treatments-xml/data/EB/41/28/EB41284822589C2DFF6EFF6A5055FA43.xml

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<mods:title id="2F009886CD953F42B873AA12027BCEFE">Redescription of the alpheid shrimp Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Alpheidae) from Peter the Great Bay, Russian coast of the Sea of Japan</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="6357995E22589C24FF6EFF6A5126FF78" blockId="1.[151,586,221,282]" box="[151,586,221,247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<heading id="381F2E3222589C24FF6EFF6A5126FF78" bold="true" box="[151,586,221,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22589C24FF6EFF6A5126FF78" ID-CoL="85MYL" authority="Vinogradov, 1950" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,586,221,247]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FF6EFF6A5126FF78" bold="true" box="[151,586,221,247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FF6EFF6A5204FF78" bold="true" box="[151,360,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22589C24FE97FF6A5126FF78" author="Vinogradov" box="[366,586,221,247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Vinogradov, L. G. (1950) Classification of shrimps, prawns and crabs from the Far East. Izvestiya Tikhookeanskogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Instituta Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii, 33, 179 - 358 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1950">Vinogradov, 1950</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E22589C24FF6EFEB7525AFE95" blockId="1.[151,586,221,282]" box="[151,310,256,282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
(
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22589C24FF66FEB75268FE95" box="[159,260,256,282]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="1.[151,255,1923,1947]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,255,1945,1969]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,255,1944,1968]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,255,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox-0="[196,1412,1151,1880]" captionTargetBox-1="[213,1394,183,1925]" captionTargetBox-2="[170,1400,198,1943]" captionTargetBox-3="[184,1414,186,1919]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[151,1436,1117,1900]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[183,1407,178,1936]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[170,1430,166,1947]" captionTargetId-3="figure@5.[183,1417,182,1925]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) (above) and non-ovigerous adult female (NTOU M 00955) (below), habitus." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— frontal carapace and frontal appendages, dorsal; c— distal abdominal somites and telson, lateral; d— telson, dorsal; e, f— antennule, dorsal (e) and lateral (f); gantenna, dorsal; h— uropod, dorsal." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) a— mandible, mesial; b— maxillule, lateral; cmaxilla, lateral; d— first maxilliped, lateral; e, f— second maxilliped, lateral (e) and mesial (f); g— third maxilliped, lateral; h— same, distodorsal margin of antepenultimate segment and penultimate segment, mesial." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— left cheliped, lateral (a) and mesial (b); csame, chela, lateral; d— second pereiopod, lateral; e— third pereiopod, lateral; f— fourth pereiopod, lateral; g— fifth pereiopod, lateral." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/197834/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/197835/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/197836/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/197837/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Fig. 1–4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22589C24FEE8FEB75273FE95" box="[273,287,256,282]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,256,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,324,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,306,1884]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. a—Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950 (Alpheidae), adult male; b— burrowing decapods collected at the same site as B. levifrons: 1, 2 — Callianasa petalura Stimpson, 1860 (Callianassidae) (1 — female, 2 — male); 3 — Upogebia major (de Haan, 1841) (Upogebiidae) — the host for 4 — B. levifrons." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197838/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">5</figureCitation>
a)
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6357995E22589C24FF6EFEFD5606FEEE" blockId="1.[151,1386,330,353]" box="[151,1386,330,353]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22589C24FF6EFEFD512AFEEE" ID-CoL="85MYL" authority="Vinogradov 1950: 198" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityPageNumber="198" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,582,330,353]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FF6EFEFD5222FEEE" box="[151,334,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E249BF4F22589C24FEACFEFD512AFEEE" author="Vinogradov" box="[341,582,330,353]" page="198" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22589C24FEACFEFD517EFEEE" author="Vinogradov" box="[341,530,330,353]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Vinogradov, L. G. (1950) Classification of shrimps, prawns and crabs from the Far East. Izvestiya Tikhookeanskogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Instituta Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii, 33, 179 - 358 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1950">Vinogradov 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 198
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 10, fig. 32 [
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locality - Zolotoi Rog Bay, Vladivostok, Sea of 
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22589C24FADDFEFD5608FEEE" box="[1316,1380,330,353]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Japan</collectingCountry>
]
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BF2CAD522589C24FF6EFE3852C5FD20" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6357995E22589C24FF6EFE3852C5FD20" blockId="1.[151,1437,399,1060]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FF6EFE3852E1FE26" bold="true" box="[151,397,399,425]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Material examined:</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="75EE52D722589C24FE6CFE27528AFE25" box="[405,486,400,426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
male (dissected, 
<collectionCode id="05F9019B22589C24FD4BFE27507AFE25" box="[690,790,400,426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">LEMMI</collectionCode>
) - Russian Far East, Sea of 
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22589C24FBA4FE2757CFFE25" box="[1117,1187,400,426]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Peter the Great Bay, Vostok Bay, near scientific station “Vostok”, 42°51΄14.48ʺN 132°46΄47.24ʺE, shore in front of the laboratory, depth 
<quantity id="A41034BB22589C24FF19FE6D527CFE7B" box="[224,272,474,500]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, sandy-gravel bottom overgrown with sea-grass -,, in burrow, coll. I. Marin, 
<date id="1756BF9E22589C24FB61FE6D5652FE7B" box="[1176,1342,474,500]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" value="2009-09-25">25 Sept. 2009</date>
; 
<specimenCount id="75EE52D722589C24FAB2FE6D56F0FE7B" box="[1355,1436,474,500]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
non-ovigerous female and 
<specimenCount id="75EE52D722589C24FE1AFDB75155FD95" box="[483,569,512,538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
male (
<collectionCode id="05F9019B22589C24FD74FDB7518FFD95" box="[653,739,512,538]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/be15-j6k8" name="Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">NTOU</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="7CBB04BD22589C24FD15FDB75030FD95" box="[748,860,512,538]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M00955" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="EnaNcbi">M 00955</accessionNumber>
)—same locality as previous specimen, coll. I. Marin, 
<date id="1756BF9E22589C24FF17FD9252FDFDB0" box="[238,401,549,575]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" value="2010-05-27">27 May 2010</date>
; 
<specimenCount id="75EE52D722589C24FE67FD92529CFDB0" box="[414,496,549,575]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
non-ovigerous female and 
<specimenCount id="75EE52D722589C24FCCFFD9250E4FDB0" box="[822,904,549,575]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="adult">2 adult</specimenCount>
males (
<collectionCode id="05F9019B22589C24FC1CFD925726FDB0" box="[997,1098,549,575]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">LEMMI</collectionCode>
)—same locality as previous specimen, from burrows, together with specimens of mud shrimps 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22589C24FC39FDFD57EBFDEC" box="[960,1159,586,611]" class="Malacostraca" family="Upogebiidae" genus="Upogebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FC39FDFD57EBFDEC" box="[960,1159,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Upogebia major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22589C24FB3BFDFD5651FDEC" box="[1218,1341,586,611]" class="Malacostraca" family="Upogebiidae" genus="Upogebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="issaeffi">
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FB3BFDFD5651FDEC" box="[1218,1341,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">U. issaeffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, coll. I. Marin &amp; 
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22589C24FEFAFDC75277FD05" box="[259,283,624,650]" name="Iceland" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">O</collectingCountry>
. Korn, 
<date id="1756BF9E22589C24FE88FDC7517CFD05" box="[369,528,624,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" value="2010-05-29">29 May 2010</date>
; 
<specimenCount id="75EE52D722589C24FDE5FDC75107FD05" box="[540,619,624,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="adult">2 adult</specimenCount>
males (
<collectionCode id="05F9019B22589C24FD3FFDC75077FD05" box="[710,795,624,650]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">MIMB</collectionCode>
) 
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FCDAFDC55057FD06" box="[803,827,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">—</emphasis>
same locality as previous specimen, coll. I. Marin &amp; 
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22589C24FF6EFD2253C3FD20" box="[151,175,661,687]" name="Iceland" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">O</collectingCountry>
. Korn, 0 
<date id="1756BF9E22589C24FEEDFD2252C9FD20" box="[276,421,661,687]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" value="2010-06-02">2 June 2010</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BF2CAD522589C2DFF3FFD0D507AFF58" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="description">
<paragraph id="6357995E22589C24FF3FFD0D5216FC90" blockId="1.[151,1437,399,1060]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FF3FFD0D5233FD5B" bold="true" box="[198,351,698,724]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Description.</emphasis>
Medium-sized alpheid shrimp. Carapace (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22589C24FC9FFD0D50D7FD5B" box="[870,955,698,724]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,1151,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,1117,1900]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) (above) and non-ovigerous adult female (NTOU M 00955) (below), habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197834/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22589C24FC37FD0D50B2FD5B" box="[974,990,698,724]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[213,1394,183,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1407,178,1936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— frontal carapace and frontal appendages, dorsal; c— distal abdominal somites and telson, lateral; d— telson, dorsal; e, f— antennule, dorsal (e) and lateral (f); gantenna, dorsal; h— uropod, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197835/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">2</figureCitation>
a, b) smooth; frontal margin without orbital teeth and rostrum, broadly rounded, exceeding anterolateral margin; pterygostomian angle rounded; cardiac notch deep.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E22589C24FF3CFC9D5167FC70" blockId="1.[151,1437,399,1060]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
Pleura of first to fifth abdominal somites rounded posteroventrally (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22589C24FC1FFC9D5747FCCB" box="[998,1067,810,836]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,1151,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,1117,1900]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) (above) and non-ovigerous adult female (NTOU M 00955) (below), habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197834/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); sixth somite with articulated, distally truncate posteroventral flap (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22589C24FDB0FCE751FDFCE5" box="[585,657,848,874]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[213,1394,183,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1407,178,1936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— frontal carapace and frontal appendages, dorsal; c— distal abdominal somites and telson, lateral; d— telson, dorsal; e, f— antennule, dorsal (e) and lateral (f); gantenna, dorsal; h— uropod, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197835/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
c). Telson (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22589C24FCEAFCE75036FCE5" box="[787,858,848,874]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[213,1394,183,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1407,178,1936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— frontal carapace and frontal appendages, dorsal; c— distal abdominal somites and telson, lateral; d— telson, dorsal; e, f— antennule, dorsal (e) and lateral (f); gantenna, dorsal; h— uropod, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197835/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
d) about twice as long as wide, slightly widening in central part, narrowing posteriorly, with two pairs of spines situated close to lateral margin, anterior pair at about half-length of telson, posterior pair closer to midline, at about 0.7 telson length; posterior margin convex, furnished with numerous long setae and two pair of spines at each posterolateral angle, mesial spines twice longer than lateral spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E22589C24FF3CFBBD57C8FBAB" blockId="1.[151,1437,399,1060]" box="[197,1188,1034,1060]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Eyes completely concealed by orbital hood; anteromesial margin with acute process.</paragraph>
<caption id="3797C9D622589C24FF6EF83452D0F834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197834/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[196,1412,1151,1880]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="6357995E22589C24FF6EF83452D0F834" blockId="1.[151,1436,1923,1979]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FF6EF8345275F814" bold="true" box="[151,281,1923,1947]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22589C24FED8F83351CEF814" authority="Vinogradov, 1950" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityYear="1950" box="[289,674,1924,1947]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C22589C24FED8F83352B5F814" box="[289,473,1924,1947]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
Vinogradov, 1950
</taxonomicName>
, adult male (LEMMI) (above) and non-ovigerous adult female (NTOU 
<accessionNumber id="7CBB04BD22589C24FF6EF8135395F834" box="[151,249,1956,1979]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M00955" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="EnaNcbi">M 00955</accessionNumber>
) (below), habitus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6357995E225B9C27FF3CFF2F5655FEE3" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Antennule (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FEABFF2F52F6FF3D" box="[338,410,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[213,1394,183,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1407,178,1936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— frontal carapace and frontal appendages, dorsal; c— distal abdominal somites and telson, lateral; d— telson, dorsal; e, f— antennule, dorsal (e) and lateral (f); gantenna, dorsal; h— uropod, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197835/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
e, f) overreaching distal margin of scaphocerite; basal segment about twice as long as wide, with strong tooth at ventromesial carina; stylocerite slender, sharp distally, overreaching mid-length of intermediate segment; intermediate segment slender, about 2.5 times as long as wide, with straight lateral margin bearing long plumose setae; distal segment about same length as width, with long plumose setae along lateral margin; lateral flagellum with basal fused portion consisting of 15 segments; secondary aesthetascsbearing branch composed of four segments; mesial flagellum slender, about twice longer than lateral.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E225B9C27FF3CFECF51B6FD8D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Antenna (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FEC1FECF5212FE1D" box="[312,382,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[213,1394,183,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1407,178,1936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— frontal carapace and frontal appendages, dorsal; c— distal abdominal somites and telson, lateral; d— telson, dorsal; e, f— antennule, dorsal (e) and lateral (f); gantenna, dorsal; h— uropod, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197835/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Fig. 
<quantity id="A41034BB225B9C27FE96FECF5212FE1D" box="[367,382,376,402]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="g" value="2.0">2</quantity>
</figureCitation>
g) with basicerite ending in strong ventrolateral tooth; carpocerite robust, about four times as long as wide, overreaching distal margin of scaphocerite; flagellum well developed, longer than carapace length; scaphocerite wide, about 2.5 times as long as maximal width, with convex lateral margin, distolateral tooth strong, acute, distinctly overreaching blade.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E225B9C27FF3CFDBA5772FCF8" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Mandible (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FEBFFDBA52E1FDA8" box="[326,397,525,551]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[170,1400,198,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[170,1430,166,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) a— mandible, mesial; b— maxillule, lateral; cmaxilla, lateral; d— first maxilliped, lateral; e, f— second maxilliped, lateral (e) and mesial (f); g— third maxilliped, lateral; h— same, distodorsal margin of antepenultimate segment and penultimate segment, mesial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197836/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
a), with two-segmented palp; incisor process broad, with five blunt teeth; molar process with sharp distal ridges. Maxillule (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FDBDFD8551E6FDC3" box="[580,650,562,588]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[170,1400,198,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[170,1430,166,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) a— mandible, mesial; b— maxillule, lateral; cmaxilla, lateral; d— first maxilliped, lateral; e, f— second maxilliped, lateral (e) and mesial (f); g— third maxilliped, lateral; h— same, distodorsal margin of antepenultimate segment and penultimate segment, mesial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197836/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
b) with bilobed palp, each lobe carrying long apical seta. Maxilla (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FF59FDEF5386FDFD" box="[160,234,600,626]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[170,1400,198,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[170,1430,166,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) a— mandible, mesial; b— maxillule, lateral; cmaxilla, lateral; d— first maxilliped, lateral; e, f— second maxilliped, lateral (e) and mesial (f); g— third maxilliped, lateral; h— same, distodorsal margin of antepenultimate segment and penultimate segment, mesial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197836/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
c) with simple, distally blunt palp furnished with long simple setae proximally and one stiff seta distally; distal endite bilobed. First maxilliped (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FD21FDCA5073FD18" box="[728,799,637,663]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[170,1400,198,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[170,1430,166,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) a— mandible, mesial; b— maxillule, lateral; cmaxilla, lateral; d— first maxilliped, lateral; e, f— second maxilliped, lateral (e) and mesial (f); g— third maxilliped, lateral; h— same, distodorsal margin of antepenultimate segment and penultimate segment, mesial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197836/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
d) with large bilobed epipod; palp slender, furnished with long plumose setae along lateral margin; caridean lobe narrow. Second maxilliped (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FB5FFD155780FD33" box="[1190,1260,674,700]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[170,1400,198,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[170,1430,166,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) a— mandible, mesial; b— maxillule, lateral; cmaxilla, lateral; d— first maxilliped, lateral; e, f— second maxilliped, lateral (e) and mesial (f); g— third maxilliped, lateral; h— same, distodorsal margin of antepenultimate segment and penultimate segment, mesial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197836/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
e, f) typical for genus, with ear-shaped epipod. Third maxilliped (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FD22FD7F504CFD6D" box="[731,800,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[170,1400,198,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[170,1430,166,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) a— mandible, mesial; b— maxillule, lateral; cmaxilla, lateral; d— first maxilliped, lateral; e, f— second maxilliped, lateral (e) and mesial (f); g— third maxilliped, lateral; h— same, distodorsal margin of antepenultimate segment and penultimate segment, mesial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197836/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Fig. 
<quantity id="A41034BB225B9C27FCEBFD7F504CFD6D" box="[786,800,712,738]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="g" value="3.0">3</quantity>
</figureCitation>
g) with well-developed arthrobranch; exopod reaching to distal margin of antepenultimate segment, latter about five times as long as wide, with serrated distodorsal margin (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FF00FCA55252FCA3" box="[249,318,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[170,1400,198,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[170,1430,166,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) a— mandible, mesial; b— maxillule, lateral; cmaxilla, lateral; d— first maxilliped, lateral; e, f— second maxilliped, lateral (e) and mesial (f); g— third maxilliped, lateral; h— same, distodorsal margin of antepenultimate segment and penultimate segment, mesial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197836/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
h); penultimate segment about three times as long as wide, with six transverse rows of serrulate setae along lateral surface; ultimate segment tapering distally, with numerous transverse rows of serrulate setae along lateral surface; distal margin with long stiff setae, without spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E225B9C27FF3CFC3550B7FB2D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
First pereiopods (chelipeds) equal in size, similar in shape, carried extended (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FBB2FC3557E3FC13" box="[1099,1167,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,1151,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,1117,1900]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) (above) and non-ovigerous adult female (NTOU M 00955) (below), habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197834/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), surface covered with minute sharp teeth (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FE7EFC1F52BCFC4D" box="[391,464,936,962]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,186,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[183,1417,182,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— left cheliped, lateral (a) and mesial (b); csame, chela, lateral; d— second pereiopod, lateral; e— third pereiopod, lateral; f— fourth pereiopod, lateral; g— fifth pereiopod, lateral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197837/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
a, b); ischium about 1.5 times as long as wide; merus about five times as long as wide, with smooth dorsal margin, ventral and ventrolateral margins covered with numerous minute tubercles; carpus about as long as wide, slightly flaring distally, with distal margin ventrally embracing carpo-propodal articulation; propodus (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FE57FBAF529AFBBD" box="[430,502,1048,1074]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,186,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[183,1417,182,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— left cheliped, lateral (a) and mesial (b); csame, chela, lateral; d— second pereiopod, lateral; e— third pereiopod, lateral; f— fourth pereiopod, lateral; g— fifth pereiopod, lateral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197837/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
c) subcylindrical, somewhat compressed laterally, about three times as long as wide, covered with minute tubercles; fingers somewhat compressed, about four times as long as wide, about 0.6 times length of propodus, covered with small tubercles dorsally and dorso-laterally; cutting margins with two triangular teeth proximally, otherwise straight; tips crossing, sharp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E225B9C27FF3CFB1A53B5FAB8" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Second pereiopod slender (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FDF4FB1A513BFB48" box="[525,599,1197,1223]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,186,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[183,1417,182,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— left cheliped, lateral (a) and mesial (b); csame, chela, lateral; d— second pereiopod, lateral; e— third pereiopod, lateral; f— fourth pereiopod, lateral; g— fifth pereiopod, lateral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197837/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
d); ischium subequal to merus, latter about 5.5 times as long as wide; carpus equal to merus, five-segmented, ratio of segments approximately 3: 1: 1: 1: 2; palm subcylindrical, equal to distal carpal segment, about 1.5 times as long as wide; fingers equal to palm, simple, with tufts of setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E225B9C27FF3CFAF55617F893" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Third to fifth pereiopods (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FDF8FAF55125FAD3" box="[513,585,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,256,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,324,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,306,1884]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. a—Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950 (Alpheidae), adult male; b— burrowing decapods collected at the same site as B. levifrons: 1, 2 — Callianasa petalura Stimpson, 1860 (Callianassidae) (1 — female, 2 — male); 3 — Upogebia major (de Haan, 1841) (Upogebiidae) — the host for 4 — B. levifrons." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
e-g) similar in general shape, relatively robust with unarmed proximal segments. Third pereiopod (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FE12FADF515FFA0D" box="[491,563,1384,1410]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,256,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,324,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,306,1884]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. a—Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950 (Alpheidae), adult male; b— burrowing decapods collected at the same site as B. levifrons: 1, 2 — Callianasa petalura Stimpson, 1860 (Callianassidae) (1 — female, 2 — male); 3 — Upogebia major (de Haan, 1841) (Upogebiidae) — the host for 4 — B. levifrons." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
e) with ischium about twice as long as wide, unarmed; merus about five times as long as wide, with slightly convex margins; distoventral surface with minute tubercles; ventrolateral surface with stout spine proximally; carpus about 0.3 times length of merus, about twice as long as wide, flaring distally, distodorsal margin overhanging carpo-propodal articulation, distoventral angle with two small spines; propodus about 5.5 times as long as wide, with seven spines along ventral surface and one pair of longer distoventral spines; dactylus relatively slender, about 2.5 times as long as wide, simple, somewhat curved distally, with tufts of setae. Fourth pereiopod (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FCD0F9FF501EF9ED" box="[809,882,1608,1634]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,186,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[183,1417,182,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— left cheliped, lateral (a) and mesial (b); csame, chela, lateral; d— second pereiopod, lateral; e— third pereiopod, lateral; f— fourth pereiopod, lateral; g— fifth pereiopod, lateral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197837/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
f) generally similar to third, but more slender segments and with fewer spines on ventral surface of propodus. Fifth pereiopod (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FBA5F9DA57C8F908" box="[1116,1188,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,186,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[183,1417,182,1925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— left cheliped, lateral (a) and mesial (b); csame, chela, lateral; d— second pereiopod, lateral; e— third pereiopod, lateral; f— fourth pereiopod, lateral; g— fifth pereiopod, lateral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197837/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Fig. 
<quantity id="A41034BB225B9C27FB6DF9DA57C8F908" box="[1172,1188,1645,1671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="g" value="4.0">4</quantity>
</figureCitation>
g) significantly more slender than third and fourth; merus about five times as long as wide, with short spine ventroproximally; carpus about four times as long as wide, flaring distally, distoventral angle unarmed; propodus with three spines along ventral surface and one pair of distoventral spines; cleaning brush well developed, consisting of at least 10 transverse rows of stiff setae; dactylus slender, about four times as long as wide, curved distally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E225B9C27FF3CF89F57EAF803" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
Uropods distinctly exceeding telson (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FD75F89F51BBF8CD" box="[652,727,1832,1858]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[213,1394,183,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1407,178,1936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— frontal carapace and frontal appendages, dorsal; c— distal abdominal somites and telson, lateral; d— telson, dorsal; e, f— antennule, dorsal (e) and lateral (f); gantenna, dorsal; h— uropod, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197835/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
c); protopod with two subacute teeth, lateral tooth slightly larger than mesial, distal margin between these teeth concave, furnished with eight long simple setae; exopod with long stout distolateral spine; diaeresis with 12 blunt subtriangular teeth (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225B9C27FBD8F8C55704F803" box="[1057,1128,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[213,1394,183,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1407,178,1936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI): a, b— frontal carapace and frontal appendages, dorsal; c— distal abdominal somites and telson, lateral; d— telson, dorsal; e, f— antennule, dorsal (e) and lateral (f); gantenna, dorsal; h— uropod, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197835/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
h).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E225B9C27FF3CF82F5192F858" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Gill formula typical for genus: 5 pleurobranchs (P1-5), 1 arthrobranch (Mxp3), 0 podobranchs, 5 mastigobranchs (Mxp3, P1-4), 5 setobranchs (P1-4).</paragraph>
<caption id="3797C9D6225A9C26FF6EF82E5160F87E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197835/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" targetBox="[213,1394,183,1925]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="6357995E225A9C26FF6EF82E5160F87E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1945,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FF6EF82E5276F83E" bold="true" box="[151,282,1945,1969]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225A9C26FEDBF82D51CAF83E" authority="Vinogradov, 1950" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityYear="1950" box="[290,678,1946,1969]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FEDBF82D52B7F83E" box="[290,475,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
Vinogradov, 1950
</taxonomicName>
, adult male (LEMMI): 
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FC5CF82D508AF83E" box="[933,998,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">a, b—</emphasis>
frontal carapace and frontal appendages, dorsal; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FF11F80D5260F85E" box="[232,268,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">c—</emphasis>
distal abdominal somites and telson, lateral; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FD09F80D5079F85E" box="[752,789,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">d—</emphasis>
telson, dorsal; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FC4CF80D50ADF85E" box="[949,961,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">e</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FC36F80D5082F85E" box="[975,1006,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">f—</emphasis>
antennule, dorsal (
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FB41F80D57A8F85E" box="[1208,1220,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">e</emphasis>
) and lateral (
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FAAEF80D5632F85E" box="[1367,1374,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">f</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FA8EF80D5381F87E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">gantenna</emphasis>
, dorsal; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225A9C26FEBFF86D5207F87E" box="[326,363,2010,2033]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">h—</emphasis>
uropod, dorsal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3797C9D6225D9C21FF6EF82F57DCF860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197836/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" targetBox="[170,1400,198,1943]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="6357995E225D9C21FF6EF82F57DCF860" blockId="4.[151,1436,1944,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FF6EF82F5270F83F" bold="true" box="[151,284,1944,1968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225D9C21FEDBF82E51CBF820" authority="Vinogradov, 1950" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityYear="1950" box="[290,679,1944,1968]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FEDBF82E52B0F83F" box="[290,476,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
Vinogradov, 1950
</taxonomicName>
, adult male (LEMMI) 
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FC66F82E50A8F83F" box="[927,964,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">a—</emphasis>
mandible, mesial; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FB75F82E57DDF83F" box="[1164,1201,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">b—</emphasis>
maxillule, lateral; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FA81F82E5381F840" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">cmaxilla</emphasis>
, lateral; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FEB6F80E5219F85F" box="[335,373,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">d—</emphasis>
first maxilliped, lateral; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FD7FF80E51FEF85F" box="[646,658,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">e</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FD58F80E51ADF85F" box="[673,705,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">f—</emphasis>
second maxilliped, lateral (
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FC0DF80E576CF85F" box="[1012,1024,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">e</emphasis>
) and mesial (
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FB62F80E57CEF85F" box="[1179,1186,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">f</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FB45F80E578EF85F" box="[1212,1250,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">g—</emphasis>
third maxilliped, lateral; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225D9C21FF1EF86E5260F87F" box="[231,268,2009,2032]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">h—</emphasis>
same, distodorsal margin of antepenultimate segment and penultimate segment, mesial.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3797C9D6225C9C20FF6EF82C5235F87D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197837/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[184,1414,186,1919]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="6357995E225C9C20FF6EF82C5235F87D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1947,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FF6EF82C5274F83C" bold="true" box="[151,280,1947,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225C9C20FEE6F82C51F1F83D" authority="Vinogradov, 1950" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityYear="1950" box="[287,669,1947,1970]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FEE6F82C52BAF83D" box="[287,470,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
Vinogradov, 1950
</taxonomicName>
, adult male (LEMMI): 
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FC6CF82C50CEF83D" box="[917,930,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">a</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FC56F82C50B8F83D" box="[943,980,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">b—</emphasis>
left cheliped, lateral (
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FB4EF82C57A8F83D" box="[1207,1220,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">a</emphasis>
) and mesial (
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FAADF82C560DF83D" box="[1364,1377,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">b</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FA81F82C53BFF85D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">csame</emphasis>
, chela, lateral; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FE86F80C52C9F85D" box="[383,421,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">d—</emphasis>
second pereiopod, lateral; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FD36F80C519FF85D" box="[719,755,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">e—</emphasis>
third pereiopod, lateral; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FBFCF80C5749F85D" box="[1029,1061,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">f—</emphasis>
fourth pereiopod, lateral; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225C9C20FABFF80C5600F85D" box="[1350,1388,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">g—</emphasis>
fifth pereiopod, lateral.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6357995E225F9C23FF3CFF2F5161FF73" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,252]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
Sexual dimorphism between males and female presents by larger size of chelipeds in adult males (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225F9C23FABDFF2F56E4FF3D" box="[1348,1416,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,1151,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,1117,1900]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950, adult male (LEMMI) (above) and non-ovigerous adult female (NTOU M 00955) (below), habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197834/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FF3FFF0A5238FF58" bold="true" box="[198,340,189,215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Coloration.</emphasis>
Body, antennules, antennae and chelipeds uniform-brown; ambulatory pereiopods reddish; corneas golden brown (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB225F9C23FE53FF555283FF73" box="[426,495,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,256,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,324,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,306,1884]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. a—Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950 (Alpheidae), adult male; b— burrowing decapods collected at the same site as B. levifrons: 1, 2 — Callianasa petalura Stimpson, 1860 (Callianassidae) (1 — female, 2 — male); 3 — Upogebia major (de Haan, 1841) (Upogebiidae) — the host for 4 — B. levifrons." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197838/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
a).
</paragraph>
<caption id="3797C9D6225F9C23FF6EF8C55005F846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197838/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[169,1417,324,1865]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="6357995E225F9C23FF6EF8C55005F846" blockId="6.[151,1437,1906,1993]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FF6EF8C55271F805" bold="true" box="[151,285,1906,1930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FEDDF8C552F3F806" box="[292,415,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">a—Betaeus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225F9C23FE5EF8C551BCF806" authority="Vinogradov, 1950" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityYear="1950" box="[423,720,1906,1929]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FE5EF8C5516AF806" box="[423,518,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">levifrons</emphasis>
Vinogradov, 1950
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225F9C23FD26F8C55039F806" box="[735,853,1906,1929]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Alpheidae</taxonomicName>
), adult male; 
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FC13F8C55763F806" box="[1002,1039,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">b—</emphasis>
burrowing decapods collected at the same site as 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225F9C23FEE2F82552F8F826" box="[283,404,1938,1961]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FEE2F82552F8F826" box="[283,404,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">B. levifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1, 2 
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FE33F82551DAF826" box="[458,694,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">—Callianasa petalura</emphasis>
Stimpson, 1860 (
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225F9C23FC88F8255762F826" box="[881,1038,1938,1961]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Callianassidae</taxonomicName>
) (1 
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FBC8F8255725F826" box="[1073,1097,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">—</emphasis>
female, 2 
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FB55F82557A8F826" box="[1196,1220,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">—</emphasis>
male); 3 
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FAE2F82553BBF846" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
— 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225F9C23FACEF82553BBF846" authority="De Haan, 1841" authorityName="De Haan" authorityYear="1841" class="Malacostraca" family="Upogebiidae" genus="Upogebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">Upogebia major</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(de Haan, 1841) (
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225F9C23FE6EF805514FF846" box="[407,547,1970,1993]" class="Malacostraca" family="Upogebiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Upogebiidae</taxonomicName>
) 
<emphasis id="519C454C225F9C23FDD3F805512EF846" box="[554,578,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">—</emphasis>
the host for 4— 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225F9C23FD12F8055008F846" box="[747,868,1970,1993]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">B. levifrons</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3797C9D6225E9C22FF6EF82050A8F861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197839/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[162,1433,194,1929]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="6357995E225E9C22FF6EF82050A8F861" blockId="7.[151,1436,1943,2030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="519C454C225E9C22FF6EF8205275F820" bold="true" box="[151,281,1943,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Currently known distribution of species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD225E9C22FCA5F82050DDF821" box="[860,945,1943,1966]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="519C454C225E9C22FCA5F82050DDF821" box="[860,945,1943,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Betaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Sea of Japan and adjacent areas (based on Kubo, 1936; Yokoya, 1936; Vinogradov, 1950; Kim &amp; Park, 1972; Miya, 1972; Kim, 1976; Yang 
<emphasis id="519C454C225E9C22FAEDF8005621F841" box="[1300,1357,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007; Nomura Komai, 2000); empty sign indicates the type locality of the species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6357995E22519C2DFF3FFF20507AFF58" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFF3FFF2052E8FF3E" bold="true" box="[198,388,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Measurements.</emphasis>
The largest collected specimen (male, LEMMI) has cl. 
<quantity id="A41034BB22519C2DFBE4FF2F5717FF3D" box="[1053,1147,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="8.1">8.1 mm</quantity>
; tl. 
<quantity id="A41034BB22519C2DFB51FF2F5679FF3D" box="[1192,1301,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6399999999999997" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="26.4">26.4 mm</quantity>
; the largest female (NTOU M 0 0 955) has cl. 8.0 mm; tl. 25.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BF2CAD522519C2DFF3FFF5556FBFAB8" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6357995E22519C2DFF3FFF555233FEE3" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFF3FFF555253FF73" bold="true" box="[198,319,226,252]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Remarks.</emphasis>
Two other species of 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFDB4FF5551C6FF74" box="[589,682,226,251]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFDB4FF5551C6FF74" box="[589,682,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Betaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFD42FF55575CFF73" authority="Yokoya, 1927" authorityName="Yokoya" authorityYear="1927" box="[699,1072,226,252]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulimanus">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFD42FF5550EDFF74" box="[699,897,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. granulimanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFC73FF55575CFF73" author="Yokoya" box="[906,1072,226,252]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Yokoya, Y. (1927) Notes on two alpheoid shrimps from Japan. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University, 9, 171 - 176." type="journal article" year="1927">Yokoya, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(synonyms: 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFB35FF5553BEFEAD" authority="Kubo, 1936" authorityName="Kubo" authorityYear="1936" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yokoyai">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFB35FF555625FF74" box="[1228,1353,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. yokoyai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFAADFF5553BEFEAD" author="Kubo" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Kubo, I. (1936) Two new littoral Macrurous from Japan. Journal of Fisheries Institute, 31, 50 - 54." type="journal article" year="1936">
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22519C2DFAADFF5556F4FF73" box="[1364,1432,226,252]" name="Cuba" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Kubo</collectingCountry>
, 1936
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFEF4FEBF510AFEAD" authority="Yokoya, 1938" authorityName="Yokoya" authorityYear="1938" box="[269,614,264,290]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="murayamai">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFEF4FEBF52DAFEAE" box="[269,438,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. murayamai</emphasis>
Yokoya, 1938
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFD87FEBF5069FEAD" author="Miya" box="[638,773,264,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Miya, Y. (1972) The Alpheidae (Crustacea, Decapoda) of Japan and its adjacent waters. Part I. Publications from the Amakusa Marine Biology Laboratory, 3, 23 - 101." type="journal article" year="1972">Miya 1972</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFCEBFEBF50E0FEAD" author="Kim" box="[786,908,264,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Kim, H. S. (1976) A checklist of Macrura (Crustacea, Decapoda) of Korea. Proceedings of the College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, 131 - 152." type="journal article" year="1976">Kim 1976</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFC36FEBF56F0FEAD" authority="Nomura &amp; Komai, 2000" authorityName="Nomura &amp; Komai" authorityYear="2000" box="[975,1436,264,290]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelasinifer">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFC36FEBF571CFEAE" box="[975,1136,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. gelasinifer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFB81FEBF56F0FEAD" author="Nomura" box="[1144,1436,264,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Nomura, K. &amp; Komai, T. (2000) A new alpheid shrimp of the genus Betaeus from the Pacific coast of central Japan (Crustacea: Decapod: Caridea). Crustacean Research, 28, 45 - 57." type="journal article" year="2000">Nomura &amp; Komai, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFF67FE9A52D0FEC8" author="Nomura" box="[158,444,301,327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Nomura, K. &amp; Komai, T. (2000) A new alpheid shrimp of the genus Betaeus from the Pacific coast of central Japan (Crustacea: Decapod: Caridea). Crustacean Research, 28, 45 - 57." type="journal article" year="2000">Nomura &amp; Komai 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFE31FE9A51E4FEC8" author="Yang" box="[456,648,301,327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Yang, H. J., Koo, H. &amp; Kim, W. (2007) A new record of Betaeus gelasinifer Nomura &amp; Komai from Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 23, 99 - 102." type="journal article" year="2007">Yang et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
) are known from the northeastern Pacific Ocean, including the Sea of 
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22519C2DFF4FFEE55395FEE3" box="[182,249,338,364]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22519C2DFEF0FEE5523DFEE3" box="[265,337,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,194,1929]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[162,1433,194,1929]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Currently known distribution of species of the genus Betaeus in the Sea of Japan and adjacent areas (based on Kubo, 1936; Yokoya, 1936; Vinogradov, 1950; Kim &amp; Park, 1972; Miya, 1972; Kim, 1976; Yang et al., 2007; Nomura Komai, 2000); empty sign indicates the type locality of the species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197839/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E22519C2DFF3CFECF5111FDFD" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFF3CFECF52CDFE1E" box="[197,417,376,401]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFF3CFECF52CDFE1E" box="[197,417,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFD37FECF5011FE1E" box="[718,893,376,401]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelasinifer">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFD37FECF5011FE1E" box="[718,893,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. gelasinifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the rounded orbital hood (vs. centrally emarginated in 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFEB5FE2A5285FE39" box="[332,489,413,438]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelasinifer">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFEB5FE2A5285FE39" box="[332,489,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. gelasinifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the distinctly longer antennular segments; the presence of one stout distolateral spine on the uropodal exopod (vs. two slender spines in 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFCB5FE75509EFE54" box="[844,1010,450,475]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelasinifer">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFCB5FE75509EFE54" box="[844,1010,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. gelasinifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the more slender chelipeds, with elongate subcylindrical chela covered with numerous minute sharp teeth (vs. shorter, more rounded, compressed and smooth chelipeds in 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFDA9FDBA5183FDA9" box="[592,751,525,550]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelasinifer">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFDA9FDBA5183FDA9" box="[592,751,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. gelasinifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the much longer proximal carpal segment of the second pereiopod; and the simple, slender dactyli on the third to fifth pereiopods (vs. stout and biunguiculate in 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFA7BFD855278FDFE" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelasinifer">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFA7BFD855278FDFE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. gelasinifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (cf. 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFEADFDEF511CFDFD" author="Nomura" box="[340,624,600,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Nomura, K. &amp; Komai, T. (2000) A new alpheid shrimp of the genus Betaeus from the Pacific coast of central Japan (Crustacea: Decapod: Caridea). Crustacean Research, 28, 45 - 57." type="journal article" year="2000">Nomura &amp; Komai 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E22519C2DFF3CFDCA514AFCDD" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFF3CFDCA52F6FD19" box="[197,410,637,662]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFF3CFDCA52F6FD19" box="[197,410,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFD46FDCA50E1FD19" box="[703,909,637,662]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulimanus">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFD46FDCA50E1FD19" box="[703,909,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. granulimanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the rounded orbital hood (vs. centrally emarginated in 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFEA9FD155179FD34" box="[336,533,674,699]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulimanus">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFEA9FD155179FD34" box="[336,533,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. granulimanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and the absence of a strong mesioventral tooth on the first segment of the antennular peduncle (present in 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFDEEFD7F51B2FD6E" box="[535,734,712,737]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulimanus">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFDEEFD7F51B2FD6E" box="[535,734,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. granulimanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFCE5FD7F50CFFD6D" author="Miya" box="[796,931,712,738]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Miya, Y. (1972) The Alpheidae (Crustacea, Decapoda) of Japan and its adjacent waters. Part I. Publications from the Amakusa Marine Biology Laboratory, 3, 23 - 101." type="journal article" year="1972">Miya 1972</bibRefCitation>
); the more slender chelipeds covered with numerous minute sharp teeth (vs. shorter, more rounded, chelipeds covered with large tubercles in 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFA7BFD5A5253FCA4" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulimanus">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFA7BFD5A5253FCA4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. granulimanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFEA3FCA55140FCA4" box="[346,556,786,811]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFEA3FCA55140FCA4" box="[346,556,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also clearly separates from any species of the genus by the sequence of DNA (A. Baeza, personal comm.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6357995E22519C2DFF3FFCEA56FBFAB8" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFF3FFCEA5243FCF8" bold="true" box="[198,303,861,887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Ecology.</emphasis>
The specimens were collected with a bait suction pump (yabby pump) from burrows of 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFF6EFC35514AFC13" authority="De Haan, 1841" authorityName="De Haan" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,550,898,924]" class="Malacostraca" family="Upogebiidae" genus="Upogebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFF6EFC355237FC14" box="[151,347,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Upogebia major</emphasis>
(de Haan, 1841)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22519C2DFDCEFC355111FC13" box="[567,637,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,256,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,324,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,306,1884]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. a—Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950 (Alpheidae), adult male; b— burrowing decapods collected at the same site as B. levifrons: 1, 2 — Callianasa petalura Stimpson, 1860 (Callianassidae) (1 — female, 2 — male); 3 — Upogebia major (de Haan, 1841) (Upogebiidae) — the host for 4 — B. levifrons." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197838/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
b-3) and 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFD12FC35577CFC13" authority="Balss, 1914" authorityName="Balss" authorityYear="1914" box="[747,1040,898,924]" class="Malacostraca" family="Upogebiidae" genus="Upogebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="issaeffi">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFD12FC355009FC14" box="[747,869,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">U. issaeffi</emphasis>
(Balss, 1914)
</taxonomicName>
. Burrows of 
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFB55FC355636FC14" box="[1196,1370,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFB55FC35563AFC14" box="[1196,1366,898,923]" class="Malacostraca" family="Upogebiidae" genus="Upogebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spp">Upogebia spp</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
were particularly abundant between the rootstocks of 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFD1AFC1F570EFC4D" authority="Linnaeus, 1753" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[739,1122,936,962]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zosteraceae" genus="Zostera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFD1AFC1F50F3FC4E" box="[739,927,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Zostera marina</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1753
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFB75FC1F5255FC68" authority="Miki, 1932" authorityName="Miki" authorityYear="1932" class="Liliopsida" family="Zosteraceae" genus="Zostera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="asiatica">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFB75FC1F5661FC4E" box="[1164,1293,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Z. asiatica</emphasis>
Miki, 1932 (Zosteraceae)
</taxonomicName>
overgrowing a sandy gravel bottom. All specimens were collected separately suggesting that the species is probably inhabits each burrow of the host by a single individual. Several other species of 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFF6EFBAF539BFBBE" box="[151,247,1048,1073]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFF6EFBAF539BFBBE" box="[151,247,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Betaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to inhabit upogebiid or callianassid burrows along the Pacific coast of North 
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22519C2DFACCFBAF56F1FBBD" box="[1333,1437,1048,1074]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">America</collectingCountry>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFF20FB8A523DFBD8" author="Hart" box="[217,337,1085,1111]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Hart, J. F. L. (1964) Shrimps of the genus Betaeus on the Pacific Coast of North America with descriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 115, 431 - 466." type="journal article" year="1964">Hart 1964</bibRefCitation>
) while two other species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFCE8FB8A5002FBD9" box="[785,878,1085,1110]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFCE8FB8A5002FBD9" box="[785,878,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Betaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known from the Sea of 
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22519C2DFB7EFB8A57A1FBD8" box="[1159,1229,1085,1111]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFB20FB8A522CFBF3" authority="Yokoya, 1927" authorityName="Yokoya" authorityYear="1927" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulimanus">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFB20FB8A56F0FBD9" box="[1241,1436,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. granulimanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFF6EFBD5522CFBF3" author="Yokoya" box="[151,320,1122,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Yokoya, Y. (1927) Notes on two alpheoid shrimps from Japan. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University, 9, 171 - 176." type="journal article" year="1927">Yokoya, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFE85FBD4503BFBF3" authority="Nomura &amp; Komai, 2000" authorityName="Nomura &amp; Komai" authorityYear="2000" box="[380,855,1122,1148]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gelasinifer">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFE85FBD4514DFBF3" box="[380,545,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. gelasinifer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFDD0FBD5503BFBF3" author="Nomura" box="[553,855,1122,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Nomura, K. &amp; Komai, T. (2000) A new alpheid shrimp of the genus Betaeus from the Pacific coast of central Japan (Crustacea: Decapod: Caridea). Crustacean Research, 28, 45 - 57." type="journal article" year="2000">Nomura &amp; Komai, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, were found free-living occurring on sandy and muddy bottom under large stones and rocks (
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFD3AFB3F5036FB2D" author="Kubo" box="[707,858,1160,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Kubo, I. (1936) Two new littoral Macrurous from Japan. Journal of Fisheries Institute, 31, 50 - 54." type="journal article" year="1936">
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22519C2DFD3AFB3F5067FB2D" box="[707,779,1160,1186]" name="Cuba" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Kubo</collectingCountry>
, 1936
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFC9EFB3F5082FB2D" author="Kim" box="[871,1006,1160,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Kim, H. S. (1976) A checklist of Macrura (Crustacea, Decapoda) of Korea. Proceedings of the College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, 131 - 152." type="journal article" year="1976">Kim, 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFC02FB3F57A5FB2D" author="Yang" box="[1019,1225,1160,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Yang, H. J., Koo, H. &amp; Kim, W. (2007) A new record of Betaeus gelasinifer Nomura &amp; Komai from Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 23, 99 - 102." type="journal article" year="2007">Yang et al, 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFB2FFB3F53B4FB48" author="Nomura" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Nomura, K. &amp; Komai, T. (2000) A new alpheid shrimp of the genus Betaeus from the Pacific coast of central Japan (Crustacea: Decapod: Caridea). Crustacean Research, 28, 45 - 57." type="journal article" year="2000">Nomura Komai, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). All collected female were non-ovigerous; the spawning time of the species in Peter the Great Bay is early spring, from early March to late April, when the water temperature remains cold, below 10-12ºC (
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22519C2DFA86FB6556F4FB63" box="[1407,1432,1234,1260]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">O</collectingCountry>
. Korn, pers. comm.). The other burrowing decapod observed at the collection site of 
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFB46FB4F563CFA9E" box="[1215,1360,1272,1297]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFB46FB4F563CFA9E" box="[1215,1360,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">B. levifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the callianassid ghost-shrimp 
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFE30FAAA51D8FAB9" box="[457,692,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Callianasa petalura</emphasis>
Stimpson, 1860 (following to 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFBE2FAAA57CCFAB8" author="Sakai" box="[1051,1184,1309,1335]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Sakai, K. (1987) Two new Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Japan, with the biogeographical distribution of the Japanese Thalassinidea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 41, 296 - 308." type="journal article" year="1987">Sakai 1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0779E4AF22519C2DFB55FAAA5784FAB8" author="Sakai" box="[1196,1256,1309,1335]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" refString="Sakai, K. (2004) A curious taxonomy of the common Japanese callianassids by Tamaki. A rebuttal. Crustaceana, 77, 113 - 124." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22519C2DFAF8FAAA562BFAB8" box="[1281,1351,1309,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,256,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,324,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,306,1884]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. a—Betaeus levifrons Vinogradov, 1950 (Alpheidae), adult male; b— burrowing decapods collected at the same site as B. levifrons: 1, 2 — Callianasa petalura Stimpson, 1860 (Callianassidae) (1 — female, 2 — male); 3 — Upogebia major (de Haan, 1841) (Upogebiidae) — the host for 4 — B. levifrons." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197838/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
b-1-2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BF2CAD522519C2DFF3FFAF55055FA43" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6357995E22519C2DFF3FFAF55055FA43" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1484]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFF3FFAF5520BFAD3" bold="true" box="[198,359,1346,1372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A4E8E2DD22519C2DFE97FAF45154FAD3" box="[366,568,1347,1372]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" genus="Betaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levifrons">
<emphasis id="519C454C22519C2DFE97FAF45154FAD3" box="[366,568,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Betaeus levifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is presently known only from the Russian coast of the Sea of 
<collectingCountry id="1BFFD9CE22519C2DFAF7FAF55638FAD3" box="[1294,1364,1346,1372]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Japan</collectingCountry>
, more precisely from two neighboring localities in Zolotoi Rog Bay and Vostok Bay, both are parts of large Peter the Great Bay bounded east by the Cape Gamov (42°33΄27.97ʺN, 131°13΄4.85ʺE) and west by the Cape Povorotnyy (42°40΄46.13ʺN, 133°2΄30.28ʺE) (see 
<figureCitation id="FBD385DB22519C2DFD1AFA055046FA43" box="[739,810,1458,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[162,1433,194,1929]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[162,1433,194,1929]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Currently known distribution of species of the genus Betaeus in the Sea of Japan and adjacent areas (based on Kubo, 1936; Yokoya, 1936; Vinogradov, 1950; Kim &amp; Park, 1972; Miya, 1972; Kim, 1976; Yang et al., 2007; Nomura Komai, 2000); empty sign indicates the type locality of the species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197839/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>