4325 lines
754 KiB
XML
4325 lines
754 KiB
XML
<document id="01C18B8E7C78D6E4EF5A46945E765642" ID-CLB-Dataset="293776" ID-DOI="10.35463/j.apr.2022.02.01" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a93d38b4-aadb-48da-b950-e649b86cedc5" ID-ISSN="1842-371x" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10836463" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1705451824462" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="GRADINARU, EUGEN" docDate="2022" docId="984787C8FF8DB719ED17F9DEFA77F814" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolRom.18.2.3-51.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 18 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2022.02.01" docStyle="DocumentStyle:CA474AAD92E97C533D63E0C5C0F159F1.1:ActaPalaeontolRom.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="CA474AAD92E97C533D63E0C5C0F159F1" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolRom.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Chiosella timorensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="647EFFB0FF87B701EE27FFF3FFE2FF84" masterDocTitle="The Olenekian-Anisian / Early-Middle Triassic Boundary, And Assessment Of The Potential Of Conodonts For Chronostratigraphic Calibration Of The Triassic Timescale" masterLastPageNumber="51" masterPageNumber="3" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1713185675925" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A7681D6D4B943832292D7CDE182058B3">The Olenekian-Anisian / Early-Middle Triassic Boundary, And Assessment Of The Potential Of Conodonts For Chronostratigraphic Calibration Of The Triassic Timescale</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0CB9BC67CD8A2B6803702B883BF8CDC3">GRADINARU, EUGEN</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="71032D9BF6FB85D19A681D29B3F9AFDE">Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Bd. Bălcescu Nicolae 1, RO- 010041 Bucharest, Romania</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E72259F9B6095828BB03D4FC0C8967CE" type="email">egradinaru@gmail.com & eugen.gradinaru@g.unibuc.ro</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="330FD8687B57BEF752E63644024C691E">Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="45EBC2119FE25FCF8BE846FF4E872D8D">
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<mods:date id="6A492785D8E1ABF52433543B46CBDE45">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="984787C8FF8DB719ED17F9DEFA77F814" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10974178" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10974178" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:984787C8FF8DB719ED17F9DEFA77F814" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/984787C8FF8DB719ED17F9DEFA77F814" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection id="58F46555FF8DB70BED17F9DEFB59F9E3" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="105136DEFF8DB70BED17F9DEFB59F9E3" blockId="10.[816,1437,1581,1639]" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="4B1981B2FF8DB70BED17F9DEFB59F9E3" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8DB70BED17F9DEFB59F9E3" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8DB70BED17F9DEFBF1F9C1" authority="(Nogami, 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[816,1043,1581,1605]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
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<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8DB70BED17F9DEFBF1F9C1" bold="true" box="[816,1043,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a conodont having a highly controversial taxonomy and definition
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58F46555FF8DB719ED17F942FA77F814" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" type="description">
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<paragraph id="105136DEFF8DB70BED17F942FB4EF877" blockId="10.[816,1437,1713,2035]" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">
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With regard to the definition of the conodont species
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<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8DB70BED17F921FBF0F96E" box="[816,1042,1746,1770]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
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<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8DB70BED17F921FBF0F96E" box="[816,1042,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, for a long time the conodont researchers adopted a broader concept, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8DB70BEB27F907FB45F8A9" authority="Bender, 1970" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
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||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8DB70BEB27F907FBE3F8A9" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">Spathognathodus gondolelloides</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEA37F8E6FB45F8A9" author="Bender, H." box="[1040,1191,1813,1837]" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="412 - 464" refId="ref33188" refString="Bender, H., 1970 a. Der Nachweis von Unter-Anis (" Hydasp ") auf der Insel Chios. Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques, 19 (1967): 412 - 464." type="journal article" year="1970">
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Bender,
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<quantity id="D7169B3BFF8DB70BEA55F8E6FB29F8A9" box="[1138,1227,1813,1837]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0038" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" unit="in" value="1970.0">1970 in</quantity>
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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the synonymy of
|
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<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8DB70BED17F8C5FB2BF8CA" authority="Nogami, 1968" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[816,1225,1846,1870]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
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<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8DB70BED17F8C5FBC0F8CA" box="[816,1058,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEA0BF8C5FB2BF8CA" author="Nogami" box="[1068,1225,1846,1870]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first being interpreted as a juvenile of the latter (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEB25F8A4FA74F8EB" author="Sweet" box="[1282,1430,1879,1903]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">
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||
Sweet, 1970
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEBADF8ABFC84F814" author="McTavish, R. A." firstAuthor="a" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">a, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BED5BF88AFBFBF814" author="Kozur" box="[892,1049,1912,1936]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref42059" refString="Kozur, H., 1973 b. Beitrage zur Stratigraphie von Perm und Trias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 3 (3): 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">Kozur, 1973b</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEA0CF88BFB07F814" author="McTavish" box="[1067,1253,1912,1936]" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">McTavish, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEAD0F88BFA7AF814" author="Mirauta" box="[1271,1432,1912,1936]" firstAuthor="Mirauta" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="149 - 158" refId="ref46674" refString="Mirauta, E., 1974. Uber die Conodontenfauna des oberen Werfens des tieferen Anis der nordlichen Dobrudscha / Rumanien. Geologica et Paleontologica, 8: 149 - 158." type="journal article" year="1974">Mirăuţă, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BED17F869FBF3F835" author="Kemper" box="[816,1041,1945,1969]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kemper" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="93 - 127" refId="ref41042" refString="Kemper, E., Maronde, H. - D. & Stoppel, D., 1976. Triassic and Jurassic Limestone in the Region Northwest and West of Si Sawar (Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand). Geologisches Jahrbuch Hannover. B 21: 93 - 127." type="journal article" year="1976">Kemper et al., 1976</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEA38F86AFB43F835" author="Buryi" box="[1055,1185,1945,1969]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" refId="ref35086" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1979. Lower Triassic Conodonts of South Primorye. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 144 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1979">Buryi, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEA95F86AFB05F835" author="Buryi" box="[1202,1255,1945,1969]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" refId="ref35119" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1989. Triassic conodonts and stratigraphy of Sikhote-Alin. Far Eastern Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok, 136 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEADFF86AFC8BF856" author="Assereto" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al., 1980</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BED52F849FB97F856" author="Chhabra & Sahni" box="[885,1141,1978,2002]" firstAuthor="Chhabra" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="135 - 147" refId="ref36048" refString="Chhabra, N. L. & Sahni, A., 1981. Late Lower Triassic and early Middle Triassic conodont faunas from Kashmir and in Kumaun sequences in Himalaya. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 25: 135 - 147." type="journal article" year="1981">Chhabra & Sahni, 1981</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEAA6F849FAC1F856" author="Matsuda" box="[1153,1315,1978,2002]" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref45957" refString="Matsuda, T., 1983. Early Triassic Conodonts from Kashmir, India. Part 3. Neospathodus. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 26 (4): 87 - 110." type="journal article" year="1983">Matsuda, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEB08F849FC73F877" author="Gaetani" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEDBCF828FBF5F877" author="Klets" box="[923,1047,2011,2035]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" refId="ref41284" refString="Klets, T. V., 1995. Triassic Biostratigraphy and Conodonts from the Central Sikhote-Alin. NGU, Novosibirsk, 111 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1995">Klets, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8DB70BEA02F828FB7EF877" author="Kilic" box="[1061,1180,2011,2035]" firstAuthor="Kilic" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="616 - 632" refId="ref41094" refString="Kilic, A. M., 2021. Anisian (Middle Triassic) Conodonts of the Kocaeli Triassic, Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Science, 32 (3): 616 - 632. https: // doi. org / 10. 1007 / s 12583 - 020 - 1384 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Kiliç, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70AEEB0FF6DFD3CFE3B" blockId="11.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
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However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF2FFF6DFE23FF32" author="Budurov" box="[264,449,158,182]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="95 - 104" refId="ref34350" refString="Budurov, K., 1976 b. Die Triassischen Conodonten des Ost-Balkans. Geologica Balcanica, 6 (2): 95 - 104." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Budurov (1976b)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFE9FF6DFDB6FF32" author="Buryi" box="[462,596,158,182]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refId="ref35086" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1979. Lower Triassic Conodonts of South Primorye. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 144 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1979">Buryi (1979</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC78FF6DFD7AFF32" author="Buryi" box="[607,664,158,182]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refId="ref35119" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1989. Triassic conodonts and stratigraphy of Sikhote-Alin. Far Eastern Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok, 136 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC8BFF6DFEE5FF53" author="Buryi" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="145 - 146" refId="ref35240" refString="Buryi, G. I., Budurov, K. J., Sahni, A., Gupta, V. J., Kachroo, R. K., Chhabra, N. L., Ahluwalia, A. D. & Azmi, R. J., 1980. On the validity of the name Neospathodus gondolelloides (Bender, 1968). Bulletin of the Indian Geologists Association, 13 (2): 145 - 146." type="journal article" year="1980">Buryi et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF3BFF4CFDF1FF53" author="Budurov" box="[284,531,191,215]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="87 - 92" refId="ref34376" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Sudar, M. N. & Buryi, G. I., 1983. Triassic conodont biofacies and provinces. Bulletin of the Indian Geologists Association, 16 (1): 87 - 92." type="journal article" year="1983">Budurov et al. (1983</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC01FF4CFDBCFF53" author="Budurov" box="[550,606,191,215]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="84 - 94" refId="ref34428" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Sudar, M. N. & Buryi, G. I., 1985. Conodont zonation, biofacies and provinces in the Triassic. Journal Geological Society of India, 26 (2): 84 - 94." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC57FF4CFD4AFF53" author="Budurov" box="[624,680,191,215]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="80 - 81" refId="ref34483" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Kachroo, R. K. & Sudar, M. N., 1987. Problems of the Lower Triassic Conodont Stratigraphy and the Permian-Triassic boundary. Journal Geological Society of India, 30: 80 - 81." type="journal article" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC9CFF4CFD1FFF53" author="Budurov" box="[699,765,191,215]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="321 - 328" refId="ref34537" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Kachroo, R. K. & Sudar, M. N., 1988 a. Problems of the Lower Triassic Conodont Stratigraphy and the Permian-Triassic Boundary. Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana, 34 (1986): 321 - 328." type="journal article" year="1988" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
1988
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECD6FF33FF2FFF7C" author="Dagys, A. S. & Tozer, E. T." firstAuthor="a" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="3 - 9" refId="ref36616" refString="Dagys, A. S. & Tozer, E. T., 1989. Correlation of Triassic in northern Canada and Siberia. U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Geology and Geophysics, 6: 3 - 9." type="journal article" year="1989">a, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF36FF13FDB6FF7C" author="Budurov & Trifonova" box="[273,596,224,248]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref34813" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1991. Stratigraphy of the Triassic in the Strandza- Sakar Region (South-East Bulgaria): conodont and foraminifer evidence. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society, 52 (3): 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1991">Budurov & Trifonova (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEEB0FEF2FE33FE9D" box="[151,465,257,281]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloide">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEEB0FEF2FE33FE9D" box="[151,465,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Neospathodus gondolelloide</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s is a senior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEEB0FED1FE96FEBE" box="[151,372,290,314]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEEB0FED1FE96FEBE" box="[151,372,290,314]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The above-cited authors based their conclusion by only commenting on the disputed dates when the monographs by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFEEFE97FD91FEF8" author="Nogami" box="[457,627,356,380]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC91FE97FF0EFE19" author="Bender" firstAuthor="Bender" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="465 - 540" refId="ref33225" refString="Bender, H., 1970 b. Zur Gliderung der mediterranen Trias II. Die Conodonten-chronologie der mediterranen Trias. Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques, 19 (1967): 465 - 540." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Bender (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were published, instead of properly addressing the distinct morphologies of the two conodont species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70AEEB0FE3BFF04FCAF" blockId="11.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEFAFE3BFE9EFE64" author="Kozur" box="[221,380,456,480]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="409 - 469" refId="ref42312" refString="Kozur, H., 1989 b. The taxonomy of the Gondolellid Conodonts in the Permian and Triassic. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, 117: 409 - 469." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">Kozur (1989b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF96FE3BFDB5FE64" author="Orchard" box="[433,599,456,480]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="110 - 122" refId="ref49496" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1995. Taxonomy and correlation of Lower Triassic (Spathian) segminate conodonts from Oman and revision of some species of Neospathodus. Journal of Paleontology, 69 (1): 110 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000026962" type="journal article" year="1995">Orchard (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AECF5FE3AFEEEFD85" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AECF5FE3AFEEEFD85" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a distinct conodont species, and thus not a juvenile synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEFA0FDF8FE14FDA6" box="[391,502,523,546]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEFA0FDF8FE14FDA6" box="[391,502,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also that it begins earlier than the latter species, in the upper Spathian, and that the two species co-occur in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF8CB70AEC18FDBFFD76FDE0" box="[575,660,588,612]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
. This has been further agreed on by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF96FD9DFD9DFD01" author="Kozur" box="[433,639,621,645]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="24 - 26" refId="ref42537" refString="Kozur, H. W., Krainer, K. & Mostler, H., 1995. A conodont rich pelagic Olenekian-Anisian boundary section in the Sosio Valley area, western Sicily (Italy). Albertiana, 15: 24 - 26." type="journal article" year="1995">Kozur et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECADFD9EFEC4FD22" author="Budurov & Sudar" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref34684" refString="Budurov, K. & Sudar, M., 1995. Lower Triassic stratigraphy. Geologica Balcanica, 25 (3 - 4): 97 - 109." type="journal article" year="1995">Budurov & Sudar (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF15FD7DFE35FD22" author="Orchard" box="[306,471,654,678]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="110 - 122" refId="ref49496" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1995. Taxonomy and correlation of Lower Triassic (Spathian) segminate conodonts from Oman and revision of some species of Neospathodus. Journal of Paleontology, 69 (1): 110 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000026962" type="journal article" year="1995">Orchard (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFC2FD7CFD8BFD22" author="Meco" box="[485,617,654,678]" firstAuthor="Meco" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="251 - 266" refId="ref46314" refString="Meco, S., 1999. Conodont biostratigraphy of Triassic pelagic strata, Albania. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 105 (2): 251 - 266." type="journal article" year="1999">Meço (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC53FD7DFD4FFD22" author="Meco" box="[628,685,654,678]" firstAuthor="Meco" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="131 - 197" refId="ref46346" refString="Meco, S., 2010. Litho-biostratigraphy and the conodonts of Palaeozoic / Triassic deposits in Albania. Palaeontographica Abteilung, A, 290 (4 - 6): 131 - 197." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECE6FD7CFF06FD43" author="Kozur" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="57 - 74" refId="ref42381" refString="Kozur, H. W., 2003 a. Integrated ammonoid, conodont and radiolarian zonation of the Triassic and some remarks to Stage / Substage subdivision and the numeric age of the Triassic stages. Albertiana, 28: 57 - 74." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Kozur (2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF39FD43FDEFFD43" author="Krystyn" box="[286,525,687,712]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krystyn" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="40 - 53" refId="ref42841" refString="Krystyn, L., Balini, M. & Nicora, A., 2004. Lower and Middle Triassic stage and substage boundaries in Spiti. Albertiana, 30: 40 - 53." type="journal article" year="2004">Krystyn et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC06FD43FF03FD6D" author="Kozur & Bachmann" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="21 - 35" refId="ref42459" refString="Kozur, H. W. & Bachmann, G. H., 2005. Correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the international scale. Albertiana, 32: 21 - 35." type="journal article" year="2005">Kozur & Bachmann (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEC9FD22FE1EFD6D" author="Ovtcharova" box="[238,508,721,745]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ovtcharova" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="463 - 475" refId="ref49945" refString="Ovtcharova, M., Bucher, H., Schaltegger, U., Galfetti, T., Brayard, A. & Guex, J., 2006. New Early to Middle Triassic U-Pb ages from South China: Calibration with ammonoid biochronozones and implications for the timing of the Triassic biotic recovery. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 243: 463 - 475. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2006.01.042" type="journal article" year="2006">Ovtcharova et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC2EFD22FD1CFD6C" author="Orchard" box="[521,766,721,745]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="341 - 346" refId="ref49830" refString="Orchard, M. J., Gradinaru, E. & Nicora, A., 2007 a. A summary of the conodont succession around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary at Desli Caira, North Dobrogea, Romania. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 341 - 346." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Orchard et al. (2007 a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEE98FD01FEABFC8E" author="Klets, T. V." box="[191,329,754,778]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="467 - 489" refId="ref41443" refString="Klets, T. V., 2008. Paleogeographic Regionalization of Triassic Seas Based on Conodontophorids. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 16 (5): 467 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 086959380805002 X" type="journal article" year="2008">Klets (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF7DFD01FDE1FC8E" author="Orchard" box="[346,515,754,778]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="139 - 161" refId="ref49577" refString="Orchard, M. J., 2010. Triassic conodonts and their role in stage boundary definitions. In: Lucas, S. G. (ed.), The Triassic Timescale. The Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 334: 139 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10. 1144 / SP 334.7" type="journal article" year="2010">Orchard (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC19FD01FF00FCAF" author="Goudemand" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70AEEB0FCC6FF3FFA44" blockId="11.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Even the generic assignement of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEEB0FCA5FEE4FCE9" box="[151,262,854,877]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEEB0FCA5FEE4FCE9" box="[151,262,854,877]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been variously interpreted over time, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEEB0FC85FEEDFC0A" authorityName="Stauffer & Plummer" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,271,886,910]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEEB0FC85FEEDFC0A" box="[151,271,886,910]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Gondolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF0DFC85FE31FC0A" author="Nogami" box="[298,467,886,910]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFCCFC84FD6FFC0A" author="Kozur" box="[491,653,886,910]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref42059" refString="Kozur, H., 1973 b. Beitrage zur Stratigraphie von Perm und Trias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 3 (3): 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Kozur, 1973
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC58FC85FD39FC0A" author="Wardlaw, B. R. & Jones, D. S." box="[639,731,886,910]" firstAuthor="b" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="895 - 908" refId="ref53982" refString="Wardlaw, B. R. & Jones, D. S., 1980. Triassic conodonts from eugeoclinal rocks of western North America and their tectonic significance. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia, 85 (3 - 4): 895 - 908." type="journal article" year="1980">b, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a-b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEB0FC64FE8FFC2B" author="Gaetani" box="[151,365,919,943]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF5BFC64FD66FC2B" author="Jacobshagen" box="[380,644,919,943]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jacobshagen" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="25 - 38" refId="ref40361" refString="Jacobshagen, V., Gaetani, M., Nicora, A., Tselepedis, V., Kauffmann, G., Mertmann, D., Skourtsis-Coroneou, V. & Fantini Sestini, N., 1993. The Early / Middle Triassic boundary on Chios Island: preliminary results of a reinvestigation. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 28: 25 - 38." type="journal article" year="1993">Jacobshagen et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AECBAFC6BFF03FC54" authority="(Koike et al., 1971)" authorityName="Mosher" authorityYear="1968" baseAuthorityName="Koike" baseAuthorityYear="1971" genus="Paragondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AECBAFC6BFF03FC54" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Paragondolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
? (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF34FC4BFE0DFC54" author="Koike" box="[275,495,952,976]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koike" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="165 - 168" refId="ref41774" refString="Koike, T., Igo, H., Takizawa, S. & Kinoshita, T., 1971. Contribution to the geological history of the Japanese Islands by the conodont biostratigraphy, Part II, Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 77 (3): 165 - 168." type="journal article" year="1971">Koike et al., 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEC2BFC4BFD41FC54" authorityName="Mosher" authorityYear="1968" box="[524,675,952,976]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEC2BFC4BFD41FC54" box="[524,675,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Neospathodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC9DFC4BFF39FC75" author="Sweet" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Sweet, 1970
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEE8FC2AFEFCFC75" author="McTavish, R. A." box="[207,286,985,1009]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">a, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF0DFC2AFE39FC75" author="McTavish" box="[298,475,985,1009]" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">McTavish, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFC0FC29FD59FC75" author="Kemper" box="[487,699,985,1009]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kemper" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="93 - 127" refId="ref41042" refString="Kemper, E., Maronde, H. - D. & Stoppel, D., 1976. Triassic and Jurassic Limestone in the Region Northwest and West of Si Sawar (Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand). Geologisches Jahrbuch Hannover. B 21: 93 - 127." type="journal article" year="1976">Kemper et al., 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECEFFC2AFF32FB96" author="Goel" firstAuthor="Goel" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="1085 - 1101" refId="ref37834" refString="Goel, R. K., 1977. Triassic conodonts from Spiti (Himachal Pradesh), India. Journal of Paleontology, 51 (6): 1085 - 1101." type="journal article" year="1977">Goel, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEC4FC09FE93FB96" author="Ishida" box="[227,369,1018,1042]" firstAuthor="Ishida" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="61 - 92" refId="ref40132" refString="Ishida, K., 1979. Studies of the South Zones of the Chichibu Belt in Shikoku, Part II. Stratigraphy and structure around Nagayasu-guchi Dam, Yokushima Prefecture. Journal Science, University of Tokushima, 12: 61 - 92 [in Japanese, with English Abstract]." type="journal article" year="1979">Ishida, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFA3FC09FDF3FB96" author="Koike, T." box="[388,529,1018,1042]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="21 - 77" refId="ref41579" refString="Koike, T., 1979 a. Biostratigraphy of Triassic conodonts. In: Igo, H. & Koike, T. (eds.), Biostratigraphy of Permian and Triassic Conodonts and Holothurian Sclerites in Japan. Memoir Volume Prof. Mosaburo Kanuma, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 21 - 77 [in Japanese]." type="book chapter" year="1979">Koike, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a-b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC6FFC09FF32FBB7" author="Watanabe" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Watanabe" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="127 - 137" refId="ref54028" refString="Watanabe, K., Kanmera, K. & Nakajima, K., 1979. Conodont Biostratigraphy in the Kamura Limestone (Triassic), Takachiho-cho, Nishiusuki-gun, Miyazaki Prefecture. In: Igo, H. & Koike, T. (eds.), Biostratigraphy of Permian and Triassic Conodonts and Holothurian Sclerites in Japan. Memoir Volume Prof. Mosaburo Kanuma, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 127 - 137 [in Japanese]." type="book chapter" year="1979">Watanabe et al., 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEC3FBE8FE8EFBB7" author="Buryi" box="[228,364,1051,1075]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refId="ref35086" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1979. Lower Triassic Conodonts of South Primorye. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 144 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1979">Buryi, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFA4FBE8FE5AFBB7" author="Buryi" box="[387,440,1051,1075]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refId="ref35119" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1989. Triassic conodonts and stratigraphy of Sikhote-Alin. Far Eastern Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok, 136 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
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; Tanaka, 1980; Wang Z-H, 1982;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEC7FBCFFE67FBD0" author="Matsuda" box="[224,389,1084,1108]" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref45957" refString="Matsuda, T., 1983. Early Triassic Conodonts from Kashmir, India. Part 3. Neospathodus. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 26 (4): 87 - 110." type="journal article" year="1983">Matsuda, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFB1FBCEFDC7FBD0" author="Dagys" box="[406,549,1084,1109]" firstAuthor="Dagys" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refId="ref36410" refString="Dagys A. A., 1984. Early Triassic conodonts of northern Middle Siberia, Nauka, Moscow, 72 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1984">Dagys, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC12FBCFFD5AFBD0" author="Klets" box="[565,696,1084,1108]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refId="ref41284" refString="Klets, T. V., 1995. Triassic Biostratigraphy and Conodonts from the Central Sikhote-Alin. NGU, Novosibirsk, 111 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1995">Klets, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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),
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AECE8FBCEFEEBFBF1" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Neogondollela</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF07FBAEFE5BFBF1" author="Nicora" box="[288,441,1117,1141]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFEAFBAEFF32FB13" author="Collinson & Hasenmueller" firstAuthor="Collinson" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="175 - 187" refId="ref36337" refString="Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. A., 1978. Early Triassic paleogeography and biostratigraphy of the Cordileran Miogeosyncline. In: Howell, D. G. & McDougall, K. A. (eds.), Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States Symposium, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium, 2: 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1978">Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEFAFB8CFE5DFB13" author="Assereto" box="[221,447,1151,1175]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al., 1980</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFECFB8CFDB1FB13" author="Koike" box="[459,595,1151,1175]" firstAuthor="Koike" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref41714" refString="Koike, T., 1981. Biostratigraphy of Triassic Conodonts in Japan. Science Reports of the Yokohama National University, Biology and Geology, 28: 25 - 42." type="journal article" year="1981">Koike, 1981</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC47FB8CFEC2FB3C" author="Sweet & Bergstrom" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="85 - 112" refId="ref52661" refString="Sweet, W. C. & Bergstrom, S. M., 1986. Conodonts and biostratigraphic correlation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14: 85 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Sweet & Bergström, 1986</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF17FB53FE50FB3C" author="Paull" box="[304,434,1184,1208]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull, 1988</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFE4FB53FD49FB3C" author="Paull & Paull" box="[451,683,1184,1208]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="103 - 113" refId="ref50386" refString="Paull, R. K. & Paull, R. A., 1998. Age and Regional Significance of Marine Triassic Rocks at O'Neil Pass, Northeastern Nevada. The Mountain Geologist, 35 (3): 103 - 113." type="journal article" year="1998">Paull & Paull, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AECE3FB53FF06FB5D" authorityName="Budurov, Sudar & Gupta" authorityYear="1988" genus="Kashmirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AECE3FB53FF06FB5D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Kashmirella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEDFFB32FE10FB5D" author="Budurov" box="[248,498,1217,1241]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refId="ref34595" refString="Budurov, K. J., Sudar, M. N. & Gupta, V. J., 1988 b." type="book" year="1988" yearSuffix="b">Budurov et al., 1988b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC21FB32FDDCFB5D" author="Budurov" box="[518,574,1217,1241]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="158 - 166" refId="ref34644" refString="Budurov, K. J., Sudar, M. N. & Gupta, V. J., 1989. Early Triassic Parallel Conodont Zonation. Contribution to Himalayan Geology, 4: 158 - 166." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC68FB32FECAFB7E" author="Budurov & Trifonova" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref34813" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1991. Stratigraphy of the Triassic in the Strandza- Sakar Region (South-East Bulgaria): conodont and foraminifer evidence. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society, 52 (3): 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1991">Budurov & Trifonova, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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, 1995;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF5FFB11FD98FB7E" author="Budurov & Sudar" box="[376,634,1250,1274]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref34684" refString="Budurov, K. & Sudar, M., 1995. Lower Triassic stratigraphy. Geologica Balcanica, 25 (3 - 4): 97 - 109." type="journal article" year="1995">Budurov & Sudar, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECACFB11FF2FFA9F" author="Kilic" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kilic" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="33 - 39" refId="ref41213" refString="Kilic, A. M., Plasencia, P., Ishida, K., Guex, J. & Hirsch, F., 2016. Proteromorphosis of Neospathodus (Conodonta) during the Permian-Triassic crisis and recovery. Revue de Micropaleontologie, 59 (1): 33 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revmic. 2016.01.003" type="journal article" year="2016">Kiliç et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEF2EFAF0FE8DFA9F" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[265,367,1283,1307]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEF2EFAF0FE8DFA9F" box="[265,367,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFA5FAF0FDF8FA9F" author="Kozur" box="[386,538,1283,1307]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="409 - 469" refId="ref42312" refString="Kozur, H., 1989 b. The taxonomy of the Gondolellid Conodonts in the Permian and Triassic. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, 117: 409 - 469." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">Kozur, 1989b</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC0AFAF0FD87FA9F" author="Kozur" box="[557,613,1283,1307]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="701 - 725" refId="ref42342" refString="Kozur, H. W., 1999. The correlation of the Germanic Buntsandstein and Muschelkalk with the Tethyan scale. Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Palaontologie, I (7 - 8): 701 - 725." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 2003a-b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECF9FAF0FE41FAB8" author="Orchard & Bucher" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="133 - 140" refId="ref49672" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Bucher, H., 1992. Conodont-ammonoid intercalibration around the Lower-Triassic boundary: Nevada clocks help tell British Columbian time. Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92 - IE: 133 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Orchard & Bucher, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF91FAD7FDBEFAB8" author="Orchard" box="[438,604,1316,1340]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="133 - 140" refId="ref49672" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Bucher, H., 1992. Conodont-ammonoid intercalibration around the Lower-Triassic boundary: Nevada clocks help tell British Columbian time. Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92 - IE: 133 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Orchard, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC57FAD7FD53FAB8" author="Orchard" box="[624,689,1316,1340]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">
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1994
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC82FAD6FD1DFAB8" author="Shevyrev, A. A." box="[677,767,1316,1340]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refId="ref51414" refString="Shevyrev, A. A., 1995. Triassic ammonites of northwestern Caucasus. Transactions of Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 264, 174 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1995">a, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEB0FAB6FF2DFAD9" author="Orchard" box="[151,207,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="73 - 101" refId="ref49550" refString="Orchard, M. J., 2005. Multielement conodont apparatuses of Triassic conodonts. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 73: 73 - 101." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEFCFAB6FEF1FAD9" author="Orchard" box="[219,275,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="139 - 161" refId="ref49577" refString="Orchard, M. J., 2010. Triassic conodonts and their role in stage boundary definitions. In: Lucas, S. G. (ed.), The Triassic Timescale. The Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 334: 139 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10. 1144 / SP 334.7" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF38FAB6FE44FAD9" author="Koike" box="[287,422,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Koike" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="234 - 248" refId="ref41746" refString="Koike, T., 1999. Apparatus of a Triassic conodont species Cratognathodus multihamatus (Huckriede). Paleontological Research, 3: 234 - 248." type="journal article" year="1999">Koike, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF94FAB6FDCDFAD9" author="Klets" box="[435,559,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="174 - 184" refId="ref41389" refString="Klets, T. V., 2006. Diversity and Stages in Evolution of Conodontophorids and Bivalve Mollusks in Triassic Seas of Siberia and the Far East. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 14 (2): 174 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0869593806020055" type="journal article" year="2006">Klets, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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, 2008;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECA6FAB6FEF0FAFA" author="Goudemand" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF39FA95FDE7FAFA" author="Plasencia" box="[286,517,1382,1406]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Plasencia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="215 - 226" refId="ref50548" refString="Plasencia, P., Marquez-Aliaga, A. & Sha, J., 2013. A data base of Triassic conodonts from a comprehensive revision of literature. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 28 (2): 215 - 226." type="journal article" year="2013">Plasencia et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC36FA94FD5EFAFA" author="Yan" box="[529,700,1382,1406]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yan" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="236 - 245" refId="ref54699" refString="Yan, C., Jiang, H., Lai, X., Sun, Y., Yang, B. & Wang, L., 2015. The Relationship between the " Green- Bean Rock " Layers and Conodont Chiosella timorensis and Implication on Defining the Early-Middle Triassic Boundary in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. Journal of Earth Science, 20 (2): 236 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12583 - 015 - 0535 - x" type="journal article" year="2015">Yan et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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; Chen Y-L et al., 2016;
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF70FA7BFDF5FA1B" author="Muto" box="[343,535,1415,1439]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="43 - 89" refId="ref47183" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S., Soda, K. & Onoue, T., 2019. Conodont-based age calibration of the Middle Triassic Anisian radiolarian biozones in pelagic deep-sea bedded chert. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 70 (1 / 2): 43 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.9795 / bullgsj. 70.43" type="journal article" year="2019">Muto et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC03FA74FDBFFA1B" author="Muto" box="[548,605,1415,1439]" firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="103330" refId="ref47257" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S. & Onoue, T., 2020. Scarcity of chert in upper Lower Triassic Panthalassic deep-sea successions of Japan records elevated clastic inputs rather than depressed biogenic silica burial flux following the end-Permian extinction. Global and Planetary Change, 195: 103330. https: // doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. gloplacha. 2020.103330" type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC4DFA74FF2CFA45" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70AEEB0FA39FEBCF8A9" blockId="11.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The generic assignement of the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEC41FA39FCE1FA66" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[614,771,1482,1506]" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEC41FA39FCE1FA66" box="[614,771,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been interpreted either as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEC6DFA18FEDCF9A0" authority="(Bender, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Bender" baseAuthorityYear="1970" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEC6DFA18FCE1F987" box="[586,771,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Spathognathodus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEB9F9FFFED4F9A0" author="Bender, H." box="[158,310,1548,1572]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="412 - 464" refId="ref33188" refString="Bender, H., 1970 a. Der Nachweis von Unter-Anis (" Hydasp ") auf der Insel Chios. Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques, 19 (1967): 412 - 464." type="journal article" year="1970">Bender, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEF6BF9FFFE01F9A0" authorityName="Mosher" authorityYear="1968" box="[332,483,1548,1572]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEF6BF9FFFE01F9A0" box="[332,483,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Neospathodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFD3F9FFFD6AF9A0" author="Sweet" box="[500,648,1548,1572]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Sweet, 1970
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC5BF9FEFD2FF9A0" author="McTavish, R. A." box="[636,717,1548,1572]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">a, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECF8F9FFFEFBF9C1" author="Orchard" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="110 - 122" refId="ref49496" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1995. Taxonomy and correlation of Lower Triassic (Spathian) segminate conodonts from Oman and revision of some species of Neospathodus. Journal of Paleontology, 69 (1): 110 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000026962" type="journal article" year="1995">Orchard, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEF14F9DEFE49F9C1" authorityName="Stauffer & Plummer" authorityYear="1932" box="[307,427,1581,1605]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEF14F9DEFE49F9C1" box="[307,427,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Gondolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF9AF9DEFDBAF9C1" author="Kozur" box="[445,600,1581,1605]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref42059" refString="Kozur, H., 1973 b. Beitrage zur Stratigraphie von Perm und Trias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 3 (3): 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">Kozur, 1973b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC40F9DEFF32F9E2" author="Gaetani" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEED5F9BDFE97F9E2" authorityName="Budurov, Sudar & Gupta" authorityYear="1988" box="[242,373,1614,1638]" genus="Kashmirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEED5F9BDFE97F9E2" box="[242,373,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Kashmirella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFB5F9BDFD48F9E2" author="Budurov" box="[402,682,1614,1638]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" refId="ref34595" refString="Budurov, K. J., Sudar, M. N. & Gupta, V. J., 1988 b." type="book" year="1988" yearSuffix="b">Budurov et al., 1988b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECE1F9BDFD1CF9E2" author="Budurov" box="[710,766,1614,1638]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="158 - 166" refId="ref34644" refString="Budurov, K. J., Sudar, M. N. & Gupta, V. J., 1989. Early Triassic Parallel Conodont Zonation. Contribution to Himalayan Geology, 4: 158 - 166." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEB0F99CFE35F903" author="Budurov & Trifonova" box="[151,471,1647,1671]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref34813" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1991. Stratigraphy of the Triassic in the Strandza- Sakar Region (South-East Bulgaria): conodont and foraminifer evidence. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society, 52 (3): 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1991">Budurov & Trifonova, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1995;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC15F99CFF2FF92C" author="Budurov & Sudar" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref34684" refString="Budurov, K. & Sudar, M., 1995. Lower Triassic stratigraphy. Geologica Balcanica, 25 (3 - 4): 97 - 109." type="journal article" year="1995">Budurov & Sudar, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEFAF963FE71F92C" author="Kilic" box="[221,403,1680,1704]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kilic" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="33 - 39" refId="ref41213" refString="Kilic, A. M., Plasencia, P., Ishida, K., Guex, J. & Hirsch, F., 2016. Proteromorphosis of Neospathodus (Conodonta) during the Permian-Triassic crisis and recovery. Revue de Micropaleontologie, 59 (1): 33 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revmic. 2016.01.003" type="journal article" year="2016">Kiliç et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEFE4F963FDCBF92C" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[451,553,1680,1704]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEFE4F963FDCBF92C" box="[451,553,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC1EF963FD2CF92C" author="Kozur" box="[569,718,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="409 - 469" refId="ref42312" refString="Kozur, H., 1989 b. The taxonomy of the Gondolellid Conodonts in the Permian and Triassic. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, 117: 409 - 469." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">Kozur, 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AECF9F963FE71F94D" author="Orchard & Bucher" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="133 - 140" refId="ref49672" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Bucher, H., 1992. Conodont-ammonoid intercalibration around the Lower-Triassic boundary: Nevada clocks help tell British Columbian time. Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92 - IE: 133 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Orchard & Bucher, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). More recently, the assignement of the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEF65F921FE3CF96E" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[322,478,1746,1770]" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEF65F921FE3CF96E" box="[322,478,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was limited to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AECBAF921FCE1F96E" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[669,771,1746,1770]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AECBAF921FCE1F96E" box="[669,771,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEF0F907FEBAF888" author="Klets, T. V." box="[215,344,1780,1804]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="467 - 489" refId="ref41443" refString="Klets, T. V., 2008. Paleogeographic Regionalization of Triassic Seas Based on Conodontophorids. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 16 (5): 467 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 086959380805002 X" type="journal article" year="2008">Klets, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF42F907FDE7F888" author="Orchard" box="[357,517,1780,1804]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="139 - 161" refId="ref49577" refString="Orchard, M. J., 2010. Triassic conodonts and their role in stage boundary definitions. In: Lucas, S. G. (ed.), The Triassic Timescale. The Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 334: 139 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10. 1144 / SP 334.7" type="journal article" year="2010">Orchard, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC35F907FD1CF888" author="Plasencia" box="[530,766,1780,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Plasencia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="215 - 226" refId="ref50548" refString="Plasencia, P., Marquez-Aliaga, A. & Sha, J., 2013. A data base of Triassic conodonts from a comprehensive revision of literature. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 28 (2): 215 - 226." type="journal article" year="2013">Plasencia et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEB0F8E6FEB1F8A9" author="Muto" box="[151,339,1813,1837]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="43 - 89" refId="ref47183" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S., Soda, K. & Onoue, T., 2019. Conodont-based age calibration of the Middle Triassic Anisian radiolarian biozones in pelagic deep-sea bedded chert. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 70 (1 / 2): 43 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.9795 / bullgsj. 70.43" type="journal article" year="2019">Muto et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70AEEB0F8C5FC59FE19" blockId="11.[151,772,158,2068]" lastBlockId="11.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Furthermore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF0AF8C5FE2AF8CA" author="Nicora" box="[301,456,1846,1870]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEFF1F8C4FD95F8CA" author="Kozur" box="[470,631,1846,1870]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="409 - 469" refId="ref42312" refString="Kozur, H., 1989 b. The taxonomy of the Gondolellid Conodonts in the Permian and Triassic. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, 117: 409 - 469." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">Kozur (1989b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC97F8C5FEFFF8EB" author="Gaetani" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al. (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEF51F8A4FCE1F8EB" authority="Bender, 1970" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[374,771,1879,1903]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEF51F8A4FD8BF8EB" box="[374,617,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Neogondolella aegaea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEC55F8A4FCE1F8EB" author="Bender, H." box="[626,771,1879,1903]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="412 - 464" refId="ref33188" refString="Bender, H., 1970 a. Der Nachweis von Unter-Anis (" Hydasp ") auf der Insel Chios. Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques, 19 (1967): 412 - 464." type="journal article" year="1970">Bender, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEFBCF88BFD9AF814" box="[411,632,1912,1936]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEFBCF88BFD9AF814" box="[411,632,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus implying the equivalence between the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEC38F86AFD3FF835" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[543,733,1945,1969]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEEB0F849FED5F856" author="Sweet" box="[151,311,1978,2002]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Sweet (1970a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, placed in the top of the Spathian, with “Die aegaea – Zone” of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEF95F828FDBDF877" author="Bender" box="[434,607,2011,2035]" firstAuthor="Bender" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="465 - 540" refId="ref33225" refString="Bender, H., 1970 b. Zur Gliderung der mediterranen Trias II. Die Conodonten-chronologie der mediterranen Trias. Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques, 19 (1967): 465 - 540." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Bender (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, placed in the Anisian. Lastly, the two morphotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEC45F80EFD33F790" box="[610,721,2045,2068]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEC45F80EFD33F790" box="[610,721,2045,2068]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were discrimated by Nicora,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEAA5FF6DFBB1FF53" authority="(Nogami, 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEAA5FF6DFC7DFF53" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Neogondolella timorensis timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AED89FF4CFBA9FF53" author="Nogami" box="[942,1099,191,215]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEAAEFF4CFBDFFF7C" authority="Nicora, 1977" authorityName="Nicora" authorityYear="1977" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="timorensis" subSpecies="benderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEAAEFF4CFC60FF7C" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Neogondolella timorensis benderi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEDBBFF13FBDFFF7C" author="Nicora" box="[924,1085,224,248]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AED17FEF2FAC9FE9D" authority="Bender, 1970" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[816,1323,257,281]" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED17FEF2FB6DFE9D" box="[816,1167,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Spathognathodus gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEABFFEF2FAC9FE9D" author="Bender, H." box="[1176,1323,257,281]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="412 - 464" refId="ref33188" refString="Bender, H., 1970 a. Der Nachweis von Unter-Anis (" Hydasp ") auf der Insel Chios. Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques, 19 (1967): 412 - 464." type="journal article" year="1970">Bender, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, interpreted as a juvenile of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEA34FED0FB60FEBE" box="[1043,1154,291,314]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEA34FED0FB60FEBE" box="[1043,1154,291,314]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are all allocated to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEB54FED0FC13FEDF" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" genus="Godolella" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEB54FED0FC13FEDF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Godolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEA3CFEB0FB13FEDF" author="Gaetani" box="[1051,1265,323,347]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al. (1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 195, pl. 17), thus complicating once again the definition of this conodont species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70AED17FE54FAB2FDC7" blockId="11.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
As seen from the above references, the definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AED17FE3AFC7DFE64" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[816,927,457,480]" genus="Godolella" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED17FE3AFC7DFE64" box="[816,927,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEDDBFE3BFB7BFE64" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[1020,1177,456,480]" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEDDBFE3BFB7BFE64" box="[1020,1177,456,480]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEB3DFE3AFA85FE64" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[1306,1383,457,480]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEB3DFE3AFA85FE64" box="[1306,1383,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">aegaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also involved, represented a long disputed issue, and it remains still unresolved, being mostly a problem of subjective criteria agreed by the conodont researchers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70AED17FDBFFB7BFBF1" blockId="11.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
During the Triassic Symposium held at St Christina/Val Gardena,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8CB70AEDBCFD9EFC2CFD01" box="[923,974,621,645]" name="Italy" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="6450101EFF8CB70AEDC3FD9EFB74FD01" box="[996,1174,621,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" value="2003-09">September 2003</date>
|
||
, an
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEAE1FD9EFAF2FD01" box="[1222,1296,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">ad-hoc</emphasis>
|
||
group meeting including Heinz Kozur, Mike Orchard, Alda Nicora, Leopold Krystyn and Eugen Grădinaru examined the conodont material from the Deşli Caira section, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8CB70AEB73FD22FCB1FC8E" name="Romania" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and concluded that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEA15FD01FB2DFC8E" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[1074,1231,754,778]" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEA15FD01FB2DFC8E" box="[1074,1231,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEB22FD00FA96FC8E" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1285,1396,755,778]" genus="Godolella" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEB22FD00FA96FC8E" box="[1285,1396,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEDD9FCE0FB86FCAF" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[1022,1124,787,811]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEDD9FCE0FB86FCAF" box="[1022,1124,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEAB9FCE0FAEFFCAE" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1182,1293,787,810]" genus="Godolella" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEAB9FCE0FAEFFCAE" box="[1182,1293,787,810]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species having a narrow platform that surrounds the posterior end of the carina. It was also concluded based on the ammonoid data at hand at that time in the Deşli Caira section that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AED17FC64FC18FC2B" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[816,1018,919,943]" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED17FC64FC18FC2B" box="[816,1018,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Ch. gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common in the uppermost Spathian, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEDB3FC4BFBD4FC54" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[916,1078,952,976]" genus="Godolella" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEDB3FC4BFBD4FC54" box="[916,1078,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
began later, at the base of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AED17FC2AFC01FC75" baseAuthorityName="Diener" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[816,995,985,1009]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Japonitidae" genus="Aegeiceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ugra">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED17FC2AFC01FC75" box="[816,995,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Aegeiceras ugra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fauna. This conclusion was adopted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AED17FC09FBC7FB96" author="Gradinaru, E. & Kozur, H. W. & Nicora, A. & Orchard, M. J." box="[816,1061,1018,1042]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="34 - 38" refId="ref38481" refString="Gradinaru, E., Kozur, H. W., Nicora, A. & Orchard, M. J., 2006. The Chiosella timorensis and correlation of the ammonoids and conodonts around the base of the Anisian in the GSSP candidate at Desli Caira (North Dobrogea, Romania). Albertiana, 34: 34 - 38." type="journal article" year="2006">Grădinaru et al. (2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEA14FC09FB88FB96" author="Gradinaru, E. & Orchard, M. J. & Nicora, A. & Gallet, Y. & Besse, J. & Krystyn, L. & Sobolev, E. S. & Atudorei, N. - V. & Ivanova, D." box="[1075,1130,1018,1042]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="54 - 71" refId="ref38545" refString="Gradinaru, E., Orchard, M. J., Nicora, A., Gallet, Y., Besse, J., Krystyn, L., Sobolev, E. S., Atudorei, N. - V. & Ivanova, D., 2007. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Anisian Stage: Desli Caira Hill, North Dobrogea, Romania. Albertiana, 36: 54 - 71." type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEA8DFC09FA7EFB96" author="Orchard" box="[1194,1436,1018,1042]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="341 - 346" refId="ref49830" refString="Orchard, M. J., Gradinaru, E. & Nicora, A., 2007 a. A summary of the conodont succession around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary at Desli Caira, North Dobrogea, Romania. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 341 - 346." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Orchard et al. (2007a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the Deşli Caira section, and closely mimicked by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEB5FFBE8FBE7FBD0" author="Orchard" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="347 - 354" refId="ref49883" refString="Orchard, M. J., Lehrmann, D. J., Wie, J., Wang, H. & Taylor, H. J., 2007 b. Conodonts from the Olenekian-Anisian boundary beds, Guandao, Guizhou Province, China. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 347 - 354." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">Orchard et al. (2007b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEA1BFBCFFAD2FBD0" author="Lehrmann" box="[1084,1328,1084,1108]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lehrmann" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="1053 - 1056" refId="ref43570" refString="Lehrmann, D. J., Ramezani, J., Bowring, S. A., Martin, M. W., Montgomery, P., Enos, P., Payne, J., Orchard, M., Wang, H. & Wei, J., 2006. Timing of recovery from the end-Permian extinction: Geochronologic and biostratigraphic constraints from south China. Geology, 34 (12): 1053 - 1056. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / G 22827 A. 1" type="journal article" year="2006">Lehrmann et al. (2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2015a-b) for the Guandao section in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8CB70AEA75FBAEFB77FBF1" box="[1106,1173,1117,1141]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70AED17FB8CFAAEF987" blockId="11.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Discussing this matter,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEA67FB8CFB1AFB13" author="Golding" box="[1088,1272,1151,1175]" firstAuthor="Golding" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="573 - 591" refId="ref37900" refString="Golding, M. L., 2021 a. Early Anisian (Middle Triassic) conodonts from Romania and China, with comments on their role in the recognition and correlation of the base of the Anisian. Journal of Earth Science, 32 (3): 573 - 591. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12583 - 020 - 1392 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="a">Golding (2021a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
underlies that recently “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEDBAFB53FC5AFAB9" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Additional issues with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEA8FFB53FAA9FB3C" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1192,1355,1184,1208]" genus="Godolella" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEA8FFB53FAA9FB3C" bold="true" box="[1192,1355,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
center on the definition of the species, and its differentiation from related species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEA5CFB11FA9DFB7E" authority="Ch." authorityName="Ch." authorityYear="2022" box="[1147,1407,1250,1274]" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEA5CFB11FAABFB7E" bold="true" box="[1147,1353,1250,1274]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Ch. gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEB7FFB11FA9DFB7E" bold="true" box="[1368,1407,1250,1274]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Ch.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="39A957B7FF8CB70AEBA0FB11FCB2FA98" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A and
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED8CFAF7FC30FA98" bold="true" box="[939,978,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Ch.</emphasis>
|
||
n. sp. B (see discussion in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEB28FAF7FC53FAB9" author="Goudemand" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”, whereas “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEA66FAD6FA7FFAFB" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
At Wantou
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEAEBFAD6FA7FFAB9" author="Chen, J. & Shen, S. - Z. & Zhang, Y. - C. & Angiolini, L. & Gorgij, M. N. & Crippa, G. & Wang, W. & Zhang, H. & Yuan, D. - X. & Li, X. - H. & Xua, Y. - G." box="[1228,1437,1317,1341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="109973" refId="ref35736" refString="Chen, J., Shen, S. - Z., Zhang, Y. - C., Angiolini, L., Gorgij, M. N., Crippa, G., Wang, W., Zhang, H., Yuan, D. - X., Li, X. - H. & Xua, Y. - G., 2020. Abrupt warming in the latest Permian detected using high-resolution in situ oxygen isotopes of conodont apatite from Abadeh, central Iran. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 560: 109973. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2020.109973" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized the new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEABFFAB5FB1DFADA" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[1176,1279,1350,1374]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEABFFAB5FB1DFADA" bold="true" box="[1176,1279,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
identified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AED17FA94FBB7FAFB" author="Goudemand" box="[816,1109,1383,1407]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but retained the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEB52FA94FA7FFAFB" box="[1397,1437,1383,1407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEB52FA94FA7FFAFB" bold="true" box="[1397,1437,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Ch.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED16FA7BFA7EFA24" bold="true" box="[817,1436,1416,1440]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED16FA7BFC32FA24" bold="true" box="[817,976,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
for several specimens considered to be
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED17FA5AFADBF987" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AED17FA5AFC34FA45" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[816,982,1449,1473]" genus="Godolella" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED17FA5AFC34FA45" bold="true" box="[816,982,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEA2DFA5AFAD7FA45" author="Goudemand" box="[1034,1333,1449,1473]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, making correlation of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEA2EFA39FB93FA66" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[1033,1137,1482,1506]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEA2EFA39FB93FA66" bold="true" box="[1033,1137,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
faunas between Wantou, Deşli Caira and Guandao difficult at this time
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70AED17F9FFFC9DF8CA" blockId="11.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Lastly, besides the controversial definitions of the two leading species of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEA8FF9DEFAECF9C1" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[1192,1294,1581,1605]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEA8FF9DEFAECF9C1" box="[1192,1294,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the lineage
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AED17F9BDFBA4F9E2" box="[816,1094,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AED17F9BDFC2FF9E2" box="[816,973,1614,1638]" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">gondolelloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEDF0F9BCFBA4F9E2" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[983,1094,1615,1638]" genus="Godolella" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has also been for a long time interpreted variously. Early initiated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEAD1F99CFA75F903" author="Sweet" box="[1270,1431,1647,1671]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Sweet (1970a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AED17F962FC2FF92C" author="Kozur" box="[816,973,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref42059" refString="Kozur, H., 1973 b. Beitrage zur Stratigraphie von Perm und Trias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 3 (3): 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">Kozur (1973b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEDFAF963FBFDF92C" author="Kozur" box="[989,1055,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="409 - 469" refId="ref42312" refString="Kozur, H., 1989 b. The taxonomy of the Gondolellid Conodonts in the Permian and Triassic. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, 117: 409 - 469." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEA15F963FB97F92C" author="Kozur" box="[1074,1141,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="49 - 79" refId="ref42426" refString="Kozur, H. W., 2003 b. Integrated ammonoid, conodont and radiolarian zonation of the Triassic. Hallesches Jahrbuch fur Geowissenschaften, B 25: 49 - 79." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEAB7F962FA88F92C" author="Kozur" box="[1168,1386,1680,1704]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="24 - 26" refId="ref42537" refString="Kozur, H. W., Krainer, K. & Mostler, H., 1995. A conodont rich pelagic Olenekian-Anisian boundary section in the Sosio Valley area, western Sicily (Italy). Albertiana, 15: 24 - 26." type="journal article" year="1995">Kozur et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AED17F942FC10F94D" author="Budurov" box="[816,1010,1713,1737]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="95 - 104" refId="ref34350" refString="Budurov, K., 1976 b. Die Triassischen Conodonten des Ost-Balkans. Geologica Balcanica, 6 (2): 95 - 104." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Budurov (1976b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this remained along-disputed issue, being even actually controversially discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEB62F921FC98F888" author="Orchard" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="110 - 122" refId="ref49496" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1995. Taxonomy and correlation of Lower Triassic (Spathian) segminate conodonts from Oman and revision of some species of Neospathodus. Journal of Paleontology, 69 (1): 110 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000026962" type="journal article" year="1995">Orchard (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEDA1F907FB77F888" author="Goudemand" box="[902,1173,1780,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEA87F907FABBF888" author="Yan" box="[1184,1369,1780,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yan" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="236 - 245" refId="ref54699" refString="Yan, C., Jiang, H., Lai, X., Sun, Y., Yang, B. & Wang, L., 2015. The Relationship between the " Green- Bean Rock " Layers and Conodont Chiosella timorensis and Implication on Defining the Early-Middle Triassic Boundary in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. Journal of Earth Science, 20 (2): 236 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12583 - 015 - 0535 - x" type="journal article" year="2015">Yan et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Chen Y-L et al. (2016),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEA26F8E6FB08F8A9" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[1025,1258,1813,1837]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8CB70AEB02F8E6FC98F8CA" author="Kilic" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kilic" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" pagination="33 - 39" refId="ref41213" refString="Kilic, A. M., Plasencia, P., Ishida, K., Guex, J. & Hirsch, F., 2016. Proteromorphosis of Neospathodus (Conodonta) during the Permian-Triassic crisis and recovery. Revue de Micropaleontologie, 59 (1): 33 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revmic. 2016.01.003" type="journal article" year="2016">Kiliç et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8CB70DED17F8A4FDADFEBE" blockId="11.[816,1437,158,2069]" lastBlockId="12.[151,771,158,314]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Thus, one may conclude that the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEB4AF8A4FC04F814" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEB4AF8A4FC04F814" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for a long time had a disputed taxonomic status and also very unstable morphological definitions, and these remain still unresolved. For sure, the issue of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8CB70AEA46F828FADFF877" box="[1121,1341,2011,2035]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8CB70AEA46F828FADFF877" box="[1121,1341,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="14">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was and still is one of the most controversial among the Triassic conodonts as regards its definition and taxonomic assignement. All these aspects cast major and reasonable doubts about the reliability of this conodont species as a potential primary biotic proxy for the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8BB70DEEB0FE96FF3AFE3B" blockId="12.[151,771,357,447]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEEB0FE96FF3AFE3B" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEEB0FE96FE64FEF9" box="[151,390,357,381]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEEB0FE96FE64FEF9" bold="true" box="[151,390,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a conodont having a long-disputed first occurrence and chronostratigraphic range
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8BB70DEEB0FE1AFE09FCC8" blockId="12.[151,772,489,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The first occurrence (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8BB70DEFB5FE1AFE55FD85" box="[402,439,489,513]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">FO</collectionCode>
|
||
), implying the distinction or coincidence between the first appearance datum (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8BB70DECE4FDF9FD19FDA6" box="[707,763,522,546]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
) versus the lowest occurrence (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8BB70DEFF8FDD8FDE5FDC7" box="[479,519,555,579]" country="Sweden" name="Type Collection" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">LO</collectionCode>
|
||
), and the chronostratigraphic range of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEFCEFDBFFD25FDE0" box="[489,711,588,612]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEFCEFDBFFD25FDE0" box="[489,711,588,612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been a long-disputed issue for the Triassic conodont researchers. On the other side, with regard to the coincidence of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8BB70DEF1EFD5CFEBEFD43" box="[313,348,687,711]" country="Sweden" name="Type Collection" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">LO</collectionCode>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8BB70DEFF6FD5CFDE4FD43" box="[465,518,687,711]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DECF9FD5CFEE4FD6D" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DECF9FD5CFD1FFD43" box="[734,765,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEEB0FD21FEE4FD6D" box="[151,262,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e., the coincidence of its lowest biostratigraphicum datum with its earliest biochronological event, in almost all cases this was not properly tied to the ammonoid bio-chronostratigraphy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8BB70DEEB0FCA6FF2FFA66" blockId="12.[151,772,489,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
When
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEEC5FCA6FE60FCE9" author="Nogami" box="[226,386,853,877]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami (1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p.117) described from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8BB70DECE7FCA5FEC9FC0A" name="Timor-Leste" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Portuguese Timor</collectingCountry>
|
||
the new conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DECACFC85FEE4FC2B" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DECACFC85FEE4FC2B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the beginning an uncertainity with regard to the dating of its occurrence was raised. Although this species was found in “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEFFEFC29FD2FFBB0" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
dunkelgrauerer Kalk mit vielen Ammoniten sowie
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEF9CFC08FF39FBB0" authority="Bando, L." authorityName="Bando, L." class="Cephalopoda" family="Palaeophyllitidae" genus="Leiophyllites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEF9CFC08FD20FB97" bold="true" box="[443,706,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Leiophyllites timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Bando,
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEEE3FBEFFF36FBB0" bold="true" box="[196,212,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. und
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEF62FBEFFD2FFBB0" authority="(Arthaber)" baseAuthorityName="Arthaber" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[325,717,1052,1076]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Procarnitidae" genus="Procarnites" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kokeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEF62FBEFFE26FBB0" bold="true" box="[325,452,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Procarnites</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEFD9FBEFFDAAFBB0" bold="true" box="[510,584,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">kokeni</emphasis>
|
||
(Arthaber)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”, its occurrence was dated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEF80FBCFFDA7FBD0" author="Nogami" box="[423,581,1084,1108]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami (1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p.128) as ”
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DECE0FBCEFDE8FBF2" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">oberstes Skyth (oder unterstes Anis)</emphasis>
|
||
”. This is at odds with the qualified opinion of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEF88FB8CFD3CFB13" author="Nakazawa & Bando" box="[431,734,1151,1175]" firstAuthor="Nakazawa" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="83 - 114" refId="ref47881" refString="Nakazawa, K. & Bando, Y., 1968. Lower and Middle Triassic Ammonites from Portuguese Timor (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 4). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology & Mineralogy, 34 (2): 83 - 114." type="journal article" year="1968">Nakazawa & Bando (1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 87), who stated that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEFA4FB53FE37FB7E" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Judging from the ammonites, the age of the limestone refers to the Latest Skythian, rather than the Early Anisian</emphasis>
|
||
”. Unfortunately, in spite of the expert dating done by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEFEFFAF0FD1CFA9F" author="Nakazawa & Bando" box="[456,766,1283,1307]" firstAuthor="Nakazawa" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="83 - 114" refId="ref47881" refString="Nakazawa, K. & Bando, Y., 1968. Lower and Middle Triassic Ammonites from Portuguese Timor (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 4). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology & Mineralogy, 34 (2): 83 - 114." type="journal article" year="1968">Nakazawa & Bando (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, many of the Triassic conodont researchers gave credit to the uncertain dating advanced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEC21FAB6FD4FFAD9" author="Nogami" box="[518,685,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and by this all subsequent discussions regarding the age of the first occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DECBAFA74FEE4FA45" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DECBAFA74FEE4FA45" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were placed on a uncertain, long-disputed path.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8BB70DEEB0FA18FAF2FF53" blockId="12.[151,772,489,2036]" lastBlockId="12.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Chronologically, the next reference to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DECABFA18FE4DF9A0" authority="Nogami, 1968" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DECABFA18FEE4F9A0" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEF35F9FFFE4DF9A0" author="Nogami" box="[274,431,1548,1572]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEC04F9FFFD21F9A0" author="Sweet" box="[547,707,1548,1572]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Sweet (1970a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who described this conodont species as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEC4BF9DEFE5CF9E2" authority="(Nogami, 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEC4BF9DEFEE4F9E2" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEF30F9BDFE57F9E2" author="Nogami" box="[279,437,1614,1638]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Narmia Member of Mianwali Formation at Narmia, in West Pakistan.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DECE5F99CFF01F92C" author="Sweet" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Sweet (1970a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p.217) nominated for the first time this conodont species “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEED0F941FDF6F96F" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
as the index for a distinctive, if poorly known, Zone of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEEDBF920FDF6F96F" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[252,532,1747,1771]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEEDBF920FDF6F96F" bold="true" box="[252,532,1747,1771]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEC15F921FD33F96E" author="Sweet" box="[562,721,1746,1770]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Sweet (1970a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further stated that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEF6EF907FCE1F8EB" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
An Anisian age is suggested (but by no means established) by noting that conodonts from Anisian (= “Hydaspian”) rocks on Chios,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8BB70DEC51F8C5FD25F8CA" box="[630,711,1846,1870]" name="Greece" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
, that Bender (1967?) named
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEFC8F8A4FCE1F8EB" bold="true" box="[495,771,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEFC8F8A4FD4DF8EB" baseAuthorityName="Bender" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[495,687,1879,1903]" family="Prioniodontidae" genus="Spathognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spathognathodus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEEB0F88BFE1FF835" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEEB0F88BFEEEF814" bold="true" box="[151,268,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
are probably closely related to the ones herein referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEF4DF86AFE1FF835" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[362,509,1945,1969]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEF4DF86AFE1FF835" bold="true" box="[362,509,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">N. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”, and “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEC68F86AFB1FFF53" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
If this is so, and Nogami’s uncertainity as to the age of the rocks yielding the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CF55887CFF8BB70DEED5F82FFECFF870" box="[242,301,2012,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEF70F82FFE0FF870" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[343,493,2012,2036]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEF70F82FFE0FF870" bold="true" box="[343,493,2012,2036]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">N. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well founded, it may be that the uppermost bed of the Narmia (and the Zone of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEDA9FF4CFBC3FF53" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[910,1057,191,215]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEDA9FF4CFBC3FF53" bold="true" box="[910,1057,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">N. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are Anisian in age
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8BB70DED17FF13FADAFEDF" blockId="12.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Subsequently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEDF7FF13FB7AFF7C" author="Sweet" box="[976,1176,224,248]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="441 - 465" refId="ref52696" refString="Sweet, W. C., Mosher, L. C., Clark, D. L., Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. H., 1971. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Triassic. In: Sweet, W. C. & Bergstrom, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Memoir, 127: 441 - 465." type="journal article" year="1971">Sweet et al. (1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1) errected 22 Triassic conodont zones tied to the Triassic ammonoid zones, with
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DED9BFED0FA7EFEBF" bold="true" box="[956,1436,291,315]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Zone 13 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEA14FED0FA77FEBF" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[1075,1429,291,315]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEA14FED0FAAFFEBF" bold="true" box="[1075,1357,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
being placed at the top of the Spathian Substage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8BB70DED17FE97FB62FE3A" blockId="12.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DED17FE97FC20FEF8" author="Clark" box="[816,962,356,380]" firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="111 - 136" refId="ref36201" refString="Clark, D. L., 1977. Late Paleozoic and Triassic Conodont Biostratigraphy: Correlations around the Expanding Atlantic Ocean. In: Swain, F. M. (ed.), Stratigraphic Micropaleontology of Atlantic Basin and Borderlands. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 6: 111 - 136." type="journal article" year="1977">Clark (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEDF5FE97FB48FEF8" author="Clark" box="[978,1194,356,380]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="179 - 185" refId="ref36257" refString="Clark, D. L., Paull, K. R., Solien, M. A. & Morgan, W. A., 1979. Triassic conodont biostratigraphy in the Great Basin. In: Sandberg, C. A. & Clark, D. L. (eds.), Conodont biostratigraphy of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 36: 179 - 185." type="journal article" year="1979">Clark et al. (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEA9DFE97FAB6FEF8" author="Solien" box="[1210,1364,356,380]" firstAuthor="Solien" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="276 - 306" refId="ref51999" refString="Solien, M. A., 1979. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic Thaynes Formation, Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 53 (2): 276 - 306." type="journal article" year="1979">Solien (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEB42FE97FC98FE19" author="Paull" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and other authors, closely adopted the conodont zonation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DED97FE54FB9BFE3B" author="Sweet" box="[944,1145,423,447]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="441 - 465" refId="ref52696" refString="Sweet, W. C., Mosher, L. C., Clark, D. L., Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. H., 1971. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Triassic. In: Sweet, W. C. & Bergstrom, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Memoir, 127: 441 - 465." type="journal article" year="1971">Sweet et al. (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8BB70DED17FE3BFBAEFA1B" blockId="12.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Contradictory data to the first occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEB09FE3AFA7FFE64" box="[1326,1437,457,480]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEB09FE3AFA7FFE64" box="[1326,1437,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEA1BFE1AFB35FD85" author="Nicora" box="[1084,1239,489,513]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEB33FE1AFBFAFDA6" author="Collinson & Hasenmueller" firstAuthor="Collinson" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="175 - 187" refId="ref36337" refString="Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. A., 1978. Early Triassic paleogeography and biostratigraphy of the Cordileran Miogeosyncline. In: Howell, D. G. & McDougall, K. A. (eds.), Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States Symposium, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium, 2: 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1978">Collinson & Hasenmueller (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEA02FDF9FB54FDA6" author="Nicora" box="[1061,1206,522,546]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 97) concluded in her well-known monograph on the Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from the Tethys and Nevada that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEB4CFDBFFC0EFD6D" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
data from Chios and Nevada suggest that
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEACAFD9EFA7FFD01" bold="true" box="[1261,1437,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
N. t.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEB0CFD9EFA7FFD01" box="[1323,1437,621,645]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
makes its appearance at the base of the Anisian and characterizes the lower part of the Aegean Substage of Asssereto (1974)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”. This statement of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEAF4FD22FA89FD6D" author="Nicora" box="[1235,1387,721,745]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was based on a re-interpretation, which remains, however, disputable in view of the previous chronostratigraphic interpretation made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEA0AFCC7FAB7FCC8" author="Nakazawa & Bando" box="[1069,1365,820,844]" firstAuthor="Nakazawa" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="83 - 114" refId="ref47881" refString="Nakazawa, K. & Bando, Y., 1968. Lower and Middle Triassic Ammonites from Portuguese Timor (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 4). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology & Mineralogy, 34 (2): 83 - 114." type="journal article" year="1968">Nakazawa & Bando (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of the taxonomic assignement of the ammonoids mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DED17FC85FC00FC0A" author="Nogami" box="[816,994,886,910]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CF55887CFF8BB70DEA74FC84FB62FC0B" box="[1107,1152,887,911]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEB02FC85FC7DFC2B" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEB02FC85FC7DFC2B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Consequently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEA69FC64FB3CFC2B" author="Nicora" box="[1102,1246,919,943]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 97) stated that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DED1BFC4BFACFFB97" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
it is possible to say that
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEA78FC4BFAEFFC54" bold="true" box="[1119,1293,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
N. t.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEABCFC4BFAEFFC54" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1179,1293,952,976]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CF55887CFF8BB70DEB4BFC4BFA7FFC54" box="[1388,1437,952,976]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, represents an uncertain interval between the Upper Scythian and Lowermost Anisian
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEB73FC09FC93FBB7" author="Nicora" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 97) also stated that ”
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEA5DFBEFFA6BFBD1" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
the biostratigraphic position of
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEDA3FBCEFBCCFBD1" bold="true" box="[900,1070,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
N. t.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DED9BFBCEFBCCFBD1" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[956,1070,1085,1109]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8BB70DEA72FBCEFB18FBD1" box="[1109,1274,1085,1109]" name="Pakistan" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">West Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
is uncertain
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”, but concluded that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEA3DFBADFB1BFB13" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">it occurs there above rocks that yielded Upper Scythian ammonoids</emphasis>
|
||
”. Ultimately,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DED17FB53FC26FB3C" author="Nicora" box="[816,964,1184,1208]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 97) based her assertion on finds in the Star Canyon and Coyote-Bloody Canyon sections of Nevada, where the author mentioned that
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEAC8FB10FA7EFB7E" box="[1263,1436,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
N. t.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEB0AFB10FA7EFB7E" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1325,1436,1251,1274]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
occurs with Lower Anisian ammonoids, and also on the interpretation of ammonoid-conodont associations in Chios, stating that it “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEA0AFAB5FBD8FA24" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
is the only place in which it is possible to fix the biostratigraphic level of first occurrence of
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEDB5FA7BFBD8FA24" bold="true" box="[914,1082,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
N. t.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEDEFFA7BFBD8FA24" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[968,1082,1416,1440]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8BB70DED17FA5AFBABF835" blockId="12.[816,1437,158,2069]" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
On the contrary,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEDD1FA5AFA97FA45" author="Collinson & Hasenmueller" box="[1014,1397,1449,1473]" firstAuthor="Collinson" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="175 - 187" refId="ref36337" refString="Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. A., 1978. Early Triassic paleogeography and biostratigraphy of the Cordileran Miogeosyncline. In: Howell, D. G. & McDougall, K. A. (eds.), Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States Symposium, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium, 2: 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1978">Collinson & Hasenmueller (1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 187) reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEDF2FA39FB27FA66" baseAuthorityName="Bender" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[981,1221,1482,1506]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="homeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEDF2FA39FB27FA66" box="[981,1221,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Neospathodus homeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEB22FA39FC7DF987" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEB22FA39FC7DF987" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in samples from the Haugi ammonoid zone in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF8BB70DED17F9FFFC60F9A0" box="[816,898,1548,1572]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
, which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEDC3F9FFFAEDF9A0" author="Silberling & Tozer" box="[996,1295,1548,1572]" firstAuthor="Silberling" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" refId="ref51571" refString="Silberling, N. J. & Tozer, E. T., 1968. Biostratigraphic" type="book" year="1968">Silberling & Tozer (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded as highest Spathian. Anticipating these controversial findings by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEDB4F9BDFBD2F9E2" author="Nicora" box="[915,1072,1614,1638]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEA57F9BDFC98F903" author="Collinson & Hasenmueller" firstAuthor="Collinson" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="175 - 187" refId="ref36337" refString="Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. A., 1978. Early Triassic paleogeography and biostratigraphy of the Cordileran Miogeosyncline. In: Howell, D. G. & McDougall, K. A. (eds.), Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States Symposium, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium, 2: 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1978">Collinson & Hasenmueller (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we must mention that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEA58F99CFA7EF903" author="Orchard & Bucher" box="[1151,1436,1647,1671]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="133 - 140" refId="ref49672" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Bucher, H., 1992. Conodont-ammonoid intercalibration around the Lower-Triassic boundary: Nevada clocks help tell British Columbian time. Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92 - IE: 133 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Orchard & Bucher (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DED45F963FBFAF92C" author="Orchard" box="[866,1048,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard (1994a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEAB8F963FA62F92C" box="[1183,1408,1680,1704]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEAB8F963FA62F92C" box="[1183,1408,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unconfirmed at the level of the latest Spathian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEB7CF942FC85F96E" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">Haugi Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Yatesi beds) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF8BB70DEA02F921FB9BF96E" box="[1061,1145,1746,1770]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DEACCF921FA75F96E" author="Orchard" box="[1259,1431,1746,1770]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard (1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p.108) found that conodont faunas are dominated by
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEBA3F906FA7FF888" box="[1412,1437,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">N.</emphasis>
|
||
ex gr.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DED52F8E6FC23F8A9" baseAuthorityName="Bender" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[885,961,1813,1837]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="homeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DED52F8E6FC23F8A9" box="[885,961,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">homeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with some elements approaching
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEB10F8E6FBDBF8CA" authority="(Bender)" baseAuthorityName="Bender" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEB10F8E6FC2FF8CA" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Chiosella gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
(Bender)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This controversy is now finally resolved by the undisputed find of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEA82F8A4FA63F8EB" box="[1189,1409,1879,1903]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEA82F8A4FA63F8EB" box="[1189,1409,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the latest Spathian Haugi ammonoid zone in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF8BB70DEB6CF88BFA7EF814" box="[1355,1436,1912,1936]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DED1FF86AFBDFF835" author="Goudemand" box="[824,1085,1945,1969]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8BB70CED17F849FD12FF53" blockId="12.[816,1437,158,2069]" lastBlockId="13.[151,772,158,2068]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8BB70DED17F849FBB9F856" author="Sweet & Bergstrom" box="[816,1115,1978,2003]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" pagination="85 - 112" refId="ref52661" refString="Sweet, W. C. & Bergstrom, S. M., 1986. Conodonts and biostratigraphic correlation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14: 85 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Sweet & Bergström (1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p.108 and fig. 9), although they have contended that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8BB70DEA40F82FFB31F791" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="15">
|
||
the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8BB70DEABFF82FFABCF870" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[1176,1374,2012,2036]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
may span the Scythian-Anisian boundary
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”, stated, however, that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEEFAFF6DFD3EFF53" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
this boundary is drawn at the base of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEEB0FF4CFEBAFF53" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[151,344,191,215]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but with no particular conviction
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8AB70CEEB0FF13FE3CFE5B" blockId="13.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Finally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEED3FF13FE62FF7C" author="Sweet" box="[244,384,224,248]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="253 - 273" refId="ref52629" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1988. A quantitative conodont biostratigraphy for the Lower Triassic. Senkenbergiana lethaea, 69 (3 - 4): 253 - 273." type="journal article" year="1988">Sweet (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 269 and p. 271) gave credit to the statements given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEF83FEF2FDDFFE9D" author="Nicora" box="[420,573,257,281]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and by this overcame his non-conviction, and concluded that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CECF0FED0FE29FE64" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEEB0FEB7FEB5FED8" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[151,343,324,348]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
is regarded as Anisian (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF8AB70CEC4CFEB7FD26FED8" box="[619,708,324,348]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
), and it is suggested that the base of this zone closely approximates the Spathian/Anisian boundary and may be used regionally to mark the boundary between the Lower and Middle Triassic
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8AB70CEEB0FE19FD58FC8E" blockId="13.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Later, Sweet’s statement that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEFC4FE1AFCE6FDE0" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
the positions in Pakistani sections of common late Spathian ammonoids project to levels in the Composite Standard (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8AB70CEC74FDD8FD95FDC7" box="[595,631,555,579]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
) just below the first occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEFE3FDBFFD82FDE0" authorityName="Mosher" authorityYear="1968" box="[452,608,588,612]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEFE3FDBFFD82FDE0" bold="true" box="[452,608,588,612]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Neospathodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[or
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEEB0FD9EFE91FD01" bold="true" box="[151,371,621,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEC82FDBFFCE6FDE0" bold="true" box="[677,772,588,612]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEEB0FD9EFF03FD01" bold="true" box="[151,225,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Neogondolella</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEED2FD9EFE84FD01" box="[245,358,621,645]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEED2FD9EFE84FD01" bold="true" box="[245,358,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has not been supported by the ammonoid succesion provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEFC0FD7DFD8BFD22" author="Guex" box="[487,617,654,678]" firstAuthor="Guex" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="105 - 141" refId="ref38953" refString="Guex, J., 1978. Le Trias inferieur des Salt Ranges (Pakistan): problemes biochronologuiques. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae, 71 (1): 105 - 141." type="journal article" year="1978">Guex (1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4), as the topmost interval of the Spathian Substage in the Salt Range,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8AB70CEECBFD22FEABFD6D" box="[236,329,721,745]" name="Pakistan" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, corresponding to the Haugi ammonoid zone in Nevada, is not documented by ammonoids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8AB70CEEB0FCE0FEBFFBF1" blockId="13.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Chronologically,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEF75FCE0FE0AFCAF" author="Nicora" box="[338,488,787,811]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEC3AFCE0FCE1FCAF" author="Assereto" box="[541,771,787,811]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made for the first time the formal proposal that the FO of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEF16FCA6FD29FCE9" authority="Nogami, 1968" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[305,715,853,877]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEF16FCA6FDC0FCE9" box="[305,546,853,877]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEC0AFCA6FD29FCE9" author="Nogami" box="[557,715,853,877]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">
|
||
Nogami,
|
||
<date id="6450101EFF8AB70CECB2FCA6FCE1FCEA" box="[661,771,853,878]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" value="1968-05">1968 may</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
be used for the definition of the lower boundary of the Anisian Stage in a clearly named section and locality, i.e., the section at Chios,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8AB70CEFA4FC4BFE30FC54" box="[387,466,952,976]" name="Greece" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The historical premises on which these authors prompted their proposal are unfolded in a foregoing section in the present paper where it is outlined that the Chios section lacks conclusive ammonoid data to properly fix the Spathian-Aegean/Olenekian-Anisian boundary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8AB70CEEB0FB8CFEDDF986" blockId="13.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Besides the above mentioned references that historically are the most relevant for the issue discussed in the present section, there are many other references in which the first occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEF1EFB11FDFBFB7E" box="[313,537,1250,1274]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEF1EFB11FDFBFB7E" box="[313,537,1250,1274]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its chronostratigraphic range have been discussed for a long time, which are also highly controversial. One relevant reference, which demonstrates the still existing uncertainity around the above discussed issue by the end of the 1980
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CECFFFA95FE7EFA1B" author="s, is Lozovsky" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="s" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="3 - 9" refId="ref36616" refString="Dagys, A. S. & Tozer, E. T., 1989. Correlation of Triassic in northern Canada and Siberia. U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Geology and Geophysics, 6: 3 - 9." type="journal article" year="1989">s, is Lozovsky et al. (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEC4BFA74FEA6FA44" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEC4BFA74FEE4FA45" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appers to be early Anisian, but the lower part of its range may slightly correlate with the uppermost Lower Triassic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8AB70CEEB0F9FFFDAFF888" blockId="13.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The issue of first occurrence and chronostratigraphic range of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEF01F9DDFE77F9C1" box="[294,405,1582,1605]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEF01F9DDFE77F9C1" box="[294,405,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEFBBF9DEFD6CF9C0" box="[412,654,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEFBBF9DEFDDBF9C1" box="[412,569,1581,1605]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">gondolelloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEC61F9DEFD6CF9C0" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[582,654,1581,1604]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegaea">aegaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
group has been largely and controversially discussed by Kozur and Budurov, who repeatedly modified over time their opinions in conjunction with the diffuse taxonomic assignement and definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEFDFF941FD85F94D" box="[504,615,1714,1737]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEFDFF941FD85F94D" box="[504,615,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CECF5F941FEEEF96E" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CECF5F941FEEEF96E" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and with the successively changing current views on their chronostratigraphic range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8AB70CEEB0F8E6FB0CFCAF" blockId="13.[151,772,158,2068]" lastBlockId="13.[816,1437,158,2036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEEB0F8E6FEC7F8A9" author="Kozur, H." box="[151,293,1813,1837]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="361 - 412" refId="ref41985" refString="Kozur, H., 1972. Vorlaufige Mitteilung zur Parallelisierung der germanischen und tethyalen Trias sowie einige Bemerkungen zur Stufen- und Unterstufengliederung der Trias. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie- und Bergbaustudenten in Osterreich, 21 (2): 361 - 412." type="journal article" year="1972">Kozur (1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEF14F8E6FE89F8A9" author="Kozur, H." box="[307,363,1813,1837]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="139 - 197" refId="ref42122" refString="Kozur, H., 1974. Probleme der Triasgliederung und Parallelisierung der germanischen und tethyalen Trias: Teil I: Abgrenzung und Gliederung der Trias. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 298: 139 - 197." type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEF5EF8E6FE52F8A9" author="Kozur, H." box="[377,432,1813,1837]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="51 - 77" refId="ref42159" refString="Kozur, H., 1975. Probleme der Triasgliederung und Parallelisierung der germanischen und tethyalen Trias: Teil II: AnschluSS der germanischer Trias an die international Triasgliederung. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 304: 51 - 77." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEFD5F8E6FCE0F8A9" author="Kozur & Mostler" box="[498,770,1813,1837]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="777 - 810" refId="ref42493" refString="Kozur, H. & Mostler, H., 1972. Die Bedeutung der Conodonten fur stratigraphische und palaogeographische Untersuchungen in der Trias. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie- und Bergbaustudenten in Osterreich, 21 (2): 777 - 810." type="journal article" year="1972">Kozur & Mostler (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
advanced a Triassic conodont zonation, in which the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEEB0F8A4FE07F8EB" authority="Assemblage-Zone" authorityName="Assemblage-Zone" box="[151,485,1879,1903]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEE84F8ABFEF0F8EB" box="[163,274,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Assemblage-Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” is placed in the upper Spathian (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEF21F88BFDCAF814" authorityName="Zone (Silberling & Tozer" authorityYear="1968" box="[262,552,1912,1936]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Sibiritidae" genus="Keyserlingites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subrobustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEF21F88BFDCAF814" box="[262,552,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Keyserlingites subrobustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Zone), followed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEEB0F86AFF12F835" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,240,1945,1969]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegaea">
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEE84F869FF12F835" box="[163,240,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">aegaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
S.-Z.” of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEFA1F86AFE3DF835" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[390,479,1945,1969]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegaea">
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEFB5F869FE3DF835" box="[402,479,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">aegaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.-Z” placed in the Lower Anisian. Shortly afterthat,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEF9FF848FDADF856" author="Kozur" box="[440,591,1978,2002]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref42030" refString="Kozur, H., 1973 a. Beitrage zur Stratigraphie und Palaontologie der Trias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 3 (1): 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="a">Kozur (1973a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) began to advocate that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEF6DF828FD92F877" authorityName="Zone (Silberling & Tozer" authorityYear="1968" box="[330,624,2011,2035]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Sibiritidae" genus="Keyserlingites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subrobustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEF6DF828FD92F877" box="[330,624,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Keyserlingites subrobustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Zone should be placed at the base of the Anisian, by taking into consideration the evolution of the gondolellid conodonts, and based on the inadequate interpretation, as proved later, of the chronostratigraphic significance of ammonoid faunas around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary. Consequently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CED17FED0FC58FEBE" author="Kozur, H." box="[816,954,290,314]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="741 - 766" refId="ref42199" refString="Kozur, H., 1980 a. The main events in the Upper Permian and Triassic conodont evolution and its bearing to the Upper Permian and Triassic stratigraphy. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 741 - 766." type="journal article" year="1980">Kozur (1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a-b) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEA3AFED1FAC7FEBE" author="Kovacs & Kozur" box="[1053,1317,290,314]" firstAuthor="Kovacs" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="47 - 78" refId="ref41946" refString="Kovacs, S. & Kozur, H., 1980. Stratigraphische Reichweite der wichtigsten Conodonten (ohne Zahnreihenconodonten) der Mittel- und Obertrias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 10 (2): 47 - 78." type="journal article" year="1980">Kovács & Kozur (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CED17FEB0FB83FEDF" authorityName="Zone (Silberling & Tozer" authorityYear="1968" box="[816,1121,323,347]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Sibiritidae" genus="Keyserlingites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subrobustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED17FEB0FB83FEDF" box="[816,1121,323,347]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Keyserlingites subrobustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Zone (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEACFFEB7FC8FFEF8" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEACFFEB7FC8FFEF8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Neopopanoceras haugi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Zone) and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEA30FE97FB72FEF8" box="[1047,1168,356,380]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEA05FE96FB72FEF8" box="[1058,1168,357,380]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-zone” at the base of the Aegean, by inadequately interpreting the mixed ammonoid assemblage from Ziyun,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8AB70CEA5DFE54FB5EFE3B" box="[1146,1212,423,447]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, discussed by Wang Y-G (1978), and on which, later, even Wang Y-G (1985) completely changed his interpretation. Finally, by adopting the ammonoid succession in Nevada and British Columbia published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEA3AFDD8FB57FDC7" author="Bucher" box="[1053,1205,555,579]" firstAuthor="Bucher" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="945 - 1002" refId="ref34205" refString="Bucher, H., 1989. Lower Anisian ammonoids from the Northern Humboldt Range (Northwestern Nevada, USA) and their bearing upon the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82 (3): 945 - 1002." type="journal article" year="1989">Bucher (1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1992, 2002),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEB7EFDDFFC9FFDE0" author="Kozur" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="385 - 408" refId="ref42281" refString="Kozur, H., 1989 a. Significance of events in conodont evolution for the Permian and Triassic stratigraphy. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, 117, 385 - 408." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="a">Kozur (1989a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEDADFDBFFC20FDE0" author="Kozur" box="[906,962,588,612]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="701 - 725" refId="ref42342" refString="Kozur, H. W., 1999. The correlation of the Germanic Buntsandstein and Muschelkalk with the Tethyan scale. Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Palaontologie, I (7 - 8): 701 - 725." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2003 a-b) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEA56FDBEFA7EFDE0" author="Kozur & Bachmann" box="[1137,1436,588,612]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="21 - 35" refId="ref42459" refString="Kozur, H. W. & Bachmann, G. H., 2005. Correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the international scale. Albertiana, 32: 21 - 35." type="journal article" year="2005">Kozur & Bachmann (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
adopted a new zonation scheme, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEAF4FD9EFCAEFD22" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEAF4FD9EFCAEFD22" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Zone placed at the base of the Aegean (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEB25FD7CFCB7FD43" authorityName="Bucher" authorityYear="1989" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gymnitidae" genus="Japonites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="welteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEB25FD7CFCB7FD43" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Japonites welteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Zone), following upward by the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEAD4FD5CFC47FD6D" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEAD4FD5CFC47FD6D" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Chiosella gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Zone placed at the top of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEACFFD21FC8FFC8E" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEACFFD21FC8FFC8E" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Neopopanoceras haugi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-Zone of the latest Spathian, and where the former lower Anisian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEDEAFCE0FBC4FCAF" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[973,1062,787,811]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegaea">
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEDFEFCE7FBC4FCAF" box="[985,1062,788,811]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">aegaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-A.-Z.” is missing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8AB70CED17FCC7FB58F94D" blockId="13.[816,1437,158,2036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Budurov, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CED9AFCC7FAE2FCC8" author="Budurov & Trifonova" box="[957,1280,820,844]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="57 - 62" refId="ref34714" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1974. Die Conodonten- und Foraminiferen-Zonen in der Trias des Ostbalkans. In: Zapfe, H. (ed.), Die Stratigraphie der alpin-mediterranen Trias. Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2: 57 - 62." type="journal article" year="1974">Budurov & Trifonova (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEB19FCC7FC9FFCE9" author="Budurov" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="13 - 20" refId="ref34319" refString="Budurov, K., 1976 a. Structures, Evolution and Taxonomy of the Triassic Platform Conodonts. Geologica Balcanica, 6 (1): 13 - 20." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="a">Budurov (1976a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) advanced a Triassic conodont zonation where the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CED7BFC85FBA4FC0A" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[860,1094,886,910]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
“
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED4FFC85FBE7FC0A" box="[872,1029,886,910]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aIβ” is placed in “obere Teile des Hydasp” of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEDCAFC64FB72FC2B" author="Bender, H." box="[1005,1168,919,943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="412 - 464" refId="ref33188" refString="Bender, H., 1970 a. Der Nachweis von Unter-Anis (" Hydasp ") auf der Insel Chios. Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques, 19 (1967): 412 - 464." type="journal article" year="1970">Bender (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the chronostratigraphic equivalent of the lower Anisian of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEA82FC4BFAB6FC54" author="Assereto" box="[1189,1364,952,976]" firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="23 - 39" refId="ref32566" refString="Assereto, R., 1974. Aegean and Bithynian: Proposal for Two New Anisian Substages. In: Zapfe, H. (ed.), Die Stratigraphie der alpin-mediterranean Trias. Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2: 23 - 39." type="journal article" year="1974">Assereto (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In the next publications,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEDDEFC2AFB3FFC75" author="Budurov" box="[1017,1245,985,1009]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="87 - 92" refId="ref34376" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Sudar, M. N. & Buryi, G. I., 1983. Triassic conodont biofacies and provinces. Bulletin of the Indian Geologists Association, 16 (1): 87 - 92." type="journal article" year="1983">Budurov et al. (1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEACDFC2AFAC0FC75" author="Budurov" box="[1258,1314,985,1009]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="84 - 94" refId="ref34428" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Sudar, M. N. & Buryi, G. I., 1985. Conodont zonation, biofacies and provinces in the Triassic. Journal Geological Society of India, 26 (2): 84 - 94." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEB09FC2AFA87FC75" author="Budurov" box="[1326,1381,985,1009]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="80 - 81" refId="ref34483" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Kachroo, R. K. & Sudar, M. N., 1987. Problems of the Lower Triassic Conodont Stratigraphy and the Permian-Triassic boundary. Journal Geological Society of India, 30: 80 - 81." type="journal article" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CED17FC09FB98FB96" author="Budurov & Trifonova" box="[816,1146,1018,1042]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="625 - 627" refId="ref34769" refString="Budurov, K. J. & Trifonova, E. T., 1984. Correlation of Triassic conodont and foraminiferal zonal standards in Bulgaria. Comptes rendus de l'Academie bulgare des Sciences, 37 (5): 625 - 627." type="journal article" year="1984">Budurov & Trifonova (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEB21FC09FC2FFBB7" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEB21FC09FC2FFBB7" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Neospathodus gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8AB70CEDF0FBEFFC0EFBB7" box="[983,1004,1052,1075]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.-Z. either on the top of the Spathian or straddling the upper Spathian-lower Anisian boundary, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CED5EFBAEFBF4FBF1" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[889,1046,1117,1141]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED5EFBAEFBF4FBF1" box="[889,1046,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is interpreted as the senior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CED77FB73FC5DFB13" box="[848,959,1152,1175]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED77FB73FC5DFB13" box="[848,959,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. When the new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEA98FB8CFAA0FB13" authorityName="Budurov, Sudar & Gupta" authorityYear="1988" box="[1215,1346,1151,1175]" genus="Kashmirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEA98FB8CFAA0FB13" box="[1215,1346,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Kashmirella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was introduced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CED9FFB53FB4CFB3C" author="Budurov" box="[952,1198,1184,1208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" refId="ref34595" refString="Budurov, K. J., Sudar, M. N. & Gupta, V. J., 1988 b." type="book" year="1988" yearSuffix="b">Budurov et al. (1988b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to replace the generic assignment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEDE8FB32FA7EFB5D" authority="Bender 1970" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[975,1436,1217,1241]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEDE8FB32FAE8FB5D" box="[975,1290,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Neospathodus gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEB34FB32FA7EFB5D" author="Bender, H." box="[1299,1436,1217,1241]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="412 - 464" refId="ref33188" refString="Bender, H., 1970 a. Der Nachweis von Unter-Anis (" Hydasp ") auf der Insel Chios. Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques, 19 (1967): 412 - 464." type="journal article" year="1970">Bender 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CED71FB10FB77FB7E" authority="Nogami 1968" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[854,1173,1250,1274]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED71FB10FC0FFB7E" box="[854,1005,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">G. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEDDCFB11FB77FB7E" author="Nogami" box="[1019,1173,1250,1274]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the newly named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEBA3FB10FC2FFA9F" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEBA3FB10FC2FFA9F" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">K. gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8AB70CEDFBFAF7FC13FA9F" box="[988,1009,1284,1307]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.-Z. is straddling the upper Spathian-lower Anisian boundary (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEABAFAD7FA7AFAB8" author="Budurov" box="[1181,1432,1316,1340]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="158 - 166" refId="ref34644" refString="Budurov, K. J., Sudar, M. N. & Gupta, V. J., 1989. Early Triassic Parallel Conodont Zonation. Contribution to Himalayan Geology, 4: 158 - 166." type="journal article" year="1989">Budurov et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CED17FAB6FB8CFAD9" author="Budurov & Trifonova" box="[816,1134,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref34813" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1991. Stratigraphy of the Triassic in the Strandza- Sakar Region (South-East Bulgaria): conodont and foraminifer evidence. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society, 52 (3): 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1991">Budurov & Trifonova, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), subsequently replaced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CED17FA94FC22FAFA" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[816,960,1383,1406]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED17FA94FC22FAFA" box="[816,960,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">K. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8AB70CEDEEFA94FC3CFAFA" box="[969,990,1383,1406]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.-Z. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEA36FA95FAA4FAFA" author="Budurov & Trifonova" box="[1041,1350,1382,1406]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="9 - 13" refId="ref34860" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1994. Progress in concepts about conodont and foraminifera zonal standards of the Triassic in Bulgaria. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy (Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 9 - 13." type="journal article" year="1994">Budurov & Trifonova, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CED8DFA74FBA5FA1B" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[938,1095,1415,1439]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED8DFA74FBA5FA1B" box="[938,1095,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEAA7FA7BFB0DFA1B" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1152,1263,1416,1439]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEAA7FA7BFB0DFA1B" box="[1152,1263,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct conodont species,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEDF9FA5AFB0FFA45" author="Budurov & Sudar" box="[990,1261,1449,1473]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref34684" refString="Budurov, K. & Sudar, M., 1995. Lower Triassic stratigraphy. Geologica Balcanica, 25 (3 - 4): 97 - 109." type="journal article" year="1995">Budurov & Sudar (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEB05FA5AFC09FA66" author="Budurov & Trifonova" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref34938" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1995. Conodont and foraminiferal successions from the Triassic of Bulgaria. Geologica Balcanica, 25 (1): 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1995">Budurov & Trifonova (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have split the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEAF8FA38FA7FFA66" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[1247,1437,1482,1506]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEAF8FA38FA7FFA66" box="[1247,1437,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">K. gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8AB70CED17FA18FCA7F986" box="[816,837,1515,1538]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.-Z. and introduced a new zonation with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEB06FA1FFCAEF9A0" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEB06FA1FFCAEF9A0" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">K. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8AB70CED7DF9FEFC8DF9A0" box="[858,879,1549,1572]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.-Z. at the top of the Spathian, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEB61F9FEFC47F9C1" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEB61F9FEFC47F9C1" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">K. gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF8AB70CED95F9DDFC25F9C1" box="[946,967,1582,1605]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.-Z. at the base of the Anisian. One may observe that this new proposed conodont zonation is opposite to that promoted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEA43F983FB11F903" author="Kozur" box="[1124,1267,1647,1671]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="701 - 725" refId="ref42342" refString="Kozur, H. W., 1999. The correlation of the Germanic Buntsandstein and Muschelkalk with the Tethyan scale. Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Palaontologie, I (7 - 8): 701 - 725." type="journal article" year="1999">Kozur (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEB26F99CFAA4F903" author="Kozur" box="[1281,1350,1647,1671]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="57 - 74" refId="ref42381" refString="Kozur, H. W., 2003 a. Integrated ammonoid, conodont and radiolarian zonation of the Triassic and some remarks to Stage / Substage subdivision and the numeric age of the Triassic stages. Albertiana, 28: 57 - 74." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CED17F962FBB9F92C" author="Kozur & Bachmann" box="[816,1115,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="21 - 35" refId="ref42459" refString="Kozur, H. W. & Bachmann, G. H., 2005. Correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the international scale. Albertiana, 32: 21 - 35." type="journal article" year="2005">Kozur & Bachmann (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, with the two zones placed in a reversed chronostratigraphic order.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF8AB70FED17F920FDECFF53" blockId="13.[816,1437,158,2036]" lastBlockId="14.[151,772,158,2068]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED75F920FC44F96F" bold="true" box="[850,934,1747,1771]" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Europe</emphasis>
|
||
, the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF8AB70CEA8BF920FAF9F96E" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1196,1307,1747,1770]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEA8BF920FAF9F96E" box="[1196,1307,1747,1770]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported from several localities (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF8AB70CEA12F907FB9BF888" box="[1077,1145,1780,1804]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/1 to 6), as follows, in the chronological order of their reports:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEA91F8E6FA7EF8A9" bold="true" box="[1206,1436,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Chios Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8AB70CEB68F8E6FA7EF8A9" box="[1359,1436,1813,1837]" name="Greece" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CED1FF8C5FC2AF8CA" author="Nicora" box="[824,968,1846,1870]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEDF2F8C5FB54F8CA" author="Assereto" box="[981,1206,1846,1870]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al., 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEAE5F8C5FA7AF8CA" author="Gaetani" box="[1218,1432,1846,1870]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CED17F8A4FBD9F8EB" author="Jacobshagen" box="[816,1083,1879,1903]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jacobshagen" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="25 - 38" refId="ref40361" refString="Jacobshagen, V., Gaetani, M., Nicora, A., Tselepedis, V., Kauffmann, G., Mertmann, D., Skourtsis-Coroneou, V. & Fantini Sestini, N., 1993. The Early / Middle Triassic boundary on Chios Island: preliminary results of a reinvestigation. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 28: 25 - 38." type="journal article" year="1993">Jacobshagen et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEA74F8A4FA7EF8EB" bold="true" box="[1107,1436,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Perşani Mountains,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8AB70CEB10F8A4FA7EF8EB" box="[1335,1436,1879,1903]" name="Romania" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CED1FF88BFB6AF814" author="Mirauta & Gheorghian" box="[824,1160,1912,1936]" firstAuthor="Mirauta" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="109 - 162" refId="ref46706" refString="Mirauta, E. & Gheorghian, D., 1978. Etude microfaunique des formations triasiques (transylvaines, bucoviniennes et getiques) des Carpates Orientales. Dari de seama ale Sedintelor, Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica, 64 / 3: 109 - 162." type="journal article" year="1978">Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEABCF88BFA6DF814" author="Patrulius" box="[1179,1423,1912,1936]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patrulius" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="31 - 52" refId="ref50250" refString="Patrulius, D., Mirauța, E. & Gheorghian, D., 1996. The Klippen of the Persani Mountains (East Carpathians). Memoriile Institutului Geologic al Romaniei, 36: 31 - 52." type="journal article" year="1996">Patrulius et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<materialsCitation id="A0863C83FF8AB70CED17F86AFBF7F856" country="Italy" location="Sosio Valley" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sosio Valley">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED17F86AFB0FF835" bold="true" box="[816,1261,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8AB70CEA9CF86AFB0FF835" box="[1211,1261,1945,1969]" name="Italy" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEB24F86AFC8BF856" author="Mietto" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mietto" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="305 - 317" refId="ref46621" refString="Mietto, P., Fratoni, R. P. & Perri, M. C., 1991. Spathian and Aegean conodonts from the Capelluzo Calcarenites of the Monte Facito Group (Lagonegro Sequence - Southern Apennines). Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 43: 305 - 317." type="journal article" year="1991">Mietto et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CEDA5F849FB4BF856" bold="true" box="[898,1193,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF8AB70CEDA5F849FBECF856" box="[898,1038,1978,2002]" country="Italy" name="Sosio Valley" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Sosio Valley</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="A0863C83FF8AB70CEA07F849FA74F856" box="[1056,1430,1978,2002]" country="Italy" location="Sicilia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF8AB70CEA07F849FB85F856" box="[1056,1127,1978,2002]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Sicilia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8AB70CEA50F849FB4BF856" box="[1143,1193,1978,2002]" name="Italy" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEA9AF849FA6CF856" author="Kozur" box="[1213,1422,1978,2002]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="24 - 26" refId="ref42537" refString="Kozur, H. W., Krainer, K. & Mostler, H., 1995. A conodont rich pelagic Olenekian-Anisian boundary section in the Sosio Valley area, western Sicily (Italy). Albertiana, 15: 24 - 26." type="journal article" year="1995">Kozur et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF8AB70CED17F82FFC3BF870" bold="true" box="[816,985,2012,2036]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Kçira,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF8AB70CEDA5F82FFC3BF870" box="[898,985,2012,2036]" name="Albania" pageId="13" pageNumber="16">Albania</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70CEDC9F828FB3EF877" author="Muttoni" box="[1006,1244,2011,2035]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muttoni" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="503 - 514" refId="ref47443" refString="Muttoni, G., Kent, D. V., Meco, S., Nicora, A., Gaetani, M., Balini, M., Germani, D. & Rettori, R., 1996. Magnetostratigraphy of the Spathian to Anisian (Lower to Middle Triassic) Kcira section, Albania. Geophysical Journal International, 127: 503 - 514. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246 X. 1996. tb 04736. x" type="journal article" year="1996">Muttoni et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2019;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF8AB70FEB1EF828FF2CFF32" author="Germani" firstAuthor="Germani" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="16" pagination="267 - 292" refId="ref37725" refString="Germani, D., 1997. New data on ammonoids and biostratigraphy of the classical Spathian Kcira sections (Lower Triassic, Albania). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 103 (3): 267 - 292." type="journal article" year="1997">Germani, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEECCFF6DFE0AFF32" bold="true" box="[235,488,158,182]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Deşli Caira,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF89B70FEFA4FF6DFE0AFF32" box="[387,488,158,182]" name="Romania" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEFDAFF6DFD1DFF32" author="Gradinaru" box="[509,767,158,182]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="5 - 37" refId="ref38347" refString="Gradinaru, E., 2000. Introduction to the Triassic geology of North Dobrogea Orogene - An overview of the Triassic System in the Tulcea Unit and the ammonoid biostratigraphy. In: Gradinaru, E. (ed.), Workshop on the Lower-Middle Triassic (Olenekian-Anisian) boundary, 7 - 10 June, Tulcea, Romania. Field Trip Section, pp. 5 - 37." type="book chapter" year="2000">Grădinaru et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2006, 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF3AFF4CFDE0FF53" author="Orchard" box="[285,514,191,215]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="341 - 346" refId="ref49830" refString="Orchard, M. J., Gradinaru, E. & Nicora, A., 2007 a. A summary of the conodont succession around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary at Desli Caira, North Dobrogea, Romania. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 341 - 346." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Orchard et al., 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF89B70FEEB0FF13FE01FB33" blockId="14.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The status of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEC31FF12FD67FF7C" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[534,645,225,248]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC31FF12FD67FF7C" box="[534,645,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Chios and Kçira sections, and its relevance for the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF89B70FECE3FEF2FD1DFE9D" box="[708,767,257,281]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
, were already discussed in a previous section of the present paper.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF3CFEB0FE1BFEDF" author="Mietto" box="[283,505,323,347]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mietto" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="305 - 317" refId="ref46621" refString="Mietto, P., Fratoni, R. P. & Perri, M. C., 1991. Spathian and Aegean conodonts from the Capelluzo Calcarenites of the Monte Facito Group (Lagonegro Sequence - Southern Apennines). Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 43: 305 - 317." type="journal article" year="1991">Mietto et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the finding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEEB0FE97FE74FEF8" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,406,356,380]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEEB0FE97FE74FEF8" box="[151,406,356,380]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEF91FE96FE13FEF8" box="[438,497,357,380]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEC2FFE97FD49FEF8" author="Sweet" box="[520,683,356,380]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Sweet, 1970
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FECB8FE97FD19FEF8" author="McTavish, R. A." box="[671,763,356,380]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">a, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEEB0FE76FEC7FE19" author="Nicora" box="[151,293,389,413]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF11FE75FE2DFE19" author="Kozur" box="[310,463,389,413]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="409 - 469" refId="ref42312" refString="Kozur, H., 1989 b. The taxonomy of the Gondolellid Conodonts in the Permian and Triassic. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, 117: 409 - 469." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">Kozur, 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEC39FE76FD59FE19" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[542,699,389,413]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC39FE76FD59FE19" box="[542,699,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEF09FE5BFE7FFE3B" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[302,413,424,447]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEF09FE5BFE7FFE3B" box="[302,413,424,447]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the Southern Apennines, and asserted that the Timorensis conodont zone characterizes the lowest
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF89B70FEF2AFE1AFEBDFD85" box="[269,351,489,513]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
Substage of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEFCAFE1AFD78FD85" author="Assereto" box="[493,666,489,513]" firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="23 - 39" refId="ref32566" refString="Assereto, R., 1974. Aegean and Bithynian: Proposal for Two New Anisian Substages. In: Zapfe, H. (ed.), Die Stratigraphie der alpin-mediterranean Trias. Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2: 23 - 39." type="journal article" year="1974">Assereto (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, thus following the Triassic conodont zonation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEC5DFDF9FF3CFDC7" author="Sweet" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="441 - 465" refId="ref52696" refString="Sweet, W. C., Mosher, L. C., Clark, D. L., Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. H., 1971. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Triassic. In: Sweet, W. C. & Bergstrom, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Memoir, 127: 441 - 465." type="journal article" year="1971">Sweet et al. (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the conclusions of studies done by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEC9DFDD8FF3CFDE0" author="Nicora" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in Chios. For the Sosio Valley,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEC10FDBEFCE1FDE0" author="Kozur" box="[567,771,588,612]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="24 - 26" refId="ref42537" refString="Kozur, H. W., Krainer, K. & Mostler, H., 1995. A conodont rich pelagic Olenekian-Anisian boundary section in the Sosio Valley area, western Sicily (Italy). Albertiana, 15: 24 - 26." type="journal article" year="1995">Kozur et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEFD9FD9DFD8FFD01" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[510,621,622,645]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEFD9FD9DFD8FFD01" box="[510,621,622,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the index for the base of the Anisian. As regards the Deşli Caira section, the new ammonoid biostratigraphy achieved in this locality documents that the FO of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEEE9FD00FEDFFC8E" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[206,317,755,778]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEEE9FD00FEDFFC8E" box="[206,317,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well below the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF89B70FEC07FD01FDBAFC8E" box="[544,600,754,778]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
(Grădinaru, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEEB0FCE0FE2AFCAF" author="Gradinaru & Gaetani" box="[151,456,787,811]" firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="91 - 123" refId="ref38774" refString="Gradinaru, E. & Gaetani, M., 2019. Upper Spathian to Bithynian (Lower to Middle Triassic) brachiopods from North Dobrogea (Romania). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 125 (1): 91 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 11182" type="journal article" year="2019">Grădinaru & Gaetani, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEFFBFCE0FD61FCAF" author="Mirauta" box="[476,643,787,811]" firstAuthor="Mirauta" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="149 - 158" refId="ref46674" refString="Mirauta, E., 1974. Uber die Conodontenfauna des oberen Werfens des tieferen Anis der nordlichen Dobrudscha / Rumanien. Geologica et Paleontologica, 8: 149 - 158." type="journal article" year="1974">Mirăuţă (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FECB6FCE0FE84FCC8" author="Mirauta & Gheorghian" firstAuthor="Mirauta" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="109 - 162" refId="ref46706" refString="Mirauta, E. & Gheorghian, D., 1978. Etude microfaunique des formations triasiques (transylvaines, bucoviniennes et getiques) des Carpates Orientales. Dari de seama ale Sedintelor, Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica, 64 / 3: 109 - 162." type="journal article" year="1978">Mirăuţă & Gheorghian (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF86FCC7FD6BFCC8" author="Mirauta" box="[417,649,820,844]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mirauta" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref46754" refString="Mirauta, E., Iordan, M. & Gheorghian, D., 1984. New biostratigraphic data on the Triassic from the Somova-Sarica hill area (Tulcea Zone, North Dobrogea). Dari de seama ale Sedintelor, Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica, 68 / 4: 35 - 48." type="journal article" year="1984">Mirăuţă et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned the occurrence of
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEF47FCA6FD91FCE9" box="[352,627,853,877]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEF47FCA6FE18FCE9" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[352,506,853,877]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">gondolelloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEC20FCA6FD91FCE9" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[519,627,853,877]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
group in the lower Anisian of North Dobrogea and the Eastern Carpathians. Later, Mirăuţă (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF8CFC64FD68FC2B" author="Patrulius" box="[427,650,919,943]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patrulius" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="31 - 52" refId="ref50250" refString="Patrulius, D., Mirauța, E. & Gheorghian, D., 1996. The Klippen of the Persani Mountains (East Carpathians). Memoriile Institutului Geologic al Romaniei, 36: 31 - 52." type="journal article" year="1996">Patrulius et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEEB0FC4BFE68FC54" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,394,952,976]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEEB0FC4BFE68FC54" box="[151,394,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
persisted longer than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FECABFC4AFD1EFC54" box="[652,764,952,976]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FECABFC4AFD1EFC54" box="[652,764,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">G. regalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, till the Pelsonian, in the Schreyeralm Limestone from the Pleașa Lupșei Outlier, in the Perșani Mountains. It must be underlined that Mirăuţă followed Sweet’s concept of the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEEE6FBCFFE37FBD0" box="[193,469,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEEE6FBCFFEBCFBD0" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[193,350,1084,1108]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">gondolelloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEF4CFBCEFE37FBD0" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[363,469,1085,1108]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
group, with
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC41FBCFFCE1FBD0" box="[614,771,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">gondolleloides</emphasis>
|
||
in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEF48FBADFE3CFBF1" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[367,478,1118,1141]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEF48FBADFE3CFBF1" box="[367,478,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and this is entirely proved by the illustrated specimens, among which no one can be assigned to the true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEF4AFB52FE3EFB3C" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[365,476,1185,1208]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEF4AFB52FE3EFB3C" box="[365,476,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF89B70FEEB0FB31FEA6F92C" blockId="14.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
From
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEEFCFB32FE69FB5D" bold="true" box="[219,395,1217,1241]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Southwest Asia</emphasis>
|
||
, the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEC42FB32FCE1FB5D" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[613,771,1217,1241]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC42FB32FCE1FB5D" box="[613,771,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF89B70FEF3BFB11FE8BFB7E" box="[284,361,1250,1274]" name="Turkey" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF89B70FEFB9FB11FE00FB7E" box="[414,482,1250,1274]" name="Oman" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The most recent record of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEFA2FAF7FE16FA9F" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[389,500,1284,1307]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEFA2FAF7FE16FA9F" box="[389,500,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC7FFAF7FD47FA98" bold="true" box="[600,677,1284,1308]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Gebze,</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FECE9FAF7FF5DFAB9" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF89B70FECE9FAF7FF5DFAB9" name="Turkey" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF89B70FEEE8FAD7FEEDFAB8" box="[207,271,1316,1340]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/7), and it was published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEC62FAD7FD2FFAB8" author="Kilic" box="[581,717,1316,1340]" firstAuthor="Kilic" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="616 - 632" refId="ref41094" refString="Kilic, A. M., 2021. Anisian (Middle Triassic) Conodonts of the Kocaeli Triassic, Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Science, 32 (3): 616 - 632. https: // doi. org / 10. 1007 / s 12583 - 020 - 1384 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Kiliç (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although this author noted the range of this species appears to be late Spathian to Aegean, he refers, however, in his paper to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEF38FA74FE34FA1B" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[287,470,1415,1439]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
as early Anisian in the Kokaeli Triassic succession. As regards the definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEEB0FA38FEE4FA66" box="[151,262,1483,1506]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEEB0FA38FEE4FA66" box="[151,262,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF57FA39FE13FA66" author="Kilic" box="[368,497,1482,1506]" firstAuthor="Kilic" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="616 - 632" refId="ref41094" refString="Kilic, A. M., 2021. Anisian (Middle Triassic) Conodonts of the Kocaeli Triassic, Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Science, 32 (3): 616 - 632. https: // doi. org / 10. 1007 / s 12583 - 020 - 1384 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Kiliç (2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 627) is adopting the concept of Sweet and Budurov, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEC62FA18FD00F987" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[581,738,1515,1539]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC62FA18FD00F987" box="[581,738,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEF71F9FEFE27F9A0" box="[342,453,1549,1572]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEF71F9FEFE27F9A0" box="[342,453,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC31F9FFFD72F9A0" bold="true" box="[534,656,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Wadi Alwa</emphasis>
|
||
, in
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC9BF9FFFCE1F9A0" bold="true" box="[700,771,1548,1572]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF89B70FEC9BF9FFFCE1F9A0" box="[700,771,1548,1572]" name="Oman" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF89B70FEEB9F9DEFF09F9C1" box="[158,235,1581,1605]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/8), the occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEEB0F9BCFEE4F9E2" box="[151,262,1615,1638]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEEB0F9BCFEE4F9E2" box="[151,262,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF96F9BDFD85F9E2" author="Orchard" box="[433,615,1614,1638]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard (1994a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who stated it correlates to the basal Lower Anisian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEC6FF983FCE1F903" authorityName="Bucher" authorityYear="1989" box="[584,771,1647,1671]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gymnitidae" genus="Japonites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="welteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC6FF983FCE1F903" box="[584,771,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Japonites welteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
beds of Nevada.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF89B70FEEB0F941FBB2FE19" blockId="14.[151,772,158,2068]" lastBlockId="14.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEEC6F941FEB8F94E" bold="true" box="[225,346,1714,1738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Himalayas</emphasis>
|
||
region, Fucks & Mostler (1969) early reported from northern Nepal, in the area north of Dhaulagiri (Dolpo), a conodont assemblage equivalent to the latest Spathian-earliest Anisian Timorensis conodont assemblage of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF02F8C5FE2CF8CA" author="Nogami" box="[293,462,1846,1870]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Subsequently, a succession of articles have been published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEC38F8A4FD54F8EB" author="Sweet" box="[543,694,1879,1903]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Sweet (1970
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEC8DF8A4FD19F8EB" author="McTavish, R. A." box="[682,763,1879,1903]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">a, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) on the occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEC52F88AFD06F814" box="[629,740,1913,1936]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEC52F88AFD06F814" box="[629,740,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEEEFF86AFDC5F835" bold="true" box="[200,551,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Salt Range, western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF89B70FEFE1F86AFDC5F835" box="[454,551,1945,1969]" name="Pakistan" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, from the Narmia Member of the Mianwali Formation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF89B70FEC14F849FD94F856" box="[563,630,1978,2002]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/9). In a previous section of the present paper, the twisting options of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEEB0F80FFECEF790" author="Sweet" box="[151,300,2044,2068]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Sweet (1970
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF39F80EFE92F790" author="McTavish, R. A." box="[286,368,2044,2068]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">a, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEF5CF80FFE50F790" author="Sweet" box="[379,434,2044,2068]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="253 - 273" refId="ref52629" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1988. A quantitative conodont biostratigraphy for the Lower Triassic. Senkenbergiana lethaea, 69 (3 - 4): 253 - 273." type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEFC9F80FFD5BF790" author="Sweet" box="[494,697,2044,2068]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="441 - 465" refId="ref52696" refString="Sweet, W. C., Mosher, L. C., Clark, D. L., Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. H., 1971. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Triassic. In: Sweet, W. C. & Bergstrom, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Memoir, 127: 441 - 465." type="journal article" year="1971">Sweet et al. (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on the first occurrence and stratigraphic range of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEDAFFF33FC15FF53" box="[904,1015,192,215]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEDAFFF33FC15FF53" box="[904,1015,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, having
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEA7BFF4CFB1BFF53" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[1116,1273,191,215]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEA7BFF4CFB1BFF53" box="[1116,1273,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its synonymy, are underlined, which jumped from the latest Spathian-earliest Anisian to the latest Spathian, and finally to the earliest Anisian.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEA33FED1FAF6FEBE" author="Nakazawa" box="[1044,1300,290,314]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakazawa" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref47936" refString="Nakazawa, K., Kapoor, Н. М., Ishii, K., Bando, Y., Okimura, Y., Tokuoka, T., Murata, M., Nakamura, K., Nogami, Y., Sakagami, S. & Shimizu, D., 1975. The Upper Permian and the Lower Triassic in Kashmir, India. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology & Mineralogy, 42 (1): 1 - 106." type="journal article" year="1975">Nakazawa et al. (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made reference to the conodont zonation done in Pakistan by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEB7CFEB0FC9FFEF8" author="Sweet" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Sweet (1970
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FED56FE97FC24FEF8" author="McTavish, R. A." box="[881,966,356,380]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">a, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEA62FE97FB1DFEF8" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[1093,1279,356,380]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
placed in the uppermost Lower Triassic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF89B70FED17FE54FC9AFCC8" blockId="14.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FED17FE54FBDFFE3B" author="Kovacs & Kozur" box="[816,1085,423,447]" firstAuthor="Kovacs" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="47 - 78" refId="ref41946" refString="Kovacs, S. & Kozur, H., 1980. Stratigraphische Reichweite der wichtigsten Conodonten (ohne Zahnreihenconodonten) der Mittel- und Obertrias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 10 (2): 47 - 78." type="journal article" year="1980">Kovács & Kozur (1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 1, figs 1, 2, 4) illustrated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FED17FE3BFB6CFE64" authority="Nogami" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[816,1166,456,480]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FED17FE3BFC4AFE64" box="[816,936,456,480]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Gondolella</emphasis>
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEDE5FE3AFBD3FE64" box="[962,1073,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Nogami
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEAE8FE3BFA7EFE64" bold="true" box="[1231,1436,456,480]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Dolpo Gebiet, west</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FED17FE1AFC93FD85" bold="true" box="[816,881,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF89B70FED17FE1AFC93FD85" box="[816,881,489,513]" name="Nepal" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF89B70FEDA6FE1AFC23FD85" box="[897,961,489,513]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/10), and its occurrence is dated to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEB40FE19FC7FFDA6" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1900" class="Cephalopoda" family="Sibiritidae" genus="Keyserlingites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Keyserlingites</taxonomicName>
|
||
subrobustus-Zone. The conodont Timorensis A-Z defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEDC2FDD8FB08FDC7" author="Kovacs & Kozur" box="[997,1258,555,579]" firstAuthor="Kovacs" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="47 - 78" refId="ref41946" refString="Kovacs, S. & Kozur, H., 1980. Stratigraphische Reichweite der wichtigsten Conodonten (ohne Zahnreihenconodonten) der Mittel- und Obertrias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 10 (2): 47 - 78." type="journal article" year="1980">Kovács & Kozur (1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, tab. 1) is overlapping the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FED93FDBFFBACFDE0" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1900" box="[948,1102,588,612]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Sibiritidae" genus="Keyserlingites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Keyserlingites</taxonomicName>
|
||
subrobustus-Zone and the basal part of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEDFFFD9EFB46FD01" authorityName="Spath" authorityYear="1934" box="[984,1188,621,645]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Acrochordiceratidae" genus="Paracrochordiceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Paracrochordiceras</taxonomicName>
|
||
anodosum-Zone, both ammonoid zones being assigned to the Aegean Substage/base Anisian Stage.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEA6AFD5CFAD5FD43" author="Garzanti" box="[1101,1335,687,711]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garzanti" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="267 - 300" refId="ref37662" refString="Garzanti, E., Jadoul, F., Nicora, A. & Berra, F., 1995. Triassic of Spiti (Tethys Himalaya, N India). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 101 (3): 267 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 8588" type="journal article" year="1995">Garzanti et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEDD0FD22FA7FFD6D" authority="(Nogami, 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1015,1437,721,745]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEDD0FD22FB05FD6D" box="[1015,1255,721,745]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEAD0FD22FA76FD6D" author="Nogami" box="[1271,1428,721,745]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Manang, in Nepal, in the topmost Tamba Kurkur Formation, as indicating the earliest Anisian (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEB05FCE0FC8EFCC8" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF89B70FED17FCA5FBDAFBB7" blockId="14.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
From
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FED5AFCA6FC4DFCE9" bold="true" box="[893,943,853,877]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Spiti</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF89B70FEDEFFCA6FC1DFCE9" box="[968,1023,853,877]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF89B70FEA3FFCA6FB81FCE9" box="[1048,1123,853,877]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/11), the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FED17FC84FC7DFC0A" box="[816,927,887,910]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FED17FC84FC7DFC0A" box="[816,927,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported in several localities.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEB30FC85FA7EFC0A" author="Goel" box="[1303,1436,886,910]" firstAuthor="Goel" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="1085 - 1101" refId="ref37834" refString="Goel, R. K., 1977. Triassic conodonts from Spiti (Himachal Pradesh), India. Journal of Paleontology, 51 (6): 1085 - 1101." type="journal article" year="1977">Goel (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the abundant occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEB21FC64FBF6FC54" authority="(Nogami)" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEB21FC64FC7DFC54" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Nogami)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEA7AFC4BFB18FC54" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[1117,1274,952,976]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEA7AFC4BFB18FC54" box="[1117,1274,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its synonymy, at Guling, in Spiti, from dark shales and grey limestones with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FED9CFC09FB49FB96" baseAuthorityName="Mojsisovics" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[955,1195,1018,1042]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Sibiritidae" genus="Keyserlingites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dieneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FED9CFC09FB49FB96" box="[955,1195,1018,1042]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Keyserlingites dieneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEACCFC09FC8AFBB7" baseAuthorityName="Salter" baseAuthorityYear="1865" class="Rhynchonellata" family="Spiriferinidae" genus="Spiriferina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="stracheyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEACCFC09FC8AFBB7" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Spiriferina stracheyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dated as Spathian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF89B70FED17FBCFFC05FAB8" blockId="14.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FED17FBCFFBA4FBD0" author="Gupta & Budurov" box="[816,1094,1084,1108]" firstAuthor="Gupta" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="21 - 26" refId="ref39113" refString="Gupta, V. J. & Budurov K. J., 1981. Triassic conodonts from Spiti (Himalaya, India) and their correlations: preliminary data. Geologica Balcanica, 11 (1): 21 - 26." type="journal article" year="1981">Gupta & Budurov (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEA58FBCFFAF2FBD0" author="Gupta" box="[1151,1296,1084,1108]" firstAuthor="Gupta" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="7 - 16" refId="ref39063" refString="Gupta, V. J., 1983. Triassic Conodonts from Ladakh and Spiti. In: Zapfe, H. (ed.), Neue Beitrage zur Biostratigraphie der Tethys-Trias. Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 5: 7 - 16." type="journal article" year="1983">Gupta (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEDF2FBAEFABEFBF1" authority="(Nogami)" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[981,1372,1117,1141]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEDF2FBAEFB0AFBF1" box="[981,1256,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Nogami)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the shaly limestones with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEA7EFB8CFA8BFB13" baseAuthorityName="Bittner" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1113,1385,1151,1175]" class="Rhynchonellata" family="Rhynchonellidae" genus="Rhynchonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchonellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="griesbachi">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEA7EFB8CFA8BFB13" box="[1113,1385,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Rhynchonella griesbachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, below the Nodular Limestone, at the base of the Anisian, in the Lilang section, Spiti, the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEB0AFB31FA7EFB5D" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1325,1436,1218,1241]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEB0AFB31FA7EFB5D" box="[1325,1436,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being considered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEA34FB11FAFDFB7E" author="Gupta & Budurov" box="[1043,1311,1250,1274]" firstAuthor="Gupta" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="21 - 26" refId="ref39113" refString="Gupta, V. J. & Budurov K. J., 1981. Triassic conodonts from Spiti (Himalaya, India) and their correlations: preliminary data. Geologica Balcanica, 11 (1): 21 - 26." type="journal article" year="1981">Gupta & Budurov (1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 24) “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEBA6FB11FC36FAB9" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
an index species for the zone of the same name in the Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF89B70FEDA7FAD6FC36FAB9" box="[896,980,1317,1341]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF89B70EED17FAB6FEACFCC8" blockId="14.[816,1437,158,2068]" lastBlockId="15.[151,772,158,2068]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FED17FAB6FBDDFAD9" author="Balini & Krystyn" box="[816,1087,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Balini" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref32888" refString="Balini, M. & Krystyn, L., 1997. Middle Triassic ammonoids form Spiti Himalayas - a chance for major improvements in Tethyan Anisian subdivisions? Albertiana, 19: 37 - 40." type="journal article" year="1997">Balini & Krystyn (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
definitely documented the Anisian age of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEDC7FA94FB3DFAFA" authority="Beds" authorityName="Beds" box="[992,1247,1382,1406]" genus="Durgaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dieneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEDC7FA94FB42FAFA" box="[992,1184,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Durgaites dieneri</emphasis>
|
||
Beds
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Spiti Himalayas, thus ending a long-lasting discussion on their Lower or Middle Triassic position (see also Wang Y-G, 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FED17FA39FBB4FA66" author="Dagys & Ermakova" box="[816,1110,1482,1506]" firstAuthor="Dagys" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="2 - 26" refId="ref36547" refString="Dagys, A. S. & Ermakova, S. P., 1986. The genus Keyserlingites and its stratigraphic significance. Geology and Geophysics, 2: 2 - 26 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1986">Dagys & Ermakova, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEA42FA39FB10FA66" author="Dagys" box="[1125,1266,1482,1506]" firstAuthor="Dagys" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="3 - 9" refId="ref36438" refString="Dagys, A. S., 1988. Lower-Middle Triassic boundary in the Boreal and Tethyan regions and correlation of Anisian. Geology and Geophysics, 11: 3 - 9 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1988">Dagys, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEB26FA39FA75FA66" author="Bucher" box="[1281,1431,1482,1506]" firstAuthor="Bucher" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="945 - 1002" refId="ref34205" refString="Bucher, H., 1989. Lower Anisian ammonoids from the Northern Humboldt Range (Northwestern Nevada, USA) and their bearing upon the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82 (3): 945 - 1002." type="journal article" year="1989">Bucher, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FED17FA18FC21F987" author="Tozer" box="[816,963,1515,1539]" firstAuthor="Tozer" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="155 - 170" refId="ref53575" refString="Tozer, E. T., 1994 c. Significance of Triassic stage boundaries defined in North America. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy (Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 155 - 170" type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="c">Tozer, 1994c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEDF0FA18FB5FF987" author="Krystyn" box="[983,1213,1515,1539]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krystyn" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="40 - 53" refId="ref42841" refString="Krystyn, L., Balini, M. & Nicora, A., 2004. Lower and Middle Triassic stage and substage boundaries in Spiti. Albertiana, 30: 40 - 53." type="journal article" year="2004">Krystyn et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on the FO of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FED17F9FFFBFFF9A0" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[816,1053,1548,1572]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FED17F9FFFBFFF9A0" box="[816,1053,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, placed the Olenekian-Anisian boundary in the upper part of the Niti Limestone, from which the occurrence of the ammonoid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEB67F9BDFC70F903" authorityName="Wang" authorityYear="1978" class="Cephalopoda" family="Meekoceratidae" genus="Preflorianitoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ceratitida" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEB67F9BDFC70F903" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Preflorianitoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported, and considered this to be the only cephalopod found within the lowermost Anisian of the Muth section. It is to be noted that the ammonoid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FED17F921FC04F96E" authorityName="Wang" authorityYear="1978" box="[816,998,1746,1770]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Meekoceratidae" genus="Preflorianitoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ceratitida" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FED17F921FC04F96E" box="[816,998,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Preflorianitoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by Wang Y-G (1978) from Zyiun, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF89B70FED84F907FC07F888" box="[931,997,1780,1804]" name="China" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in presumed Scythian-Anisian “mixed ammonoid faunas”, is considered a Spathian ammonoid by Wang Y-G (1985),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEA04F8C4FB4DF8CA" author="Tozer" box="[1059,1199,1846,1870]" firstAuthor="Tozer" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="66 - 100" refId="ref53383" refString="Tozer, E. T., 1980. Triassic Ammonoidea: Classification, Evolution and Relationships with Permian and Jurassic Forms. In: House, R. M. & Senior, J. R. (eds.), The Ammonoidea, Systematics Association Special Volume, 18: 66 - 100. Academic Press, London and New York." type="journal article" year="1980">Tozer (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEAC4F8C5FA7AF8CA" author="Shevyrev" box="[1251,1432,1846,1870]" firstAuthor="Shevyrev" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" refId="ref51376" refString="Shevyrev, A. A., 1990. Ammonoids and chronostratigraphy of the Triassic. Transactions of Paleontological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 241, 179 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1990">Shevyrev (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In the Deşli Caira section, this ammonoid occurs in the latest Spathian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF89B70FEDCCF88BFB11F814" author="Gradinaru" box="[1003,1267,1912,1936]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" pagination="54 - 71" refId="ref38545" refString="Gradinaru, E., Orchard, M. J., Nicora, A., Gallet, Y., Besse, J., Krystyn, L., Sobolev, E. S., Atudorei, N. - V. & Ivanova, D., 2007. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Anisian Stage: Desli Caira Hill, North Dobrogea, Romania. Albertiana, 36: 54 - 71." type="journal article" year="2007">Grădinaru et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), besides
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEB4BF88AFC64F835" authorityName="Arthaber" authorityYear="1909" class="Cephalopoda" family="Procarnitidae" genus="Procarnites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEB4BF88AFC64F835" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Procarnites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEDB1F86AFBDDF835" authorityName="Spath" authorityYear="1930" box="[918,1087,1945,1969]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Proptychitidae" genus="Proptychitoides" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEDB1F86AFBDDF835" box="[918,1087,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Proptychitoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FEA68F86AFB51F835" authorityName="Arthaber" authorityYear="1909" box="[1103,1203,1945,1969]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Albanitidae" genus="Albanites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FEA68F86AFB51F835" box="[1103,1203,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Albanites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also the ammonoid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FED91F849FBACF856" authorityName="Mojsisovics" authorityYear="1882" box="[950,1102,1978,2002]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Cladiscitidae" genus="Procladiscites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FED91F849FBACF856" box="[950,1102,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Procladiscites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In a previous section of the present paper, it is underlined that the occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF89B70FED17F80FFC2AF790" authorityName="Mojsisovics" authorityYear="1882" box="[816,968,2044,2068]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Cladiscitidae" genus="Procladiscites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF89B70FED17F80FFC2AF790" box="[816,968,2044,2068]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="17">Procladiscites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Chios prompted the untenable assumption of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEEC0FF6DFE2BFF32" author="Assereto" box="[231,457,158,182]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al. (1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p.731) that the beginning of the Anisian is marked by the first appearance of cladiscitids, and that this would also coincide with the first occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEF13FEF2FDAAFE9D" box="[308,584,257,281]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEF13FEF2FDAAFE9D" box="[308,584,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Neogondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although in the Spiti section the appearance of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EECBAFED1FEE4FEDF" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EECBAFED1FEE4FEDF" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported lower than the base Aegean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EECE8FEB7FECDFEF8" genus="Durgaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dieneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EECE8FEB7FECDFEF8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Durgaites dieneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ammonoid zone in the Himalayan Muschelkalk Member, the FO of the oft-cited boundary marker conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEF40FE54FDAEFE3B" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[359,588,423,447]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEF40FE54FDAEFE3B" box="[359,588,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nevertheless preferred by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEF05FE3BFDE2FE64" author="Krystyn" box="[290,512,456,480]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krystyn" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="40 - 53" refId="ref42841" refString="Krystyn, L., Balini, M. & Nicora, A., 2004. Lower and Middle Triassic stage and substage boundaries in Spiti. Albertiana, 30: 40 - 53." type="journal article" year="2004">Krystyn et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Sue et al. (2021) as fixing the Olenekian-Anisian boundary in the uppermost part of the Niti Limestone Member, even if its Aegean age is not confidently documented by ammonoids. In conclusion, for
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEF18FDBEFDFFFDE0" author="Krystyn" box="[319,541,588,613]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krystyn" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="40 - 53" refId="ref42841" refString="Krystyn, L., Balini, M. & Nicora, A., 2004. Lower and Middle Triassic stage and substage boundaries in Spiti. Albertiana, 30: 40 - 53." type="journal article" year="2004">Krystyn et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Sue et al. (2021) the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEE98FD9EFE79FD01" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[191,411,621,645]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEE98FD9EFE79FD01" box="[191,411,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
conodont zone is coincident with the base Aegean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEF71FD7CFDF5FD22" box="[342,535,654,678]" genus="Durgaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dieneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEF71FD7CFDF5FD22" box="[342,535,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Durgaites dieneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ammonoid zone, although its FO is well below the first occurrence of distinct Anisian ammonoids, i.e., in the upper part of the Niti Limestone in an undefined stratigraphic interval placed between the Spathian/late Olenekian and the Aegean/early Anisian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF88B70EEEB0FCA5FF07FB3C" blockId="15.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
From
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEEFAFCA6FED9FCE9" bold="true" box="[221,315,853,877]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Kashmir</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEF6AFCA6FE68FCE9" bold="true" box="[333,394,853,877]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF88B70EEF6AFCA6FE68FCE9" box="[333,394,853,877]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig. 13/12),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEC0AFCA6FD38FCE9" author="Chhabra, N. L." box="[557,730,853,877]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="89 - 96" refId="ref36013" refString="Chhabra, N. L., 1981. Some observations on boundary between Lower and Middle Triassic in Kashmir, India. Geoscience Journal, 2 (1): 89 - 96." type="journal article" year="1981">Chhabra (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEF37FC85FF51FC2B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEF37FC85FE1FFC0A" baseAuthorityName="Bender" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[272,509,886,910]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="homeri">Neospathodus homeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEC21FC85FF51FC2B" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Neospathodus timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
assemblage in the upper part of the Nodular Limestone dated as early Anisian, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEC0DFC4BFD25FC54" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[554,711,952,976]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEC0DFC4BFD25FC54" box="[554,711,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEF48FC29FE3CFC75" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[367,478,986,1009]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEF48FC29FE3CFC75" box="[367,478,986,1009]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEFD7FC2AFCE1FC75" author="Chhabra & Sahni" box="[496,771,985,1009]" firstAuthor="Chhabra" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="135 - 147" refId="ref36048" refString="Chhabra, N. L. & Sahni, A., 1981. Late Lower Triassic and early Middle Triassic conodont faunas from Kashmir and in Kumaun sequences in Himalaya. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 25: 135 - 147." type="journal article" year="1981">Chhabra & Sahni (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the placement of the Scythian-Anisian boundary at the base of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEFC9FBE8FF2CFBD0" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEFC9FBE8FCE1FBB7" box="[494,771,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in agreement with the data of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEC17FBCFFD25FBD0" author="Nicora" box="[560,711,1084,1108]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Chios and Nevada, and that this zone characterizes the lower part of the Aegean Substage as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEC82FB8CFF03FB3C" author="Assereto" firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="23 - 39" refId="ref32566" refString="Assereto, R., 1974. Aegean and Bithynian: Proposal for Two New Anisian Substages. In: Zapfe, H. (ed.), Die Stratigraphie der alpin-mediterranean Trias. Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2: 23 - 39." type="journal article" year="1974">Assereto (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF88B70EEEB0FB32FF1EFA66" blockId="15.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEEB0FB32FEA2FB5D" author="Matsuda" box="[151,320,1217,1241]" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref45957" refString="Matsuda, T., 1983. Early Triassic Conodonts from Kashmir, India. Part 3. Neospathodus. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 26 (4): 87 - 110." type="journal article" year="1983">Matsuda (1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEF77FB32FE65FB5D" author="Matsuda" box="[336,391,1217,1241]" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="757 - 770" refId="ref45994" refString="Matsuda, T., 1985. Late Permian to Early Triassic conodont paleobiogeography in the " Tethys Realm ". In: Nakazawa, K. & Dickins, J. M. (eds.), The Tethys, Her Paleogeography and Paleobiostratigraphy from Paleozoic to Mesozoic: Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 757 - 770." type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EECE8FB31FE63FB7E" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EECE8FB31FE63FB7E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and figured specimens from the latest Spathian in Kashmir, but the definition follows Sweet’s taxonomic concept of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEC8FFAD6FF51FAD9" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEC8FFAD6FF51FAD9" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEE9DFAB6FEB5FAD9" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[186,343,1349,1373]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEE9DFAB6FEB5FAD9" box="[186,343,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEFE2FAB6FECCFAFA" author="Pakistani-Japanese Research Group" firstAuthor="Pakistani-Japanese Research Group" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="219 - 312" refId="ref50188" refString="Pakistani-Japanese Research Group, 1985. Permian and Triassic systems in the Salt Range and Surghar Range, Pakistan. In: Nakazawa, K. & Dickins, J. M. (eds.), The Tethys, Her Paleogeography and Palaeobiogeography from Paleozoic to Mesozoic. Tokyo, Tokai University Press, pp. 219 - 312." type="book chapter" year="1985">Pakistani-Japanese Research Group (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEC4BFA95FEA6FA1B" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEC4BFA95FEE4FA1B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF88B70EEF4FFA74FE27FA1B" box="[360,453,1415,1439]" name="Pakistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from the Narmia Member of Mianwali Formation, and placed this in the uppermost Spathian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF88B70EEEB0FA18FE64F903" blockId="15.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
From
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEEFEFA18FE89F987" bold="true" box="[217,363,1515,1539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Central Asia</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEF5DFA18FDADF987" author="Bragin" box="[378,591,1515,1539]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bragin" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="297 - 310" refId="ref33601" refString="Bragin, N., Dronov, A. & Raimbekov, Y., 2016. Middle Triassic radiolarians from the Southeastern Pamirs (Republic of Tajikistan). Revue de Micropaleontologie, 59 (4): 297 - 310." type="journal article" year="2016">Bragin et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have mentioned occurrences of early Anisian conodonts, among them
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEEB0F9DEFEB5F9C1" box="[151,343,1581,1605]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEEB0F9DEFECCF9C1" box="[151,302,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Neospathodus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEFB7F9DDFD74F9C1" authority="(Nogami)" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[400,662,1581,1605]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEFB7F9DDFDC0F9C1" box="[400,546,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">N. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Nogami)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the top of the Zougan Formation in the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEC3DF9BCFCE1F9E3" bold="true" box="[538,771,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">southeastern Pamirs,</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEEB0F99CFEE4F903" bold="true" box="[151,262,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF88B70EEEB0F99CFEE4F903" box="[151,262,1647,1671]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF88B70EEF31F99CFEB6F903" box="[278,340,1647,1671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/13).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF88B70EEEB0F962FAEFFDC7" blockId="15.[151,772,158,2068]" lastBlockId="15.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEE90F963FEA9F92C" bold="true" box="[183,331,1680,1704]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Eastern Asia</emphasis>
|
||
, the most important occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EECF9F963FEE4F94D" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EECF9F963FD1FF92C" box="[734,765,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEEB0F941FEE4F94D" box="[151,262,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
come from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEFBAF941FE00F94E" bold="true" box="[413,482,1714,1738]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF88B70EEFBAF941FE00F94E" box="[413,482,1714,1738]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The first record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EECFAF941FE65F96E" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EECFAF941FE65F96E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only from the early 1980s, when Wang Z-H (1982) reported its occurrence from the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EECE8F907FE00F8A9" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF88B70EECE8F907FEDDF8A9" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Guizhou Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF88B70EEFBAF8E6FE00F8A9" box="[413,482,1813,1837]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and dated it as Spathian based on the conodont zonation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEC01F8C5FD1CF8CA" author="Sweet" box="[550,766,1846,1870]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="441 - 465" refId="ref52696" refString="Sweet, W. C., Mosher, L. C., Clark, D. L., Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. H., 1971. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Triassic. In: Sweet, W. C. & Bergstrom, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Memoir, 127: 441 - 465." type="journal article" year="1971">Sweet et al. (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Concomitantly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEF68F8ABFE08F8EB" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[335,490,1880,1903]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEF68F8ABFE08F8EB" box="[335,490,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">N. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EECF5F8A4FF3DF814" author="Tian" firstAuthor="Tian" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="153 - 165" refId="ref52859" refString="Tian, C. - R., 1982. Triassic Conodonts in the Tulong Section from Nyalam County, Xizang (Tibet), China. Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. 10: 153 - 165 [in Chinese, with English abstract]." type="journal article" year="1982">Tian (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEF02F88BFE5EF814" bold="true" box="[293,444,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Tulong,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF88B70EEFA3F88BFE5EF814" box="[388,444,1912,1936]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF88B70EEFEAF88BFDEDF814" box="[461,527,1912,1936]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/14), and dated as late Olenekian, but the figured specimen (pl. 13, fig. 22) is presumably a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEF10F849FE36F856" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[311,468,1978,2002]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEF10F849FE36F856" box="[311,468,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEC70F848FF02F877" author="Wang & Wang" firstAuthor="Wang" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="29 - 33" refId="ref53879" refString="Wang, C. - Y. & Wang, Z. - H., 1983. Review of conodont biostratigraphy in China. Fossils and Strata, 15: 29 - 33." type="journal article" year="1983">Wang & Wang (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, when summarizing the Triassic conodont biostratigraphy in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF88B70EEF0CF80FFE8FF790" box="[299,365,2044,2068]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, advocated the placement of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EED17FF6DFB7EFF31" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[816,1180,158,182]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EED17FF6DFBACFF32" box="[816,1102,158,182]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the top of the Olenekian. The newest report on the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEB50FF4CFC7DFF7C" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEB50FF4CFC7DFF7C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Tulong, located in the Himalaya Terrane of Tibet, is by Chen A-F et al. (2021), and the first occurrence (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF88B70EED5BFED1FC43FEBE" box="[892,929,290,314]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">FO</collectionCode>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEDF5FED1FB53FEBE" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[978,1201,290,314]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEDF5FED1FB53FEBE" box="[978,1201,290,314]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is credited to fix the Olenekian–Anisian boundary (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF88B70EEAA1FEB0FB23FEDF" box="[1158,1217,323,347]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
) at Bed 25, upper part of the Kangshare Formation, only on the basis of the data provided in the references commonly used in this matter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEDABFE54FB6CFE3B" author="Gradinaru, E. & Kozur, H. W. & Nicora, A. & Orchard, M. J." box="[908,1166,423,447]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="34 - 38" refId="ref38481" refString="Gradinaru, E., Kozur, H. W., Nicora, A. & Orchard, M. J., 2006. The Chiosella timorensis and correlation of the ammonoids and conodonts around the base of the Anisian in the GSSP candidate at Desli Caira (North Dobrogea, Romania). Albertiana, 34: 34 - 38." type="journal article" year="2006">Grădinaru et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEA87FE54FA7AFE3B" author="Orchard" box="[1184,1432,423,447]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="341 - 346" refId="ref49830" refString="Orchard, M. J., Gradinaru, E. & Nicora, A., 2007 a. A summary of the conodont succession around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary at Desli Caira, North Dobrogea, Romania. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 341 - 346." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Orchard et al., 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EED17FE3BFC95FE64" author="Orchard" box="[816,887,456,480]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="347 - 354" refId="ref49883" refString="Orchard, M. J., Lehrmann, D. J., Wie, J., Wang, H. & Taylor, H. J., 2007 b. Conodonts from the Olenekian-Anisian boundary beds, Guandao, Guizhou Province, China. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 347 - 354." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEDA3FE3BFBC6FE64" author="Orchard" box="[900,1060,456,480]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="139 - 161" refId="ref49577" refString="Orchard, M. J., 2010. Triassic conodonts and their role in stage boundary definitions. In: Lucas, S. G. (ed.), The Triassic Timescale. The Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 334: 139 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10. 1144 / SP 334.7" type="journal article" year="2010">Orchard, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEA16FE3BFAECFE64" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[1073,1294,456,480]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Wu G-C et al. (2007) reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEAE2FE1AFA83FD85" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1221,1377,489,513]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEAE2FE1AFA83FD85" box="[1221,1377,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EED17FDF9FC6DFDA6" bold="true" box="[816,911,522,546]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Dibucuo</emphasis>
|
||
, in the Lhasa Terrane of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF88B70EEA88FDF9FB05FDA6" box="[1199,1255,522,546]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF88B70EEADEFDF9FAD8FDA6" box="[1273,1338,522,546]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/14), and this in placed also at the base of the Anisian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF88B70EED17FDBFFA73FCE9" blockId="15.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
When the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEA58FDBFFA81FDE0" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1151,1379,588,612]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEA58FDBFFA81FDE0" box="[1151,1379,588,612]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was agreed by the ICS in 2002 as a primary biotic proxy for the Olenekian-Anisian boundary (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEAF8FD7CFA97FD22" author="Kozur" box="[1247,1397,654,678]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="57 - 74" refId="ref42381" refString="Kozur, H. W., 2003 a. Integrated ammonoid, conodont and radiolarian zonation of the Triassic and some remarks to Stage / Substage subdivision and the numeric age of the Triassic stages. Albertiana, 28: 57 - 74." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Kozur 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a suite of articles concentrated on the conodont biostratigraphy around the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF88B70EEDD0FD22FBCDFD6D" box="[1015,1071,721,745]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
in the Triassic successions from several localities in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF88B70EEA00FD01FB15FC8E" box="[1063,1271,754,778]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Guizhou Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF88B70EEB7AFD01FA7FFC8E" box="[1373,1437,754,778]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EED10FCE0FBC8FCAF" author="Lehrmann" box="[823,1066,787,811]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lehrmann" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="7 - 9" refId="ref43445" refString="Lehrmann, D., Enos, P., Montgomery, P., Payne, J., Orchard, M., Bowring, S., Ramezani, J., Martin, M., Jiayong, W., Hongmei, W., Youyi, Y., Jiafei, X. & Rongxi, L., 2002. Integrated biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and geochronology of the Olenekian-Anisian boundary in marine strata of Guandao section, Nanpanjiang Basin, south China: implications for timing the biotic recovery from the end-Permian extinction. STS / IGCP 467 Field Meeting, Veszprem, Hungary, 5 - 8 September 2002, pp. 7 - 9." type="proceedings paper" year="2002">Lehrmann et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2015 a-b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEA83FCE0FAB6FCAF" author="Yao" box="[1188,1364,787,811]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yao" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="577 - 585" refId="ref54792" refString="Yao, J. X., Ji, Z. S., Wang, L. T., Wang, Y. B. & Wu, G. C., 2004. Research on Conodont Biostratigraphy near the Bottom Boundary of the Middle Triassic Qingyan Stage in Southern Guizhou Province. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78 (5): 577 - 585 [in Chinese, with English abstract]." type="journal article" year="2004">Yao et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEB47FCE0FA7AFCAF" author="Yao" box="[1376,1432,787,811]" firstAuthor="Yao" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" refId="ref54869" refString="Yao, J. X., Ji., Z. S., Wang., L. T., Wang, Y. B., Wu, Z. J., Liu, D. Y., Wu, G. C., Zhang, J. W. & Li, S. P., 2011. Conodont Biostratigraphy and Age Determination of the Lower-Middle Triassic Boundary in South Guizhou Province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica" type="book" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EED17FCC6FC15FCC8" author="Wang" box="[816,1015,820,845]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wang" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="611 - 626" refId="ref53914" refString="Wang, H. M., Wang, X. L., Li, R. X. & Wei, J. Y., 2005. Triassic conodont succession and stage subdivision of the Guandao Section, Bianyang, Luodian, Guizhou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 44 (4): 611 - 626 [in Chinese, with English abstract]." type="journal article" year="2005">Wang et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEA22FCC7FB10FCC8" author="Orchard" box="[1029,1266,820,844]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="347 - 354" refId="ref49883" refString="Orchard, M. J., Lehrmann, D. J., Wie, J., Wang, H. & Taylor, H. J., 2007 b. Conodonts from the Olenekian-Anisian boundary beds, Guandao, Guizhou Province, China. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 347 - 354." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">Orchard et al., 2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEAD8FCC7FA7AFCC8" author="Ji" box="[1279,1432,820,844]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ji" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="213 - 223" refId="ref40616" refString="Ji, W., Tong, J., Zhao, L., Zhou, S. & Chen, J., 2011. Lower-Middle Triassic conodont biostratigraphy of the Qingyan section, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 308 (1 - 2): 213 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2010.08.020" type="journal article" year="2011">Ji et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EED17FCA5FC3CFCE9" author="Yan" box="[816,990,853,877]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yan" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="236 - 245" refId="ref54699" refString="Yan, C., Jiang, H., Lai, X., Sun, Y., Yang, B. & Wang, L., 2015. The Relationship between the " Green- Bean Rock " Layers and Conodont Chiosella timorensis and Implication on Defining the Early-Middle Triassic Boundary in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. Journal of Earth Science, 20 (2): 236 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12583 - 015 - 0535 - x" type="journal article" year="2015">Yan et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEDCFFCA6FB45FCE9" author="Liang" box="[1000,1191,853,877]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Liang" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="381 - 393" refId="ref44415" refString="Liang, L., Tong, J., Song, H., Song, T., Tian, L., Song, H. & Qiu, H., 2016. Lower-Middle Triassic conodont biostratigraphy of the Mingtang section, Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 459: 381 - 393. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2016.07.027" type="journal article" year="2016">Liang et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEA95FCA6FA64FCE9" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[1202,1414,853,877]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF88B70EED17FC85FC7FFA1B" blockId="15.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The section of
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEDF6FC85FBD5FC0A" bold="true" box="[977,1079,886,910]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Guandao</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF88B70EEA60FC85FB67FC0A" box="[1095,1157,886,910]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/15) has been advanced as a reference
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF88B70EEDF6FC64FBF2FC2B" box="[977,1040,919,943]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
for the base of the Anisian Stage/Middle Triassic Series (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEA87FC4BFA70FC54" author="Gradstein" box="[1184,1426,952,976]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gradstein" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" refId="ref38834" refString="Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G. & Smith, A. G., 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 589 pp." type="book" year="2004">Gradstein et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The chronostratigraphic interpretation of the conodont biostratigraphy in the Guandao section (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEAD0FC09FC95FBB7" author="Orchard" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="347 - 354" refId="ref49883" refString="Orchard, M. J., Lehrmann, D. J., Wie, J., Wang, H. & Taylor, H. J., 2007 b. Conodonts from the Olenekian-Anisian boundary beds, Guandao, Guizhou Province, China. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 347 - 354." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">Orchard et al., 2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), for which there are no ammonoid data to properly document the Olenekian-Anisian boundary, is purely mimicking the chronostratigraphic interpretation given to the ammonoid/conodont record in the Deşli Caira section (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EED1FFB53FBD1FB3C" author="Gradinaru" box="[824,1075,1184,1208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="54 - 71" refId="ref38545" refString="Gradinaru, E., Orchard, M. J., Nicora, A., Gallet, Y., Besse, J., Krystyn, L., Sobolev, E. S., Atudorei, N. - V. & Ivanova, D., 2007. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Anisian Stage: Desli Caira Hill, North Dobrogea, Romania. Albertiana, 36: 54 - 71." type="journal article" year="2007">Grădinaru et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEA65FB53FAD6FB3C" author="Orchard" box="[1090,1332,1184,1208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="341 - 346" refId="ref49830" refString="Orchard, M. J., Gradinaru, E. & Nicora, A., 2007 a. A summary of the conodont succession around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary at Desli Caira, North Dobrogea, Romania. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 341 - 346." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Orchard et al., 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On this basis,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EED53FB32FBEEFB5D" author="Ji" box="[884,1036,1217,1241]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ji" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="213 - 223" refId="ref40616" refString="Ji, W., Tong, J., Zhao, L., Zhou, S. & Chen, J., 2011. Lower-Middle Triassic conodont biostratigraphy of the Qingyan section, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 308 (1 - 2): 213 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2010.08.020" type="journal article" year="2011">Ji et al. (2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and Chinese references therein) furthermore support the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEAA1FB11FAC1FB7E" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1158,1315,1250,1274]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEAA1FB11FAC1FB7E" box="[1158,1315,1250,1274]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a proxy for the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary in the Guandao section. When
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEDF0FAD6FB41FAB8" author="Tong" box="[983,1187,1316,1341]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tong" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="189 - 222" refId="ref53082" refString="Tong, J., Chu, D., Liang, L., Shu, W., Song., H., Song, T., Song, H. & Wu, Y., 2019. Triassic integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China. Science China Earth Sciences, 62 (1): 189 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11430 - 018 - 9278 - 0" type="journal article" year="2019">Tong et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the Anisian Stage in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF88B70EEDBBFAB6FC3EFAD9" box="[924,988,1349,1373]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it was confirmed once more that the Guandao section lacks ammonoids around the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF88B70EEB43FA95FA7EFAFA" box="[1380,1436,1382,1406]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
boundary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF88B711ED17FA5AFF2AFC8E" blockId="15.[816,1437,158,2068]" lastBlockId="16.[151,772,158,2068]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Two other localities in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF88B70EEA4CFA5AFAD6FA45" box="[1131,1332,1449,1473]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Guizhou Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEB62FA5AFA7EFA45" bold="true" box="[1349,1436,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Wantou</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EED46FA39FC5CFA66" bold="true" box="[865,958,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Youping</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF88B70EEDF6FA39FBF6FA66" box="[977,1044,1482,1506]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/16), are recently advanced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEB48FA39FC95F987" author="Ogg" firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="7 - 73" refId="ref48945" refString="Ogg, J. G., 2019. Publication Announcement: Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. By Yan Chen, Haishui Jiang, James G. Ogg, Yang Zhang, Yifan Gong & Chunbo Yan, 2019. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, [access on-line 23 Oct 2019]. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863. Albertiana, 45: 7 - 73." type="journal article" year="2019">Ogg (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EED8AFA18FB6BF987" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[941,1161,1515,1539]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as potential
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF88B70EEB34FA18FAB0F987" box="[1299,1362,1515,1539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
candidates for the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary, further supporting the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEB10F9DEFC7DF9E2" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEB10F9DEFC7DF9E2" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a proxy for this boundary. Even more, the taxonomic definition by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EEA66F99CFAC5F903" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[1089,1319,1647,1671]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEDC7F963FB22F92C" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[992,1216,1680,1704]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEDC7F963FB22F92C" box="[992,1216,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is consistently different when compared to the definition given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF88B70EED17F921FBA0F96E" author="Goudemand" box="[816,1090,1746,1770]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, thus making more complicated the taxonomy and the lineage of the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF88B70EEB4BF906FBFEF8A9" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EEB4BF906FC47F8A9" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">gondolelloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF88B70EED8AF8E5FBFEF8A9" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[941,1052,1814,1837]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
group. Intentionally, or not, in the stratigraphic diagrams of the two “exceptional” Chinese localities, the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary is not properly indicated. It seems the placement of the Olenekian-Anisian boundary in the “exceptional” Chinese sections represented a great dilemma even for the mentioned authors, and such an undecision is astonishing to the readers of their article. The two “exceptional” Chinese localities are devoid of ammonoids just in the stratigraphic interval of their sections that is critical to fix the Early-Middle Triassic boundary. Additionally, the two “exceptional” Chinese sections have rapid lithological changes, just in the stratigraphic interval where potentially the boundary could be placed, and this represents a major bias for the ammonoid occurrence in the two “exceptional” Chinese sections. As already showed in a previous section of the present paper,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711ECF3FE54FF3CFE64" author="Ogg" firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="7 - 73" refId="ref48945" refString="Ogg, J. G., 2019. Publication Announcement: Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. By Yan Chen, Haishui Jiang, James G. Ogg, Yang Zhang, Yifan Gong & Chunbo Yan, 2019. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, [access on-line 23 Oct 2019]. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863. Albertiana, 45: 7 - 73." type="journal article" year="2019">Ogg (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EF33FE3BFE13FE64" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[276,497,456,480]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
centered their discussion mostly on the Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval, as is indicated explicitly in the titles of their articles, and not properly on the boundary itself. This may explain why the boundary location is not shown in the two “exceptional” Chinese sections, for which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EC06FD9EFD1DFD01" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[545,767,621,645]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al. (2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 12) amazingly concluded to have great potential as important
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF97B711EF2EFD5CFEAAFD43" box="[265,328,687,711]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
reference sections for the Early-Middle Triassic boundary and can enable precise global correlation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF97B711EEB0FCE0FF3AFB13" blockId="16.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EF21FCE0FE33FCAF" author="Ogg" box="[262,465,787,811]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="903 - 953" refId="ref49215" refString="Ogg, J. G., Chen, Z. - Q., Orchard, M. J. & Jiang, H. S., 2020 b. The Triassic period. In: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. & Ogg, G. M. (eds.), Geologic Time Scale 2020, 1 st Edition. Elsevier, pp. 903 - 953. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 824360 - 2.00025 - 5" type="book chapter" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">Ogg et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EC7CFCE0FD12FC2B" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
The lowest occurrence of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EF6AFCC7FDCCFCC8" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[333,558,820,844]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EF6AFCC7FDCCFCC8" bold="true" box="[333,558,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or its sensu stricto morphotype on its early lineage) conodont slightly precedes the Anisian ammonoid level and can be correlated to North American and Asian stratigraphy
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”. Furthermore, with the desire to find a solution for this incongruence,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EF1EFC2AFDEFFC75" author="Ogg" box="[313,525,985,1009]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="903 - 953" refId="ref49215" refString="Ogg, J. G., Chen, Z. - Q., Orchard, M. J. & Jiang, H. S., 2020 b. The Triassic period. In: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. & Ogg, G. M. (eds.), Geologic Time Scale 2020, 1 st Edition. Elsevier, pp. 903 - 953. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 824360 - 2.00025 - 5" type="book chapter" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">Ogg et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EC49FC29FF27FB13" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
If the lowest occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EF67FC08FE06FB97" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[320,484,1019,1043]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EF67FC08FE06FB97" bold="true" box="[320,484,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is selected as the global marker, then the uppermost part of the ammonoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EEB0FBCEFE03FBD1" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[151,481,1085,1109]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">Neopopanoceras haugi Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
of “latest Olenekian” in theTethyan realm will slightly overlap the basal Anisian
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF97B711EEB0FB53FE82F856" blockId="16.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EEB0FB53FEBCFB3C" author="Ogg" box="[151,350,1184,1208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="903 - 953" refId="ref49215" refString="Ogg, J. G., Chen, Z. - Q., Orchard, M. J. & Jiang, H. S., 2020 b. The Triassic period. In: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. & Ogg, G. M. (eds.), Geologic Time Scale 2020, 1 st Edition. Elsevier, pp. 903 - 953. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 824360 - 2.00025 - 5" type="book chapter" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">Ogg et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in their obsession to further suport the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EF70FB31FE24FB5D" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[343,454,1218,1241]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EF70FB31FE24FB5D" box="[343,454,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a primary biotic proxy for the base of the Anisian, intentionally ignore that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711ECEAFB10FE44FA9F" authority="zone" authorityName="Zone" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">Neopopanoceras haugi zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the penultimate ammonoid zone in the late Spathian of Nevada, being followed by the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EEE6FAB6FE24FAD9" box="[193,454,1349,1373]" class="Cephalopoda" genus="Courtilloticeras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stevensi">Courtilloticeras stevensi</taxonomicName>
|
||
ammonoid zone (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711ECEFFAB5FEA1FAFA" author="Monnet" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Monnet" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="197 - 215" refId="ref46939" refString="Monnet, C., Bucher, H., Brayard, A. & Jenks, J. F., 2013. Globacrochordiceras gen. nov. (Acrochordiceratidae, late Early Triassic) and its significance for stressinduced evolutionary jumps in ammonoid lineages (cephalopods). Fossil Record, 16 (2): 197 - 215." type="journal article" year="2013">Monnet et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2), and also ignore that the classic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EEB0FA7BFE76FA1B" box="[151,404,1415,1439]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">Neopopanoceras haugi</taxonomicName>
|
||
ammonoid zone from western Nevada, as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EFB2FA5AFD57FA45" author="Silberling & Tozer" box="[405,693,1449,1473]" firstAuthor="Silberling" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" refId="ref51571" refString="Silberling, N. J. & Tozer, E. T., 1968. Biostratigraphic" type="book" year="1968">Silberling & Tozer (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, correlates with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EF08FA39FDB2FA66" authorityName="Zone (Silberling & Tozer" authorityYear="1968" box="[303,592,1482,1506]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Sibiritidae" genus="Keyserlingites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subrobustus">Keyserlingites subrobustus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ammonoid zone in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF97B711EE90FA18FE95F987" box="[183,375,1515,1539]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Arctic
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF97B711EFF3FA18FDC6F987" box="[468,548,1515,1539]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Arctic Europe, and with the Olenekites spiniplicatus ammonoid zone in Arctic Siberia (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EFA0F9DDFD6AF9C1" author="Dagys & Tozer" box="[391,648,1581,1606]" firstAuthor="Dagys" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 9" refId="ref36616" refString="Dagys, A. S. & Tozer, E. T., 1989. Correlation of Triassic in northern Canada and Siberia. U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Geology and Geophysics, 6: 3 - 9." type="journal article" year="1989">Dagys & Tozer, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711ECBBF9DDFEA4F9E2" author="Dagys & Weitschat" firstAuthor="Dagys" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="249 - 256" refId="ref36666" refString="Dagys, A. S. & Weitschat, W., 1993. Correlation of the Boreal Triassic. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch Palaontologischen Institut der Universitat Hamburg, 75: 249 - 256." type="journal article" year="1993">Dagys & Weitschat, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EF73F9BCFE06F9E2" author="Tozer" box="[340,484,1614,1638]" firstAuthor="Tozer" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" refId="ref53519" refString="Tozer, E. T., 1994 a. Canadian Triassic ammonoid faunas. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 467: 663 pp." type="book" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Tozer, 1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EFD7F9BCFD11F9E2" author="Dagys & Sobolev" box="[496,755,1614,1639]" firstAuthor="Dagys" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="8 - 16" refId="ref36702" refString="Dagys, A. S. & Sobolev, E. S., 1995. Parastratotypes of the Olenekian Stage (lower Triassic). Albertiana, 16: 8 - 16." type="journal article" year="1995">Dagys & Sobolev, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By adopting the suggestion of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EFCFF99CFD51F903" author="Ogg" box="[488,691,1647,1671]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="903 - 953" refId="ref49215" refString="Ogg, J. G., Chen, Z. - Q., Orchard, M. J. & Jiang, H. S., 2020 b. The Triassic period. In: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. & Ogg, G. M. (eds.), Geologic Time Scale 2020, 1 st Edition. Elsevier, pp. 903 - 953. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 824360 - 2.00025 - 5" type="book chapter" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">Ogg et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, then a major instability in the standard Triassic timescale would be introduced as regards the Olenekian-Anisian boundary. Although on a recent Research Gate Forum it has been endorsed once more that the ammonoids are the taxonomic group with the highest power of temporal resolution within the Triassic (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EFEBF8C5FD68F8CA" author="Jenks" box="[460,650,1846,1870]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jenks" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="329 - 388" refId="ref40434" refString="Jenks, J. F., Monnet, C., Balini, M., Brayard, A. & Meier, M., 2015. Biostratigraphy of Triassic Ammonoids. In: Klug, C., Korn, D., De Baets, K., Kruta, I. & Mapes, R. H. (eds.), Ammonoid Paleobiology: From macroevolution to paleogeography. Topics in Geobiology, 44: 329 - 388. Springer. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9633 - 0 _ 13" type="journal article" year="2015">Jenks et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the conodont workers continue their offensive in promoting the conodonts as primary biotic proxies to define or redefine the boundaries in the standard Triassic timescale (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EEB0F849FEB3F856" author="Ogg" box="[151,337,1978,2002]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="903 - 953" refId="ref49215" refString="Ogg, J. G., Chen, Z. - Q., Orchard, M. J. & Jiang, H. S., 2020 b. The Triassic period. In: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. & Ogg, G. M. (eds.), Geologic Time Scale 2020, 1 st Edition. Elsevier, pp. 903 - 953. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 824360 - 2.00025 - 5" type="book chapter" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">Ogg et al., 2020b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF97B711EEB0F82FFA9EFD86" blockId="16.[151,772,158,2068]" lastBlockId="16.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EE9FF82FFE81F870" bold="true" box="[184,355,2012,2036]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Southeast Asia</emphasis>
|
||
, the occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EEEEF80EFEDAF790" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[201,312,2045,2068]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EEEEF80EFEDAF790" box="[201,312,2045,2068]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was early reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EC12F80FFD24F790" author="Koike" box="[565,710,2044,2068]" firstAuthor="Koike" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="91 - 113" refId="ref41550" refString="Koike, T., 1973. Triassic Conodonts from Kedah and Pahang, Malaysia. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 12: 91 - 113." type="journal article" year="1973">Koike (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711ED17FF6DFBE0FF32" box="[816,1026,158,182]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711ED17FF6DFC6FFF32" bold="true" box="[816,909,158,182]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Kodiang</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EDBAFF6DFBE0FF32" bold="true" box="[925,1026,158,182]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF97B711EDBAFF6DFBE0FF32" box="[925,1026,158,182]" name="Malaysia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF97B711EA36FF6DFBB3FF32" box="[1041,1105,158,182]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/17), and the author dated it as “early (or middle) Anisic”, but the illustrated specimen (pl. 16, fig. 15) is an indeterminate fragment.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EB0DFF12FC42FE9D" author="Kemper" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kemper" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="93 - 127" refId="ref41042" refString="Kemper, E., Maronde, H. - D. & Stoppel, D., 1976. Triassic and Jurassic Limestone in the Region Northwest and West of Si Sawar (Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand). Geologisches Jahrbuch Hannover. B 21: 93 - 127." type="journal article" year="1976">Kemper et al. (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EACCFEF1FAB8FE9D" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1259,1370,258,281]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EACCFEF1FAB8FE9D" box="[1259,1370,258,281]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711ED17FED0FC10FEBF" bold="true" box="[816,1010,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF97B711EDAAFED0FC10FEBF" box="[909,1010,291,315]" name="Thailand" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF97B711EA26FED1FBA0FEBE" box="[1025,1090,290,314]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/18), and dated it as late Spathian to early Anisian, but the figured specimens (pl. 6, figs. 3a-b) likely belong to the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EB4BFE96FC47FE19" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EB4BFE96FC47FE19" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It must be underlined,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EAE8FE76FA85FE19" author="Koike" box="[1231,1383,389,413]" firstAuthor="Koike" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="91 - 113" refId="ref41550" refString="Koike, T., 1973. Triassic Conodonts from Kedah and Pahang, Malaysia. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 12: 91 - 113." type="journal article" year="1973">Koike (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711ED17FE54FBF8FE3B" author="Kemper" box="[816,1050,423,447]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kemper" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="93 - 127" refId="ref41042" refString="Kemper, E., Maronde, H. - D. & Stoppel, D., 1976. Triassic and Jurassic Limestone in the Region Northwest and West of Si Sawar (Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand). Geologisches Jahrbuch Hannover. B 21: 93 - 127." type="journal article" year="1976">Kemper et al. (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EA93FE54FAB3FE3B" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[1204,1361,423,447]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA93FE54FAB3FE3B" box="[1204,1361,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EA25FE3AFB93FE64" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1026,1137,457,480]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA25FE3AFB93FE64" box="[1026,1137,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by adopting Sweet’s taxonomic concept on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EA3BFE1AFB5BFD85" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[1052,1209,489,513]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA3BFE1AFB5BFD85" box="[1052,1209,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EAE7FE19FACDFD85" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1216,1327,490,513]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EAE7FE19FACDFD85" box="[1216,1327,490,513]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF97B711ED17FDF8FADFF92C" blockId="16.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711ED5EFDF9FBD8FDA6" bold="true" box="[889,1082,522,546]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Japanese Islands</emphasis>
|
||
, the occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EDA1FDDFFC17FDC7" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[902,1013,556,579]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EDA1FDDFFC17FDC7" box="[902,1013,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported starting from the earliest 1970s. Data have been summarized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EACDFDBFFA96FDE0" author="Koike, T." box="[1258,1396,588,612]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="21 - 77" refId="ref41579" refString="Koike, T., 1979 a. Biostratigraphy of Triassic conodonts. In: Igo, H. & Koike, T. (eds.), Biostratigraphy of Permian and Triassic Conodonts and Holothurian Sclerites in Japan. Memoir Volume Prof. Mosaburo Kanuma, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 21 - 77 [in Japanese]." type="book chapter" year="1979">Koike (1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a-b, 1981),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EDA3FD9EFBFEFD01" author="Ishida" box="[900,1052,621,645]" firstAuthor="Ishida" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="61 - 92" refId="ref40132" refString="Ishida, K., 1979. Studies of the South Zones of the Chichibu Belt in Shikoku, Part II. Stratigraphy and structure around Nagayasu-guchi Dam, Yokushima Prefecture. Journal Science, University of Tokushima, 12: 61 - 92 [in Japanese, with English Abstract]." type="journal article" year="1979">Ishida (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EA08FD9EFAD9FD01" author="Watanabe" box="[1071,1339,621,645]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Watanabe" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="127 - 137" refId="ref54028" refString="Watanabe, K., Kanmera, K. & Nakajima, K., 1979. Conodont Biostratigraphy in the Kamura Limestone (Triassic), Takachiho-cho, Nishiusuki-gun, Miyazaki Prefecture. In: Igo, H. & Koike, T. (eds.), Biostratigraphy of Permian and Triassic Conodonts and Holothurian Sclerites in Japan. Memoir Volume Prof. Mosaburo Kanuma, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 127 - 137 [in Japanese]." type="book chapter" year="1979">Watanabe et al. (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Tanaka (1980),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EDA0FD7CFB83FD22" author="Igo & Koike" box="[903,1121,654,679]" firstAuthor="Igo" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="65 - 77" refId="ref40057" refString="Igo, H. & Koike, T., 1983. Conodont biostratigraphy of cherts in the Japanese Islands. Developments in Sedimentology, 36: 65 - 77. International Commission on Stratigraphy, 2004. Consolidated annual report, compiled by Gradstein, F. M., and Ogg, J. G. http: // www. stratigraphy. org / gssp. htm (December 2005)." type="journal article" year="1983">Igo & Koike (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EABEFD7DFA74FD22" author="Nakazawa" box="[1177,1430,654,678]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakazawa" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="83 - 101" refId="ref48032" refString="Nakazawa, K., Ishibashi, T., Kimura, T., Koike, T., Shimizu, D. & Yao, A., 1994. Triassic biostratigraphy of Japan based on various taxa. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy (Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 83 - 101." type="journal article" year="1994">Nakazawa et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who stated that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EA24FD5CFB42FD43" authorityName="Bender & Stoppel" authorityYear="1965" box="[1027,1184,687,711]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA24FD5CFB42FD43" box="[1027,1184,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Neogondolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA96FD43FAD2FD43" box="[1201,1328,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EAEDFD5CFAD2FD43" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[1226,1328,687,711]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chiosella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EB66FD43FC74FD6C" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EB66FD43FCAEFD6D" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both in the Triassic pelagic carbonate and cherty successions, indicates the uppermost Spathian to the lowermost Anisian, which reflects the opinion current at that time on the first occurrence and stratigraphic range of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EA63FCA5FB50FCE9" box="[1092,1202,854,877]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA63FCA5FB50FCE9" box="[1092,1202,854,877]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the last decades, several authors reported on the occurrence and stratigraphic range of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EAC3FC6BFAB1FC2B" box="[1252,1363,920,943]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EAC3FC6BFAB1FC2B" box="[1252,1363,920,943]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Japan.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711ED40FC4BFB84FC54" author="Hirsch & Ishida" box="[871,1126,952,976]" firstAuthor="Hirsch" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="43 - 56" refId="ref39454" refString="Hirsch, F. & Ishida, K., (2002). The Izanami Plateau: Preaccretionary origin of Japan's low latitude Triassic pelagic carbonates. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 95: 43 - 56." type="journal article" year="2002">Hirsch & Ishida (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EAB8FC4BFA7BFC54" author="Maekawa" box="[1183,1433,952,976]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Maekawa" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref45708" refString="Maekawa, T., Komatsu, T. & Koike, T., 2018. Early Triassic Conodonts from the Tahogawa Member of the Taho Formation, Ehime Prefecture, Southwest Japan. Palaeontological Society of Japan, 22: 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.2517 / 2018 PR 001" type="journal article" year="2018">Maekawa et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, summarizing the conodont data from the Chichibu terrane pelagic carbonates, at
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA18FC08FABFFB97" bold="true" box="[1087,1373,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Kamura, Kyushu Island</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711ED17FBEFFBCAFBB0" bold="true" box="[816,1064,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Taho, Shikoku Island</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF97B711EA1CFBE8FB9DFBB7" box="[1083,1151,1051,1075]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/19), placed the conodont fauna with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711ED9AFBCFFB80FBD0" box="[957,1122,1084,1108]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711ED9AFBCFFC3EFBD0" box="[957,988,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EDD4FBCEFB80FBD0" box="[1011,1122,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the lowermost
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF97B711EB6CFBCFFA7EFBD0" box="[1355,1436,1084,1108]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Lower Anisian). To calibrate the Lower Triassic d
|
||
<superScript id="E79B9B96FF97B711EB5EFBAFFA68FBEE" attach="both" box="[1401,1418,1116,1130]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">13</superScript>
|
||
C isotope curve from shallow-marine pelagic carbonates in the classic Kamura section,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EA43FB53FAAFFB3C" author="Horacek" box="[1124,1357,1184,1208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Horacek" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="481 - 490" refId="ref39616" refString="Horacek, M., Koike, T. & Richoz, S., 2009. Lower Triassic δ 13 C isotope curve from shallow-marine carbonates in Japan, Panthalassa realm: Confirmation of the Tethys δ 13 C curve. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 36: 481 - 490. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jseaes. 2008.05.005" type="journal article" year="2009">Horacek et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711ED7CFB32FB98FB5D" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[859,1146,1217,1241]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711ED7CFB32FBDBFB5D" box="[859,1081,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the lower Anisian, following the current concept with this conodont species as a primary biotic proxy for the base of the Anisian. Subsequently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EDB3FAD7FB7FFAB8" author="Zhang, L. & Orchard, M. J. & Algeo, T. J. & Chen, Z. - Q. & Lyu, Z. & Zhao, L. & Kaiho, K. & Ma, B. & Liu, S." box="[916,1181,1316,1340]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang L" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref55663" refString="Zhang, L., Orchard, M. J., Algeo, T. J., Chen, Z. - Q., Lyu, Z., Zhao, L., Kaiho, K., Ma, B. & Liu, S., 2019 a. An intercalibrated Triassic conodont succession and carbonate carbon isotope profile, Kamura, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 519: 65 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Zhang L et al. (2019a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, referring to the same section from Kamura, to overcome the unrealibility of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711ED17FA95FBF0FAFA" box="[816,1042,1382,1406]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711ED17FA95FBF0FAFA" box="[816,1042,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a primary biotic proxy for the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF97B711ED17FA74FC8AFA1B" box="[816,872,1415,1439]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
due to the new data on the ammonoid-conodont succession in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF97B711EDECFA5AFBFFFA45" box="[971,1053,1449,1473]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
, which demonstrated that its
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF97B711EB40FA5AFA7EFA45" box="[1383,1436,1449,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
is in the late Spathian, asserted that the earliest Anisian age is coincident to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EA7DFA18FB22F987" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[1114,1216,1515,1539]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA7DFA18FB22F987" box="[1114,1216,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex gr.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EB02FA1FFA7FF986" box="[1317,1437,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EB02FA1FFA76F987" box="[1317,1428,1516,1539]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711ED17F9FFFBCDF9A1" authority="Zone. By" authorityName="Zone. By" box="[816,1071,1548,1573]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cratognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711ED17F9FFFC21F9A0" box="[816,963,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Cratognathus</emphasis>
|
||
Zone. By
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this, the authors assumed that the coexistance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EDF0F9DEFB4EF9C1" authority="Ch." authorityName="Ch." authorityYear="2022" box="[983,1196,1581,1605]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EDF0F9DEFB47F9C1" box="[983,1189,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Ch. timorensis, Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="39A957B7FF97B711EA91F9DDFB11F9C1" box="[1206,1267,1582,1605]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
B and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EB6FF9DEFC59F9E2" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cratognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-B">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EB6FF9DEFC95F9E2" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Cratognathus</emphasis>
|
||
sp. B
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Kamura suggests an earliest Anisian age by reference to the conodont succession in the Deşli Caira, Romania and Guandao, South China sections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF97B711ED17F941FB0BF790" blockId="16.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711ED17F941FC3EF94D" author="Ha" box="[816,988,1713,1737]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ha" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="12391" refId="ref39242" refString="Ha, T. T. N., Maekawa, T., Takayanagi, H. & Iryu, Y., 2021. Spathian to Aegean (upper Lower Triassic to lower Middle Triassic) carbon isotope stratigraphy constrained by the conodont biostratigraphy of carbonates on top of a mid-oceanic seamount formed in the Panthalassic Ocean. Island Arc, 30 (1): e 12391. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / iar. 12391" type="journal article" year="2021">Ha et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report on the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EB34F942FCAEF96E" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EB34F942FAD0F94D" box="[1299,1330,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EB66F941FCAEF96E" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Triassic carbonate succession from the Taho Formation in western Shikoku Island. By referring to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711ED17F8E6FBA1F8A9" author="Goudemand" box="[816,1091,1813,1837]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who revised the conodont succession of the Deșli Caira section (candidate section of
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF97B711ED17F8A4FC88F8EB" box="[816,874,1879,1903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
) and proposed that the FO of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EAEAF8A4FAD1F8EB" authority="GRADINARU, 2022" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[1229,1331,1879,1903]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EAEAF8A4FAD1F8EB" box="[1229,1331,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="39A957B7FF97B711EB18F8ABFA9CF8EB" box="[1343,1406,1880,1903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A indicates the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF97B711EDEEF88BFBE3F814" box="[969,1025,1912,1936]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
for conodont successions,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF97B711EB10F88AFC9AF835" author="Ha" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ha" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" pagination="12391" refId="ref39242" refString="Ha, T. T. N., Maekawa, T., Takayanagi, H. & Iryu, Y., 2021. Spathian to Aegean (upper Lower Triassic to lower Middle Triassic) carbon isotope stratigraphy constrained by the conodont biostratigraphy of carbonates on top of a mid-oceanic seamount formed in the Panthalassic Ocean. Island Arc, 30 (1): e 12391. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / iar. 12391" type="journal article" year="2021">Ha et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EDDDF86AFB82F835" authority="GRADINARU, 2022" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[1018,1120,1945,1969]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EDDDF86AFB82F835" box="[1018,1120,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="39A957B7FF97B711EA4DF869FB44F835" box="[1130,1190,1946,1969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A occurs in the study area slightly above the FO of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EA55F848FAE2F856" box="[1138,1280,1979,2002]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA55F848FAE2F856" box="[1138,1280,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">C. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and continues upwards, and asserted that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF97B711EA58F828FAB8F877" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[1151,1370,2011,2035]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF97B711EA58F828FAF9F877" box="[1151,1307,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably contains the ammonoid-based
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF97B711EA8DF80FFB00F790" box="[1194,1250,2044,2068]" pageId="16" pageNumber="19">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF96B710EEB0FF6DFF1EFDC7" blockId="17.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
For the chronostratigraphic calibration of the Panthalassic Triassic pelagic deep-sea chert stacked in the Jurassic accretionary complex of southwestern Japan, located mainly on
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EF2AFEF1FE51FE9E" bold="true" box="[269,435,258,282]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Honshu Island</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF96B710EFE4FEF2FDE1FE9D" box="[451,515,257,281]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/20),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EC19FEF1FD1DFE9D" author="Muto" box="[574,767,257,281]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="687 - 707" refId="ref47091" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S., Suzuki, N., Suzuki, N. & Aita, Y., 2018. High sediment input and possible oceanic anoxia in the pelagic Panthalassa during the latest Olenekian and early Anisian: Insights from a new deep-sea section in Ogama, Tochigi, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 490: 687 - 707. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2017. 11.060" type="journal article" year="2018">Muto et al. (2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EEB0FED1FF2DFEBE" author="Muto" box="[151,207,290,314]" firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="43 - 89" refId="ref47183" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S., Soda, K. & Onoue, T., 2019. Conodont-based age calibration of the Middle Triassic Anisian radiolarian biozones in pelagic deep-sea bedded chert. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 70 (1 / 2): 43 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.9795 / bullgsj. 70.43" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EEF9FED1FEF7FEBE" author="Muto" box="[222,277,290,314]" firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="103330" refId="ref47257" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S. & Onoue, T., 2020. Scarcity of chert in upper Lower Triassic Panthalassic deep-sea successions of Japan records elevated clastic inputs rather than depressed biogenic silica burial flux following the end-Permian extinction. Global and Planetary Change, 195: 103330. https: // doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. gloplacha. 2020.103330" type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EF7FFED0FE01FEBE" author="Muto" box="[344,483,290,314]" firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="103402" refId="ref47035" refString="Muto, S., 2021. Recurrent deposition of organic-rich sediments in Early Triassic pelagic Panthalassa and its relationship with global oceanic anoxia: New data from Kyoto, Southwest Japan. Global and Planetary Change, 197: 103402. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gloplacha. 2020.103402" type="journal article" year="2021">Muto (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assumed that the horizon corresponding to the traditional
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF96B710EFDEFEB0FDD6FEDF" box="[505,564,323,347]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
, due to lower biostratigraphic resolution, should essentially be the same as the first occurrence (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF96B710EFAEFE76FE4CFE19" box="[393,430,389,413]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">FO</collectionCode>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EFC1FE76FD6BFE19" box="[486,649,389,413]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EFC1FE76FD6BFE19" box="[486,649,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on comparison with conodont occurrences in Tethyan pericontinental sections, although they noted, however, that in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF96B710EE94FE1AFEE7FD85" box="[179,261,489,513]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
the ammonoid-conodont succession documents the first appearance of this conodont species in the late Spathian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF96B710EEB0FDBEFE39FC2B" blockId="17.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EE90FDBFFE86FDE0" bold="true" box="[183,356,588,612]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Northeast Asia</emphasis>
|
||
, the issue of the first occurrence and chronostratigraphic range of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EC8FFD9DFF51FD22" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EC8FFD9DFF51FD22" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EE9DFD7DFEB5FD22" authorityName="Bender" authorityYear="1970" box="[186,343,654,678]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EE9DFD7DFEB5FD22" box="[186,343,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group received particular attention from the Russian conodont researchers. Some of the formerly reported occurrences were updated or revised. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EF23FD01FD65FC8E" authority="(Nogami)" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[260,647,754,778]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EF23FD01FDF6FC8E" box="[260,532,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Nogami)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EE98FCE0FEB5FCAF" author="Dagys" box="[191,343,787,811]" firstAuthor="Dagys" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" refId="ref36410" refString="Dagys A. A., 1984. Early Triassic conodonts of northern Middle Siberia, Nauka, Moscow, 72 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1984">Dagys (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the upper Olenekian from eastern Taimyr is interpreted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EF80FCC7FD4EFCC8" author="Sobolev & Klets" box="[423,684,820,844]" firstAuthor="Sobolev" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="137 - 138" refId="ref51911" refString="Sobolev, E. S. & Klets, T. V., 2009. New data on conodonts and biostratigraphy of the Lower and Middle Triassic of Eastern Taimyr (north of Middle Siberia). Paleontology and improvement of the stratigraphic basis of geological mapping. Proceedings of the 55 th Session of the Paleontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences (April 6 - 10, 2009, St. Petersburg), pp. 137 - 138 [in Russian]." type="book chapter" year="2009">Sobolev & Klets (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710ECF3FCC7FE07FCE9" authority="(Bender)" baseAuthorityName="Bender" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710ECF3FCC7FE9EFCE9" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Chiosella gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
(Bender)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is part of the latest Olenekian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EF32FC85FE5EFC0A" authorityName="Mosher" authorityYear="1968" box="[277,444,886,910]" genus="Paragondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EF32FC85FE5EFC0A" box="[277,444,886,910]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Paragondolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EFCDFC85FD65FC0A" authorityName="Bender & Stoppel" authorityYear="1965" box="[490,647,886,910]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EFCDFC85FD65FC0A" box="[490,647,886,910]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Neogondolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EC87FC84FED3FC2B" genus="Paragondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paragondolellaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EC87FC84FED3FC2B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">paragondolellaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
conodont zone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF96B710EEB0FC4BFEA2FAFA" blockId="17.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The lower Anisian occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EC20FC4BFF51FC75" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EC20FC4BFF51FC75" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EF7AFC2AFE17FC75" author="Bragin" box="[349,501,985,1009]" firstAuthor="Bragin" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" refId="ref33570" refString="Bragin, N. J., 1991. Radiolaria and Lower Mesozoic units of the Eastern USSR. Nauka, Moscow, 125 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1991">Bragin (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the Ekonai terrane of the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EE98FC08FE8AFB97" bold="true" box="[191,360,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Koryak Upland</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF96B710EF5FFC09FE55FB96" box="[376,439,1018,1042]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/21), in association with radiolarian assemblages.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EF5FFBE8FD59FBB7" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[376,699,1051,1075]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EF5FFBE8FDEDFBB7" box="[376,527,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Neospathodus</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EC6BFBEFFD59FBB7" box="[588,699,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EF07FBCEFE6BFBD1" bold="true" box="[288,393,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Zyryanka</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EFBFFBCEFE0EFBD1" bold="true" box="[408,492,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Kolyma</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF96B710EFDBFBCFFDD9FBD0" box="[508,571,1084,1108]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/22) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710ECB4FBCFFEB5FBF1" author="Konstantinov" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Konstantinov" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="1691 - 1706" refId="ref41880" refString="Konstantinov, A. G., Sobolev, E. S., Kurushin, N. I., Klets, T. V. & Yadrenkin, A. V., 1997. Zonal Zonation of the Triassic deposits in the Omulevka Uplift (Kolyma basin). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 38 (10): 1691 - 1706." type="journal article" year="1997">Konstantinov et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EFB3FBAEFDC2FBF1" author="Klets" box="[404,544,1117,1141]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="113 - 121" refId="ref41314" refString="Klets, T. V., 1998. New Conodont Species from Lower Triassic of the Kolyma River Basin. News of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Supplement to Geologiya i Geofizika, 39 (1): 113 - 121 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1998">Klets (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, subsequently being assigned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EF39FB8CFDD6FB13" author="Klets & Kopylova" box="[286,564,1151,1175]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="222 - 227" refId="ref41487" refString="Klets, T. V. & Kopylova, A. V., 2008. The first finding of the genus Chiosella Kozur 1989 (Conodonts of upper Olenekian) in the northeast Russia. News of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Supplement to Geologiya i Geofizika, 49 (10 - 11): 222 - 227 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="2008">Klets & Kopylova (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EEB0FB53FD87FB3C" authority="Kopylova and Klets." authorityName="Kopylova and Klets." box="[151,613,1184,1208]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omulyovika">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EEB0FB53FE9DFB3C" box="[151,383,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Chiosella omulyovika</emphasis>
|
||
Kopylova and Klets.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
This occurs in a conodont assemblage together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EC1FFB32FEA4FB7F" authority="Dagys" authorityName="Dagys" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taimyrensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EC1FFB32FF17FB7E" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Neogondolella taimyrensis</emphasis>
|
||
Dagys
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EF73FB10FDEBFB7E" authority="Sweet" authorityName="Sweet" box="[340,521,1250,1274]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jubata">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EF73FB10FE58FB7E" box="[340,442,1250,1274]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">N. jubata</emphasis>
|
||
Sweet
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EC30FB11FE5BFA9F" authority="(Dagys)" baseAuthorityName="Dagys" genus="Paragondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paragondolellaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EC30FB11FEBBFA9F" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Paragondolella paragondolellaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Dagys)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EFD5FAF0FED4FAB8" authority="Klets and Kopylova" authorityName="Klets and Kopylova" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepidica">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EFD5FAF0FD26FA9F" box="[498,708,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Chiosella crepidica</emphasis>
|
||
Klets and Kopylova
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is assigned to the upper Olenekian according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EF01FAB6FDDEFAD9" author="Klets & Kopylova" box="[294,572,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="222 - 227" refId="ref41487" refString="Klets, T. V. & Kopylova, A. V., 2008. The first finding of the genus Chiosella Kozur 1989 (Conodonts of upper Olenekian) in the northeast Russia. News of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Supplement to Geologiya i Geofizika, 49 (10 - 11): 222 - 227 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="2008">Klets & Kopylova (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EC54FAB6FEDEFAFA" author="Konstantinov & Klets" firstAuthor="Konstantinov" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="173 - 191" refId="ref41830" refString="Konstantinov, A. G. & Klets, T. V., 2009. Stage Boundaries of the Triassic in Northeast Asia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 17 (2): 173 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0869593809020063" type="journal article" year="2009">Konstantinov & Klets (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF96B710EEB0FA74FE2CF96E" blockId="17.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EEB0FA74FEC4FA1B" author="Buryi" box="[151,294,1415,1439]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35119" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1989. Triassic conodonts and stratigraphy of Sikhote-Alin. Far Eastern Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok, 136 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1989">Buryi (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EF46FA74FE09FA1B" author="Klets" box="[353,491,1415,1439]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" refId="ref41284" refString="Klets, T. V., 1995. Triassic Biostratigraphy and Conodonts from the Central Sikhote-Alin. NGU, Novosibirsk, 111 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1995">Klets (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and figured
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710ECCCFA7BFEE4FA45" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710ECCCFA7BFEE4FA45" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">N. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EF6CFA5AFE34FA45" bold="true" box="[331,470,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Sikhote-Alin</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF96B710EFCFFA5AFDC9FA45" box="[488,555,1449,1473]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/23) and stated that its stratigraphic range corresponds to the latest Olenekian-lowest Anisian boundary interval.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710ECE0FA18FF3CF9A0" author="Buryi" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="45 - 60" refId="ref35156" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1997. Triassic Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Sikhote-Alin. In: Baud, A., Popova, I., Dickins, J. M., Lucas, S. & Zakharov, Y. (eds.), Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific Events: Biostratigraphy, Tectonic and Ore Deposits of Primoryie (Far East Russia). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 30: 45 - 60." type="journal article" year="1997">Buryi (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EEB0F9DDFEE4F9C1" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[151,262,1582,1605]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EEB0F9DDFEE4F9C1" box="[151,262,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in cherts along the Rudnaya River, Dalnegorsk region, Sikhote-Alin, which are exotic enclosures in the Early Cretaceous turbidites of the Taukha allochthonous terrane. In the opinion of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EF89F963FDD1F92C" author="Buryi" box="[430,563,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="45 - 60" refId="ref35156" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1997. Triassic Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Sikhote-Alin. In: Baud, A., Popova, I., Dickins, J. M., Lucas, S. & Zakharov, Y. (eds.), Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific Events: Biostratigraphy, Tectonic and Ore Deposits of Primoryie (Far East Russia). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 30: 45 - 60." type="journal article" year="1997">Buryi (1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 49),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710ECB1F963FE63F94D" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710ECB1F963FEA3F94D" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
defines the interval of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF96B710ECA7F942FD36F94D" box="[640,724,1713,1737]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Bithynian and lower Pelsonian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF96B710EEB0F907FD6AF877" blockId="17.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EEB0F907FEBAF888" author="Burij" box="[151,344,1780,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Burij" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="150 - 155" refId="ref35034" refString="Burij, I. V., Zharnikova, N. K. & Buryi, G. I., 1976. On the question of the subdivision of the Lower Triassic deposits of South Primorye. Geologiya i Geofizika, 7: 150 - 155 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1976">Burij et al. (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated early that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EC37F906FD7DF888" box="[528,671,1781,1804]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EC37F906FD7DF888" box="[528,671,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">N. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent in
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EE91F8E6FE85F8A9" bold="true" box="[182,359,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">South Primorye</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF96B710EF5FF8E6FE58F8A9" box="[376,442,1813,1837]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/24) due to the erosion of the uppermost layers of the Lower Triassic in pre-Anisian time. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EF05F8A4FE52F8EB" author="Buryi" box="[290,432,1879,1903]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35086" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1979. Lower Triassic Conodonts of South Primorye. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 144 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1979">Buryi (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710ECCCF8ABFEE4F814" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710ECCCF8ABFEE4F814" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">N. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South Primorye in allochthonous late Olenekian limestone blocks, which are embedded in Ladinian terrigenous deposits occurring in the basin of the Chernaya River (Sobolev, pers. commun.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF96B710ED17FF6DFA94FF7C" blockId="17.[816,1437,158,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710ED17FF6DFC53FF32" author="Klets" box="[816,945,158,182]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="40 - 56" refId="ref41360" refString="Klets, T. V., 2005. Palaeobiogeographic zoning of Triassic Seas on Northeastern Asia based on Conodontophoridae. Albertiana, 32: 40 - 56." type="journal article" year="2005">Klets (2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710ED99FF6DFC14FF32" author="Klets" box="[958,1014,158,182]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="174 - 184" refId="ref41389" refString="Klets, T. V., 2006. Diversity and Stages in Evolution of Conodontophorids and Bivalve Mollusks in Triassic Seas of Siberia and the Far East. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 14 (2): 174 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0869593806020055" type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2008) synthesized all information and the current views on the Triassic conodont occurrences and conodont-based geochronology in Northeast Asia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF96B710ED17FEF2FC9DFD43" blockId="17.[816,1437,158,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710ED17FEF2FB90FE9D" author="Konstantinov & Klets" box="[816,1138,257,281]" firstAuthor="Konstantinov" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="173 - 191" refId="ref41830" refString="Konstantinov, A. G. & Klets, T. V., 2009. Stage Boundaries of the Triassic in Northeast Asia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 17 (2): 173 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0869593809020063" type="journal article" year="2009">Konstantinov & Klets (2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 179), when discussing the Anisian Stage in Northeast Asia, stated that conodonts, in particular the FO of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EA93FEB0FC79FEF8" authority="(Nogami)" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EA93FEB0FA7EFEDF" box="[1204,1436,323,347]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Nogami)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, appear to be inappropriate biomarkers. Firstly, because the content of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EA69FE76FAC8FE19" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1102,1322,389,413]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EA69FE76FAC8FE19" box="[1102,1322,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and its stratigraphic distribution are ambiguously understood, and secondly, because undoubtfully-defined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EB11FE3BFC7DFD85" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EB11FE3BFC7DFD85" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been found as yet in the Triassic sections of Northeast Asia. The statement of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EAD6FDF9FC5FFDC7" author="Konstantinov & Klets" firstAuthor="Konstantinov" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="173 - 191" refId="ref41830" refString="Konstantinov, A. G. & Klets, T. V., 2009. Stage Boundaries of the Triassic in Northeast Asia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 17 (2): 173 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0869593809020063" type="journal article" year="2009">Konstantinov & Klets (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is fully justified in view of the problems relating to the definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EAB4FDBEFAE0FDE0" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1171,1282,589,612]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EAB4FDBEFAE0FDE0" box="[1171,1282,589,612]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EB4BFDBEFC47FD01" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EB4BFDBEFC47FD01" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as proved by the synonymies, descriptions and illustrations done by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EA76FD7DFB3BFD22" author="Buryi" box="[1105,1241,654,678]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35086" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1979. Lower Triassic Conodonts of South Primorye. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 144 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1979">Buryi (1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EACEFD7DFAC2FD22" author="Buryi" box="[1257,1312,654,678]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35119" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1989. Triassic conodonts and stratigraphy of Sikhote-Alin. Far Eastern Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok, 136 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EB43FD7DFC99FD43" author="Klets" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" refId="ref41284" refString="Klets, T. V., 1995. Triassic Biostratigraphy and Conodonts from the Central Sikhote-Alin. NGU, Novosibirsk, 111 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1995">Klets (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF96B710ED17FD22FC94F987" blockId="17.[816,1437,158,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710ED76FD22FC78FD6D" bold="true" box="[849,922,721,745]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Timor</emphasis>
|
||
, the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EABEFD21FAEAFD6D" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1177,1288,722,745]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EABEFD21FAEAFD6D" box="[1177,1288,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710ED8CFD01FBB3FC8E" author="Nogami" box="[939,1105,754,778]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EAB0FD01FAFAFC8E" bold="true" box="[1175,1304,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Mount Lilu</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF96B710EB0EFD01FA88FC8E" box="[1321,1386,754,778]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/25), in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF96B710ED68FCE0FC37FCAF" box="[847,981,787,811]" name="Timor-Leste" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Timor-Leste</collectingCountry>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EA2AFCE0FB14FCAF" author="Charlton" box="[1037,1270,787,811]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Charlton" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="341 - 363" refId="ref35431" refString="Charlton, T. R., Barber, A. J., McGowan, A. J., Nicoll, R. S., Roniewicz, E., Cook, S. E., Barkham, S. T. & Bird, P. R., 2009. The Triassic of Timor: Lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and palaeogeography. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 36 (4 - 5): 341 - 363. https: // org. doi / 10.1016 / j. jseaes. 2009.06.004" type="journal article" year="2009">Charlton et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In a previous section of the present paper the subsequent consequences resulting from the uncertain dating of its occurrence and stratigraphic range were underlined.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EAC5FC85FA7FFC0A" author="Orchard" box="[1250,1437,886,910]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard (1994a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EB11FC64FC7DFC54" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EB11FC64FC7DFC54" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, together with fewer
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EAB6FC4BFA7FFC54" box="[1169,1437,952,976]" genus="Gladigondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tethydis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EAB6FC4BFA7FFC54" box="[1169,1437,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Gladigondolella tethydis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a single specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EA7DFC2AFB15FC75" authorityName="Bender & Stoppel" authorityYear="1965" box="[1114,1271,985,1009]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EA7DFC2AFB15FC75" box="[1114,1271,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Neogondolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex gr.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EB75FC2AFA74FC75" box="[1362,1430,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">regale</emphasis>
|
||
, from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710ED48FC08FC34FB97" bold="true" box="[879,982,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Nifukoko</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF96B710EDCFFC09FBCBFB96" box="[1000,1065,1018,1042]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/26), in West Timor (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EB18FC09FC56FBB7" author="Charlton" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Charlton" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="341 - 363" refId="ref35431" refString="Charlton, T. R., Barber, A. J., McGowan, A. J., Nicoll, R. S., Roniewicz, E., Cook, S. E., Barkham, S. T. & Bird, P. R., 2009. The Triassic of Timor: Lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and palaeogeography. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 36 (4 - 5): 341 - 363. https: // org. doi / 10.1016 / j. jseaes. 2009.06.004" type="journal article" year="2009">Charlton et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), from an allochthonous Hallstatt limestone block, and dated it as Early Anisian based on his current concept on the FO of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EA0AFBAEFB2EFBF1" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1069,1228,1117,1141]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EA0AFBAEFBAEFBF1" box="[1069,1100,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EA7AFBADFB2EFBF1" box="[1117,1228,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The assertions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710ED17FB8CFC3EFB13" author="Orchard" box="[816,988,1151,1175]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard (1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 110) with regard to the age of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EDA2FB52FC16FB3C" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[901,1012,1185,1208]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EDA2FB52FC16FB3C" box="[901,1012,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the West Timor block are opposed to the assertions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EA2CFB31FB46FB5D" author="Tozer" box="[1035,1188,1217,1241]" firstAuthor="Tozer" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="155 - 170" refId="ref53575" refString="Tozer, E. T., 1994 c. Significance of Triassic stage boundaries defined in North America. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy (Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 155 - 170" type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="c">Tozer (1994c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who assumed the late Spathian to earliest Anisian dating of the ammonoids in the condensed Hallstatt-type limestone in the studied block. However, the dating of ammonoids, also of the associated conodont fauna, in the West Timor block, is not yet clearly defined, as the assertions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EB24FA94FA7EFAFA" author="Tozer" box="[1283,1436,1382,1406]" firstAuthor="Tozer" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="155 - 170" refId="ref53575" refString="Tozer, E. T., 1994 c. Significance of Triassic stage boundaries defined in North America. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy (Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 155 - 170" type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="c">Tozer (1994c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
about the ammonoids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EA10FA74FB2DFA1B" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1900" box="[1079,1231,1415,1439]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Sibiritidae" genus="Keyserlingites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EA10FA74FB2DFA1B" box="[1079,1231,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Keyserlingites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EB15FA7BFA7FFA1B" authorityName="Diener" authorityYear="1905" box="[1330,1437,1416,1439]" genus="Durgaites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EB15FA7BFA7FFA1B" box="[1330,1437,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Durgaites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and their stratigraphic ages are not fully justified by the actual data (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EDC9FA39FB10FA66" author="Balini & Krystyn" box="[1006,1266,1482,1506]" firstAuthor="Balini" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref32888" refString="Balini, M. & Krystyn, L., 1997. Middle Triassic ammonoids form Spiti Himalayas - a chance for major improvements in Tethyan Anisian subdivisions? Albertiana, 19: 37 - 40." type="journal article" year="1997">Balini & Krystyn, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EB27FA39FC88F987" author="Krystyn" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krystyn" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="40 - 53" refId="ref42841" refString="Krystyn, L., Balini, M. & Nicora, A., 2004. Lower and Middle Triassic stage and substage boundaries in Spiti. Albertiana, 30: 40 - 53." type="journal article" year="2004">Krystyn et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF96B710ED17F9FEFC88F877" blockId="17.[816,1437,158,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
From
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710ED56F9FFFBA0F9A0" bold="true" box="[881,1090,1548,1572]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF96B710ED56F9FFFBA0F9A0" box="[881,1090,1548,1572]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, the occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EDB7F9DDFC1DF9C1" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[912,1023,1582,1605]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EDB7F9DDFC1DF9C1" box="[912,1023,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was early reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EB17F9DEFC93F9E2" author="McTavish" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">McTavish (1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EDA7F9BDFC5AF9E2" author="McTavish" box="[896,952,1614,1638]" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="481 - 490" refId="ref46256" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1975. Triassic Conodonts and Gondwana Stratigraphy. In: Campbell, K. S. W. (ed.), Gondwana Geology, Papers presented at the Third Gondwana Symposium, Canberra, Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp. 481 - 490." type="book chapter" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), who adopted Sweet’s taxonomic concept, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710ED4DF99CFBE5F903" box="[874,1031,1647,1671]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710ED4DF99CFBE5F903" box="[874,1031,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EAD1F983FA87F903" baseAuthorityName="Nogami" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[1270,1381,1648,1671]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EAD1F983FA87F903" box="[1270,1381,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and placed the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710ED91F963FAF0F92C" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[950,1298,1680,1704]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710ED91F963FB2EF92C" box="[950,1228,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the late Spathian. Subsequently, the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EAF5F942FC6EF96E" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EAF5F942FCAEF96E" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was treated as early Anisian by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EAD6F921FC98F888" author="Nicoll & Foster" firstAuthor="Nicoll" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="129 - 139" refId="ref48281" refString="Nicoll, R. S. & Foster, C. B., 1998. Revised Conodont- Palynomorph Biostratigraphic Zonation and the Stratigraphy of the Triassic of the Western and Northwestern Margins of Australia and Timor. In: Purcell, P. G. & Purcell, R. R. (eds.), Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia, 2: Proceedings of Petroleum Exploration Society Australia Symposium, Perth, 1998, pp. 129 - 139." type="journal article" year="1998">Nicoll & Foster (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EDACF907FBC0F888" author="Nicoll" box="[907,1058,1780,1804]" firstAuthor="Nicoll" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="167 - 177" refId="ref48200" refString="Nicoll, R. S., 2002. Conodont biostratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Triassic on the western, northwestern and northern margins of the Australian Plate. In: Keep, M. & Moss, S. J. (eds.), The Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia, 3: Proceedings of the Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Symposium, Perth, W. A., 2002, pp. 167 - 177." type="journal article" year="2002">Nicoll (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EA44F907FAA6F888" author="Nicoll" box="[1123,1348,1780,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nicoll" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="316 - 317" refId="ref48365" refString="Nicoll, R. S., Orchard, M. J. & Campbell, H., 2007. Conodont biostratigraphy and paleogeography of the Triassic of the Australian Plate and the accreted terranes of New Zealand. In: Lucas, S. G. & Spielmann, J. A. (eds.), The Global Triassic. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 41: 316 - 317." type="journal article" year="2007">Nicoll et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Subsequently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EDB3F8E6FB8EF8A9" author="Gorter" box="[916,1132,1813,1837]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gorter" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" refId="ref38187" refString="Gorter, J. D., Nicoll, R. S. & Caudullo, A., 2008. Revised stratigraphy of the Triassic (Induan to Carnian) in the northern Perth, Carnavaron and offshore Canning basins. AESC Poster." type="book" year="2008">Gorter et al. (2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF96B710EA5BF8E6FB51F8A9" author="Gorter" box="[1148,1203,1813,1837]" firstAuthor="Gorter" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref38232" refString="Gorter, J. D., Orchard, M. J., Nicoll, R. S. & Ferdinando, D., 2019. Significance of Early Triassic conodont zones from Western Australia, ASEG Extended Abstracts, 1: 1 - 4. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 22020586.2019.12073117" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reported the occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EAA5F8C4FB13F8CA" box="[1154,1265,1847,1870]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF96B710EAA5F8C4FB13F8CA" box="[1154,1265,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the offshore Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF96B710EAE8F8A4FAF2F8EB" box="[1231,1296,1879,1903]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/27), and asserted it is a good approximation of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF96B710EAD1F88BFACCF814" box="[1270,1326,1912,1936]" pageId="17" pageNumber="20">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
, although the authors noted, however, this conodont species occurs first with upper Spathian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF96B710EA6FF849FB2BF856" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[1096,1225,1978,2002]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">Haugi Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
ammonoids in Nevada.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF95B713EEB0FF6DFE5FFCE9" blockId="18.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
From the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EF23FF6DFDE2FF32" bold="true" box="[260,512,158,182]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF95B713EF41FF6DFDE2FF32" box="[358,512,158,182]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, significant data on the discussed issue in the present section originated, and it must be noted from the very beginning these generated major controversies regarding the first occurrence and chronostratigraphic range of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EC8FFED0FF51FEDF" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC8FFED0FF51FEDF" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EE9DFEB0FEB5FEDF" box="[186,343,323,347]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EE9DFEB0FEB5FEDF" box="[186,343,323,347]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EFEFFEB0FF3CFEF8" author="Collinson & Hasenmueller" firstAuthor="Collinson" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="175 - 187" refId="ref36337" refString="Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. A., 1978. Early Triassic paleogeography and biostratigraphy of the Cordileran Miogeosyncline. In: Howell, D. G. & McDougall, K. A. (eds.), Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States Symposium, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium, 2: 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1978">Collinson & Hasenmueller (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EF61FE97FDD3FEF8" baseAuthorityName="Bender" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[326,561,356,380]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="homeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EF61FE97FDD3FEF8" box="[326,561,356,380]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Neospathodus homeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EC41FE97FEE4FE19" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC41FE97FEE4FE19" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Neogondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Haugi ammonoid zone in the lower Prida Formation of the Humboldt Range in
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC55FE54FCE1FE3B" bold="true" box="[626,771,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">northwestern</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EEB0FE3BFF08FE64" bold="true" box="[151,234,456,480]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713EEB0FE3BFF08FE64" box="[151,234,456,480]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF95B713EF23FE3BFEADFE64" box="[260,335,456,480]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/28), which is documented as latest Spathian by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EF04FE1AFDBDFD85" author="Silberling & Wallace" box="[291,607,489,513]" firstAuthor="Silberling" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref51612" refString="Silberling, N. J. & Wallace, R. E., 1969. Stratigraphy of the Star Peak Group (Triassic) and overlying lower Mesozoic rocks, Humboldt Range, Nevada. U. S. Geological Survey Profesional Paper, 592: 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1969">Silberling & Wallace (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Subsequently, the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EF7CFDF8FE28FDA6" box="[347,458,523,546]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EF7CFDF8FE28FDA6" box="[347,458,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF95B713EC54FDF9FCE0FDA6" box="[627,770,522,546]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EF70FDD8FDCBFDC7" author="Clark" box="[343,553,555,579]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="179 - 185" refId="ref36257" refString="Clark, D. L., Paull, K. R., Solien, M. A. & Morgan, W. A., 1979. Triassic conodont biostratigraphy in the Great Basin. In: Sandberg, C. A. & Clark, D. L. (eds.), Conodont biostratigraphy of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 36: 179 - 185." type="journal article" year="1979">Clark et al. (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EC1CFDD8FF03FDE0" author="Wardlaw & Jones" firstAuthor="Wardlaw" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="895 - 908" refId="ref53982" refString="Wardlaw, B. R. & Jones, D. S., 1980. Triassic conodonts from eugeoclinal rocks of western North America and their tectonic significance. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia, 85 (3 - 4): 895 - 908." type="journal article" year="1980">Wardlaw & Jones (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EED4FDBFFE6BFDE0" author="Carey" box="[243,393,588,612]" firstAuthor="Carey" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="295 - 305" refId="ref35326" refString="Carey, S. P., 1984. Conodont biofacies of the Triassic of northwestern Nevada. In: Clark, D. L., (ed.), Conodont biofacies and provincialism. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 196: 295 - 305. https: // org. doi / 10.1130 / SPE 196 - p 295" type="journal article" year="1984">Carey (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EFEBFDBFFDB9FDE0" author="Paull" box="[460,603,588,612]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EC4AFDBFFCE0FDE0" author="Carey" box="[621,770,588,612]" firstAuthor="Carey" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="295 - 305" refId="ref35326" refString="Carey, S. P., 1984. Conodont biofacies of the Triassic of northwestern Nevada. In: Clark, D. L., (ed.), Conodont biofacies and provincialism. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 196: 295 - 305. https: // org. doi / 10.1130 / SPE 196 - p 295" type="journal article" year="1984">Carey (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classed the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EF93FD9EFDB3FD01" box="[436,593,621,645]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EF93FD9EFE31FD01" box="[436,467,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EFC5FD9DFDB3FD01" box="[482,593,622,645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713EEB0FD7DFF0BFD22" box="[151,233,654,678]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
as latest Spathian to earliest Anisian. Instead,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EEB0FD5CFEFAFD43" author="Paull" box="[151,280,687,711]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and reference therein), by following the conodont zonal scheme of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EF84FD22FD29FD6D" author="Sweet & Bergstrom" box="[419,715,721,745]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="85 - 112" refId="ref52661" refString="Sweet, W. C. & Bergstrom, S. M., 1986. Conodonts and biostratigraphic correlation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14: 85 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Sweet & Bergström (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, noted that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EF3EFD01FE32FC8D" authority="zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[281,464,754,778]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the uppermost zone of the Lower Triassic, is commonly reported from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713EC8DFCE0FD1CFCAF" box="[682,766,787,811]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EECFFCC7FE9DFCC8" authorityName="Mosher" authorityYear="1968" box="[232,383,820,844]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EECFFCC7FE9DFCC8" box="[232,383,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Neospathodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EF9AFCC7FDB8FCC8" authorityName="Bender & Stoppel" authorityYear="1965" box="[445,602,820,844]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EF9AFCC7FDB8FCC8" box="[445,602,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Neogondolella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EC55FCC6FD03FCC8" box="[626,737,821,844]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC55FCC6FD03FCC8" box="[626,737,821,844]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is often present in abundance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF95B713EEB0FC85FF19FAB8" blockId="18.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="A0863C83FF95B713EEB0FC85FCE1FC54" location="Great Valley" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EEB0FC85FE44FC0A" author="Wardlaw & Jones" box="[151,422,886,910]" firstAuthor="Wardlaw" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="895 - 908" refId="ref53982" refString="Wardlaw, B. R. & Jones, D. S., 1980. Triassic conodonts from eugeoclinal rocks of western North America and their tectonic significance. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia, 85 (3 - 4): 895 - 908." type="journal article" year="1980">Wardlaw & Jones (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713ECE8FC84FE9FFC2B" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713ECE8FC84FE9FFC2B" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, presumably straddling the Spathian-Anisian boundary, from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EFC5FC4BFCE1FC54" box="[482,771,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EFC5FC4BFD95FC54" bold="true" box="[482,631,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<location id="15316005FF95B713EFC5FC4BFD95FC54" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:984787C8FF8DB719ED17F9DEFA77F814:15316005FF95B713EFC5FC4BFD95FC54" box="[482,631,952,976]" name="Great Valley" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" stateProvince="California">Great Valley</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713ECB6FC4BFCE1FC54" bold="true" box="[657,771,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713ECB6FC4BFCE1FC54" box="[657,771,952,976]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EEB0FC29FED3FC76" bold="true" box="[151,305,986,1010]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713EEB0FC29FF37FC76" box="[151,213,986,1010]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Coast</collectingRegion>
|
||
Ranges
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF95B713EF63FC2AFE64FC75" box="[324,390,985,1009]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/29). From east-central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713ECB6FC2AFD1DFC75" box="[657,767,985,1009]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EEB0FC09FEBCFB96" author="Stone" box="[151,350,1018,1042]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Stone" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref52329" refString="Stone, P., Stevens, C. H. & Orchard, M. J., 1991. Stratigraphy of the Lower and Middle (?) Triassic Union Wash Formation, East-Central California. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1928: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1991">Stone et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EFE2FC09FDB3FB96" box="[453,593,1018,1042]" genus="Chiosella" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EFE2FC09FDC9FB96" box="[453,555,1018,1042]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EC5CFC09FF51FBB7" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC5CFC09FF51FBB7" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found at a presumably stratigraphic level above the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EEB0FBCFFEC3FBD0" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[151,289,1084,1108]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">Haugi Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EEB0FBADFEE4FBF1" box="[151,262,1118,1141]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EEB0FBADFEE4FBF1" box="[151,262,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also reported from
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EFDFFBADFCE0FBF2" box="[504,770,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EFDFFBADFD61FBF2" bold="true" box="[504,643,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Sheep Creek</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EEB0FB8CFEE6FB13" bold="true" box="[151,260,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713ECB5FBADFCE0FBF2" bold="true" box="[658,770,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">southeastern</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713EEE4FB8CFEE6FB13" box="[195,260,1151,1175]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF95B713EF34FB8CFEB3FB13" box="[275,337,1151,1175]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/30) by Carr (1981, unpubl. PhD thesis), as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EF3AFB53FE45FB3C" author="Paull" box="[285,423,1184,1208]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Clark & Carr (1984, fig. 9) interpreted the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EFEBFB32FD01FB5D" box="[460,739,1217,1241]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EFEBFB32FD01FB5D" box="[460,739,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Neogondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as diagnostic of the latest Early or earliest Middle Triassic, as a distinct zone in their
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713EF96FAF0FE0CFA9F" box="[433,494,1283,1307]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
Lower Triassic conodont zonation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF95B713EEB0FAB6FE30F835" blockId="18.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EEB0FAB6FE51FAD9" author="Orchard & Bucher" box="[151,435,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="133 - 140" refId="ref49672" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Bucher, H., 1992. Conodont-ammonoid intercalibration around the Lower-Triassic boundary: Nevada clocks help tell British Columbian time. Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92 - IE: 133 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Orchard & Bucher (1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 136) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EC68FAB6FD1CFAD9" author="Orchard" box="[591,766,1349,1373]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard (1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p.108) revised Collinson’s material, and based on new conodont faunas from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EFE5FA74FDA7FA1B" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[450,581,1415,1439]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">Haugi Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Yatesi beds) in the same area, concluded that the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EEB0FA38FEE4FA66" box="[151,262,1483,1506]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EEB0FA38FEE4FA66" box="[151,262,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unconfirmed in the respective conodont fauna that is dominated by
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EFEEFA1FFE38F987" box="[457,474,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">N</emphasis>
|
||
. ex gr.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EC12FA18FD63F987" baseAuthorityName="Bender" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[565,641,1515,1539]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="homeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC12FA18FD63F987" box="[565,641,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">homeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with some elements approaching
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EFADF9FFFD1DF9A0" authority="(Bender)" baseAuthorityName="Bender" box="[394,767,1548,1572]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EFADF9FFFD74F9A0" box="[394,662,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Chiosella gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
(Bender)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Instead,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EED1F9DEFDF2F9C1" author="Orchard & Bucher" box="[246,528,1581,1605]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="133 - 140" refId="ref49672" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Bucher, H., 1992. Conodont-ammonoid intercalibration around the Lower-Triassic boundary: Nevada clocks help tell British Columbian time. Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92 - IE: 133 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Orchard & Bucher (1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 136) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EC8BF9DEFF01F9E2" author="Orchard" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard (1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 108) documented that only the basal Anisian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EEB0F983FEADF903" authorityName="Bucher" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,335,1647,1671]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gymnitidae" genus="Japonites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="welteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EEB0F983FEADF903" box="[151,335,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Japonites welteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
beds of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EF89F99CFDA9F903" author="Bucher" box="[430,587,1647,1671]" firstAuthor="Bucher" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="945 - 1002" refId="ref34205" refString="Bucher, H., 1989. Lower Anisian ammonoids from the Northern Humboldt Range (Northwestern Nevada, USA) and their bearing upon the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82 (3): 945 - 1002." type="journal article" year="1989">Bucher (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EC8EF99CFEC6F92C" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC8EF99CFEC6F92C" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on the above data,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EC75F963FD1CF92C" author="Orchard" box="[594,766,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard (1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pp. 108 and 111) concluded that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC06F941FF37F8CA" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EC06F941FD55F94E" box="[545,695,1714,1738]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC06F941FD55F94E" bold="true" box="[545,695,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">C. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a worldwide occurrence and appears to be a suitable index for the base of the Middle Triassic, as has been suggested by several authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EC6BF8E6FF2CF8CA" author="Assereto" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al., 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”, and stated that “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EF8DF8C5FE5DF835" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
On the basis of Nevadan and Canadian data the appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EC06F8A4FCE1F8EB" box="[545,771,1879,1903]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC06F8A4FCE1F8EB" bold="true" box="[545,771,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
provides a suitable datum for defining the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF95B713EEB0F849FB94FEBE" blockId="18.[151,772,158,2068]" lastBlockId="18.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EEB0F849FE9BF856" author="Paull & Paull" box="[151,377,1978,2002]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="103 - 113" refId="ref50386" refString="Paull, R. K. & Paull, R. A., 1998. Age and Regional Significance of Marine Triassic Rocks at O'Neil Pass, Northeastern Nevada. The Mountain Geologist, 35 (3): 103 - 113." type="journal article" year="1998">Paull & Paull (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EC80F848FEB9F877" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EC80F848FEB9F877" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Neogondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unaccompanied by neospathodid species from O’Neil Pass in northeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713EC1BF80FFD72F790" box="[572,656,2044,2068]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and these authors agreed with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EA0BFF6DFB3EFF32" author="Orchard" box="[1068,1244,158,182]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="110 - 122" refId="ref49496" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1995. Taxonomy and correlation of Lower Triassic (Spathian) segminate conodonts from Oman and revision of some species of Neospathodus. Journal of Paleontology, 69 (1): 110 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000026962" type="journal article" year="1995">Orchard (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EB12FF6DFA7EFF32" box="[1333,1436,158,182]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EB12FF6DFA7EFF32" bold="true" box="[1333,1436,158,182]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713ED17FF4CFB80FEBF" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713ED17FF4CFC40FF53" bold="true" box="[816,930,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Nogami), although it closely predates known Anisian ammonoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EA50FF13FABAFF7C" author="Gaetani" box="[1143,1368,224,248]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), represents the best conodont datum for definition of the base of the Middle Triassic
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF95B713ED17FEB7FAC5FD43" blockId="18.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
In a previous section in the present paper, there were already underlined the shortcomings in the statements of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713ED17FE76FBF5FE19" author="Assereto" box="[816,1047,389,413]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with regard to the dating of the first occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EDF3FE54FB97FE3B" box="[980,1141,423,447]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EDF3FE54FB97FE3B" box="[980,1141,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and its relevance for the base of the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary. In the same section, it was emphasized that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EAB0FE1AFA9BFD85" author="Gaetani" box="[1175,1401,489,513]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al. (1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 197) in opposition stated that the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EB02FDF9FC7DFDC7" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EB02FDF9FC7DFDC7" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EDE2FDD8FB43FDC7" box="[965,1185,555,579]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EDE2FDD8FB43FDC7" box="[965,1185,555,579]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which appears before the appearance of the first Anisian ammonoid fauna in the Chios section, cannot be used to define the base of the stage exactly, because its appearance approximates the beginning of the Anisian only in a broad sense.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF95B713ED17FD22FB80F8EB" blockId="18.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Finally, the issue of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF95B713EA18FD22FB96FD6D" box="[1087,1140,721,745]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EAB8FD22FA9CFD6D" box="[1183,1406,721,745]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EAB8FD22FA9CFD6D" box="[1183,1406,721,745]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713ED17FD01FC60FC8E" box="[816,898,754,778]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
has been definitely resolved by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EAF9FD01FC95FCAF" author="Goudemand" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who documented that this conodont species occurs in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713ED89FCC7FBCDFCC8" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[942,1071,820,844]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">Haugi Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the northern Humboldt Range (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713ED1FFCA6FC6CFCE9" box="[824,910,853,877]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF95B713EDB8FCA6FC3AFCE9" box="[927,984,853,877]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
), which has been classically placed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713ED17FC85FBB1FC0A" author="Silberling & Tozer" box="[816,1107,886,910]" firstAuthor="Silberling" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" refId="ref51571" refString="Silberling, N. J. & Tozer, E. T., 1968. Biostratigraphic" type="book" year="1968">Silberling & Tozer (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EA46FC85FA7AFC0A" author="Silberling & Nichols" box="[1121,1432,886,910]" firstAuthor="Silberling" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref51663" refString="Silberling, N. J. & Nichols, K. M., 1982. Middle Triassic molluscan fossils of biostratigraphic significance from the Humboldt Range, north-western Nevada. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1207: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">Silberling & Nichols (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713ED17FC64FC2EFC2B" author="Bucher" box="[816,972,919,943]" firstAuthor="Bucher" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="945 - 1002" refId="ref34205" refString="Bucher, H., 1989. Lower Anisian ammonoids from the Northern Humboldt Range (Northwestern Nevada, USA) and their bearing upon the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82 (3): 945 - 1002." type="journal article" year="1989">Bucher (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EA26FC64FB27FC2B" author="Guex" box="[1025,1221,919,943]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Guex" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" refId="ref38986" refString="Guex, J., Hungerbuhler, A., Jenks, J. F., O'Dogherty, L., Atudorei, V., Taylor, D. G., Bucher, H. & Bartolini, A., 2010. Spathian (Lower Triassic) ammonoids from western USA (Idaho, California, Utah and Nevada). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 49: 82 pp." type="book" year="2010">Guex et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the late Spathian Substage, i.e., the last substage of the Spathian/late Olenekian/Early Triassic in the North American Triassic chronostratigraphy. So, for the first time the inadequacy of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF95B713ED59FBE8FC51FBB7" box="[894,947,1051,1075]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EDC7FBE8FB22FBB7" box="[992,1216,1051,1075]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EDC7FBE8FB22FBB7" box="[992,1216,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a marker of the Olenekian-Anisian boundary is fairly documented by the ammonoid chronostratigraphy. The data provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713ED17FB8CFBA5FB13" author="Goudemand" box="[816,1095,1151,1175]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have been later supplemented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713ED7EFB53FB96FB3C" author="Ovtcharova" box="[857,1140,1184,1208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ovtcharova" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="65 - 76" refId="ref50098" refString="Ovtcharova, M., Goudemand, N., Hammer, O., Guodun, K., Cordey, F., Galfetti, T., Schaltegger, U. & Bucher, H., 2015. Developing a strategy for accurate definition of a geological boundary through radio-istopic and biochronological dating: The Early-Middle Triassic boundary (South China). Earth-Science Reviews, 146: 65 - 76." type="journal article" year="2015">Ovtcharova et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and these authors firmly demonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EDDCFB32FB3BFB5D" box="[1019,1241,1217,1241]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EDDCFB32FB3BFB5D" box="[1019,1241,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the conodont faunas of the latest Spathian of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713EAFFFB11FACEFB7E" box="[1240,1324,1250,1274]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
, including the Haugi and Stevensi zones, the penultimate and ultimate ammonoid zones of the latest Spathian, respectively, as documented by the comprehensive study of the Spathian ammonoid faunas from the western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF95B713EADBFA95FAD3FAFA" box="[1276,1329,1382,1406]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
done by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713ED17FA74FC19FA1B" author="Guex" box="[816,1019,1415,1439]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Guex" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" refId="ref38986" refString="Guex, J., Hungerbuhler, A., Jenks, J. F., O'Dogherty, L., Atudorei, V., Taylor, D. G., Bucher, H. & Bartolini, A., 2010. Spathian (Lower Triassic) ammonoids from western USA (Idaho, California, Utah and Nevada). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 49: 82 pp." type="book" year="2010">Guex et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. As a result,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EAABFA74FA79FA1B" author="Goudemand" box="[1164,1435,1415,1439]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713ED4FFA5AFB6FFA45" author="Ovtcharova" box="[872,1165,1449,1473]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ovtcharova" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="65 - 76" refId="ref50098" refString="Ovtcharova, M., Goudemand, N., Hammer, O., Guodun, K., Cordey, F., Galfetti, T., Schaltegger, U. & Bucher, H., 2015. Developing a strategy for accurate definition of a geological boundary through radio-istopic and biochronological dating: The Early-Middle Triassic boundary (South China). Earth-Science Reviews, 146: 65 - 76." type="journal article" year="2015">Ovtcharova et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reasonably questioned, based on undeniable ammonoid data, the usefulness of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF95B713ED7FFA18FC6FF987" box="[856,909,1515,1539]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713ED94FA18FBADF987" box="[947,1103,1515,1539]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713ED94FA18FBADF987" box="[947,1103,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an index for the Olenekian-Anisian boundary.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EA25F9FFFAF3F9A0" author="Ovtcharova" box="[1026,1297,1548,1572]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ovtcharova" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="65 - 76" refId="ref50098" refString="Ovtcharova, M., Goudemand, N., Hammer, O., Guodun, K., Cordey, F., Galfetti, T., Schaltegger, U. & Bucher, H., 2015. Developing a strategy for accurate definition of a geological boundary through radio-istopic and biochronological dating: The Early-Middle Triassic boundary (South China). Earth-Science Reviews, 146: 65 - 76." type="journal article" year="2015">Ovtcharova et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, through the application of Unitary Association, defined a succession of two laterally reproducible maximal associations/conodont biozones between which the Olenekian-Anisian boundary falls, where the residual maximal horizon including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EDECF942FB85F94D" box="[971,1127,1713,1737]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EDECF942FC08F94D" box="[971,1002,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EDDFF941FB85F94D" box="[1016,1127,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is placed below the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF95B713EB61F942FA63F94D" box="[1350,1409,1713,1737]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
. It has been concluded that the chronostratigraphic location of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF95B713ED59F907FC54F888" box="[894,950,1780,1804]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
remains to be resolved at a later date in a succession having a complete ammonoid record around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary, to which the conodont record has to be closely tied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF95B712ED17F88AFD77FB96" blockId="18.[816,1437,158,2068]" lastBlockId="19.[151,772,158,2068]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713ED68F88BFBF2F814" bold="true" box="[847,1040,1912,1936]" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF95B713ED90F88BFBF2F814" box="[951,1040,1912,1936]" name="Canada" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF95B713EA6EF88AFB5AF814" box="[1097,1208,1913,1936]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EA6EF88AFB5AF814" box="[1097,1208,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fauna is differentiated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713ED5BF86AFB7CF835" author="Orchard & Bucher" box="[892,1182,1945,1969]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="133 - 140" refId="ref49672" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Bucher, H., 1992. Conodont-ammonoid intercalibration around the Lower-Triassic boundary: Nevada clocks help tell British Columbian time. Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92 - IE: 133 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Orchard & Bucher (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF95B713EAFCF86AFC9FF856" author="Orchard & Tozer" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="18" pageNumber="21" pagination="675 - 692" refId="ref49721" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Tozer, E. T., 1997 a. Triassic conodont biochronology, its intercalibration with the ammonoid standard, and a biostratigraphic summary for the western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Moslow, T. & Wittenberg, J. (eds.), Triassic of Western Canada Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 45: 675 - 692." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">Orchard & Tozer (1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4) as a basal Anisian interval at
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713EB76F849FA7EF856" bold="true" box="[1361,1436,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Ursula</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF95B713ED17F82FFB5AF870" bold="true" box="[816,1208,2012,2036]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Creek, northeast
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF95B713EDD1F82FFB5AF870" box="[1014,1208,2012,2036]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF95B713EAECF828FAEDF877" box="[1227,1295,2011,2035]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="21">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/31), belonging to the North American craton-bound Triassic, and also in the western Cordilleran allochthonous terranes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF94B712EEB0FF4CFF08FF53" box="[151,234,191,215]" name="Canada" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, i.e., in
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EF77FF4CFE24FF53" bold="true" box="[336,454,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF94B712EF77FF4CFE24FF53" box="[336,454,191,215]" country="Canada" name="Quesnellia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Quesnellia</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF94B712EFFCFF4CFDFCFF53" box="[475,542,191,215]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/32) and in
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EC89FF4CFCE6FF53" bold="true" box="[686,772,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF94B712EC89FF4CFCE6FF53" box="[686,772,191,215]" country="Canada" name="Stikinia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Stikinia</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF94B712EEB9FF13FF0EFF7C" box="[158,236,224,248]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/33), by correlation with the basal Anisian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EEB0FEF1FEB5FE9D" authorityName="Bucher" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,343,257,281]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gymnitidae" genus="Japonites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="welteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EEB0FEF1FEB5FE9D" box="[151,343,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Japonites welteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
beds of Nevada. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EC8CFEF2FF3AFEBE" author="Orchard, M. J." pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994">Orchard (1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 107) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EF42FED1FD90FEBE" author="Orchard & Tozer" box="[357,626,290,314]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="675 - 692" refId="ref49721" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Tozer, E. T., 1997 a. Triassic conodont biochronology, its intercalibration with the ammonoid standard, and a biostratigraphic summary for the western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Moslow, T. & Wittenberg, J. (eds.), Triassic of Western Canada Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 45: 675 - 692." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">Orchard & Tozer (1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4) noted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EEB0FEB0FED7FEDF" box="[151,309,323,347]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EEB0FEB0FED7FEDF" box="[151,309,323,347]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, potentially defining the base of the Middle Triassic, is known from otherwise undated strata in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF94B712EEB0FE76FF08FE19" box="[151,234,389,413]" name="Canada" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EEDDFE76FE47FE19" author="Golding, M. L." box="[250,421,389,413]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" refId="ref37867" refString="Golding, M. L., 2014. Biostratigraphy and sedimentology of Triassic hydrocarbon-bearing rocks in northeastern British Columbia. PhD thesis, The University of British Columbia, 388 pp." type="book" year="2014">Golding (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentions
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EC06FE76FCE1FE19" box="[545,771,389,413]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EC06FE76FCE1FE19" box="[545,771,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Montney Formation in the subsurface of northeast
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF94B712EEF3FE3BFE7FFE64" box="[212,413,456,480]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, as indicating the uppermost Spathian or the Anisian. Pointing out that the first occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EF24FDF9FE07FDA6" box="[259,485,522,546]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EF24FDF9FE07FDA6" box="[259,485,522,546]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to occur with Spathian (upper Olenekian) ammonoids of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712ECE8FDDFFE45FDE0" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712ECE8FDDFFE85FDE0" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Neopopanoceras haugi</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Nevada and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF94B712EC71FDBFFD7AFDE0" box="[598,664,588,612]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EE9BFD9EFE30FD01" author="Goudemand" box="[188,466,621,645]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EFC7FD9EFD2BFD01" author="Golding" box="[480,713,621,645]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Golding" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref38031" refString="Golding, M. L., Orchard, M. J. & Zonneveld, J. - P., 2014. A summary of new conodont biostratigraphy and correlation of the Anisian (Middle Triassic) strata in British Columbia, Canada. Albertiana, 42: 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="2014">Golding et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that its use as a definitive index species for the base of the Anisian is questionable, as this would require the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EEE7FD21FE1BFD6C" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[192,505,721,745]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EEE7FD21FE5BFD6D" box="[192,441,721,745]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Neopopanoceras haugi</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be re-defined as Anisian in part. Subsequently, specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EC43FD01FCE1FC8E" box="[612,771,754,778]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EC43FD01FCE1FC8E" box="[612,771,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EF8DFCE0FD7AFCAF" author="Golding" box="[426,664,787,811]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Golding" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="143 - 170" refId="ref38085" refString="Golding, M. L., Orchard, M. J., Zonneveld, J. - P. & Wilson, N. S. F., 2015. Determining the age and depositional model of the Doig Phosphate Zone in northeastern British Columbia using conodont biostratigraphy. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 63: 143 - 170." type="journal article" year="2015">Golding et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the subsurface of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF94B712EF15FCC7FE0FFCC8" box="[306,493,820,844]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the Petro-Canada Kobes d-048-A/094-B-09 and Shell Groundbirch 16–02- 078-22 W6 wells.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EF40FC85FDFCFC0A" author="Golding" box="[359,542,886,910]" firstAuthor="Golding" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="103613" refId="ref37970" refString="Golding, M. L., 2021 b. Abundant conodont faunas from the Olenekian (Early Triassic) of subsurface British Columbia, Canada and diversification of the Neogondolellinae around the Smithian - Spathian boundary. Global and Planetary Change, 205: 103613. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gloplacha. 2021.103613" type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="b">Golding (2021b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the finding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EE90FC64FEB7FC2B" box="[183,341,919,943]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EE90FC64FF34FC2B" box="[183,214,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EEC1FC6BFEB7FC2B" box="[230,341,920,943]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the subsurface of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF94B712EC65FC64FD1DFC2B" box="[578,767,919,943]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, with only
|
||
<specimenCount id="06E8FD57FF94B712EF2EFC4AFE43FC54" box="[265,417,952,976]" count="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, and the author concluded, having in view the co-occurrence of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EC80FC29FEA8FB96" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bifurcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EC80FC29FEA8FB96" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Neogondolella bifurcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that this suggests the Anisian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF94B712EEB0FBEFFE96FB5D" blockId="19.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EE90FBEFFE55FBB0" bold="true" box="[183,439,1052,1076]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Arctic North America</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EFE0FBE8FD3EFBB7" author="Wardlaw & Jones" box="[455,732,1051,1075]" firstAuthor="Wardlaw" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="895 - 908" refId="ref53982" refString="Wardlaw, B. R. & Jones, D. S., 1980. Triassic conodonts from eugeoclinal rocks of western North America and their tectonic significance. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia, 85 (3 - 4): 895 - 908." type="journal article" year="1980">Wardlaw & Jones (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EF8BFBCFFD59FBD0" box="[428,699,1084,1108]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EF8BFBCFFD59FBD0" box="[428,699,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Neospathodus timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EEB0FBADFE76FBF2" bold="true" box="[151,404,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Brooks Range,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF94B712EF6EFBADFE76FBF2" box="[329,404,1118,1142]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF94B712EF8FFBAEFE08FBF1" box="[424,490,1117,1141]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/34), but the single illustrated specimen is of doubtful identity. It may be assigned to the Spathian conodont genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EC69FB53FD50FB3C" authorityName="Budurov & Sudar" authorityYear="1994" box="[590,690,1184,1208]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Borinella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EC69FB53FD50FB3C" box="[590,690,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Borinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Golding, pers. commun.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF94B712EEB0FB10FE40F987" blockId="19.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EE92FB11FEB5FB7E" bold="true" box="[181,343,1250,1274]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Arctic Europe</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EF42FB11FDA4FB7E" author="Nakrem" box="[357,582,1250,1274]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakrem" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="523 - 539" refId="ref48124" refString="Nakrem, H. A., Orchard, M. J., Weitschat, W., Hounslow, M. W., Beatty, T. W. & Mork, A., 2008. Triassic conodonts from Svalbard and their Boreal correlations. Polar Research, 27: 523 - 539. https: // doi. org / 10. 1111 / j. 1751 - 8369.2008.00076. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Nakrem et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EC5DFB11FEE1FA9F" author="Hounslow" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hounslow" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="469 - 490" refId="ref39882" refString="Hounslow, M. W., Hu, M., Mork, A., Weitschat, W., Vigran, J. O., Karloukovski, V. & Orchard, M. J., 2008. Intercalibration of Boreal and Tethyan time scales: the magnetostratigraphy of the Middle Triassic and the latest Early Triassic from Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway. Polar Research, 27 (3): 469 - 490. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 8369.2008.00074. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Hounslow et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in their attempt to elaborate an integrated biomagnetostratigraphic intercalibration of the Boreal and Tethyan timescales, reported the occurrence of a single specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EF0DFA95FDD0FAFA" box="[298,562,1382,1406]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EF0DFA95FE72FAFA" box="[298,400,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EFE4FA94FDD0FAFA" box="[451,562,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the lower Botneheia Formation in the Milne Edwardsfjellet section in central
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EEC0FA5AFEABFA45" bold="true" box="[231,329,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF94B712EEC0FA5AFEABFA45" box="[231,329,1449,1473]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF94B712EF7FFA5AFE7AFA45" box="[344,408,1449,1473]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[182,215,909,930]" captionTargetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetId="figure-522@20.[182,1446,189,871]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
/35), the authors implying an early Anisian age by reference to Kçira, Albania and Deşli Caira, Romania sections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF94B712EEB0F9FFFB1BFE64" blockId="19.[151,772,158,2068]" lastBlockId="19.[816,1437,158,2002]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
As may be seen, the FO of the occurrences conodont species
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EEEBF9DDFECCF9C1" box="[204,302,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timoresis</emphasis>
|
||
have been dated either as
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EC40F9DEFCE1F9C1" bold="true" box="[615,771,1581,1605]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">late Spathian</emphasis>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EEFDF9BDFE99F9E2" author="Nogami" box="[218,379,1614,1638]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EFABF9BDFDBDF9E2" author="Sweet" box="[396,607,1614,1638]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="441 - 465" refId="ref52696" refString="Sweet, W. C., Mosher, L. C., Clark, D. L., Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. H., 1971. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Triassic. In: Sweet, W. C. & Bergstrom, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Memoir, 127: 441 - 465." type="journal article" year="1971">Sweet et al., 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EC56F9BCFD1CF9E2" author="Kozur, H." box="[625,766,1614,1638]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="361 - 412" refId="ref41985" refString="Kozur, H., 1972. Vorlaufige Mitteilung zur Parallelisierung der germanischen und tethyalen Trias sowie einige Bemerkungen zur Stufen- und Unterstufengliederung der Trias. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie- und Bergbaustudenten in Osterreich, 21 (2): 361 - 412." type="journal article" year="1972">Kozur, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EEB0F99CFF2DF903" author="Kozur, H." box="[151,207,1647,1671]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="139 - 197" refId="ref42122" refString="Kozur, H., 1974. Probleme der Triasgliederung und Parallelisierung der germanischen und tethyalen Trias: Teil I: Abgrenzung und Gliederung der Trias. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 298: 139 - 197." type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EEC7F99CFEFAF903" author="Kozur, H." box="[224,280,1647,1671]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="51 - 77" refId="ref42159" refString="Kozur, H., 1975. Probleme der Triasgliederung und Parallelisierung der germanischen und tethyalen Trias: Teil II: AnschluSS der germanischer Trias an die international Triasgliederung. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 304: 51 - 77." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kozur & Mostler, 1974;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EC6FF99CFD1CF903" author="McTavish" box="[584,766,1647,1671]" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">McTavish, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EEB0F963FF32F92C" author="McTavish" box="[151,208,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="481 - 490" refId="ref46256" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1975. Triassic Conodonts and Gondwana Stratigraphy. In: Campbell, K. S. W. (ed.), Gondwana Geology, Papers presented at the Third Gondwana Symposium, Canberra, Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp. 481 - 490." type="book chapter" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EEC2F963FE8BF92C" author="Goel" box="[229,361,1680,1704]" firstAuthor="Goel" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="1085 - 1101" refId="ref37834" refString="Goel, R. K., 1977. Triassic conodonts from Spiti (Himachal Pradesh), India. Journal of Paleontology, 51 (6): 1085 - 1101." type="journal article" year="1977">Goel, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1979;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EEB0F942FEF2F94D" author="Tian" box="[151,272,1713,1737]" firstAuthor="Tian" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="153 - 165" refId="ref52859" refString="Tian, C. - R., 1982. Triassic Conodonts in the Tulong Section from Nyalam County, Xizang (Tibet), China. Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. 10: 153 - 165 [in Chinese, with English abstract]." type="journal article" year="1982">Tian, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EF3AF941FDEBF94D" author="Wang & Wang" box="[285,521,1713,1738]" firstAuthor="Wang" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="29 - 33" refId="ref53879" refString="Wang, C. - Y. & Wang, Z. - H., 1983. Review of conodont biostratigraphy in China. Fossils and Strata, 15: 29 - 33." type="journal article" year="1983">Wang & Wang, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EC31F942FD5BF94D" author="Matsuda" box="[534,697,1713,1737]" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref45957" refString="Matsuda, T., 1983. Early Triassic Conodonts from Kashmir, India. Part 3. Neospathodus. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 26 (4): 87 - 110." type="journal article" year="1983">Matsuda, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712ECE1F942FD1CF94D" author="Matsuda" box="[710,766,1713,1737]" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="757 - 770" refId="ref45994" refString="Matsuda, T., 1985. Late Permian to Early Triassic conodont paleobiogeography in the " Tethys Realm ". In: Nakazawa, K. & Dickins, J. M. (eds.), The Tethys, Her Paleogeography and Paleobiostratigraphy from Paleozoic to Mesozoic: Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 757 - 770." type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EEB0F921FEFBF96E" author="Paull" box="[151,281,1746,1770]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EF0DF921FDDCF96E" author="Budurov & Sudar" box="[298,574,1746,1770]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref34684" refString="Budurov, K. & Sudar, M., 1995. Lower Triassic stratigraphy. Geologica Balcanica, 25 (3 - 4): 97 - 109." type="journal article" year="1995">Budurov & Sudar, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EC68F921FECFF888" author="Budurov & Trifonova" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref34938" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1995. Conodont and foraminiferal successions from the Triassic of Bulgaria. Geologica Balcanica, 25 (1): 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1995">Budurov & Trifonova, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), either as
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EFE5F907FD86F888" bold="true" box="[450,612,1780,1804]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">early Anisian</emphasis>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EC9CF907FF39F8A9" author="Sweet" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Sweet, 1970a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EECAF8E6FE98F8A9" author="Koike" box="[237,378,1813,1837]" firstAuthor="Koike" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="91 - 113" refId="ref41550" refString="Koike, T., 1973. Triassic Conodonts from Kedah and Pahang, Malaysia. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 12: 91 - 113." type="journal article" year="1973">Koike, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EFABF8E6FDD6F8A9" author="Budurov, K." box="[396,564,1813,1837]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="13 - 20" refId="ref34319" refString="Budurov, K., 1976 a. Structures, Evolution and Taxonomy of the Triassic Platform Conodonts. Geologica Balcanica, 6 (1): 13 - 20." type="journal article" year="1976">Budurov, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a-b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EC4DF8E6FD1CF8A9" author="Nicora" box="[618,766,1813,1837]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
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(e.g.,
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).
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF94B712ED17FE1AFC44FBD0" blockId="19.[816,1437,158,2002]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Also, one may observe that many conodont workers have changed through time their options with regard to the stratigraphic range of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EB29FDDFFA9FFDC7" box="[1294,1405,556,579]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EB29FDDFFA9FFDC7" box="[1294,1405,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is related either to the changing of the taxonomic interpretation of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EDFBFD9DFBA9FD01" box="[988,1099,622,645]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EDFBFD9DFBA9FD01" box="[988,1099,622,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EAB9FD9EFAD9FD01" box="[1182,1339,621,645]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EAB9FD9EFAD9FD01" box="[1182,1339,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or to the uncertainities in chronostratigraphic dating of the occurrences of these two conodont species. In most of the older reported occurrences,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EA0EFD22FB24FD6D" box="[1065,1222,721,745]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EA0EFD22FB24FD6D" box="[1065,1222,721,745]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was placed in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EDFAFD00FBAEFC8E" box="[989,1100,755,778]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EDFAFD00FBAEFC8E" box="[989,1100,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EA8EFD01FAAAFC8E" author="Sweet" box="[1193,1352,754,778]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Sweet, 1970
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EB1BFD01FA77FC8E" author="McTavish, R. A." box="[1340,1429,754,778]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">a, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712ED17FCE0FC07FCAF" author="McTavish" box="[816,997,787,811]" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">McTavish, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EDD3FCE0FB6FFCAF" author="Kozur" box="[1012,1165,787,811]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref42059" refString="Kozur, H., 1973 b. Beitrage zur Stratigraphie von Perm und Trias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 3 (3): 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">Kozur, 1973b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EABCFCE0FADBFCAF" author="Mirauta" box="[1179,1337,787,811]" firstAuthor="Mirauta" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="149 - 158" refId="ref46674" refString="Mirauta, E., 1974. Uber die Conodontenfauna des oberen Werfens des tieferen Anis der nordlichen Dobrudscha / Rumanien. Geologica et Paleontologica, 8: 149 - 158." type="journal article" year="1974">Mirăuţă, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EB60FCE0FC22FCC8" author="Kemper" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kemper" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="93 - 127" refId="ref41042" refString="Kemper, E., Maronde, H. - D. & Stoppel, D., 1976. Triassic and Jurassic Limestone in the Region Northwest and West of Si Sawar (Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand). Geologisches Jahrbuch Hannover. B 21: 93 - 127." type="journal article" year="1976">Kemper et al., 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EDF1FCC7FB60FCC8" author="Matsuda" box="[982,1154,820,844]" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref45957" refString="Matsuda, T., 1983. Early Triassic Conodonts from Kashmir, India. Part 3. Neospathodus. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 26 (4): 87 - 110." type="journal article" year="1983">Matsuda, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EABEFCC7FA7AFCC8" author="Assereto" box="[1177,1432,820,844]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al., 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712ED17FCA6FBE9FCE9" author="Gaetani" box="[816,1035,853,877]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EA3FFCA6FB7BFCE9" author="Buryi" box="[1048,1177,853,877]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" refId="ref35086" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1979. Lower Triassic Conodonts of South Primorye. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 144 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1979">Buryi, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EA8DFCA6FB00FCE9" author="Buryi" box="[1194,1250,853,877]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" refId="ref35119" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1989. Triassic conodonts and stratigraphy of Sikhote-Alin. Far Eastern Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok, 136 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EAC8FCA6FC27FC0A" author="Budurov & Trifonova" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="9 - 13" refId="ref34860" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1994. Progress in concepts about conodont and foraminifera zonal standards of the Triassic in Bulgaria. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy (Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 9 - 13." type="journal article" year="1994">Budurov & Trifonova, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EDF5FC85FBB1FC0A" author="Klets" box="[978,1107,886,910]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" refId="ref41284" refString="Klets, T. V., 1995. Triassic Biostratigraphy and Conodonts from the Central Sikhote-Alin. NGU, Novosibirsk, 111 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1995">Klets, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EAACFC84FB18FC0A" box="[1163,1274,887,910]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EAACFC84FB18FC0A" box="[1163,1274,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was placed in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EDDEFC64FB74FC2B" box="[1017,1174,919,943]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EDDEFC64FB74FC2B" box="[1017,1174,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EAC4FC64FA77FC2B" author="Budurov" box="[1251,1429,919,943]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="95 - 104" refId="ref34350" refString="Budurov, K., 1976 b. Die Triassischen Conodonten des Ost-Balkans. Geologica Balcanica, 6 (2): 95 - 104." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Budurov, 1976b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712ED17FC4BFBE0FC54" author="Buryi" box="[816,1026,952,976]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="145 - 146" refId="ref35240" refString="Buryi, G. I., Budurov, K. J., Sahni, A., Gupta, V. J., Kachroo, R. K., Chhabra, N. L., Ahluwalia, A. D. & Azmi, R. J., 1980. On the validity of the name Neospathodus gondolelloides (Bender, 1968). Bulletin of the Indian Geologists Association, 13 (2): 145 - 146." type="journal article" year="1980">Buryi et al., 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EA34FC4BFAE7FC54" author="Budurov" box="[1043,1285,952,976]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="87 - 92" refId="ref34376" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Sudar, M. N. & Buryi, G. I., 1983. Triassic conodont biofacies and provinces. Bulletin of the Indian Geologists Association, 16 (1): 87 - 92." type="journal article" year="1983">Budurov et al., 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EB30FC4BFAADFC54" author="Budurov" box="[1303,1359,952,976]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="84 - 94" refId="ref34428" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Sudar, M. N. & Buryi, G. I., 1985. Conodont zonation, biofacies and provinces in the Triassic. Journal Geological Society of India, 26 (2): 84 - 94." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EB47FC4BFA7AFC54" author="Budurov" box="[1376,1432,952,976]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="80 - 81" refId="ref34483" refString="Budurov, K. J., Gupta, V. J., Kachroo, R. K. & Sudar, M. N., 1987. Problems of the Lower Triassic Conodont Stratigraphy and the Permian-Triassic boundary. Journal Geological Society of India, 30: 80 - 81." type="journal article" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1988a-b, 1989;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EDF9FC2AFAF4FC75" author="Budurov & Trifonova" box="[990,1302,985,1009]" firstAuthor="Budurov" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref34813" refString="Budurov, K. & Trifonova, E., 1991. Stratigraphy of the Triassic in the Strandza- Sakar Region (South-East Bulgaria): conodont and foraminifer evidence. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society, 52 (3): 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1991">Budurov & Trifonova, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This gives rise to uncertainties with regard to many of the older reported occurrences of the true conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712ED17FBCEFC7DFBD0" box="[816,927,1085,1108]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712ED17FBCEFC7DFBD0" box="[816,927,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF94B712ED17FBAEFC95FAD9" blockId="19.[816,1437,158,2002]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712ED17FBAEFBCEFBF1" author="Plasencia" box="[816,1068,1117,1141]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Plasencia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="215 - 226" refId="ref50548" refString="Plasencia, P., Marquez-Aliaga, A. & Sha, J., 2013. A data base of Triassic conodonts from a comprehensive revision of literature. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 28 (2): 215 - 226." type="journal article" year="2013">Plasencia et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on a comprehensive revision of the Triassic conodont literature, found that the stratigraphic range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EA14FB53FB34FB3C" box="[1075,1238,1184,1208]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EA14FB53FBB0FB3C" box="[1075,1106,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EA40FB52FB34FB3C" box="[1127,1238,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is from the late Spathian to the early Pelsonian.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712EABFFB32FAB3FB5D" author="Qin" box="[1176,1361,1217,1241]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Qin" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="592 - 615" refId="ref50592" refString="Qin, B., Golding, M. L., Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, M., Kang, L., Wang, D. & Yuan, J., 2021. Middle Triassic (Anisian) Conodont Biostratigraphy at the Shaiwa Section, Guizhou, South China. Journal of Earth Science, 32 (3): 592 - 615. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12583 - 021 - 1477 - 0" type="journal article" year="2021">Qin et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted, like
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF94B712ED45FB11FC12FB7E" author="Buryi" box="[866,1008,1250,1274]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" pagination="45 - 60" refId="ref35156" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1997. Triassic Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Sikhote-Alin. In: Baud, A., Popova, I., Dickins, J. M., Lucas, S. & Zakharov, Y. (eds.), Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific Events: Biostratigraphy, Tectonic and Ore Deposits of Primoryie (Far East Russia). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 30: 45 - 60." type="journal article" year="1997">Buryi (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, that in Sikhote-Alin, Far East
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF94B712EB69FB11FA7AFB7E" box="[1358,1432,1250,1274]" name="Russia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712ED17FAF0FC2CFA9F" box="[816,974,1283,1307]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712ED17FAF0FC2CFA9F" box="[816,974,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has its youngest occurrences in the lower part of the Illyrian in the Shaiwa section,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF94B712EAD3FAD7FAB0FAB8" box="[1268,1362,1316,1340]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF94B712ED17FAB6FC92FAD9" box="[816,880,1349,1373]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF94B712ED17FA95FC03F94D" blockId="19.[816,1437,158,2002]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The above data cast major doubt on the defintion of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF94B712ED17FA74FC8AFA1B" box="[816,872,1415,1439]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
by having the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EAD7FA7BFABDFA1B" box="[1264,1375,1416,1439]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EAD7FA7BFABDFA1B" box="[1264,1375,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a primary biotic proxy, and also with regard to its suitability as an index species to define an
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF94B712EA8AFA39FB1CFA66" box="[1197,1278,1482,1506]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
/lower Anisian Timorensis conodont zone. As the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712ED17F9FEFC7DF9A0" box="[816,927,1549,1572]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712ED17F9FEFC7DF9A0" box="[816,927,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has its FO in the late Spathian and the HO in the lower part of the Illyrian, if the last is proved true, and having in view also its isolated occurrences, in most cases not properly tied chronostratigraphically to other index fossils, this conodont species has no credible potential to define the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF94B712ED86F942FC3EF94D" box="[929,988,1713,1737]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF94B712ED17F921FC60F856" blockId="19.[816,1437,158,2002]" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">
|
||
One may conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712EA6AF921FAD2F96E" box="[1101,1328,1746,1770]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712EA6AF921FAD2F96E" box="[1101,1328,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in most cases having uncertain or controversial definitions, or having scarce or doubtful occurrences in many regions, is not qualified to be a primary biotic proxy for the base of the Middle Triassic Series. There is no unitary definition yet, unanimously accepted, of the condont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF94B712ED17F869FC7DF835" box="[816,927,1946,1969]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF94B712ED17F869FC7DF835" box="[816,927,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="22">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas its stratigraphic range remains very diffuse.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="44916656FF93B715EE91FC7EFCADF990" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836467" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10836467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836467/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" startId="20.[182,215,909,930]" targetBox="[182,1446,189,871]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF93B715EE91FC7EFAE9FC27" blockId="20.[182,1447,909,1556]" box="[182,1291,909,931]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EE91FC7EFF12FC26" bold="true" box="[182,240,909,930]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Fig. 3</emphasis>
|
||
- Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF93B715ECDAFC7EFC21FC27" box="[765,963,909,931]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ECDAFC7EFC21FC27" box="[765,963,909,931]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrences and basic references.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF93B715EE91FC59FE86FC5A" blockId="20.[182,1447,909,1556]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF93B715EE91FC14FCADF990" blockId="20.[182,1447,909,1556]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EE91FC14FEE0FC78" bold="true" box="[182,258,999,1020]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Europe</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EF28FC14FEF9FC78" bold="true" box="[271,283,999,1020]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">1</emphasis>
|
||
- Chios, Greece (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EFE4FC15FDA1FC78" author="Nicora" box="[451,579,998,1020]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EC77FC15FCFAFC78" author="Assereto" box="[592,792,998,1020]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al., 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED0EFC14FCD7FC78" bold="true" box="[809,821,999,1020]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">2</emphasis>
|
||
- Perşani Mountains, Romania (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA4BFC15FA68FC78" author="Mirauta & Gheorghian" box="[1132,1418,998,1020]" firstAuthor="Mirauta" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="109 - 162" refId="ref46706" refString="Mirauta, E. & Gheorghian, D., 1978. Etude microfaunique des formations triasiques (transylvaines, bucoviniennes et getiques) des Carpates Orientales. Dari de seama ale Sedintelor, Institutul de Geologie si Geofizica, 64 / 3: 109 - 162." type="journal article" year="1978">Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EBBCFC14FA45FC78" bold="true" box="[1435,1447,999,1020]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">3</emphasis>
|
||
- Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EC61FBF7FD1EFB9E" author="Mietto" box="[582,764,1028,1050]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mietto" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="305 - 317" refId="ref46621" refString="Mietto, P., Fratoni, R. P. & Perri, M. C., 1991. Spathian and Aegean conodonts from the Capelluzo Calcarenites of the Monte Facito Group (Lagonegro Sequence - Southern Apennines). Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 43: 305 - 317." type="journal article" year="1991">Mietto et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED28FBF7FCF9FB9D" bold="true" box="[783,795,1028,1049]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">4</emphasis>
|
||
- Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA1DFBF7FB04FB9E" author="Kozur" box="[1082,1254,1028,1050]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="24 - 26" refId="ref42537" refString="Kozur, H. W., Krainer, K. & Mostler, H., 1995. A conodont rich pelagic Olenekian-Anisian boundary section in the Sosio Valley area, western Sicily (Italy). Albertiana, 15: 24 - 26." type="journal article" year="1995">Kozur et al.,1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EADFFBF7FAE6FB9D" bold="true" box="[1272,1284,1028,1049]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">5</emphasis>
|
||
- Kçira, Albania (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EE9AFBD1FE9DFBBC" author="Muttoni" box="[189,383,1058,1080]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muttoni" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="503 - 514" refId="ref47443" refString="Muttoni, G., Kent, D. V., Meco, S., Nicora, A., Gaetani, M., Balini, M., Germani, D. & Rettori, R., 1996. Magnetostratigraphy of the Spathian to Anisian (Lower to Middle Triassic) Kcira section, Albania. Geophysical Journal International, 127: 503 - 514. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246 X. 1996. tb 04736. x" type="journal article" year="1996">Muttoni et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2019);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EFF6FBD1FE3FFBB3" bold="true" box="[465,477,1058,1079]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">6</emphasis>
|
||
- Deşli Caira, Romania (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ECF6FBD1FC48FBBC" author="Gradinaru" box="[721,938,1058,1080]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="54 - 71" refId="ref38545" refString="Gradinaru, E., Orchard, M. J., Nicora, A., Gallet, Y., Besse, J., Krystyn, L., Sobolev, E. S., Atudorei, N. - V. & Ivanova, D., 2007. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Anisian Stage: Desli Caira Hill, North Dobrogea, Romania. Albertiana, 36: 54 - 71." type="journal article" year="2007">Grădinaru et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ED93FBD1FB67FBBC" author="Orchard" box="[948,1157,1058,1080]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="341 - 346" refId="ref49830" refString="Orchard, M. J., Gradinaru, E. & Nicora, A., 2007 a. A summary of the conodont succession around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary at Desli Caira, North Dobrogea, Romania. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 341 - 346." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Orchard et al., 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EAB0FBD1FAD6FBB3" bold="true" box="[1175,1332,1058,1079]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Southwest Asia</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EB65FBD1FAACFBB3" bold="true" box="[1346,1358,1058,1079]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">7</emphasis>
|
||
- Gebze, Turkey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EF2CFBB3FE9CFBD2" author="Kilic" box="[267,382,1088,1110]" firstAuthor="Kilic" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="616 - 632" refId="ref41094" refString="Kilic, A. M., 2021. Anisian (Middle Triassic) Conodonts of the Kocaeli Triassic, Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Science, 32 (3): 616 - 632. https: // doi. org / 10. 1007 / s 12583 - 020 - 1384 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Kiliç, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EFB6FBB3FE7FFBD1" bold="true" box="[401,413,1088,1109]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">8</emphasis>
|
||
- Wadi Alwa, Oman (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EC59FBB3FCF9FBD2" author="Orchard" box="[638,795,1088,1110]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard, 1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED08FBB3FC7FFBD1" bold="true" box="[815,925,1088,1109]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Himalayas</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED8CFBB3FC55FBD1" bold="true" box="[939,951,1088,1109]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">9</emphasis>
|
||
- Salt Range, Pakistan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA8EFBB3FAC9FBD2" author="Sweet" box="[1193,1323,1088,1110]" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Sweet 1970
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EB07FBB3FA89FBD2" author="McTavish, R. A." box="[1312,1387,1088,1110]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">a, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EB59FBB3FA74FBD1" bold="true" box="[1406,1430,1088,1109]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">10</emphasis>
|
||
- Dolpo, west Nepal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EF5CFBAEFDBDFBF7" author="Kovacs & Kozur" box="[379,607,1117,1139]" firstAuthor="Kovacs" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="47 - 78" refId="ref41946" refString="Kovacs, S. & Kozur, H., 1980. Stratigraphische Reichweite der wichtigsten Conodonten (ohne Zahnreihenconodonten) der Mittel- und Obertrias. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 10 (2): 47 - 78." type="journal article" year="1980">Kovács & Kozur, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EC51FBADFD6CFBF7" bold="true" box="[630,654,1118,1139]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">11</emphasis>
|
||
- Spiti, India (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ED06FBADFC04FBF7" author="Krystyn, L. & Bhargava, O. N. & Richoz, S." box="[801,998,1117,1139]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="5 - 20" refId="ref42908" refString="Krystyn, L., Bhargava, O. N. & Richoz, S., 2007 a. A candidate GSSP for the base of the Olenekian Stage: Mud at Pin Valley; district Lahul & Spiti, Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya), India. Albertiana, 35: 5 - 20." type="journal article" year="2007">Krystyn et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Sue et al., 2021);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA86FBAEFA89FBF7" author="Garzanti" box="[1185,1387,1117,1139]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garzanti" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="267 - 300" refId="ref37662" refString="Garzanti, E., Jadoul, F., Nicora, A. & Berra, F., 1995. Triassic of Spiti (Tethys Himalaya, N India). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 101 (3): 267 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 8588" type="journal article" year="1995">Garzanti et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EB58FBADFA75FBF7" bold="true" box="[1407,1431,1118,1139]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">12</emphasis>
|
||
- Kashmir, India (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EF73FB88FE07FB15" author="Chhabra, N. L." box="[340,485,1147,1169]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="89 - 96" refId="ref36013" refString="Chhabra, N. L., 1981. Some observations on boundary between Lower and Middle Triassic in Kashmir, India. Geoscience Journal, 2 (1): 89 - 96." type="journal article" year="1981">Chhabra, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EFC8FB88FD60FB15" author="Matsuda" box="[495,642,1147,1169]" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref45957" refString="Matsuda, T., 1983. Early Triassic Conodonts from Kashmir, India. Part 3. Neospathodus. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 26 (4): 87 - 110." type="journal article" year="1983">Matsuda, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ECB3FB88FCF4FB14" bold="true" box="[660,790,1147,1168]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Central Asia</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED04FB88FCD9FB14" bold="true" box="[803,827,1147,1168]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">13</emphasis>
|
||
- Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EAAAFB88FAA7FB15" author="Bragin" box="[1165,1349,1147,1169]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bragin" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="297 - 310" refId="ref33601" refString="Bragin, N., Dronov, A. & Raimbekov, Y., 2016. Middle Triassic radiolarians from the Southeastern Pamirs (Republic of Tajikistan). Revue de Micropaleontologie, 59 (4): 297 - 310." type="journal article" year="2016">Bragin et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EB70FB88FF01FB2A" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Eastern Asia</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EED6FB6AFEEBFB2A" bold="true" box="[241,265,1177,1198]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">14</emphasis>
|
||
– Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EC1EFB6AFD42FB2B" author="Tian" box="[569,672,1177,1199]" firstAuthor="Tian" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="153 - 165" refId="ref52859" refString="Tian, C. - R., 1982. Triassic Conodonts in the Tulong Section from Nyalam County, Xizang (Tibet), China. Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. 10: 153 - 165 [in Chinese, with English abstract]." type="journal article" year="1982">Tian 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EA4AFB6AFB67FB2A" bold="true" box="[1133,1157,1177,1198]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">15</emphasis>
|
||
- South China, Guandao (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EBA3FB6AFE93FB49" author="Orchard" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="347 - 354" refId="ref49883" refString="Orchard, M. J., Lehrmann, D. J., Wie, J., Wang, H. & Taylor, H. J., 2007 b. Conodonts from the Olenekian-Anisian boundary beds, Guandao, Guizhou Province, China. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 347 - 354." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">Orchard et al., 2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ECA0FB44FCCAFB49" author="Yao" box="[647,808,1207,1229]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yao" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refId="ref54869" refString="Yao, J. X., Ji., Z. S., Wang., L. T., Wang, Y. B., Wu, Z. J., Liu, D. Y., Wu, G. C., Zhang, J. W. & Li, S. P., 2011. Conodont Biostratigraphy and Age Determination of the Lower-Middle Triassic Boundary in South Guizhou Province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica" type="book" year="2011">Yao et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED1AFB44FCB7FB48" bold="true" box="[829,853,1207,1228]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">16</emphasis>
|
||
- South China, Wantou and Youping (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EAF2FB44FA7AFB49" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[1237,1432,1207,1229]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EE91FB26FEACFB6E" bold="true" box="[182,334,1237,1258]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Southeast Asia</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EF7CFB26FE91FB6E" bold="true" box="[347,371,1237,1258]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">17</emphasis>
|
||
- Kodiang, Malaysia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EC6AFB27FD24FB6E" author="Koike" box="[589,710,1236,1258]" firstAuthor="Koike" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="91 - 113" refId="ref41550" refString="Koike, T., 1973. Triassic Conodonts from Kedah and Pahang, Malaysia. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 12: 91 - 113." type="journal article" year="1973">Koike, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1982);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED3FFB26FCD2FB6E" bold="true" box="[792,816,1237,1258]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">18</emphasis>
|
||
- Western Thailand (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EDD9FB27FB21FB6E" author="Kemper" box="[1022,1219,1236,1258]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kemper" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="93 - 127" refId="ref41042" refString="Kemper, E., Maronde, H. - D. & Stoppel, D., 1976. Triassic and Jurassic Limestone in the Region Northwest and West of Si Sawar (Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand). Geologisches Jahrbuch Hannover. B 21: 93 - 127." type="journal article" year="1976">Kemper et al., 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EAF3FB26FA63FB6E" bold="true" box="[1236,1409,1237,1258]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Japanese Islands</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EBA8FB26FA45FB6E" bold="true" box="[1423,1447,1237,1258]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">19</emphasis>
|
||
- Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EDA2FB01FB80FA8C" author="Hirsch & Ishida" box="[901,1122,1266,1288]" firstAuthor="Hirsch" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="43 - 56" refId="ref39454" refString="Hirsch, F. & Ishida, K., (2002). The Izanami Plateau: Preaccretionary origin of Japan's low latitude Triassic pelagic carbonates. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 95: 43 - 56." type="journal article" year="2002">Hirsch & Ishida, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA4AFB01FAA0FA8C" author="Zhang, L. & Orchard, M. J. & Algeo, T. J. & Chen, Z. - Q. & Lyu, Z. & Zhao, L. & Kaiho, K. & Ma, B. & Liu, S." box="[1133,1346,1266,1288]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang L" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref55663" refString="Zhang, L., Orchard, M. J., Algeo, T. J., Chen, Z. - Q., Lyu, Z., Zhao, L., Kaiho, K., Ma, B. & Liu, S., 2019 a. An intercalibrated Triassic conodont succession and carbonate carbon isotope profile, Kamura, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 519: 65 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Zhang L et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EB6AFB00FF08FAA2" author="Ha" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ha" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="12391" refId="ref39242" refString="Ha, T. T. N., Maekawa, T., Takayanagi, H. & Iryu, Y., 2021. Spathian to Aegean (upper Lower Triassic to lower Middle Triassic) carbon isotope stratigraphy constrained by the conodont biostratigraphy of carbonates on top of a mid-oceanic seamount formed in the Panthalassic Ocean. Island Arc, 30 (1): e 12391. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / iar. 12391" type="journal article" year="2021">Ha et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EEDCFAE3FEF1FAA1" bold="true" box="[251,275,1296,1317]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">20</emphasis>
|
||
- Honshu Island-pelagic chert (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EC63FAE3FD0FFAA2" author="Muto" box="[580,749,1296,1318]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="687 - 707" refId="ref47091" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S., Suzuki, N., Suzuki, N. & Aita, Y., 2018. High sediment input and possible oceanic anoxia in the pelagic Panthalassa during the latest Olenekian and early Anisian: Insights from a new deep-sea section in Ogama, Tochigi, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 490: 687 - 707. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2017. 11.060" type="journal article" year="2018">Muto et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ECD0FAE2FC89FAA2" author="Muto" box="[759,875,1296,1318]" firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="103402" refId="ref47035" refString="Muto, S., 2021. Recurrent deposition of organic-rich sediments in Early Triassic pelagic Panthalassa and its relationship with global oceanic anoxia: New data from Kyoto, Southwest Japan. Global and Planetary Change, 197: 103402. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gloplacha. 2020.103402" type="journal article" year="2021">Muto, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED5AFAE3FBC2FAA1" bold="true" box="[893,1056,1296,1317]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Far East Russia</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EA0AFAE3FBA7FAA1" bold="true" box="[1069,1093,1296,1317]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">21</emphasis>
|
||
- Koryak Upland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EADCFAE3FA9FFAA2" author="Bragin" box="[1275,1405,1296,1318]" firstAuthor="Bragin" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refId="ref33570" refString="Bragin, N. J., 1991. Radiolaria and Lower Mesozoic units of the Eastern USSR. Nauka, Moscow, 125 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1991">Bragin, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EBA8FAE3FA45FAA1" bold="true" box="[1423,1447,1296,1317]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">22</emphasis>
|
||
- Zyryanka, Kolyma river;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EFE4FADDFDDCFAC0" author="Klets" box="[451,574,1326,1348]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="113 - 121" refId="ref41314" refString="Klets, T. V., 1998. New Conodont Species from Lower Triassic of the Kolyma River Basin. News of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Supplement to Geologiya i Geofizika, 39 (1): 113 - 121 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1998">Klets (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EC6AFADDFD87FAC7" bold="true" box="[589,613,1326,1347]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">23</emphasis>
|
||
– Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EDADFADDFBE0FAC0" author="Buryi" box="[906,1026,1326,1348]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refId="ref35119" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1989. Triassic conodonts and stratigraphy of Sikhote-Alin. Far Eastern Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok, 136 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1989">Buryi, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA28FADDFBA0FAC0" author="Buryi" box="[1039,1090,1326,1348]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="45 - 60" refId="ref35156" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1997. Triassic Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Sikhote-Alin. In: Baud, A., Popova, I., Dickins, J. M., Lucas, S. & Zakharov, Y. (eds.), Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific Events: Biostratigraphy, Tectonic and Ore Deposits of Primoryie (Far East Russia). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 30: 45 - 60." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA69FADDFB21FAC0" author="Klets" box="[1102,1219,1326,1348]" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refId="ref41284" refString="Klets, T. V., 1995. Triassic Biostratigraphy and Conodonts from the Central Sikhote-Alin. NGU, Novosibirsk, 111 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1995">Klets, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EAF1FADDFB0CFAC7" bold="true" box="[1238,1262,1326,1347]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">24</emphasis>
|
||
- Chernaya River, South Primorye (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EF47FAB8FE38FAE5" author="Buryi" box="[352,474,1355,1377]" firstAuthor="Buryi" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refId="ref35086" refString="Buryi, G. I., 1979. Lower Triassic Conodonts of South Primorye. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 144 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1979">Buryi, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EFC9FABFFD8CFAE5" bold="true" box="[494,622,1356,1377]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Timor-Leste</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EC59FABFFD74FAE5" bold="true" box="[638,662,1356,1377]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">25</emphasis>
|
||
- Mount Lilu (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ED08FAB8FC23FAE5" author="Nogami" box="[815,961,1355,1377]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EDF3FABFFBB0FAE5" bold="true" box="[980,1106,1356,1377]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">West Timor</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EA45FABFFB98FAE5" bold="true" box="[1122,1146,1356,1377]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">26</emphasis>
|
||
- Nifukoko (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EAD8FAB8FA79FAE5" author="Orchard" box="[1279,1435,1355,1377]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard, 1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EE91FA99FE96FAFB" bold="true" box="[182,372,1386,1407]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Western Australia</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EFA5FA99FE78FAFB" bold="true" box="[386,410,1386,1407]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">27</emphasis>
|
||
- Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ED3DFA9AFC5FFAFB" author="McTavish" box="[794,957,1385,1407]" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="275 - 303" refId="ref46223" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1973. Triassic Conodont Faunas from Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 143 (3): 275 - 303." type="journal article" year="1973">McTavish, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EDEFFA9AFB9AFAFB" author="Nicoll" box="[968,1144,1385,1407]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nicoll" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="316 - 317" refId="ref48365" refString="Nicoll, R. S., Orchard, M. J. & Campbell, H., 2007. Conodont biostratigraphy and paleogeography of the Triassic of the Australian Plate and the accreted terranes of New Zealand. In: Lucas, S. G. & Spielmann, J. A. (eds.), The Global Triassic. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 41: 316 - 317." type="journal article" year="2007">Nicoll et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EAA0FA9AFADCFAFB" author="Gorter" box="[1159,1342,1385,1407]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gorter" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref38232" refString="Gorter, J. D., Orchard, M. J., Nicoll, R. S. & Ferdinando, D., 2019. Significance of Early Triassic conodont zones from Western Australia, ASEG Extended Abstracts, 1: 1 - 4. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 22020586.2019.12073117" type="journal article" year="2019">Gorter et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EB77FA99FEDDFA19" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Western United States</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EF6AFA7BFE87FA19" bold="true" box="[333,357,1416,1437]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">28</emphasis>
|
||
- Northwestern Nevada (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EC7DFA74FC7DFA19" author="Collinson & Hasenmueller" box="[602,927,1415,1437]" firstAuthor="Collinson" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="175 - 187" refId="ref36337" refString="Collinson, J. W. & Hasenmueller, W. A., 1978. Early Triassic paleogeography and biostratigraphy of the Cordileran Miogeosyncline. In: Howell, D. G. & McDougall, K. A. (eds.), Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States Symposium, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium, 2: 175 - 187." type="journal article" year="1978">Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ED8EFA74FBA0FA19" author="Orchard" box="[937,1090,1415,1437]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref49390" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1994 a. Conodont biochronology around the Early-Middle Triassic boundary: new data from North America, Oman and Timor. In: Guex, J. & Baud, A. (eds.), Recent developments on Triassic stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne, 20 - 23 Oct. 1991). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 22: 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Orchard, 1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA6AFA74FAEDFA19" author="Paull & Paull" box="[1101,1295,1415,1437]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="103 - 113" refId="ref50386" refString="Paull, R. K. & Paull, R. A., 1998. Age and Regional Significance of Marine Triassic Rocks at O'Neil Pass, Northeastern Nevada. The Mountain Geologist, 35 (3): 103 - 113." type="journal article" year="1998">Paull & Paull, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EB3EFA74FEECFA3F" author="Goudemand" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EF07FA56FEDAFA3E" bold="true" box="[288,312,1445,1466]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">29</emphasis>
|
||
- Great Valley, California (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EC62FA56FCD7FA3F" author="Wardlaw & Jones" box="[581,821,1445,1467]" firstAuthor="Wardlaw" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="895 - 908" refId="ref53982" refString="Wardlaw, B. R. & Jones, D. S., 1980. Triassic conodonts from eugeoclinal rocks of western North America and their tectonic significance. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia, 85 (3 - 4): 895 - 908." type="journal article" year="1980">Wardlaw & Jones, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED60FA56FCBDFA3E" bold="true" box="[839,863,1445,1466]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">30</emphasis>
|
||
- Sheep Creek, Idaho (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA67FA56FB51FA3F" author="Paull" box="[1088,1203,1445,1467]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EAE2FA56FA91FA3E" bold="true" box="[1221,1395,1445,1466]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Western Canada</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EBA7FA56FA7AFA3E" bold="true" box="[1408,1432,1445,1466]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">31</emphasis>
|
||
- Ursula Creek, British Columbia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EFDFFA30FD0FFA5D" author="Orchard & Tozer" box="[504,749,1475,1497]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="675 - 692" refId="ref49721" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Tozer, E. T., 1997 a. Triassic conodont biochronology, its intercalibration with the ammonoid standard, and a biostratigraphic summary for the western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Moslow, T. & Wittenberg, J. (eds.), Triassic of Western Canada Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 45: 675 - 692." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">Orchard & Tozer, 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Subsurface British Columbia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA00FA30FB54FA5D" author="Golding, M. L." box="[1063,1206,1475,1497]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refId="ref37867" refString="Golding, M. L., 2014. Biostratigraphy and sedimentology of Triassic hydrocarbon-bearing rocks in northeastern British Columbia. PhD thesis, The University of British Columbia, 388 pp." type="book" year="2014">Golding, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EAE7FA30FAE2FA5D" author="Golding, M. L." box="[1216,1280,1475,1497]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="103613" refId="ref37970" refString="Golding, M. L., 2021 b. Abundant conodont faunas from the Olenekian (Early Triassic) of subsurface British Columbia, Canada and diversification of the Neogondolellinae around the Smithian - Spathian boundary. Global and Planetary Change, 205: 103613. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gloplacha. 2021.103613" type="journal article" year="2021">2021b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EB35FA30FAC8FA5C" bold="true" box="[1298,1322,1475,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">32</emphasis>
|
||
- Quesnellia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EE9BFA12FE4DFA73" author="Orchard & Tozer" box="[188,431,1505,1527]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="675 - 692" refId="ref49721" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Tozer, E. T., 1997 a. Triassic conodont biochronology, its intercalibration with the ammonoid standard, and a biostratigraphic summary for the western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Moslow, T. & Wittenberg, J. (eds.), Triassic of Western Canada Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 45: 675 - 692." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">Orchard & Tozer, 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EFE6FA12FE3BFA72" bold="true" box="[449,473,1505,1526]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">33</emphasis>
|
||
- Stikinia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EC61FA12FCDAFA73" author="Orchard & Tozer" box="[582,824,1505,1527]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="675 - 692" refId="ref49721" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Tozer, E. T., 1997 a. Triassic conodont biochronology, its intercalibration with the ammonoid standard, and a biostratigraphic summary for the western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Moslow, T. & Wittenberg, J. (eds.), Triassic of Western Canada Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 45: 675 - 692." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">Orchard & Tozer, 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715ED6CFA12FBCFFA72" bold="true" box="[843,1069,1505,1526]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Arctic North America</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EA1DFA12FBB0FA72" bold="true" box="[1082,1106,1505,1526]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">34</emphasis>
|
||
- Brooks Range, Alaska (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EB6AFA12FEA6F990" author="Wardlaw & Jones" firstAuthor="Wardlaw" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="895 - 908" refId="ref53982" refString="Wardlaw, B. R. & Jones, D. S., 1980. Triassic conodonts from eugeoclinal rocks of western North America and their tectonic significance. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia, 85 (3 - 4): 895 - 908." type="journal article" year="1980">Wardlaw & Jones, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EF72FA0CFE04F990" bold="true" box="[341,486,1535,1556]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Arctic Europe</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EFD4FA0CFDE9F990" bold="true" box="[499,523,1535,1556]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">35</emphasis>
|
||
- Svalbard (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ECA6FA0DFCA6F990" author="Nakrem" box="[641,836,1534,1556]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakrem" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="523 - 539" refId="ref48124" refString="Nakrem, H. A., Orchard, M. J., Weitschat, W., Hounslow, M. W., Beatty, T. W. & Mork, A., 2008. Triassic conodonts from Svalbard and their Boreal correlations. Polar Research, 27: 523 - 539. https: // doi. org / 10. 1111 / j. 1751 - 8369.2008.00076. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Nakrem et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF93B715EEB0F9C8FE51F9F0" blockId="20.[151,771,1595,1652]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EEB0F9C8FE51F9F0" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF93B715EEB0F9C8FE63F9D7" box="[151,385,1595,1619]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EEB0F9C8FE63F9D7" bold="true" box="[151,385,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a conodont species without a cosmopolitan occurrence
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF93B715EEB0F96DFE9EF8F8" blockId="20.[151,772,1694,2082]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The known occurrences of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF93B715EC80F96CFF51F953" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EC80F96CFF51F953" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe and Southwest Asia are all located in the western Tethys realm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF93B715EFBFF913FE3FF97C" box="[408,477,1760,1784]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/1-7), i.e., Chios Island, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF93B715EEB0F8F2FF07F89D" box="[151,229,1793,1817]" name="Greece" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Kçira, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF93B715EF71F8F2FE4FF89D" box="[342,429,1793,1817]" name="Albania" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Albania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Capelluzzo and Sosio, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF93B715ECEBF8F2FD1FF89D" box="[716,765,1793,1817]" name="Italy" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Perşani Mts and Deşli Caira, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF93B715EFD3F8D1FDB6F8BE" box="[500,596,1826,1850]" name="Romania" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Gebze, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF93B715ECF3F8D0FF5FF8DF" name="Turkey" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Its occurrence in the Boreal realm of Europe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF93B715ECFFF8B0FF47F8F9" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/35) is questionable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF93B714EEB0F875FEF5FD85" blockId="20.[151,772,1694,2082]" lastBlockId="21.[151,772,158,2068]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">
|
||
In the western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF93B715EF7EF875FE16F81A" box="[345,500,1926,1950]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF93B715EEB0F85BFEE4F83B" box="[151,262,1960,1983]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EEB0F85BFEE4F83B" box="[151,262,1960,1983]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has confirmed occurrences in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF93B715EC57F854FD20F83B" box="[624,706,1959,1983]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF93B715ECFFF854FF46F864" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/28), which was located at a low-latitude during the Triassic on the eastern rim of Panthalassa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ECA2F81AFECAF7A6" author="Orchard & Bucher" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="133 - 140" refId="ref49672" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Bucher, H., 1992. Conodont-ammonoid intercalibration around the Lower-Triassic boundary: Nevada clocks help tell British Columbian time. Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92 - IE: 133 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Orchard & Bucher, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In northeast
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF93B715EFFAF7F9FD7EF7A6" box="[477,668,2058,2082]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF93B715EC97F7F9FCE2F7A6" box="[688,768,2058,2082]" name="Canada" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF93B715ED1FF9C8FC9EF9D7" box="[824,892,1595,1619]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/31), the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF93B715EA80F9CFFAF4F9D7" box="[1191,1302,1596,1619]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EA80F9CFFAF4F9D7" box="[1191,1302,1596,1619]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a high-latitude North American craton-bounded occurrence. Its occurrence is reported also from the western Cordilleran allochthonous terranes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF93B715EA62F96DFB77F932" box="[1093,1173,1694,1718]" name="Canada" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF93B715EA83F96DFB01F932" box="[1188,1251,1694,1718]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/32-33) and these were positioned at low-latitudes during the Triassic, being tectonically transported to higher latitudes during the Cenozoic oblique subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate under the North American continental plate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EB35F8D1FA75F8BE" author="Tozer" box="[1298,1431,1826,1850]" firstAuthor="Tozer" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="1077 - 1104" refId="ref53448" refString="Tozer, E. T., 1982. Marine Triassic Faunas of North America: Their Significance for Assessing Plate and Terrane Movements. Geologische Rundschau, 71 (3): 1077 - 1104." type="journal article" year="1982">Tozer, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715ED17F8B0FBC6F8DF" author="Silberling" box="[816,1060,1859,1883]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Silberling" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refId="ref51709" refString="Silberling, N. J., Jones, D. L., Blake, M. C., Jr. & Howell, D. G., 1984. Lithotectonic terrane map of the western conterminous United States. In: Silberling, N. J. & Jones, D. L. (eds.), Lithotectonic terrane maps of the North American Cordillera. U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84 - 523, Pt. C, 43 pp." type="book" year="1984">Silberling et al., 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA15F8B0FB88F8DF" author="Silberling" box="[1074,1130,1859,1883]" firstAuthor="Silberling" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refId="ref51800" refString="Silberling, N. J., Jones, D. L., Monger, J. W. H. & Coney, P. J., 1992. Lithotectonic terrane map of the North American Cordillera. U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map 1 - 2176, 2 sheets, scale 1: 5,000,000." type="journal volume" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA5FF8B0FB53F8DF" author="Silberling" box="[1144,1201,1859,1883]" firstAuthor="Silberling" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refId="ref51864" refString="Silberling, N. J., Grant-Mackie, J. A. & Nichols, K. M., 1997. The Late Triassic bivalve Monotis in accreted terranes of Alaska. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 2151, 21 pp." type="book" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA98F8B0FA83F8DF" author="Orchard" box="[1215,1377,1859,1883]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref49321" refString="Orchard, M. J., 1991. Conodonts, time and terranes: an overview of the biostratigraphic record in the western Canadian Cordillera. In: Orchard, M. J. & McCracken, A. D. (eds.), Ordovician to Triassic conodont paleontology of the Canadian Cordillera. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 417: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1991">Orchard, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EB50F8B0FBD0F8F9" author="Orchard & Bucher" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="133 - 140" refId="ref49672" refString="Orchard, M. J. & Bucher, H., 1992. Conodont-ammonoid intercalibration around the Lower-Triassic boundary: Nevada clocks help tell British Columbian time. Current Research, Part E; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92 - IE: 133 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Orchard & Bucher (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
underlined “
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EAE4F896FB39F864" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">
|
||
the relatively common occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF93B715EA32F875FB9EF81A" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[1045,1148,1926,1950]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF93B715EA32F875FB9EF81A" bold="true" box="[1045,1148,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="23">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the accreted terranes may represent remanants of a fauna that was particularly widespread in low-latitudes
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”, suggesting a ‘Tethyan’ affinity.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF93B715EA26F81AFB63F785" author="Paull" box="[1025,1153,2025,2049]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 602), when discussing Early Triassic diversity and paleoceanography, stated that the distribution of conodonts, with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EC69FF6DFCE1FF31" authority="zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[590,771,158,182]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
placed at the top of the Lower Triassic, is remarkable, with an equatorial span of about
|
||
<quantity id="D7169B3BFF92B714EFDDFF13FD8CFF7C" box="[506,622,224,248]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" unit="km" value="20000.0">20,000 km</quantity>
|
||
from the east Tethys embayment to western North America. In agreement with the Triassic paleogeographic reconstruction done by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EEDCFEB7FE6FFEDF" author="Tozer" box="[251,397,323,347]" firstAuthor="Tozer" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="1077 - 1104" refId="ref53448" refString="Tozer, E. T., 1982. Marine Triassic Faunas of North America: Their Significance for Assessing Plate and Terrane Movements. Geologische Rundschau, 71 (3): 1077 - 1104." type="journal article" year="1982">Tozer (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EFBBFEB0FDC7FEDF" author="Paull" box="[412,549,323,347]" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the west coasts of Pangaea were bounded by vast regions of scattered islands and shoals-suspect terranes “in waiting”, lying well offshore of what is present-day western North America, some
|
||
<quantity id="D7169B3BFF92B714EF6DFE3BFE57FE64" box="[330,437,456,480]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" unit="km" value="5000.0">5,000 km</quantity>
|
||
south and westward into the open ocean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF92B714EEB0FDF9FD61FD01" blockId="21.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The occurrence of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EC3CFDF8FD68FDA6" box="[539,650,523,546]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EC3CFDF8FD68FDA6" box="[539,650,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Boreal realm of North America is uncertain (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF92B714EC0CFDD8FD89FDC7" box="[555,619,555,579]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/34). In Arctic Siberia the occurrence of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714ECB3FDBEFCE1FDE0" box="[660,771,589,612]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714ECB3FDBEFCE1FDE0" box="[660,771,589,612]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not confirmed (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EF59FD9EFD95FD01" author="Sobolev & Klets" box="[382,631,621,645]" firstAuthor="Sobolev" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="137 - 138" refId="ref51911" refString="Sobolev, E. S. & Klets, T. V., 2009. New data on conodonts and biostratigraphy of the Lower and Middle Triassic of Eastern Taimyr (north of Middle Siberia). Paleontology and improvement of the stratigraphic basis of geological mapping. Proceedings of the 55 th Session of the Paleontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences (April 6 - 10, 2009, St. Petersburg), pp. 137 - 138 [in Russian]." type="book chapter" year="2009">Sobolev & Klets, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF92B714EEB0FD7CFE5AFB5D" blockId="21.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">
|
||
In Central and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EF1BFD7CFE47FD22" box="[316,421,654,678]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">East Asia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, most occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714ECB3FD7CFCE1FD22" box="[660,771,655,678]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714ECB3FD7CFCE1FD22" box="[660,771,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported from the Himalayan region, from South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EEB0FD22FF3BFD6D" box="[151,217,721,745]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and from the Japanese Islands. Isolated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714ECB3FD21FCE1FD6D" box="[660,771,722,745]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714ECB3FD21FCE1FD6D" box="[660,771,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrences are reported from Southeast Asia. Most of these regions were located in the eastern Tethyan realm, and were welded to Eurasia by the closure of the Paleo-Tethys (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EF02FCA6FE2CFCE9" author="Metcalfe, I." box="[293,462,853,877]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="567 - 578" refId="ref46431" refString="Metcalfe, I., 1990 a. Stratigraphic and tectonic implications of Triassic conodonts from northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Geological Magazine, 127 (6): 567 - 578." type="journal article" year="1990">Metcalfe, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a-b, 1998, 2013;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ECB2FCA6FEA1FC0A" author="Wakita & Metcalfe" firstAuthor="Wakita" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="679 - 702" refId="ref53713" refString="Wakita, K. & Metcalfe, I., 2005. Ocean Plate Stratigraphy in East and Southeast Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24: 679 - 702." type="journal article" year="2005">Wakita & Metcalfe, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EF72FC85FDD0FC0A" author="Hirsch" box="[341,562,886,910]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hirsch" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="195 - 204" refId="ref39492" refString="Hirsch, F., Ishida, K., Kozai, T. & Meespook, A., 2006. The welding of Shan-Thai. Geosciences Journal, 10 (3): 195 - 204. G 704 - 000565.2006. 10.3. 011" type="journal article" year="2006">Hirsch et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EC63FC85FF2DFC2B" author="Ishida & Hirsch" firstAuthor="Ishida" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="22 - 36" refId="ref40185" refString="Ishida, K. & Hirsch, F., 2011. The Triassic conodonts of the NW Malayan Kodiang Limestone revisited. Taxonomy and paleogeographic significance. Gondwana Research, 19 (1): 22 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gr. 2010.05. 008" type="journal article" year="2011">Ishida & Hirsch, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 11). The Japanese terranes with Triassic pelagic deep-sea cherts and shallow-marine atoll carbonates bearing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EED6FC29FE82FC75" box="[241,352,986,1009]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EED6FC29FE82FC75" box="[241,352,986,1009]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrences (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF92B714EFDBFC2AFDDDFC75" box="[508,575,985,1009]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/19-20) originated from low-latitude and equatorial Panthalassa (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EC90FC08FE8EFBB7" author="Matsuda & Isozaki" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="475 - 499" refId="ref46057" refString="Matsuda, T. & Isozaki, Y., 1991. Well-documented travel history of Mesozoic Pelagic Chert in Japan: from remote ocean to subduction zone. Tectonics, 10: 475 - 499." type="journal article" year="1991">Matsuda & Isozaki, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EF5DFBE8FD93FBB7" author="Hirsch & Ishida" box="[378,625,1051,1075]" firstAuthor="Hirsch" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="43 - 56" refId="ref39454" refString="Hirsch, F. & Ishida, K., (2002). The Izanami Plateau: Preaccretionary origin of Japan's low latitude Triassic pelagic carbonates. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 95: 43 - 56." type="journal article" year="2002">Hirsch & Ishida, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ECEEFBEFFEFBFBD0" author="Muto" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="687 - 707" refId="ref47091" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S., Suzuki, N., Suzuki, N. & Aita, Y., 2018. High sediment input and possible oceanic anoxia in the pelagic Panthalassa during the latest Olenekian and early Anisian: Insights from a new deep-sea section in Ogama, Tochigi, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 490: 687 - 707. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2017. 11.060" type="journal article" year="2018">Muto et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EF5FFBCEFE1AFBD0" author="Muto" box="[376,504,1084,1108]" firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="103402" refId="ref47035" refString="Muto, S., 2021. Recurrent deposition of organic-rich sediments in Early Triassic pelagic Panthalassa and its relationship with global oceanic anoxia: New data from Kyoto, Southwest Japan. Global and Planetary Change, 197: 103402. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gloplacha. 2020.103402" type="journal article" year="2021">Muto, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EC7DFBCFFF39FBF1" author="Zhang, L. & Orchard, M. J. & Algeo, T. J. & Chen, Z. - Q. & Lyu, Z. & Zhao, L. & Kaiho, K. & Ma, B. & Liu, S." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang L" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref55663" refString="Zhang, L., Orchard, M. J., Algeo, T. J., Chen, Z. - Q., Lyu, Z., Zhao, L., Kaiho, K., Ma, B. & Liu, S., 2019 a. An intercalibrated Triassic conodont succession and carbonate carbon isotope profile, Kamura, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 519: 65 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Zhang L et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2), being tectonically accreted during the scraping-off process of ocean-derived materials at the Japanese convergent margin (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EC07FB53FD1CFB3C" author="Isozaki" box="[544,766,1184,1208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Isozaki" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="179 - 205" refId="ref40241" refString="Isozaki, Y., Maruyama, S. & Furuoka, F., 1990. Accreted oceanic materials in Japan. In: Kono, M. & Burchfiel, B. C. (eds.), Tectonics of Eastern Asia and Western Pacific Continental Margin. Tectonophysics, 181: 179 - 205." type="journal article" year="1990">Isozaki et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EEB0FB32FE4BFB5D" author="Wakita & Metcalfe" box="[151,425,1217,1241]" firstAuthor="Wakita" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="679 - 702" refId="ref53713" refString="Wakita, K. & Metcalfe, I., 2005. Ocean Plate Stratigraphy in East and Southeast Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24: 679 - 702." type="journal article" year="2005">Wakita & Metcalfe, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF92B714EEB0FB11FEB8F88F" blockId="21.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">
|
||
With regard to Far East
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EFBCFB11FE00FB7E" box="[411,482,1250,1274]" name="Russia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is to be noted that most of the regions where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EFAAFAF7FE1EFA9F" box="[397,508,1284,1307]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EFAAFAF7FE1EFA9F" box="[397,508,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrences have been reported, although many of them are doubtful and not properly dated by ammonoid biostratigraphy, are in allochthonous terranes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EFBDFA95FD53FAFA" author="Nokleberg" box="[410,689,1382,1406]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nokleberg" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" refId="ref48600" refString="Nokleberg, W. J., Parfenov, L. M., Monger, J. W. H., Baranov, B. V., Byalobzhesky, S. G., Bundtzen, T. K., Feeney, T. D., Fujita, K., Gordey, S. P., Grantz, A., Khanchuk, A. I., Natal'in, B. A., Natapov, L. M., Norton, I. O., Patton, W. W. Jr., Plafker, G., Scholl, D. W., Sokolov, S. D., Sosunov, G. M., Stone, D. B., Tabor, R. W., Tsukanov, N. V., Vallier, T. L. & Wakita, K., 1994. Circum-North Pacific tectono-stratigraphic terrane map. U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94 - 714, 2 sheets, scale 1: 5,000,000; 2 sheets, scale 1: 10,000,000, 211 pp." type="book" year="1994">Nokleberg et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ECE0FA95FE5CFA1B" author="Vishnevskaya & Filatova" firstAuthor="Vishnevskaya" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="199 - 220" refId="ref53673" refString="Vishnevskaya, V. & Filatova, N., 1994. Mesozoic terranes of the northwest Pacific continental margins (Russia): Radiolarian ages and sedimentary environments. The Island Arc, 3: 199 - 220." type="journal article" year="1994">Vishnevskaya & Filatova, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EFEEFA74FD4CFA1B" author="Parfenov" box="[457,686,1415,1439]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Parfenov" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="11 - 33" refId="ref50430" refString="Parfenov, L. M., Badarch, G., Berzin, N. A., Khanchuk, A. I., Kuzmin, M. I., Nokleberg, W. J., Prokopiev, A. V., Ogasawara, M. & Yan, H., 2009: Summary of Northeast Asia geodynamics and tectonics. Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series, 4: 11 - 33. www. stephan-mueller-spec-publ-ser. net / 4 / 11 / 2009 /" type="journal article" year="2009">Parfenov et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which during the Triassic were positioned in low-latitudes in the eastern Panthalassa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF92B714EF50FA39FE5AFA66" box="[375,440,1482,1506]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/21-24), as documented by the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EF14FA1FFE68F987" authorityName="Bronn" authorityYear="1830" box="[307,394,1516,1539]" class="Bivalvia" family="Monotidae" genus="Monotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EF14FA1FFE68F987" box="[307,394,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Monotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bivalves, conodonts, radiolarians, and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EEC1F9FFFE90F9A0" box="[230,370,1548,1572]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Rhabdoceratidae" genus="Rhabdoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EEC1F9FFFE90F9A0" box="[230,370,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Rhabdoceras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ammonoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EC2FF9FFFD50F9A0" author="Chekhov" box="[520,690,1548,1572]" firstAuthor="Chekhov" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="70 - 105" refId="ref35529" refString="Chekhov, A. D., 1982. Tectonics of Talovsko- Pekulneyzone. In: Puscharovsky, V. M. (ed.), Outline of Tectonics of Koryak Highland. Nauka, Moscow, 70 - 105 [in Russian]." type="book chapter" year="1982">Chekhov, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EC98F9FEFEC2F9C1" author="Dagys" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dagys" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref36736" refString="Dagys, A. S., Dagys, A. A. & Klets, T. V., 1983. Questions of the biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of Trias of the exotic blocks of North-Western Pacific. In: Soloviev, V. A. (ed.), Stage and zonal scales of the Boreal Mesozoic of the USSR, Nauka, Moscow, pp. 52 - 60 [in Russian]." type="book chapter" year="1983">Dagys et al., 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EF14F9DEFE27F9C1" author="Bragin" box="[307,453,1581,1605]" firstAuthor="Bragin" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" refId="ref33570" refString="Bragin, N. J., 1991. Radiolaria and Lower Mesozoic units of the Eastern USSR. Nauka, Moscow, 125 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1991">Bragin, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EFFCF9DEFDBCF9C1" author="Klets, T. V." box="[475,606,1581,1605]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="467 - 489" refId="ref41443" refString="Klets, T. V., 2008. Paleogeographic Regionalization of Triassic Seas Based on Conodontophorids. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 16 (5): 467 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 086959380805002 X" type="journal article" year="2008">Klets, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EC53F9DEFED0F9E2" author="Gradinaru & Sobolev" firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="261 - 309" refId="ref38697" refString="Gradinaru, E. & Sobolev, E. S., 2010. First record of Rhabdoceras suessi (Ammonoidea, Late Triassic) from the Transylvanian Triassic Series of the Eastern Carpathians (Romania) and a review of its biochronology, paleobiogeography and paleoecology. Central European Geology, 53 (2 - 3): 261 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.1556 / ceugeol. 53.2010.2 - 3.8" type="journal article" year="2010">Grădinaru & Sobolev, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EF6DF9BDFDF4F9E2" author="Liu, K. & Xiao, W. & Wilde, S. A. & Zhang, J. & Alexandrov, I. & Kasatkin, S. A. & Ge, M." box="[330,534,1614,1638]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Liu K" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="2020" refId="ref44587" refString="Liu, K., Xiao, W., Wilde, S. A., Zhang, J., Alexandrov, I., Kasatkin, S. A. & Ge, M., 2021. Syn-subduction strike-slip faults shape an accretionary orogen and its provenance signatures: Insights from Sikhote-Alin in NE Asia during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Tectonics, 40 (7): e 2020 TC 006541. https: // doi. org / 10. 1029 / 2020 TC 006541" type="journal article" year="2021">Liu K et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on detrital zircon U-Pb data and also on geochronological data, argued that in Sikhote-Alin different sedimentary rocks were juxtaposed by
|
||
<typeStatus id="CF55887CFF92B714EF61F941FE96F94E" box="[326,372,1714,1738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" type="syntype">syn-</typeStatus>
|
||
and post-subduction sinistral displacements along the NE Asian continental margin during the late Mesozoic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF92B714EEB0F8E6FB58FF7C" blockId="21.[151,772,158,2068]" lastBlockId="21.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">
|
||
With regard to the occurrences of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EEB0F8C4FEE4F8CA" box="[151,262,1847,1870]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EEB0F8C4FEE4F8CA" box="[151,262,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in offshore Western Australia,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ECB1F8C5FF3CF8EB" author="McTavish" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="481 - 490" refId="ref46256" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1975. Triassic Conodonts and Gondwana Stratigraphy. In: Campbell, K. S. W. (ed.), Gondwana Geology, Papers presented at the Third Gondwana Symposium, Canberra, Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp. 481 - 490." type="book chapter" year="1975">McTavish (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EF30F8A4FE4BF8EB" author="Nicoll" box="[279,425,1879,1903]" firstAuthor="Nicoll" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="167 - 177" refId="ref48200" refString="Nicoll, R. S., 2002. Conodont biostratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Triassic on the western, northwestern and northern margins of the Australian Plate. In: Keep, M. & Moss, S. J. (eds.), The Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia, 3: Proceedings of the Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Symposium, Perth, W. A., 2002, pp. 167 - 177." type="journal article" year="2002">Nicoll (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed the occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714ECF3F8A4FEACF814" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714ECF3F8A4FEACF814" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Gondwana margin of the Tethys Ocean (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF92B714EED6F86AFED5F835" box="[241,311,1945,1969]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/27). Paleogeographically, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714ECB3F869FCE1F835" box="[660,771,1946,1969]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714ECB3F869FCE1F835" box="[660,771,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrence in offshore Western Australia, together with all occurrences in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EF4DF828FE49F877" box="[362,427,2011,2035]" name="Oman" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF92B714EF98F828FDE4F877" box="[447,518,2011,2035]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/8), Himalayan regions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF92B714EEB8F80FFF06F790" box="[159,228,2044,2068]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/9-12),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EF1FF80FFE78F790" box="[312,410,2044,2068]" name="Malaysia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF92B714EF89F80FFE16F790" box="[430,500,2044,2068]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/17-18) and Timor (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF92B714ECFFF80FFCDFFF32" box="[728,829,158,2068]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
/25-26), some of them being positioned around south
|
||
<superScript id="E79B9B96FF92B714ED17FF4CFCB6FF4F" attach="left" box="[816,852,189,215]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">300</superScript>
|
||
latitude by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EDCFFF4CFB42FF53" author="McTavish" box="[1000,1184,191,215]" firstAuthor="McTavish" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="481 - 490" refId="ref46256" refString="McTavish, R. A., 1975. Triassic Conodonts and Gondwana Stratigraphy. In: Campbell, K. S. W. (ed.), Gondwana Geology, Papers presented at the Third Gondwana Symposium, Canberra, Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp. 481 - 490." type="book chapter" year="1975">McTavish (1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 36), were located mainly in the southern Tethys realm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF92B714ED17FEF2FAA0FD85" blockId="21.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">
|
||
With regard to the provincialism in the geographic distribution of the Triassic conodonts,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EA8FFED1FA8BFEBE" author="Huckriede" box="[1192,1385,290,314]" firstAuthor="Huckriede" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="141 - 175" refId="ref40031" refString="Huckriede, R., 1958. Die Conodonten der Mediterranen Trias und ihr stratigraphischer Wert. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 32: 141 - 175." type="journal article" year="1958">Huckriede (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was the first to note a distinction between faunas of the Alpine and Germanic Muschelkalk areas.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EA97FE97FAB1FEF8" author="Mosher" box="[1200,1363,356,380]" firstAuthor="Mosher" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="895 - 946" refId="ref47001" refString="Mosher, L. С., 1968. Triassic conodonts from western North America and Europe and their correlation. Journal of Paleontology, 42 (4): 895 - 946." type="journal article" year="1968">Mosher (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added the western North America province, and underlined that connections between the Germanic Muschelkalk and western North American areas may have been either polar or to the southeast through the Tethys seaway.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF92B714ED17FDF8FBA8FC75" blockId="21.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ED17FDF8FBDDFDA6" author="Kozur & Mostler" box="[816,1087,522,546]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="777 - 810" refId="ref42493" refString="Kozur, H. & Mostler, H., 1972. Die Bedeutung der Conodonten fur stratigraphische und palaogeographische Untersuchungen in der Trias. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie- und Bergbaustudenten in Osterreich, 21 (2): 777 - 810." type="journal article" year="1972">Kozur & Mostler (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EA5FFDF8FAEDFDA6" author="Kozur" box="[1144,1295,522,546]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref42088" refString="Kozur, H., 1973 c. Faunenprovinzen in der Trias und ihre Bedeutung fur die Klarung der Palaogeographie. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 3 (8): 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="c">Kozur (1973c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EB38FDF9FA80FDA6" author="Kozur" box="[1311,1378,522,546]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="79 - 172" refId="ref42247" refString="Kozur, H., 1980 b. Revision der Conodontenzonierung der Mittel- und Obertrias des tethyalen Faunenreichs. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 10 (3 - 4): 79 - 172." type="journal article" year="1980" yearSuffix="b">1980b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) distinguished three main faunal provinces, the Northern Boreal province, the Southern Boreal province and the Tethyan province between the former. Within the Tethyan main province several regional provinces were segregated, i.e., Nevadian, Asiatic, Dinaric, Austroalpine, West Mediterranean (= Sephardic) and Germanic, some of them having subprovinces. For the mentioned authors, the occurrences of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EB26FCE0FA92FCAE" box="[1281,1392,787,810]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EB26FCE0FA92FCAE" box="[1281,1392,787,810]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are confined only to the Tethyan province starting from Nevada through
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EDF7FCA5FBEEFCE9" box="[976,1036,854,877]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EA4CFCA6FB4FFCE9" box="[1131,1197,853,877]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Primorye, Southeast Asia, Timor, Western Australia,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF92B714EAB4FC85FB2CFC0A" box="[1171,1230,886,910]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and from Himalayas until the east of the Mediterranean region, with the occurrence from Chios, the only one known at that time (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ED45FC29FC17FC75" author="Kozur" box="[866,1013,985,1009]" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="79 - 172" refId="ref42247" refString="Kozur, H., 1980 b. Revision der Conodontenzonierung der Mittel- und Obertrias des tethyalen Faunenreichs. Geologisch-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 10 (3 - 4): 79 - 172." type="journal article" year="1980" yearSuffix="b">Kozur, 1980b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF92B714ED17FC09FBD5F9A0" blockId="21.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ED17FC09FC3AFB96" author="Matsuda" box="[816,984,1018,1042]" firstAuthor="Matsuda" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="757 - 770" refId="ref45994" refString="Matsuda, T., 1985. Late Permian to Early Triassic conodont paleobiogeography in the " Tethys Realm ". In: Nakazawa, K. & Dickins, J. M. (eds.), The Tethys, Her Paleogeography and Paleobiostratigraphy from Paleozoic to Mesozoic: Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 757 - 770." type="book chapter" year="1985">Matsuda (1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 3) identified two conodont faunal provinces in the Early Triassic “Tethys Realm”, namely the PeriGondwana Tethys Province (Kashmir, Salt Range, Spiti Himalayas, Dolpo and Thakkhola area of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714ED17FB8CFC90FB13" box="[816,882,1151,1175]" name="Nepal" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Mt. Everest area of Chinese side and western Australia) and the Tethys Province s.str. (Southern Alps, Transcaucasia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EDF1FB31FBE6FB5D" box="[982,1028,1218,1241]" name="Iran" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EA28FB32FB76FB5D" box="[1039,1172,1217,1241]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EAC1FB32FACAFB5D" box="[1254,1320,1217,1241]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EB13FB32FA7AFB5D" box="[1332,1432,1217,1241]" name="Malaysia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714ED17FB10FC8FFB7E" box="[816,877,1251,1274]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Sikhote-Alin), respectively. The author stated that the conodont assemblage of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EAE2FAF7FA74FA9F" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[1221,1430,1284,1307]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EAE2FAF7FAB4FA9F" box="[1221,1366,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">N. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is dated as late Olenekian, is quite uniform in composition everywhere it is known, and it is found in Chios, Kashmir, Salt Range, Spiti,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EA92FA95FB15FAFA" box="[1205,1271,1382,1406]" name="Nepal" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Western Australia, Timor, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EA02FA74FB85FA1B" box="[1061,1127,1415,1439]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714EA5DFA7BFB55FA1B" box="[1146,1207,1416,1439]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF92B714EADAFA74FAB0FA1B" box="[1277,1362,1415,1439]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EB41FA74FC8DFA45" author="Paull" firstAuthor="Paull" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="598 - 605" refId="ref50290" refString="Paull, R. K., 1988. Distribution Pattern of Lower Triassic (Scythian) Conodonts in the Western United States: Documentation of the Pakistan Connection. Palaios, 3 (6): 598 - 605. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514448" type="journal article" year="1988">Paull (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 600) noted that the Lower Triassic of the Western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF92B714ED7CFA39FC0CFA66" box="[859,1006,1482,1506]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EA14FA39FB07FA65" authority="zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[1075,1253,1482,1506]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Timorensis zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
at its uppermost part, includes representatives from both of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714EB0AFA18FC9AF9A0" author="Matsuda's" firstAuthor="Matsuda's" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="757 - 770" refId="ref45994" refString="Matsuda, T., 1985. Late Permian to Early Triassic conodont paleobiogeography in the " Tethys Realm ". In: Nakazawa, K. & Dickins, J. M. (eds.), The Tethys, Her Paleogeography and Paleobiostratigraphy from Paleozoic to Mesozoic: Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 757 - 770." type="book chapter" year="1985">Matsuda’s (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
faunal provinces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF92B714ED17F9DEFBB3F835" blockId="21.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ED17F9DEFBCEF9C1" author="Hirsch & Ishida" box="[816,1068,1581,1605]" firstAuthor="Hirsch" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="43 - 56" refId="ref39454" refString="Hirsch, F. & Ishida, K., (2002). The Izanami Plateau: Preaccretionary origin of Japan's low latitude Triassic pelagic carbonates. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 95: 43 - 56." type="journal article" year="2002">Hirsch & Ishida (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, when discussing the origin of the pelagic carbonates and chert successions included in the accretionary complexes of the Japanese Islands, placed the oceanic Isanami Plateau at low-latitudes on the Izanagi Plate, having in view the Tethyan low-latitude confinement of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EA56F921FAECF96E" box="[1137,1294,1746,1770]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EA56F921FAECF96E" box="[1137,1294,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrences.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ED17F907FC0DF888" author="Kilic" box="[816,1007,1780,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kilic" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="321 - 324" refId="ref41150" refString="Kilic, A. M., Plasencia, P., Ishida, K., Guex, J. & Hirsch, F., 2015. Conodonts versus Triassic Climatic and Eustatic Changes. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 15: 321 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. proeps. 2015.08.080" type="journal article" year="2015">Kiliç et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that environmental stress factors, among them thermal and trophic, caused decrease in size and morphological complexity of the conodonts during the Triassic. This may justify also the low-latitude confinement of the condont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EA1AF88BFB3BF814" box="[1085,1241,1912,1936]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EA1AF88BFB3BF814" box="[1085,1241,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as already stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ED75F86AFBAFF835" author="Hirsch & Ishida" box="[850,1101,1945,1969]" firstAuthor="Hirsch" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="43 - 56" refId="ref39454" refString="Hirsch, F. & Ishida, K., (2002). The Izanami Plateau: Preaccretionary origin of Japan's low latitude Triassic pelagic carbonates. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 95: 43 - 56." type="journal article" year="2002">Hirsch & Ishida (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF92B716ED17F849FDDAFDE0" blockId="21.[816,1437,158,2068]" lastBlockId="23.[151,772,158,1406]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF92B714ED17F849FC53F856" author="Klets, T. V." box="[816,945,1978,2002]" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" pagination="467 - 489" refId="ref41443" refString="Klets, T. V., 2008. Paleogeographic Regionalization of Triassic Seas Based on Conodontophorids. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 16 (5): 467 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 086959380805002 X" type="journal article" year="2008">Klets (2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, tab. 4) placed the occurrence of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EB64F849FC2FF877" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EB64F849FC2FF877" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF92B714EDF3F828FB93F877" box="[980,1137,2011,2035]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF92B714EDF3F828FB93F877" box="[980,1137,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="24">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in the Tethys– Panthalassa super-realm, this including the southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EEB0FF6DFED2FF32" box="[151,304,158,182]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EF65FF6DFE72FF32" box="[322,400,158,182]" name="Greece" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EF84FF6DFE02FF31" box="[419,480,158,181]" name="Japan" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EC71FF6DFD51FF32" box="[598,691,158,182]" name="Pakistan" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716ECE1FF6DFD1DFF32" box="[710,767,158,182]" name="India" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Timor Island and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EF7EFF4CFE7EFF53" box="[345,412,191,215]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. With regard to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EC6AFF4CFD06FF53" authorityName="Mosher" authorityYear="1968" box="[589,740,191,215]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Neospathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EC6AFF4CFD06FF53" box="[589,740,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Neospathodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EEB0FF13FF1FFF7C" authorityName="GRADINARU" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,253,224,248]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EEB0FF13FF1FFF7C" box="[151,253,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Chiosella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EF28FF13FE4EFF7C" box="[271,428,224,248]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EF1AFF12FE4EFF7C" box="[317,428,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subsequently described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716ECF9FF13FDD6FE9D" authority="Kopylova and Klets, 2008" authorityName="Kopylova and Klets" authorityYear="2008" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omulyovika">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716ECF9FF13FEF0FE9D" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Ch. omulyovika</emphasis>
|
||
Kopylova and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EF9FFEF2FDD6FE9D" author="Klets, T. V." box="[440,564,257,281]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="467 - 489" refId="ref41443" refString="Klets, T. V., 2008. Paleogeographic Regionalization of Triassic Seas Based on Conodontophorids. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 16 (5): 467 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 086959380805002 X" type="journal article" year="2008">Klets, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was reported in the Zyryanka River Basin, Kolyma region by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ECEDFED1FE8EFEDF" author="Klets & Kopylova" firstAuthor="Klets" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="222 - 227" refId="ref41487" refString="Klets, T. V. & Kopylova, A. V., 2008. The first finding of the genus Chiosella Kozur 1989 (Conodonts of upper Olenekian) in the northeast Russia. News of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Supplement to Geologiya i Geofizika, 49 (10 - 11): 222 - 227 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="2008">Klets & Kopylova (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Konstatinov & Klets (2009), and placed in the Panboreal super-realm by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EC60FE97FD32FEF8" author="Klets, T. V." box="[583,720,356,380]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="467 - 489" refId="ref41443" refString="Klets, T. V., 2008. Paleogeographic Regionalization of Triassic Seas Based on Conodontophorids. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 16 (5): 467 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 086959380805002 X" type="journal article" year="2008">Klets (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this is occurring in an allochthonous terrane that originated from low-latitudes in western Panthalassa. It must be noted, from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EF07FE3BFE4BFE64" author="Klets, T. V." box="[288,425,456,480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="467 - 489" refId="ref41443" refString="Klets, T. V., 2008. Paleogeographic Regionalization of Triassic Seas Based on Conodontophorids. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 16 (5): 467 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 086959380805002 X" type="journal article" year="2008">Klets (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
paleogeographic synthesis several occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EFA3FE1AFD8BFD85" box="[388,617,489,513]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EFA3FE1AFD8BFD85" box="[388,617,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are missing, such as those from Western Australia, Southeast Asia, or from Europe (Capelluzzo and Sosio, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EC7AFDD8FD73FDC7" box="[605,657,555,579]" name="Italy" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Kçira, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EEB0FDBFFF0CFDE0" box="[151,238,588,612]" name="Albania" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Albania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Deşli Caira, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EFE0FDBFFDC5FDE0" box="[455,551,588,612]" name="Romania" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="44916656FF91B717EA15FC46F6A4FB7B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="25" startId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" subCaptionStartIDs="22.[1207,1284,983,1007] 22.[1585,1624,983,1007]" subCaptionStarts="figured & Fig. 3" targetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF91B717EA15FC46F994FC6B" blockId="22.[1074,2997,949,1279]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EA15FC46FB90FC49" bold="true" box="[1074,1138,949,973]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4</emphasis>
|
||
- Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF91B717E85EFC46F8B4FC49" box="[1657,1878,949,973]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E85EFC46F8B4FC49" box="[1657,1878,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary (based on Map 48 from Scotese, 2014): Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF91B717EA15FC0AF9AEFBB7" blockId="22.[1074,2997,949,1279]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF91B717EA15FBCEF6A4FB7B" blockId="22.[1074,2997,949,1279]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EA15FBCEFBDDFBD1" bold="true" box="[1074,1087,1085,1109]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">1</emphasis>
|
||
- Chios, Greece;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EADAFBCEFAE8FBD1" bold="true" box="[1277,1290,1085,1109]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">2</emphasis>
|
||
- Perşani Mountains;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EBDFFBCEF9E7FBD1" bold="true" box="[1528,1541,1085,1109]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">3</emphasis>
|
||
- Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E9ACFBCEF87AFBD1" bold="true" box="[1931,1944,1085,1109]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">4</emphasis>
|
||
- Sosio Valley, Sicilia;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E6BEFBCEF744FBD1" bold="true" box="[2201,2214,1085,1109]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">5</emphasis>
|
||
- Kçira, Albania; 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania; 7 - Gebze, Turkey; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EAEDFB93FB35FBFC" bold="true" box="[1226,1239,1120,1144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">9</emphasis>
|
||
- Salt Range, Pakistan;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EBFBFB93FA15FBFC" bold="true" box="[1500,1527,1120,1144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">10</emphasis>
|
||
- Dolpo, Nepal;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E889FB93F92BFBFC" bold="true" box="[1710,1737,1120,1144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">11</emphasis>
|
||
- Spiti, India;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E947FB93F898FBFC" bold="true" box="[1888,1914,1120,1144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">12</emphasis>
|
||
- Kashmir, India;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E664FB93F7BCFBFC" bold="true" box="[2115,2142,1120,1144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">13</emphasis>
|
||
- Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EBC7FB72FA18FB1D" bold="true" box="[1504,1530,1153,1177]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">16</emphasis>
|
||
-South China, Wantou and Youping;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E9B6FB72F84EFB1D" bold="true" box="[1937,1964,1153,1177]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">17</emphasis>
|
||
- Kodiang, Malaysia;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E6BBFB72F755FB1D" bold="true" box="[2204,2231,1153,1177]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">18</emphasis>
|
||
- Western Thailand; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates; 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EB65FB50FABFFB3F" bold="true" box="[1346,1373,1187,1211]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">21</emphasis>
|
||
- Koryak Upland;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E80CFB50F9B5FB3F" bold="true" box="[1579,1623,1187,1211]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">22 -</emphasis>
|
||
Zyryanka, Kolyma river;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E954FB50F86FFB3F" bold="true" box="[1907,1933,1187,1211]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">23</emphasis>
|
||
- Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye; 25 - Mount Lilu, Timor-Leste;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EA15FB36FBAFFB59" bold="true" box="[1074,1101,1221,1245]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">26</emphasis>
|
||
- Nifukoko, West Timor;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717EB4CFB36FA67FB59" bold="true" box="[1387,1413,1221,1245]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">27</emphasis>
|
||
- Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E9D9FB36F7FBFB59" bold="true" box="[2046,2073,1221,1245]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">28</emphasis>
|
||
- Northwestern Nevada; 29 - Great Valley, California; 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E810FB14F9B0FB7B" bold="true" box="[1591,1618,1255,1279]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">32</emphasis>
|
||
- Quesnellia;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E8C9FB14F8EBFB7B" bold="true" box="[1774,1801,1255,1279]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">33</emphasis>
|
||
- Stikinia;
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF91B717E9A6FB14F87EFB7B" bold="true" box="[1921,1948,1255,1279]" pageId="22" pageNumber="25">34</emphasis>
|
||
- Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF90B716EEB0FD9EFEEFFD43" blockId="23.[151,772,158,1406]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Chen Y-L et al. (2016) discussed Triassic conodont provincialism but without any reference to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716ECBAFD7DFEE4FD43" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716ECBAFD7DFEE4FD43" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF90B716EEB0FD22FE09FBB7" blockId="23.[151,772,158,1406]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">
|
||
As may be seen from the
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF90B716EF97FD22FE0DFD6D" box="[432,495,721,745]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[1074,1111,949,973]" captionTargetBox="[151,1030,278,2073]" captionTargetId="figure-571@22.[151,1030,277,2073]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary ( based on Map 48 from Scotese , 2014 ) : Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira , Albania ; 6 - Deşli Caira , Romania ; 7 - Gebze , Turkey ; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs , Tajikistan ; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo , Tibet ; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand ; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates ; 20 - Hon- shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River , South Primorye ; 25 - Mount Lilu , Timor-Leste ; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada ; 29 - Great Valley , California ; 30 - Sheep Creek , Idaho ; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836500/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, the genuine occurrences of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EF8AFD00FDFEFC8E" box="[429,540,755,778]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EF8AFD00FDFEFC8E" box="[429,540,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are confined during the Triassic within a region lying between the low-latitudes, eventually mid-latitudes, of the northern and southern hemispheres, starting from East Panthalassa until Western Tethys. Other known occurrences in the present-day high-latitudes of North America and Europe, also in Arctic Siberia and Far East
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EC3DFC4BFD83FC54" box="[538,609,952,976]" name="Russia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, are either unconfirmed or doubtful, or are in allochthonous terranes that were tectonically transported from low-latitudes to their present-day high-latitudes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF90B716EEB0FBCFFE0EFAFA" blockId="23.[151,772,158,1406]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">
|
||
One may conclude, the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EC7AFBCEFD2EFBD0" box="[605,716,1085,1108]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EC7AFBCEFD2EFBD0" box="[605,716,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be used for dating and global correlation of the Triassic successions in regions outside the Tethys domain and Panthalassa. The distribution of other associated groups of fossils clearly demonstrates there existed a latitudinal paleoclimatic control in the distribution of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EECCFAF7FEB8FA9F" box="[235,346,1284,1307]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EECCFAF7FEB8FA9F" box="[235,346,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the other side, even in the Tethyan domain the distribution of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EC80FAD6FF51FAD9" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EC80FAD6FF51FAD9" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was facies controlled, and this may explain the diachronism of its first occurrence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF90B716EEB0FA5AFE64F987" blockId="23.[151,771,1449,1539]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EEB0FA5AFE64F987" bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716EEECFA5AFEECFA45" box="[203,270,1449,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
candidates for the base of the Anisian, having the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EF53FA39FDBEFA66" box="[372,604,1482,1506]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EF53FA39FDBEFA66" bold="true" box="[372,604,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a defunct primary biotic proxy
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF90B716EEB0F9DEFD0FF888" blockId="23.[151,772,1581,2068]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Following the recommendation of the International Commission of Stratigraphy to document the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716ECABF9BDFD29F9E2" box="[652,715,1614,1638]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
candidates for the standard chronostratigraphic units by significant biotic and physical events (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EC74F963FF2DF94D" author="Gradstein" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gradstein" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" refId="ref38834" refString="Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G. & Smith, A. G., 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 589 pp." type="book" year="2004">Gradstein et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EEF9F942FEF4F94D" author="Gradstein" box="[222,278,1713,1737]" firstAuthor="Gradstein" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" refId="ref38872" refString="Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D. & Ogg, G. M., 2012. The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Elsevier, 1144 pp." type="book" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EF02F942FEBCF94D" author="Gradstein" box="[293,350,1713,1737]" firstAuthor="Gradstein" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" refId="ref38913" refString="Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D. & Ogg, G. M., 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020. Elsevier, 1357 pp." type="book" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EF4AF941FDE3F94D" author="Lucas" box="[365,513,1713,1737]" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref45071" refString="Lucas, S. G., 2018 a. The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review. Frontiers in Earth Science, 6: 191: 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / feart. 2018.00191" type="journal article" year="2018" yearSuffix="a">Lucas, 2018a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a plethora of articles has been focused on the biotic and physical events around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF90B716EEB0F8E6FB06FD22" blockId="23.[151,772,1581,2068]" lastBlockId="23.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">
|
||
As for the biotic events, the conodont biostratigraphy received particular attention, with the desire to find suitable conodont taxa to be designated as biotic proxies for the Triassic standard chronostratigraphic boundaries. In the case of the base
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF90B716EF52F86AFE24F835" box="[373,454,1945,1969]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
/lower Anisian/Middle Triassic boundary, after the early proposal made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ECE5F849FF08F877" author="Sweet" firstAuthor="Sweet" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="207 - 275" refId="ref52473" refString="Sweet, W. C., 1970 a. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan, In: Kummel, B. & Teichert, C. (eds.), Stratigraphic Boundary Problems, Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication, 4: 207 - 275." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Sweet (1970a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to introduce a Timorensis conodont zone although controversial with regard to the dating of the FO of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EA16FF6CFA85FF32" authority=", Nicora (1977)" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[1073,1383,158,182]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EA16FF6CFB42FF32" box="[1073,1184,159,182]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EA90FF6DFA85FF32" author="Nicora" box="[1207,1383,158,182]" firstAuthor="Nicora" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="88 - 107" refId="ref48445" refString="Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian platform-conodonts from Tethys and Nevada: taxonomic and stratigraphic revision. Palaeontographica Abt. A, 157: 88 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Nicora (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ED17FF4CFBFDFF53" author="Assereto" box="[816,1055,191,215]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made for the first time the formal proposal that the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716EA2BFF13FBA3FF7C" box="[1036,1089,224,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EB02FF13FBA3FE9D" authority="Nogami, 1968" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EB02FF13FC7DFE9D" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ED80FEF2FBA3FE9D" author="Nogami" box="[935,1089,257,281]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
be used for the definition of the lower boundary of the Anisian in the Chios section, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716ED17FEB0FC9DFEDF" box="[816,895,323,347]" name="Greece" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EDDDFEB0FB3AFEDF" author="Gaetani" box="[1018,1240,323,347]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref37302" refString="Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Fantini Sestini, N., Mertmann, D. & Skourtsis-Coroneou, V., 1992. The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 98 (2): 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaetani et al. (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
underlined that in the Chios section the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716EA17FE97FB87FEF8" box="[1072,1125,356,380]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EAB1FE96FAE7FEF8" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" box="[1174,1285,357,380]" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EAB1FE96FAE7FEF8" box="[1174,1285,357,380]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
precedes the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF90B716ED17FE76FC60FE19" box="[816,898,389,413]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
ammonoid
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716EA3EFE76FBB3FE19" box="[1049,1105,389,413]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
, and concluded that if the boundary is drawn on the base of ammonoids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EB09FE5BFC87FE64" authority="FAD" authorityName="FAD" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EB09FE5BFA7FFE3B" box="[1326,1437,424,447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
FAD
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is latest Spathian in age. On this basis,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EB31FE3BFC5CFD85" author="Jacobshagen" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jacobshagen" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="25 - 38" refId="ref40361" refString="Jacobshagen, V., Gaetani, M., Nicora, A., Tselepedis, V., Kauffmann, G., Mertmann, D., Skourtsis-Coroneou, V. & Fantini Sestini, N., 1993. The Early / Middle Triassic boundary on Chios Island: preliminary results of a reinvestigation. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 28: 25 - 38." type="journal article" year="1993">Jacobshagen et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that the conodont argument of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ED17FDF9FBFFFDA6" author="Assereto" box="[816,1053,522,546]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
should not be proposed as a biotic proxy for the base of the Anisian. During the Halle meeting of the STS (1998), it was decided to abandon the proposal made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EDF0FD9EFB58FD01" author="Muttoni" box="[983,1210,621,645]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muttoni" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref47332" refString="Muttoni, G., Kent, D. V. & Gaetani, M., 1994. The base of the Anisian. A candidate Global Stratotype Section and Point from Chios Island (Greece). Albertiana, 13: 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="1994">Muttoni et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of the Chios section as a
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716ED47FD7DFC7DFD22" box="[864,927,654,678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
candidate (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EA19FD7DFB3AFD22" author="Gaetani" box="[1086,1240,654,678]" firstAuthor="Gaetani" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="4 - 8" refId="ref37281" refString="Gaetani, M., 2000. Report on the STS activity. Albertiana, 24: 4 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">Gaetani, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF90B716ED17FD5CFA9BFAB8" blockId="23.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Subsequently, Deşli Caira (Dobrogea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EADCFD5CFABFFD43" box="[1275,1373,687,711]" name="Romania" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and Guandao (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF90B716ED81FD22FB91FD6D" box="[934,1139,721,745]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Guizhou Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EAF4FD22FAF6FD6D" box="[1235,1300,721,745]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
) have been formally nominated as
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716EA0FFD01FB85FC8E" box="[1064,1127,754,778]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
candidates for the definition of the Early-Middle Triassic boundary by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, 2004, having as primary markers the near lowest occurrences of the ammonite genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EDBCFC84FBE3FC0A" box="[923,1025,887,910]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gymnitidae" genus="Japonites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EDBCFC84FBE3FC0A" box="[923,1025,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Japonites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EA0CFC85FB2AFC0A" authorityName="Shevyrev" authorityYear="1968" box="[1067,1224,886,910]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Danubitidae" genus="Paradanubites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EA0CFC85FB2AFC0A" box="[1067,1224,886,910]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Paradanubites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EB1CFC84FC4DFC2B" authorityName="Spath" authorityYear="1934" class="Cephalopoda" family="Acrochordiceratidae" genus="Paracrochordiceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EB1CFC84FC4DFC2B" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Paracrochordiceras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EABBFC64FA9AFC2B" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[1180,1400,919,943]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EABBFC64FA9AFC2B" box="[1180,1400,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as primary markers, the proposed level being slightly below the base of a normal polarity magnetic zone (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EB4FFC2AFC8BFB96" author="Ogg" firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="271 - 306" refId="ref48803" refString="Ogg, J. G., 2004. The Triassic Period. In: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G. & Smith, A. L. (eds.), A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 271 - 306." type="book chapter" year="2004">Ogg, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Subsequently, the Deşli Caira section became the first-ranked
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716ED90FBE8FC14FBB7" box="[951,1014,1051,1075]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
candidate, to which the Guandao and South Primorye sections are added as significant
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716EB7AFBCFFA7EFBD0" box="[1373,1436,1084,1108]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
sections in the Geological Time Scale of the Triassic System, with the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716EDEDFB8CFC1DFB13" box="[970,1023,1151,1175]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EA99FB8CFA7EFB13" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[1214,1436,1151,1175]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EA99FB8CFA7EFB13" box="[1214,1436,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or the base of magnetic normal polarity chronozone
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716ED17FB32FCBEFB5D" box="[816,860,1217,1241]" country="Russia" name="Mus. Tinro, Vladyvostok" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">MT</collectionCode>
|
||
1n as correlation events (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EA84FB32FA7AFB5D" author="Gradstein" box="[1187,1432,1217,1241]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gradstein" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" refId="ref38872" refString="Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D. & Ogg, G. M., 2012. The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Elsevier, 1144 pp." type="book" year="2012">Gradstein et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ED17FB11FC8BFB7E" author="Gradstein" box="[816,873,1250,1274]" firstAuthor="Gradstein" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" refId="ref38913" refString="Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D. & Ogg, G. M., 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020. Elsevier, 1357 pp." type="book" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ED52FB11FBC6FB7E" author="Ogg" box="[885,1060,1250,1274]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="3 - 30" refId="ref49038" refString="Ogg, J. G, Huang, C. & Hinnov, L., 2014. Triassic timescale status: A brief overview. Albertiana, 41: 3 - 30." type="journal article" year="2014">Ogg et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EA17FB11FB88FB7E" author="Ogg" box="[1072,1130,1250,1274]" firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" refId="ref49072" refString="Ogg, J. G., Ogg, G. M. & Gradstein, F. M., 2016. A Concise Geologic Time Scale 2016. Elsevier, 234 pp." type="book" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It must be noted, nevertheless, that the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EAA6FAF7FB12FA9F" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[1153,1264,1284,1307]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EAA6FAF7FB12FA9F" box="[1153,1264,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent in the South Primorye section (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EA44FAD7FAABFAB8" author="Zakharov, Y. D. & Popov, A. M. & Buryi, G. I." box="[1123,1353,1316,1340]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="219 - 230" refId="ref55204" refString="Zakharov, Y. D., Popov, A. M. & Buryi, G. I., 2005 a. Unique marine Olenekian-Anisian boundary section from South Primorye, Russian Far East. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 16, 219 - 230." type="journal article" year="2005">Zakharov et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a-b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF90B719ED17FAB5FF3CFDC7" blockId="23.[816,1437,158,2068]" lastBlockId="24.[151,772,158,2068]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716ED71FAB6FC7AFAD9" box="[854,920,1349,1373]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, besides the Guandao section, promoted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ED17FA95FBDFFAFA" author="Lehrmann" box="[816,1085,1382,1406]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lehrmann" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="7 - 9" refId="ref43445" refString="Lehrmann, D., Enos, P., Montgomery, P., Payne, J., Orchard, M., Bowring, S., Ramezani, J., Martin, M., Jiayong, W., Hongmei, W., Youyi, Y., Jiafei, X. & Rongxi, L., 2002. Integrated biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and geochronology of the Olenekian-Anisian boundary in marine strata of Guandao section, Nanpanjiang Basin, south China: implications for timing the biotic recovery from the end-Permian extinction. STS / IGCP 467 Field Meeting, Veszprem, Hungary, 5 - 8 September 2002, pp. 7 - 9." type="proceedings paper" year="2002">Lehrmann et al. (2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2015a-b) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EADFFA95FC67FA1B" author="Orchard" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="347 - 354" refId="ref49883" refString="Orchard, M. J., Lehrmann, D. J., Wie, J., Wang, H. & Taylor, H. J., 2007 b. Conodonts from the Olenekian-Anisian boundary beds, Guandao, Guizhou Province, China. New Mexico Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 41: 347 - 354." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">Orchard et al. (2007b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, other localities in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF90B716EA71FA74FAF9FA1B" box="[1110,1307,1415,1439]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">Guizhou Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF90B716EB4AFA74FCABFA44" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, e.g., Ganheqiao and Qingyan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EAB9FA5AFAACFA45" author="Yao" box="[1182,1358,1449,1473]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yao" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" refId="ref54869" refString="Yao, J. X., Ji., Z. S., Wang., L. T., Wang, Y. B., Wu, Z. J., Liu, D. Y., Wu, G. C., Zhang, J. W. & Li, S. P., 2011. Conodont Biostratigraphy and Age Determination of the Lower-Middle Triassic Boundary in South Guizhou Province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica" type="book" year="2011">Yao et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Wantou and Youping (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EDD2FA39FB8BFA66" author="Ogg" box="[1013,1129,1482,1506]" firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="7 - 73" refId="ref48945" refString="Ogg, J. G., 2019. Publication Announcement: Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. By Yan Chen, Haishui Jiang, James G. Ogg, Yang Zhang, Yifan Gong & Chunbo Yan, 2019. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, [access on-line 23 Oct 2019]. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863. Albertiana, 45: 7 - 73." type="journal article" year="2019">Ogg, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EA53FA39FAA4FA66" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[1140,1350,1482,1506]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EB73FA39FC70F987" author="Ogg, J. G. & Gradinaru, E. & Chen, Y. & Bucher, F. R. & Lucas, S. G. & Hounslow, M. W." pageId="23" pageNumber="26" refId="ref49107" refString="Ogg, J. G., Gradinaru, E., Chen, Y., Bucher, F. R., Lucas, S. G. & Hounslow, M. W., 2020 a, Comments on defining the base of Anisian Stage. Research Gate: https: // www. researchgate. net / publication / 336767153 _ Early-Middle _ Triassic _ boundary _ interval _ Integrat- ed _ chemo- bio- magneto-stratigraphy _ of _ potential _ GSSPs _ for _ the _ base _ of the _ Anisian _ Stage _ in _ South _ China / comments." type="url" year="2020">Ogg et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a-b) have been credited as potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian. However, in the Guandao section the Olenekian-Anisian boundary is not demonstrated by an ammonoid record, as was recently noted once more by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ED17F983FBE3F903" author="Tong" box="[816,1025,1647,1672]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tong" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="189 - 222" refId="ref53082" refString="Tong, J., Chu, D., Liang, L., Shu, W., Song., H., Song, T., Song, H. & Wu, Y., 2019. Triassic integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China. Science China Earth Sciences, 62 (1): 189 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11430 - 018 - 9278 - 0" type="journal article" year="2019">Tong et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Like the Guandao section, all other Chinese sections recently proposed as potential GSSPs are also devoid of diagnostic ammonoids to fix the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716ED17F907FC3CF888" author="Yao" box="[816,990,1780,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yao" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" refId="ref54869" refString="Yao, J. X., Ji., Z. S., Wang., L. T., Wang, Y. B., Wu, Z. J., Liu, D. Y., Wu, G. C., Zhang, J. W. & Li, S. P., 2011. Conodont Biostratigraphy and Age Determination of the Lower-Middle Triassic Boundary in South Guizhou Province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica" type="book" year="2011">Yao et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF90B716EA3DF907FB10F888" author="Chen, Y. & Jiang, H. & Ogg, J. G. & Zhang, Y. & Gong, Y. & Yan, C." box="[1050,1266,1780,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen Y" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" pagination="115863" refId="ref35934" refString="Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Ogg, J. G., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. & Yan, C., 2020. Early-Middle Triassic boundary interval: Integrated chemo-bio-magneto-stratigraphy of potential GSSPs for the base of the Anisian Stage in South China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530: 115863. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2019.115863" type="journal article" year="2020">Chen Y et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In none of the Chinese sections the conodont biochronology and the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF90B716ED17F8C5FC87F8CA" box="[816,869,1846,1870]" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EAAFF8C4FB15F8CA" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[1160,1271,1847,1870]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EAAFF8C4FB15F8CA" box="[1160,1271,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not confidently tied to the ammonoid biostratigraphy around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary, as ammonoid faunas are missing just in the interval boundary. Moreover, it must be underlined that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EB09F848FA7FF856" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[1326,1437,1979,2002]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EB09F848FA7FF856" box="[1326,1437,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
definition and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EDDFF82FFB85F877" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[1016,1127,2012,2035]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EDDFF82FFB85F877" box="[1016,1127,2012,2035]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF90B716EA9CF828FABAF877" box="[1211,1368,2011,2035]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gondolelloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF90B716EA9CF828FABAF877" box="[1211,1368,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="26">gondolelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
status in the Chinese publications are at odds with the current opinions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EF3BFF6DFDD0FF32" author="Goudemand" box="[284,562,158,182]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although the data from Nevada clearly document the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EC3CFF4CFDB2FF53" box="[539,592,191,215]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EC5EFF33FD0AFF53" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[633,744,192,215]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EC5EFF33FD0AFF53" box="[633,744,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the latest Spathian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EFACFF13FD74FF7C" author="Goudemand" box="[395,662,224,248]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the Chinese conodont workers still continue to pay credit to this conodont species as a primary biotic proxy for the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719ECE4FED1FD1CFEBE" box="[707,766,290,314]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
, and for this they are questioning even the adequacy of the ammonoid biostratigraphy to define this boundary.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ECECFE96FEF1FE19" author="Tong" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tong" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="189 - 222" refId="ref53082" refString="Tong, J., Chu, D., Liang, L., Shu, W., Song., H., Song, T., Song, H. & Wu, Y., 2019. Triassic integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China. Science China Earth Sciences, 62 (1): 189 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11430 - 018 - 9278 - 0" type="journal article" year="2019">Tong et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 9), amazingly, even questioned if the ammonoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EED4FE5BFDC9FE3A" authority="zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[243,555,423,447]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EED4FE5BFE0DFE3B" box="[243,495,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Neopopanoceras haugi</emphasis>
|
||
zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the late Spathian or rather to the early Anisian. This is only repeating an old, untenable assertion by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EC7AFE1AFF3DFDA6" author="Assereto" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EF02FDF9FDC1FDA6" author="Fantini Sestini" box="[293,547,522,546]" firstAuthor="Fantini Sestini" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="41 - 66" refId="ref36925" refString="Fantini Sestini, N., 1981. Lower Anisian (Aegean) Ammonites from Chios Island (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 87 (1): 41 - 66." type="journal article" year="1981">Fantini Sestini (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as already shown above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF9FB719EEB0FDBEFD24FCAF" blockId="24.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">
|
||
In spite of the undeniable data regarding the latest Spathian
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EE9CFD9EFF12FD01" box="[187,240,621,645]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EF91FD9EFD74FD01" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[438,662,621,645]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EF91FD9EFD74FD01" box="[438,662,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as fairly documented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EF64FD7DFDB3FD22" author="Goudemand" box="[323,593,654,678]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ECA0FD7DFEFCFD43" author="Ovtcharova" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ovtcharova" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="65 - 76" refId="ref50098" refString="Ovtcharova, M., Goudemand, N., Hammer, O., Guodun, K., Cordey, F., Galfetti, T., Schaltegger, U. & Bucher, H., 2015. Developing a strategy for accurate definition of a geological boundary through radio-istopic and biochronological dating: The Early-Middle Triassic boundary (South China). Earth-Science Reviews, 146: 65 - 76." type="journal article" year="2015">Ovtcharova et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, some authors (e.g., Ogg, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EC7FFD5CFF32FD6D" author="Gradstein" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gradstein" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" refId="ref38872" refString="Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D. & Ogg, G. M., 2012. The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Elsevier, 1144 pp." type="book" year="2012">Gradstein et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EEF8FD22FE35FD6D" author="Lehrmann, D. J. & Payne, J. & Enos, P. & Montgomery, P. & Wei, J. & Yu, Y. & Hiao, J. & Orchard, M. J." box="[223,471,721,745]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="169 - 186" refId="ref43669" refString="Lehrmann, D. J., Payne, J., Enos, P., Montgomery, P., Wei, J., Yu, Y., Hiao, J. & Orchard, M. J., 2015 a. Field excursion 2. Permian-Triassic boundary and a Lower-Middle Triassic boundary sequence on the Great Bank of Guizhou, Nanpanjiang Basin, southern Guizhou Province. Albertiana, 33: 169 - 186." type="journal article" year="2015">Lehrmann et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a-b) still obsessively advocate that this conodont could be used as an index for the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF9FB719EEB0FCC7FF07FBF1" blockId="24.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Recently, other authors like
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EFE1FCC6FD9DFCC8" author="Yan" box="[454,639,820,844]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yan" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="236 - 245" refId="ref54699" refString="Yan, C., Jiang, H., Lai, X., Sun, Y., Yang, B. & Wang, L., 2015. The Relationship between the " Green- Bean Rock " Layers and Conodont Chiosella timorensis and Implication on Defining the Early-Middle Triassic Boundary in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. Journal of Earth Science, 20 (2): 236 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12583 - 015 - 0535 - x" type="journal article" year="2015">Yan et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ECADFCC7FF03FCE9" author="Liang" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Liang" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="381 - 393" refId="ref44415" refString="Liang, L., Tong, J., Song, H., Song, T., Tian, L., Song, H. & Qiu, H., 2016. Lower-Middle Triassic conodont biostratigraphy of the Mingtang section, Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 459: 381 - 393. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2016.07.027" type="journal article" year="2016">Liang et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EECAFCA6FE42FCE9" author="Bai" box="[237,416,853,877]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bai" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="595 - 613" refId="ref32925" refString="Bai, R., Dai, X. & Song, H., 2017. Conodont and Ammonoid Biostratigraphies around the Permian-Triassic Boundary from the Jianzishan of South China. Journal of Earth Science, 28 (4): 595 - 613. https: / doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12583 - 017 - 0754 - 4" type="journal article" year="2017">Bai et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EF8AFCA6FD9DFCE9" author="Li, M. & Huang, C. & Hinnov, L. & Chen, W. & Ogg, J. & Tian, W." box="[429,639,853,877]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Li M" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="591 - 606" refId="ref44341" refString="Li, M., Huang, C., Hinnov, L., Chen, W., Ogg, J. & Tian, W., 2018 b. Astrochronology of the Anisian stage (Middle Triassic) at the Guandao. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 482: 591 - 606. https: // doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. epsl. 2017.11.042" type="journal article" year="2018" yearSuffix="b">Li M et al. (2018b)</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ECABFCA5FF3AFC0A" author="Muto" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="687 - 707" refId="ref47091" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S., Suzuki, N., Suzuki, N. & Aita, Y., 2018. High sediment input and possible oceanic anoxia in the pelagic Panthalassa during the latest Olenekian and early Anisian: Insights from a new deep-sea section in Ogama, Tochigi, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 490: 687 - 707. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2017. 11.060" type="journal article" year="2018">Muto et al. (2018</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EEC4FC85FEF9FC0A" author="Muto" box="[227,283,886,910]" firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="43 - 89" refId="ref47183" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S., Soda, K. & Onoue, T., 2019. Conodont-based age calibration of the Middle Triassic Anisian radiolarian biozones in pelagic deep-sea bedded chert. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 70 (1 / 2): 43 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.9795 / bullgsj. 70.43" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EF00FC85FE82FC0A" author="Muto" box="[295,352,886,910]" firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="103330" refId="ref47257" refString="Muto, S., Takahashi, S., Yamakita, S. & Onoue, T., 2020. Scarcity of chert in upper Lower Triassic Panthalassic deep-sea successions of Japan records elevated clastic inputs rather than depressed biogenic silica burial flux following the end-Permian extinction. Global and Planetary Change, 195: 103330. https: // doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. gloplacha. 2020.103330" type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EF54FC84FE1FFC0A" author="Muto" box="[371,509,886,910]" firstAuthor="Muto" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="103402" refId="ref47035" refString="Muto, S., 2021. Recurrent deposition of organic-rich sediments in Early Triassic pelagic Panthalassa and its relationship with global oceanic anoxia: New data from Kyoto, Southwest Japan. Global and Planetary Change, 197: 103402. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gloplacha. 2020.103402" type="journal article" year="2021">Muto (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EC2EFC85FD1CFC0A" author="Zhang, L. & Orchard, M. J. & Algeo, T. J. & Chen, Z. - Q. & Lyu, Z. & Zhao, L. & Kaiho, K. & Ma, B. & Liu, S." box="[521,766,886,910]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang L" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="65 - 83" refId="ref55663" refString="Zhang, L., Orchard, M. J., Algeo, T. J., Chen, Z. - Q., Lyu, Z., Zhao, L., Kaiho, K., Ma, B. & Liu, S., 2019 a. An intercalibrated Triassic conodont succession and carbonate carbon isotope profile, Kamura, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 519: 65 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Zhang L et al. (2019a)</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EEB0FC64FEBDFC2B" author="Song" box="[151,351,919,943]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Song" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="120038" refId="ref52187" refString="Song, H., Song, H., Tong, J., Gordon, G. W., Wignall, P. B., Tian, L., Zheng, W., Algeo, T. J., Liang, L., Bai, R., Wu, K. & Anbar, A. D., 2021. Conodont calcium isotopic evidence for multiple shelf acidification events during the Early Triassic. Chemical Geology, 562: 120038. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. chemgeo. 2020.120038" type="journal article" year="2021">Song et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EFBFFC6BFDABFC2B" author="Ha" box="[408,585,919,943]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ha" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="12391" refId="ref39242" refString="Ha, T. T. N., Maekawa, T., Takayanagi, H. & Iryu, Y., 2021. Spathian to Aegean (upper Lower Triassic to lower Middle Triassic) carbon isotope stratigraphy constrained by the conodont biostratigraphy of carbonates on top of a mid-oceanic seamount formed in the Panthalassic Ocean. Island Arc, 30 (1): e 12391. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / iar. 12391" type="journal article" year="2021">Ha et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
continue to give credit to the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EFA8FC4BFDCFFC54" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[399,557,952,976]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EFA8FC4BFDCFFC54" box="[399,557,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a primary biotic index for the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary, in spite of the firm evidence that the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EC8AFC09FD00FB96" box="[685,738,1018,1042]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EEB0FBE8FED6FBB7" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,308,1051,1075]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EEB0FBE8FED6FBB7" box="[151,308,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Ch. timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the latest Spathian, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EC42FBE8FEE0FBD0" author="Goudemand" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goudemand" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="199 - 207" refId="ref38290" refString="Goudemand, N., Orchard, M. J., Bucher, H. & Jenks, J., 2012. The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont Triassic). Geobios, 45: 199 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Goudemand et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EF19FBCFFDACFBD0" author="Ovtcharova" box="[318,590,1084,1108]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ovtcharova" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="65 - 76" refId="ref50098" refString="Ovtcharova, M., Goudemand, N., Hammer, O., Guodun, K., Cordey, F., Galfetti, T., Schaltegger, U. & Bucher, H., 2015. Developing a strategy for accurate definition of a geological boundary through radio-istopic and biochronological dating: The Early-Middle Triassic boundary (South China). Earth-Science Reviews, 146: 65 - 76." type="journal article" year="2015">Ovtcharova et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
already demonstrated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF9FB719EEB0FB8CFD97F9E2" blockId="24.[151,772,158,2068]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Moreover,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EF36FB8CFE5AFB13" author="Orchard" box="[273,440,1151,1175]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="28 - 32" refId="ref49641" refString="Orchard, M. J., 2016. Base of the Rhaetian and a critique of Triassic conodont-based chronostratigraphy: comment. Albertiana, 43: 28 - 32." type="journal article" year="2016">Orchard (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EFD5FB8CFD49FB13" author="Ogg" box="[498,683,1151,1175]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ogg" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" refId="ref49072" refString="Ogg, J. G., Ogg, G. M. & Gradstein, F. M., 2016. A Concise Geologic Time Scale 2016. Elsevier, 234 pp." type="book" year="2016">Ogg et al. (2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2020ab), minimizing that the standard chronostratigraphic units in the Triassic timescale are primarily defined on ammonoid biostratigraphy, and not on conodont biostratigraphy, repetitively recommended that the ammonoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719ECF7FAF7FE46FAB8" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719ECF7FAF7FE87FAB8" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Neopopanoceras haugi</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be assigned to the Anisian, and this only with the desire to support furthermore the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EF1FFA95FDF9FAFA" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[312,539,1382,1406]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EF1FFA95FDF9FAFA" box="[312,539,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a proxy for the Olenekian-Anisian boundary. The mentioned authors ignore that the ammonoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EF90FA5AFDD5FA44" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[439,567,1449,1473]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Popanoceratidae" genus="Neopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haugi">Haugi Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
is followed by the ammonoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EF31FA39FE56FA65" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[278,436,1482,1506]" class="Cephalopoda" genus="Courtilloticeras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stevensi">Stevensi Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the latest Spathian of the western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF9FB719EED4FA18FECAF987" box="[243,296,1515,1539]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EF1EFA18FDF1F987" author="Monnet" box="[313,531,1515,1539]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Monnet" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="197 - 215" refId="ref46939" refString="Monnet, C., Bucher, H., Brayard, A. & Jenks, J. F., 2013. Globacrochordiceras gen. nov. (Acrochordiceratidae, late Early Triassic) and its significance for stressinduced evolutionary jumps in ammonoid lineages (cephalopods). Fossil Record, 16 (2): 197 - 215." type="journal article" year="2013">Monnet et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and that both zones are correlatable to the late Spathian ammonoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EC9DF9FFFEF9F9C1" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone (Silberling & Tozer" authorityYear="1968" class="Cephalopoda" family="Sibiritidae" genus="Keyserlingites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subrobustus">Subrobustus Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the high-latitude Triassic chronostratigraphy in North America,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF9FB719EFA8F9BDFE0FF9E2" box="[399,493,1614,1638]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Siberia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF9FB719EEB0F99CFAC4FE9D" blockId="24.[151,772,158,2068]" lastBlockId="24.[816,1437,158,1936]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Lastly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EECFF99CFE29F903" author="Muttoni" box="[232,459,1647,1671]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Muttoni" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="39 - 49" refId="ref47800" refString="Muttoni, G., Nicora, A., Balini, M., Katz, M., Schaller, M., Kent, D. V., Maron, M., Meco, S., Rettori, R., Doda, V. & Nazaj, S., 2019. A candidate GSSP for the base of the Anisian from Kcira, Albania. Albertiana, 45: 39 - 49." type="journal article" year="2019">Muttoni et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
claimed the Kçira-A section in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF9FB719EE94F963FEE5F92C" box="[179,263,1680,1704]" name="Albania" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Albania</collectingCountry>
|
||
has “excellent” potential as a candidate Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EC46F942FD41F94D" box="[609,675,1713,1737]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
) for the Olenekian-Anisian boundary (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EFFCF921FDF4F96E" box="[475,534,1746,1770]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
), once again based on the FO of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EF2CF907FE0BF888" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[267,489,1780,1804]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EF2CF907FE0BF888" box="[267,489,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As already shown in the present paper, the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EF7BF8E6FE79F8A9" box="[348,411,1813,1837]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
candidate of the Albanian Kçira-A section is inadequate with regard to the ammonoid-conodont record around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary. As regards the chronostratigraphic significance of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EEB0F86AFF2EF835" box="[151,204,1945,1969]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EEDBF86AFE3CF835" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[252,478,1945,1969]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EEDBF86AFE3CF835" box="[252,478,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EC37F86AFED4F856" authority="Nogami, 1968" authorityName="Nogami" authorityYear="1968" genus="Gondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EC37F86AFCE1F835" box="[528,771,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Gondolella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EEB0F849FED4F856" author="Nogami" box="[151,310,1978,2002]" firstAuthor="Nogami" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="115 - 136" refId="ref48551" refString="Nogami, Y., 1968. Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 34 (2): 115 - 136." type="journal article" year="1968">Nogami, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), it was shown in the previous sections of the present paper that it has been for a long time influenced by the fact that the stratigraphic record of this conodont was not properly tied to or was misinterpreted with respect to the ammonoid biostratigraphy around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary, and also by its disputable taxonomic interpretation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF9FB719ED17FED1FBABFDA6" blockId="24.[816,1437,158,1936]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The new acquired data on the ammonoid biochronology around the Olenekian-Anisian boundary in the low-latitude Triassic regions, such as in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF9FB719EB2BFE97FA7EFEF8" box="[1292,1436,356,380]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ED1FFE76FC2CFE19" author="Bucher" box="[824,974,389,413]" firstAuthor="Bucher" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="945 - 1002" refId="ref34205" refString="Bucher, H., 1989. Lower Anisian ammonoids from the Northern Humboldt Range (Northwestern Nevada, USA) and their bearing upon the Lower-Middle Triassic boundary. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82 (3): 945 - 1002." type="journal article" year="1989">Bucher, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EDFBFE76FB7CFE19" author="Guex" box="[988,1182,389,413]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Guex" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" refId="ref38986" refString="Guex, J., Hungerbuhler, A., Jenks, J. F., O'Dogherty, L., Atudorei, V., Taylor, D. G., Bucher, H. & Bartolini, A., 2010. Spathian (Lower Triassic) ammonoids from western USA (Idaho, California, Utah and Nevada). Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), 49: 82 pp." type="book" year="2010">Guex et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), North Dobrogea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF9FB719EB52FE75FC93FE3B" name="Romania" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EDA7FE54FB4AFE3B" author="Gradinaru & Gaetani" box="[896,1192,423,447]" firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="91 - 123" refId="ref38774" refString="Gradinaru, E. & Gaetani, M., 2019. Upper Spathian to Bithynian (Lower to Middle Triassic) brachiopods from North Dobrogea (Romania). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 125 (1): 91 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 11182" type="journal article" year="2019">Grădinaru & Gaetani, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the North Caucasus,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF9FB719ED44FE3BFC48FE64" box="[867,938,456,480]" name="Russia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ED9BFE3BFB89FE64" author="Shevyrev" box="[956,1131,456,480]" firstAuthor="Shevyrev" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" refId="ref51414" refString="Shevyrev, A. A., 1995. Triassic ammonites of northwestern Caucasus. Transactions of Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 264, 174 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1995">Shevyrev, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EA5EFE3BFB50FE64" author="Shevyrev" box="[1145,1202,456,480]" firstAuthor="Shevyrev" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref51451" refString="Shevyrev, A. A., 1996. Stratigraphy of North Caucasus Triassic on ammonoids. Stratigraphic and Geological Correlation, 4 (2): 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), may help to clarify the yet unresolved problems of the conodont biochronology around this boundary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF9FB719ED17FDD8FAAEFB33" blockId="24.[816,1437,158,1936]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The recent refinement of the bed-by-bed ammonoid succession in the Deşli Caira section (Grădinaru, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EB70FDBFFBFFFD01" author="Gradinaru & Gaetani" firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="91 - 123" refId="ref38774" refString="Gradinaru, E. & Gaetani, M., 2019. Upper Spathian to Bithynian (Lower to Middle Triassic) brachiopods from North Dobrogea (Romania). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 125 (1): 91 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 11182" type="journal article" year="2019">Grădinaru & Gaetani 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2) clearly documents that the Olenekian-Anisian boundary is higher than was previously indicated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EDC6FD5CFB3BFD43" author="Gradinaru" box="[993,1241,687,711]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="11 - 13" refId="ref38419" refString="Gradinaru, E., Orchard, M., Nicora, A., Mirauta, E. & Atudorei, V., 2002. Conodont succession across the Olenekian-Anisian boundary at Desli Caira, Romania. STS / IGCP 467 Field Meeting, Veszprem, Hungary, 5 - 8 September 2002, pp. 11 - 13." type="proceedings paper" year="2002">Grădinaru et al. (2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2006, 2007) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ED17FD22FB68FD6D" author="Gradinaru & Sobolev" box="[816,1162,721,745]" firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="56 - 58" refId="ref38634" refString="Gradinaru, E. & Sobolev, E. S., 2006. Ammonoid and Nautiloid Biostratigraphy around the Olenekian - Anisian Boundary in the Tethyan Triassic of North Dobrogea (Romania): Correlation with the Boreal Triassic. In: Boreal Triassic 2006, Abstracts and Proceeding of the Geological Society of Norway, 3: 56 - 58." type="journal article" year="2006">Grădinaru & Sobolev (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Based on the newlyacquired ammonoid data, the base
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D22AF83CFF9FB719EA9EFD01FAE8FC8E" box="[1209,1290,754,778]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
is characterized by the FADs of the ammonoid genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EB1CFCE7FC4DFCC8" authorityName="Spath" authorityYear="1934" class="Cephalopoda" family="Acrochordiceratidae" genus="Paracrochordiceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EB1CFCE7FC4DFCC8" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Paracrochordiceras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EDEEFCC7FBDDFCC8" box="[969,1087,820,844]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Japonitidae" genus="Aegeiceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EDEEFCC7FBDDFCC8" box="[969,1087,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Aegeiceras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EA7FFCC6FB5CFCC8" box="[1112,1214,821,844]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Gymnitidae" genus="Japonites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EA7FFCC6FB5CFCC8" box="[1112,1214,821,844]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Japonites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EAFFFCC7FA7FFCC8" authorityName="Popov" authorityYear="1961" box="[1240,1437,820,844]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Parapopanoceratidae" genus="Stenopopanoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EAFFFCC7FA7FFCC8" box="[1240,1437,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Stenopopanoceras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719ED78FCA6FC01FCE9" authorityName="Popov" authorityYear="1961" box="[863,995,853,877]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Longobarditidae" genus="Grambergia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719ED78FCA6FC01FCE9" box="[863,995,853,877]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Grambergia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other lower Anisian ammonoids. In particular, the new ammonoid record in the Deșli Caira section shows that the cladiscitids, whose chronostratigraphic location in the Chios section was not yet clear to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ED17FC2AFBFFFC75" author="Assereto" box="[816,1053,985,1009]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Assereto" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="715 - 736" refId="ref32617" refString="Assereto, R., Jacobshagen, V., Kauffmann, G. & Nicora, A., 1980. The Scythian / Anisian boundary in Chios, Greece. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85 (3 - 4): 715 - 736." type="journal article" year="1980">Assereto et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Fantini-Sestini (1981), and on which these authors prompted their untenable assertions on the base of the Anisian, occur well below the Olenekian-Anisian boundary. As a result, the
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EB06FBCFFAB4FBD0" box="[1313,1366,1084,1108]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">FAD</collectionCode>
|
||
of the conodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EDBAFBAEFB9EFBF1" authorityName=", Nicora" authorityYear="1977" box="[925,1148,1117,1141]" genus="Chiosella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EDBAFBAEFB9EFBF1" box="[925,1148,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Chiosella timorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Deşli Caira section is now well located below the presently ammonoid-documented Olenekian-Anisian boundary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="88D52A5BFF9FB719EAD9FB53FADEFB3C" box="[1278,1340,1184,1208]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[137,170,1659,1680]" captionTargetBox="[138,2048,515,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-16@25.[137,2049,515,1619]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 5 - Chronostratigraphic calibration and the Spathian-Aegean/Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary in the Deşli Caira section, Romania. Conodont biochronology - (A) after Orchard et al. (2007a), and (B) after Golding (2021). The boundary is constrained by the ammonoid biochronology – (C) after Grădinaru, in Grădinaru & Gaetani (2019). Legend: 1 - thick-bedded limestone; 2 - ammonoid occurrence." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836471/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF9FB719ED17FB32FB36F9A0" blockId="24.[816,1437,158,1936]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ED17FB32FC06FB5D" author="Golding" box="[816,996,1217,1241]" firstAuthor="Golding" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="573 - 591" refId="ref37900" refString="Golding, M. L., 2021 a. Early Anisian (Middle Triassic) conodonts from Romania and China, with comments on their role in the recognition and correlation of the base of the Anisian. Journal of Earth Science, 32 (3): 573 - 591. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12583 - 020 - 1392 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021" yearSuffix="a">Golding (2021a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, having in view the new ammonoid data in the Deşli Caira section that relocates the position of the Olenekian-Anisian boundary in this section (Grădinaru, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719ED6BFAD7FB90FAB8" author="Gradinaru & Gaetani" box="[844,1138,1316,1340]" firstAuthor="Gradinaru" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="91 - 123" refId="ref38774" refString="Gradinaru, E. & Gaetani, M., 2019. Upper Spathian to Bithynian (Lower to Middle Triassic) brachiopods from North Dobrogea (Romania). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 125 (1): 91 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 11182" type="journal article" year="2019">Grădinaru & Gaetani, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), re-examined the conodont taxonomy and biostratigraphy in the Deşli Caira section,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="68F9764EFF9FB719ED17FA95FC71FAFA" box="[816,915,1382,1406]" name="Romania" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which is the primary-ranked
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EACEFA95FACAFAFA" box="[1257,1320,1382,1406]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EB79FA95FA74FAFA" box="[1374,1430,1382,1406]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">OAB</collectionCode>
|
||
. He nominated new conodont taxa as potential biotic tools to be used in the recognition and correlation of the base of the Anisian Stage/Middle Triassic Series and having potential for more refined correlation of the lower Anisian between North America and Tethys.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="105136DEFF9FB719ED17F9DDFA77F814" blockId="24.[816,1437,158,1936]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">
|
||
In conclusion, the Deşli Caira section, which shares a very good potential for an adequate ammonoid-conodont biostratigraphy, preserves its first-ranked position as a
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719ED17F963FC8DF92C" box="[816,879,1680,1704]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">GSSP</collectionCode>
|
||
candidate for the Olenekian/Anisian boundary, and thus for the Early Triassic/Middle Triassic boundary. The lowest occurrence (
|
||
<collectionCode id="76FFAE1BFF9FB719EA3CF921FBA3F96E" box="[1051,1089,1746,1770]" country="Sweden" name="Type Collection" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">LO</collectionCode>
|
||
) of the
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EA9BF921FC44F888" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EA9BF921FA76F96E" authorityName="Spath" authorityYear="1934" box="[1212,1428,1746,1770]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Acrochordiceratidae" genus="Paracrochordiceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Paracrochordiceras</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719ED17F907FC44F888" box="[816,934,1780,1804]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Japonitidae" genus="Aegeiceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Aegeiceras</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ammonoid assemblage deserves to be a primary biotic event to define the base of the Anisian, whilst the LOs of the conodont species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EA97F8C5FC2EF8EB" authority=", Golding, 2012" authorityName="Golding" authorityYear="2012" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curva">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EA97F8C5FA74F8CA" box="[1200,1430,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">Neogondolella curva</emphasis>
|
||
, Golding, 2012
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7EE4D5DFF9FB719EA22F8ABFAA6F8EB" authority=", Golding, 2021" authorityName="Golding" authorityYear="2021" box="[1029,1348,1879,1903]" genus="Neogondolella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gradinarui">
|
||
<emphasis id="229AEACCFF9FB719EA22F8ABFB7BF8EB" box="[1029,1177,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="27">N. gradinarui</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="747F4B2FFF9FB719EA8FF8A4FAA6F8EB" author="Golding, M. L." box="[1192,1348,1879,1903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" pagination="573 - 591" refId="ref37900" refString="Golding, M. L., 2021 a. Early Anisian (Middle Triassic) conodonts from Romania and China, with comments on their role in the recognition and correlation of the base of the Anisian. Journal of Earth Science, 32 (3): 573 - 591. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12583 - 020 - 1392 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Golding,
|
||
<date id="6450101EFF9FB719EB28F8A4FA99F8F4" box="[1295,1403,1879,1904]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" value="2021-05">2021 may</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
be auxiliary biotic events to identify the base of the Anisian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |