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<mods:title id="8737C3C51F0C5A74D47014683B2D98CC">Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): zoogeography, distribution and description of a new species</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0C3B02F1634FFDBB4D9E6866865C8C6" bold="true" box="[487,828,1441,1466]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="350" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C347CC01634FFDBB4D9E6866865C8C6" ID-CoL="76WTB" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" box="[487,828,1441,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="350" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B940DB511634FFDBB4D9E6866865C8C6" bold="true" box="[487,828,1441,1466]" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B940DB511634FFDBB4D9E68669FDC8C6" bold="true" box="[487,676,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">Pheidole indica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21634FFDBB793E6866865C8C6" author="Mayr G" box="[685,828,1441,1466]" pageId="34" pageNumber="350" pagination="645 - 686" refId="ref19785" refString="Mayr G. 1879. Beitrage zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 28: 645 - 686." type="journal article" year="1879">Mayr, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B8B07431634FFDBB70BE6E369B7C8A1" blockId="34.[487,828,1441,1501]" box="[565,750,1476,1501]" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">
(
<figureCitation id="130F1BC61634FFDBB703E6E369F7C8A1" box="[573,686,1476,1501]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="35.[160,225,1709,1732]" captionTargetBox="[262,1053,142,1670]" captionTargetId="figure-1@35.[262,1053,142,1678]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 18. Pheidole indica. (a) Body in profile. (b) Head in full-face view, CASENT0906401, AntWeb. org, (Estella Ortega), KSA. (c) Distribution map from Collingwood et al. (2004)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184331/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">Figure 18</figureCitation>
(ac))
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32E54C81634FFDBB59EE6DE6868CB6D" box="[160,817,1529,1553]" pageId="34" pageNumber="350" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8B07431634FFDBB59EE6DE6868CB6D" blockId="34.[160,817,1529,1553]" box="[160,817,1529,1553]" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB24206D1634FFDBB59EE6DE6868CB6D" box="[160,817,1529,1553]" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9521521634FFDBB59EE6DE695ACB6D" author="Mayr G" box="[160,515,1529,1553]" page="679" pageId="34" pageNumber="350" year="1879">
<taxonomicName id="4C347CC01634FFDBB59EE6DE695ACB6D" ID-CoL="76WTB" authority="Mayr, 1879: 679" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="679" authorityYear="1879" box="[160,515,1529,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="350" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B940DB511634FFDBB59EE6DE6A1ECB6D" box="[160,327,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">Pheidole indica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21634FFDBB471E6DE695ACB6D" author="Mayr G" box="[335,515,1529,1553]" pageId="34" pageNumber="350" pagination="645 - 686" refId="ref19785" refString="Mayr G. 1879. Beitrage zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 28: 645 - 686." type="journal article" year="1879">Mayr, 1879: 679</bibRefCitation>
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(s.w.q.)
<collectingCountry id="F32347D31634FFDBB75CE6DE69C5CB6D" box="[610,668,1529,1553]" name="India" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">India</collectingCountry>
. Indomalaya.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8B07431634FFDBB59EE51B6A4DCB2A" blockId="34.[160,1156,1596,1726]" box="[160,276,1596,1622]" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B940DB511634FFDBB59EE51B6A4DCB2A" bold="true" box="[160,276,1596,1622]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B07431634FFDDB59EE5466A85CDB5" blockId="34.[160,1156,1596,1726]" lastBlockId="36.[160,1156,142,201]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B940DB511634FFDBB59EE5466A6ECB05" box="[160,311,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="350">Major worker</emphasis>
. Cephalic dorsum with oblique longitudinal rugae posteriorly, curved toward posterolateral lobes; promesonotal process prominent and well-developed; metanotal groove shallow in profile; postpetiole in dorsal view trapezoidal with rounded lateral corners; postpetiole 1.92.5 times broader than petiole in dorsal view; postpetiolar ventral process reduced.
</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF4B57CB1635FFDAB59EE58A68EBCB9D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5184331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184331/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="351" startId="35.[160,225,1709,1732]" targetBox="[262,1053,142,1670]" targetPageId="35">
<paragraph id="8B8B07431635FFDAB59EE58A68EBCB9D" blockId="35.[160,1157,1709,1761]" pageId="35" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B940DB511635FFDAB59EE58A6A50CBB8" bold="true" box="[160,265,1709,1732]" pageId="35" pageNumber="351">Figure 18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C347CC01635FFDAB42FE58A6AFACBB8" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" box="[273,419,1709,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B940DB511635FFDAB42FE58A6AFACBB8" box="[273,419,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="351">Pheidole indica</emphasis>
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. (a) Body in profile. (b) Head in full-face view, CASENT0906401, AntWeb. org, (Estella Ortega), KSA. (c) Distribution map from
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21635FFDAB78EE5ED68F7CB9D" author="Collingwood CA &amp; Pohl H &amp; Guesten R &amp; Wranik W &amp; Van Harten A" box="[688,942,1738,1761]" pageId="35" pageNumber="351" pagination="473 - 495" refId="ref18239" refString="Collingwood CA, Pohl H, Guesten R, Wranik W, Van Harten A. 2004. The ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago. Fauna of Arabia. 20: 473 - 495." type="journal article" year="2004">Collingwood et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<emphasis id="B940DB511632FFDDB59EE3D36A2ECC72" bold="true" box="[160,375,244,270]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="352">Geographic range</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B07431632FFDDB59EE23E6F0CCCC0" blockId="36.[160,1156,244,444]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352">
A successful invasive species originally described from
<collectingCountry id="F32347D31632FFDDB611E23E683FCC4D" box="[815,870,281,305]" name="India" pageId="36" pageNumber="352">India</collectingCountry>
and recorded from the Canary Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21632FFDDB471E21B6924CC28" author="Espadaler X &amp; Bernal V" box="[335,637,316,340]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref18609" refString="Espadaler X, Bernal V. 2003. Exotic ants in the Canary Islands (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Vieraea. 31: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2003">Espadaler and Bernal 2003</bibRefCitation>
) and broadly distributed in several regions of the world, including the Arabian Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21632FFDDB7AAE279683DCC0A" author="Collingwood CA" box="[660,868,350,374]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" pagination="230 - 302" refId="ref18149" refString="Collingwood CA. 1985. Hymenoptera: fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia. 7: 230 - 302." type="journal article" year="1985">Collingwood 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21632FFDDB64CE2796B8ECCE5" author="Collingwood CA &amp; Agosti D" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" pagination="300 - 385" refId="ref18173" refString="Collingwood CA, Agosti D. 1996. Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (part 2). Fauna of Saudi Arabia. 15: 300 - 385." type="journal article" year="1996">Collingwood and Agosti 1996</bibRefCitation>
), the Mediterranean region, West Indian islands, the Malagasy region and the New World, with many scattered records in several continents (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21632FFDDB607E2836F11CCC0" author="Fischer G &amp; Fisher BL" box="[825,1096,420,444]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" pagination="301 - 356" refId="ref18769" refString="Fischer G, Fisher BL. 2013. A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidole megacephala. Zootaxa. 3683: 301 - 356." type="journal article" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E54C81632FFDDB59EE2C06F7FCFF7" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B8B07431632FFDDB59EE2C0694CCF7D" blockId="36.[160,1156,487,651]" box="[160,533,487,513]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B940DB511632FFDDB59EE2C0694CCF7D" bold="true" box="[160,533,487,513]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="352">Ecological and biological notes</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B07431632FFDDB59EE12B6F7FCFF7" blockId="36.[160,1156,487,651]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352">
This species prefers drier habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21632FFDDB70FE12B698CCF58" author="Wetterer JK" box="[561,725,524,548]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" pagination="843 - 847" refId="ref21272" refString="Wetterer JK. 2011. Worldwide spread of Pheidole teneriffana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Florida Entomologist. 94: 843 - 847." type="journal article" year="2011">Wetterer 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and urban areas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21632FFDDB68FE12B6B8ECF3A" author="Collingwood CA &amp; Tigar BJ &amp; Agosti D" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" pagination="505 - 512" refId="ref18281" refString="Collingwood CA, Tigar BJ, Agosti D. 1997. Introduced ants in the United Arab Emirates. J Arid Environ. 37: 505 - 512." type="journal article" year="1997">Collingwood et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21632FFDDB5DBE1096973CF3A" author="Gomez K &amp; Espadaleer X" box="[229,554,558,582]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" pagination="225 - 233" refId="ref19209" refString="Gomez K, Espadaleer X. 2006. Exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Balearic Islands. Myrmecologische Nachrichten. 8: 225 - 233." type="journal article" year="2006">Gòmez and Espadaleer 2006</bibRefCitation>
). It was observed to be aggressive toward other ant species in the same habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21632FFDDB4CEE17669E6CF15" author="Collingwood CA" box="[496,703,593,617]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" pagination="230 - 302" refId="ref18149" refString="Collingwood CA. 1985. Hymenoptera: fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia. 7: 230 - 302." type="journal article" year="1985">Collingwood 1985</bibRefCitation>
) with a negative impact on local native ants, e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C347CC01632FFDDB433E154690BCFF7" authority="Mayr, 1862" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[269,594,627,651]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinaitica">
<emphasis id="B940DB511632FFDDB433E1546A95CFF7" box="[269,460,627,651]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="352">Pheidole sinaitica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA57AB21632FFDDB4EBE154690BCFF7" author="Mayr G" box="[469,594,627,651]" pageId="36" pageNumber="352" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref19739" refString="Mayr G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 12: 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Collingwood, personal communication).
</paragraph>
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