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="127 - 200" refId="B11" refString="Brischke, CGA, 1883. Beobachtungen ueber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a.D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach Professor in Koenigsberg, mitgeteilt von Brischke aus Zaddach's Manuscripten. Schriften der physikalisch-oekonomischen Gesellschaft zu Koenigsberg 23: 127 - 200" title="Beobachtungen ueber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach Professor in Koenigsberg, mitgeteilt von Brischke aus Zaddach's Manuscripten." volume="23" year="1883">Brischke 1883</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Grearson, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="72 - 88" refId="B29" refString="Grearson, KJ, Liston, AD, 2012. Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae). Zootaxa 3502: 72 - 88" title="Review of seasonal polyphenism in the Symphyta (Hymenoptera), exemplified by Pristiphora leucopus (Hellen, 1948) (Tenthredinidae)." volume="3502" year="2012">Grearson and Liston 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Distribution and material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Western Palaearctic. Specimens studied are from
<collectingCountry name="Finland">Finland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry name="France">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry name="Germany">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry name="Italy">Italy</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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