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<document id="BABD3723362DCA497D57E3397E9F72F7" ID-CLB-Dataset="6250" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3786.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f9d260c7-bd61-4392-a754-a014dcb3f8bb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913464" ID-ZooBank="E1F6AF3C-3FBA-494A-BFB8-995F16C76282" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623171088059" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Miyajima, Yusuke, Ohe, Fumio, Koike, Hakuichi &amp; Matsuoka, Hiroshige" docDate="2014" docId="972E984AFF99FFCDFF6DE62EFB1EFF15" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03786p400.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3786 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Aluterus shigensis Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="389" masterDocId="6B17E032FF9AFFCAFFFAE371FF85FFED" masterDocTitle="First fossil occurrence of a filefish (Tetraodontiformes; Monacanthidae) in Asia, from the Middle Miocene in Nagano Prefecture, central Japan" masterLastPageNumber="400" masterPageNumber="382" pageNumber="385" updateTime="1699005060405" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="3E056CE93EAB2947B2789EE816A80B7E">First fossil occurrence of a filefish (Tetraodontiformes; Monacanthidae) in Asia, from the Middle Miocene in Nagano Prefecture, central Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4FEF4751C8F3471A7E3571C9ECFE985E">Miyajima, Yusuke</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9885D2A53BBC5D3ABDFEF3FD5AF8AAFD">Ohe, Fumio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6C347E43B4E0C806DF5A65D210A5660B">5 - 77, Harayamadai, Seto City, Aichi 489 - 0888, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B8ABB80E22A61D9E1AB14065F2D911E0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B148B64E3D5EA0BFE180098955E7403A">Koike, Hakuichi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3F195F9362219654901AB1DA419EB552">Shinshushinmachi Fossil Museum, 88 - 3, Kamijo, Shinshushinmachi, Nagano City, Nagano, 381 - 2404, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BBC9864AB050D98BDE5585BDD5A19C86">Matsuoka, Hiroshige</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="C73F7031C12340C00D6AFB868524D65E">2014-04-10</mods:number>
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<treatment id="972E984AFF99FFCDFF6DE62EFB1EFF15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913462" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182632371" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913462" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:972E984AFF99FFCDFF6DE62EFB1EFF15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/972E984AFF99FFCDFF6DE62EFB1EFF15" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="389" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">
<subSubSection id="579D7AD7FF99FFC9FF6DE62EFE49FA95" box="[151,460,1375,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF99FFC9FF6DE62EFE49FA95" blockId="3.[151,460,1375,1437]" box="[151,460,1375,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">
<heading id="44709E30FF99FFC9FF6DE62EFE49FA95" bold="true" box="[151,460,1375,1400]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" reason="2">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF99FFC9FF6DE62EFE49FA95" bold="true" box="[151,460,1375,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF99FFC9FF6DE62EFEEEFA95" authority="Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka, 2014" authorityName="Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,363,1375,1400]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" genus="Aluterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shigensis" status="sp. nov.">Aluterus shigensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36C04835FF99FFC9FE88E62EFE49FA95" box="[370,460,1375,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" rank="species">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF99FFC9FE88E62EFE16FA95" box="[370,403,1375,1400]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" reason="1">sp.</emphasis>
nov.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="579D7AD7FF99FFC9FF6DE6F5FE10FA70" box="[151,405,1412,1437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" type="description">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF99FFC9FF6DE6F5FE10FA70" blockId="3.[151,460,1375,1437]" box="[151,405,1412,1437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF99FFC9FF6DE6F5FEB5FA70" box="[151,304,1412,1437]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="5.[151,249,1339,1361]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,249,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1302]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetBox-2="[393,1203,193,1847]" captionTargetId-0="figure-361@5.[151,1436,193,1317]" captionTargetId-1="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetId-2="figure-108@8.[393,1203,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. from the Bessho Formation at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City, Nagano prefecture. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the part of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 1DBP, basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin; 2DP, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DP1, first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; AF, anal-fin ray; AV1-7, first-seventh abdominal vertebrae; CF, caudal fin; C–H, compound terminal centrum; CV1-13, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae; DS I, first dorsal spine; DS II, second dorsal spine; HS, haemal spine; LAF, last anal-fin ray; NS, neural spine; PH, parhypural. l shows the length of skeleton from second abdominal vertebra to caudal-fin base. Dotted area anterior to caudal fin shows the preservation of scales. Scale bars = 50 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Enlarged photographs of the spiny dorsal fin region of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype, MSFM 00606 (A and B) and the extant Aluterus scriptus, FAKU 36510 (C). A–B, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. The spiny dorsal fin region (A) and the first dorsal spine (B) based on the part of the holotype (MSFM 00606); C, The spiny dorsal fin of the extant A. scriptus (FAKU 36510). Abbreviation AB indicates anterior barbs. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Scale bars = 10 mm (A), 1 mm (B and C)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913470" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913474" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4913470/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4913474/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">Figures 3–5B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF99FFC9FEC6E6F5FEF9FA70" box="[316,380,1412,1437]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="9.[151,249,1919,1941]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,249,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox-0="[211,1369,193,1876]" captionTargetBox-1="[329,1257,193,1932]" captionTargetId-0="figure-99@9.[211,1369,193,1876]" captionTargetId-1="figure-70@10.[329,1257,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Enlarged photographs of the anterior region of the soft dorsal fin (A) and the caudal peduncle (B) based on the counterpart of holotype. MSFM00606. Abbreviations as in Figures 3 and 4. White arrow in (A) shows the proximal tip of the first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin (2DP1). Black arrows in (A) show the distal end and the base of the neural spine of the fifth abdominal vertebra. Scale bars = 10 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images of scales of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype, MSFM 00606 (A and B) and Aluterus scriptus, KUGRF 121202 (C). Note the close resemblance of the shape and size of scales of the fossil to those of extant Aluterus species. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913476" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913478" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4913476/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4913478/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">6–7B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF99FFC9FE7DE6F5FE10FA70" box="[391,405,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,695,717]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,226,673]" captionTargetId="figure-673@12.[151,1436,223,674]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reconstruction of Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. based on the part and the counterpart of the holotype. Abbreviations as in Figures 3 and 4. Scale bar = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913482" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913482/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">9</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="579D7AD7FF99FFC9FF6DE6BDFF5AF998" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF99FFC9FF6DE6BDFAB6FA08" blockId="3.[151,1436,1484,2013]" box="[151,1331,1484,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">
<materialsCitation id="AFEF2301FF99FFC9FF6DE6BDFAB6FA08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3127743301" box="[151,1331,1484,1509]" collectionCode="MSFM" collectorName="Yusuke Miyajima" country="Japan" location="University" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" specimenCode="MSFM 00606" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kyoto" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF99FFC9FF6DE6BDFE8EFA08" bold="true" box="[151,267,1484,1509]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" reason="1">
<typeStatus id="C03C97FEFF99FFC9FF6DE6BDFE83FA08" box="[151,262,1484,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="4F218127FF99FFC9FEE8E6BDFE36FA08" box="[274,435,1484,1509]" collectionCode="MSFM" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">MSFM 00606</specimenCode>
, part and counterpart, collected by
<collectorName id="B2724C8AFF99FFC9FCC6E6BDFB87FA08" box="[828,1026,1484,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">Yusuke Miyajima</collectorName>
(
<collectingRegion id="DD43E7BEFF99FFC9FBEBE6BDFBDCFA08" box="[1041,1113,1484,1509]" country="Japan" name="Kyoto" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">Kyoto</collectingRegion>
<location id="1A587F87FF99FFC9FB9AE6BDFB52FA08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:972E984AFF99FFCDFF6DE62EFB1EFF15:1A587F87FF99FFC9FB9AE6BDFB52FA08" box="[1120,1239,1484,1509]" country="Japan" name="University" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" stateProvince="Kyoto">University</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="679069CCFF99FFC9FB18E6BDFAA2FA08" box="[1250,1319,1484,1509]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">Japan</collectingCountry>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF99FFC9FF3DE69EFF5AF998" blockId="3.[151,1436,1484,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF99FFC9FF3DE69EFE5CF9E5" bold="true" box="[199,473,1519,1544]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" reason="1">Locality and horizon.</emphasis>
The riverbed (
<geoCoordinate id="7AB34F9BFF99FFC9FD61E69EFCA7F9E5" box="[667,802,1519,1544]" degrees="36" direction="north" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" precision="15" seconds="37" value="36.326942">36°19'37&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="7AB34F9BFF99FFC9FCCDE69EFC42F9E5" box="[823,967,1519,1544]" degrees="137" direction="east" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" precision="15" seconds="40" value="137.99445">137°59'40&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
) of the Hofukuji River at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City,
<collectingRegion id="DD43E7BEFF99FFC9FE9CE565FDC5F9C0" box="[358,576,1556,1581]" country="Japan" name="Nagano" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">Nagano Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="679069CCFF99FFC9FD51E565FD6EF9C6" box="[683,747,1556,1579]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF99FFC9FD05E565FCF5F9C0" box="[767,880,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,853,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-440@1.[150,1436,853,1528]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Geological map of the Sorimachi area in Matsumoto City and the locality of the fossil filefish. The geological map is modified from Seki (1983)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913466/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">Figures 1</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF99FFC9FC49E565FC41F9C0" box="[947,964,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1932,1954]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,196,1903]" captionTargetId="figure-33@2.[151,1436,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. The columnar section at the fossil locality in Figure 1 showing the fossil horizon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913468/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">2</figureCitation>
). The Tazawa black mudstone Member (
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF99FFC9FF64E546FE2CF9BD" author="Tanaka, K. &amp; Seki, J." box="[158,425,1591,1616]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" pagination="139 - 163" refId="ref10423" refString="Tanaka, K. &amp; Seki, J. (1966) The Neogene Tertiary of northern area of Matsumoto City, central Japan. Bulletin of the Faculty of Education Shinshu University, 18, 139 - 163. [in Japanese; original title translated]" type="journal article" year="1966">Tanaka and Seki, 1966</bibRefCitation>
) of the Middle Miocene Bessho Formation (
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF99FFC9FC49E546FBD1F9BD" author="Honma, F." box="[947,1108,1591,1616]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" pagination="132 - 153" refId="ref8737" refString="Honma, F. (1927) The geological structures of central Nagano (outline). Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 34 (403), 132 - 153. [in Japanese; original title translated]" type="journal article" year="1927">Honma, 1927</bibRefCitation>
), 13.6-13.1 Ma (
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF99FFC9FAEDE546FF56F998" author="Kato, S. &amp; Hiramatsu, C. &amp; Miwa, M. &amp; Nobuhara, T." pageId="3" pageNumber="385" pagination="135 - 147" refId="ref8935" refString="Kato, S., Hiramatsu, C., Miwa, M. &amp; Nobuhara, T. (2011) Geological age and sedimentary environment of the Anazawa Limestone in the Middle Miocene Bessho Formation, Nagano Prefecture, central Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 37, 135 - 147. [in Japanese with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2011">
Kato
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF99FFC9FAA0E548FA0BF9BD" box="[1370,1422,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="579D7AD7FF99FFC9FF3DE50EFE42F950" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF99FFC9FF3DE50EFE42F950" blockId="3.[151,1436,1484,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF99FFC9FF3DE50EFECBF975" bold="true" box="[199,334,1663,1688]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF99FFC9FDC2E5F1FD1AF975" authorityName="Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka" authorityYear="2014" box="[568,671,1664,1688]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" genus="Aluterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shigensis">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF99FFC9FDC2E5F1FD1AF975" box="[568,671,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">shigensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is derived from the old name of the region where the fossil was found, Shiga-Mura village.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="579D7AD7FF99FFC9FF3DE5B6FAD2F89D" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF99FFC9FF3DE5B6FAD2F89D" blockId="3.[151,1436,1484,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF99FFC9FF3DE5B6FEC4F90D" bold="true" box="[199,321,1735,1760]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Total vertebrae, 21 (7AV + 14CV). Very slender and long first dorsal spine with tiny anterior barbs. Thin, lancet-shaped single basal pterygiophore supporting two dorsal spines, with its ventral margin separated from the skull. Moderately slender first basal pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin having its proximal tip located above the middle length of the neural spine of the fifth abdominal vertebra. Soft dorsal-fin base longer than the anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle having nearly equal depth and length. Tiny, fine scales with slender, straight spinules.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="579D7AD7FF99FFCDFF3DE40DFB1EFF15" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="389" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" type="description">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF99FFCEFF3DE40DFE8EFE88" blockId="3.[151,1436,1484,2013]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF99FFC9FF3DE40DFE66F878" bold="true" box="[199,483,1916,1941]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" reason="1">
Description of
<typeStatus id="C03C97FEFF99FFC9FE8FE40DFE5BF878" box="[373,478,1916,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="385" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
The fossil specimen lacks the skull bones and pelvic girdle, being represented mostly by an articulated axial skeleton (
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF99FFC9FDEEE4D1FD07F854" box="[532,642,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[151,1436,193,1317]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. from the Bessho Formation at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City, Nagano prefecture. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the part of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 1DBP, basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin; 2DP, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DP1, first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; AF, anal-fin ray; AV1-7, first-seventh abdominal vertebrae; CF, caudal fin; C–H, compound terminal centrum; CV1-13, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae; DS I, first dorsal spine; DS II, second dorsal spine; HS, haemal spine; LAF, last anal-fin ray; NS, neural spine; PH, parhypural. l shows the length of skeleton from second abdominal vertebra to caudal-fin base. Dotted area anterior to caudal fin shows the preservation of scales. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913470/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">Figures 3</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF99FFC9FD3AE4D1FD54F854" box="[704,721,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="385">4</figureCitation>
). All of the vertebrae and their neural and haemal spines are preserved. Two dorsal spines supported by a single basal pterygiophore, which is a diagnostic feature of the
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF9EFFCEFF6DE3E6FE5AFF5D" authority="(Tyler, 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Tyler" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[151,479,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Monacanthidae (
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9EFFCEFEA8E3E6FE52FF5D" author="Tyler, J. C." box="[338,471,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" pagination="1 - 422" refId="ref10514" refString="Tyler, J. C. (1980) Osteology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes). NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circ., 434, 1 - 422." type="journal article" year="1980">Tyler, 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, are preserved. The basal pterygiophores of the soft dorsal fin and the anal fin (on the counterpart) are partially missing. Most of the soft dorsal-fin rays are missing, but several anal-fin rays are preserved. Considering the numbers and preservation states of the pterygiophores and fin rays, the soft dorsal-fin base is longer than the anal-fin base. The ventral part of the compound terminal centrum (
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9EFFCEFB52E275FF54FEAD" author="Schultze, H. - P. &amp; Arratia, G." pageId="4" pageNumber="386" pagination="187 - 246" refId="ref10064" refString="Schultze, H. - P. &amp; Arratia, G. (2013) The caudal skeleton of basal teleosts, its conventions, and some of its major evolutionary novelties in a temporal dimension. In: Arratia, G., Schultze, H. - P. &amp; Wilson, M. V. H. (Eds.), Mesozoic Fishes 5 - Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, pp. 187 - 246." type="book chapter" year="2013">Schultze and Arratia, 2013</bibRefCitation>
) and the caudal fin are preserved. Tiny, fine scales with spinules (
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9EFFCEFC3CE256FBC9FEAD" author="Tyler, J. C." box="[966,1100,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" pagination="1 - 422" refId="ref10514" refString="Tyler, J. C. (1980) Osteology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes). NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circ., 434, 1 - 422." type="journal article" year="1980">Tyler, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9EFFCEFBA0E256FAEFFEAD" author="Sorbini, C. &amp; Tyler, J. C." box="[1114,1386,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" pagination="41 - 76" refId="ref10315" refString="Sorbini, C. &amp; Tyler, J. C. (2004) Review of the fossil file fishes of the family Monacanthidae (Tetraodontiformes), Pliocene and Pleistocene of Europe, with a new genus, Frigocanthus, and two new species related to the Recent Aluterus. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 28, 41 - 76. [Geologia Paleontologia Preistoria]" type="journal article" year="2004">Sorbini and Tyler, 2004</bibRefCitation>
) are preserved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9EFFCEFF3DE21EFCDEFE3D" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
The length of the skeleton from the anterior end of the second abdominal vertebra to the base of the caudal fin (shown as
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFEF4E2E5FE93FE41" box="[270,278,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">l</emphasis>
in
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFEC0E2E5FE2EFE40" box="[314,427,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[151,1436,193,1317]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. from the Bessho Formation at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City, Nagano prefecture. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the part of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 1DBP, basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin; 2DP, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DP1, first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; AF, anal-fin ray; AV1-7, first-seventh abdominal vertebrae; CF, caudal fin; C–H, compound terminal centrum; CV1-13, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae; DS I, first dorsal spine; DS II, second dorsal spine; HS, haemal spine; LAF, last anal-fin ray; NS, neural spine; PH, parhypural. l shows the length of skeleton from second abdominal vertebra to caudal-fin base. Dotted area anterior to caudal fin shows the preservation of scales. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913470/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
) is
<quantity id="D87F84B9FF9EFFCEFE2EE2E5FDCFFE46" box="[468,586,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.241" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" unit="mm" value="124.1">124.1 mm</quantity>
. Body depth (BD) is more than 65.0 mm. Measurements of the fossil and of specimens of the extant
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF9EFFCEFE5FE2C9FDE1FE22" box="[421,612,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" genus="Aluterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scriptus">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFE5FE2C9FDE1FE22" box="[421,612,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Aluterus scriptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shown in
<tableCitation id="52051CE7FF9EFFCEFCFBE2C6FCD0FE3D" box="[769,853,439,464]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,241,512,535]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype (MSFM 00606) and specimens of the extant A. scriptus (mm). 1DBP: basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin. “–“ indicates that the value cannot be measured." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" tableUuid="4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA" ID-Table-UUID="4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" startId="4.[151,241,512,535]" targetBox="[159,1406,594,771]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9EFFCEFF6DE171FA19FDFA" blockId="4.[151,1436,511,567]" box="[151,1436,511,535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFF6DE171FE8EFDFA" bold="true" box="[151,267,512,535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Measurements of the fossil,
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF9EFFCEFDC1E28EFD78FDFA" authority="Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka, 2014" authorityName="Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka" authorityYear="2014" box="[571,765,511,535]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" genus="Aluterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shigensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFDC1E28EFD78FDFA" box="[571,765,511,535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Aluterus shigensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFCF9E171FCDDFDFA" bold="true" box="[771,856,512,535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36C04835FF9EFFCEFCF9E171FCDDFDFA" box="[771,856,512,535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, holotype (MSFM 00606) and specimens of the extant
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9EFFCEFF6DE16EFAFEFDDA" blockId="4.[151,1436,511,567]" box="[151,1403,543,567]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF9EFFCEFF6DE16EFE8DFDDA" box="[151,264,543,567]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" genus="Aluterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scriptus">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFF6DE16EFF22FDDB" box="[151,167,543,566]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFF4EE151FE8DFDDA" box="[180,264,544,567]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">scriptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mm). 1DBP: basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin. “–“ indicates that the value cannot be measured.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9EFFCEFF65E123FA84FCEE" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<table id="6D87DBFCFF9E0035FF65E123FAFBFCEE" box="[159,1406,594,771]" gridcols="7" gridrows="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" rowsContinueIn="4.[159,1366,857,1034]">
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9E0035FF65E123FAFBFD6A" box="[159,1406,594,647]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FF65E123FEF9FD6A" box="[159,380,594,647]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Specimen</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FE68E123FD80FD6A" box="[402,517,594,647]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Standard length (SL)</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FDD9E123FDD9FD6A" box="[547,604,594,647]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFDD9E123FDAFFD85" box="[547,554,594,616]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">l</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FD4DE123FCA9FD6A" box="[695,812,594,647]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Body depth (BD)</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FCB2E123FC59FD6A" box="[840,988,594,647]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Soft dorsal-fin base length</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FBEDE123FB25FD6A" box="[1047,1184,594,647]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Anal-fin base length</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FB2FE123FAFBFD6A" box="[1237,1406,594,647]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Caudal peduncle length (CL)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9E0035FF65E1EBFAFBFD5D" box="[159,1406,666,688]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FF65E1EBFEF9FD5D" box="[159,380,666,688]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">fossil (MSFM 00606)</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FE68E1EBFD80FD5D" box="[402,517,666,688]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">-</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FDD9E1EBFDD9FD5D" box="[547,604,666,688]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">124.1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FD4DE1EBFCA9FD5D" box="[695,812,666,688]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">65.0+</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FCB2E1EBFC59FD5D" box="[840,988,666,688]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">63.8+</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FBEDE1EBFB25FD5D" box="[1047,1184,666,688]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">60.5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FB2FE1EBFAFBFD5D" box="[1237,1406,666,688]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">19.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9E0035FF65E1B5FAFBFD37" box="[159,1406,708,730]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FF65E1B5FEF9FD37" box="[159,380,708,730]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">KUGRF 121201</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FE68E1B5FD80FD37" box="[402,517,708,730]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">202.8</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FDD9E1B5FDD9FD37" box="[547,604,708,730]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">118.1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FD4DE1B5FCA9FD37" box="[695,812,708,730]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">72.1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FCB2E1B5FC59FD37" box="[840,988,708,730]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">61.3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FBEDE1B5FB25FD37" box="[1047,1184,708,730]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">63.7</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FB2FE1B5FAFBFD37" box="[1237,1406,708,730]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">11.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9E0035FF65E19CFAFBFCEE" box="[159,1406,749,771]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FF65E19CFEF9FCEE" box="[159,380,749,771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">KUGRF 121202</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FE68E19CFD80FCEE" box="[402,517,749,771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">230.3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FDD9E19CFDD9FCEE" box="[547,604,749,771]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">138.3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FD4DE19CFCA9FCEE" box="[695,812,749,771]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">80.0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FCB2E19CFC59FCEE" box="[840,988,749,771]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">73.4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FBEDE19CFB25FCEE" box="[1047,1184,749,771]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">75.7</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FB2FE19CFAFBFCEE" box="[1237,1406,749,771]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">12.4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE057FE17FCD0" box="[151,402,806,829]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" startId="4.[151,241,806,829]" targetBox="[159,1366,857,1034]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9EFFCEFF6DE057FE17FCD0" blockId="4.[151,402,806,829]" box="[151,402,806,829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFF6DE057FE89FCD0" bold="true" box="[151,268,806,829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9EFFCEFF65E028FAD5FBE7" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<table id="6D87DBFCFF9E0035FF65E028FAD3FBE7" box="[159,1366,857,1034]" gridcols="7" gridrows="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" rowsContinueFrom="4.[159,1406,594,771]">
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9E0035FF65E028FAD3FC60" box="[159,1366,857,909]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FF65E028FEF9FC60" box="[159,380,857,909]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Specimen</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FE77E028FDB3FC60" box="[397,566,857,909]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Caudal peduncle depth (CD)</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FD8AE028FCB0FC60" box="[624,821,857,909]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">1DBP depth (BPD)</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FCA9E028FC08FC60" box="[851,909,857,909]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
BD/
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFC87E028FC01FC82" box="[893,900,857,879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">l</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FC13E028FBB6FC60" box="[1001,1075,857,909]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">CD/CL</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FB7AE028FB34FC60" box="[1152,1201,857,909]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
CD/
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFB50E028FB34FC82" box="[1194,1201,857,879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">l</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FAEDE028FAD3FC60" box="[1303,1366,857,909]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
BPD/
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9EFFCEFAB5E028FAD3FC82" box="[1359,1366,857,879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">l</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9E0035FF65E0D0FAD3FC5A" box="[159,1366,929,951]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FF65E0D0FEF9FC5A" box="[159,380,929,951]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">fossil (MSFM 00606)</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FE77E0D0FDB3FC5A" box="[397,566,929,951]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">23.3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FD8AE0D0FCB0FC5A" box="[624,821,929,951]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">4.9</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FCA9E0D0FC08FC5A" box="[851,909,929,951]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.52+</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FC13E0D0FBB6FC5A" box="[1001,1075,929,951]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">1.23</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FB7AE0D0FB34FC5A" box="[1152,1201,929,951]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.19</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FAEDE0D0FAD3FC5A" box="[1303,1366,929,951]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.039</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9E0035FF65E0BBFAD3FC0D" box="[159,1366,970,992]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FF65E0BBFEF9FC0D" box="[159,380,970,992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">KUGRF 121201</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FE77E0BBFDB3FC0D" box="[397,566,970,992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">27.8</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FD8AE0BBFCB0FC0D" box="[624,821,970,992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">5.3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FCA9E0BBFC08FC0D" box="[851,909,970,992]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.61</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FC13E0BBFBB6FC0D" box="[1001,1075,970,992]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">2.34</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FB7AE0BBFB34FC0D" box="[1152,1201,970,992]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.24</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FAEDE0BBFAD3FC0D" box="[1303,1366,970,992]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.045</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9E0035FF65E085FAD3FBE7" box="[159,1366,1012,1034]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
<th id="E2664262FF9E0035FF65E085FEF9FBE7" box="[159,380,1012,1034]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">KUGRF 121202</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FE77E085FDB3FBE7" box="[397,566,1012,1034]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">29.6</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FD8AE085FCB0FBE7" box="[624,821,1012,1034]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">5.6</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FCA9E085FC08FBE7" box="[851,909,1012,1034]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.58</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FC13E085FBB6FBE7" box="[1001,1075,1012,1034]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.21</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FB7AE085FB34FBE7" box="[1152,1201,1012,1034]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.21</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9E0035FAEDE085FAD3FBE7" box="[1303,1366,1012,1034]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">0.040</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9EFFCEFF3DE73FFDB2F9B2" blockId="4.[151,1437,1102,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
Total vertebrae including compound terminal centrum (C-H in
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFC77E73FFC69FB8A" box="[909,1004,1102,1127]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[151,1436,193,1317]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. from the Bessho Formation at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City, Nagano prefecture. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the part of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 1DBP, basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin; 2DP, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DP1, first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; AF, anal-fin ray; AV1-7, first-seventh abdominal vertebrae; CF, caudal fin; C–H, compound terminal centrum; CV1-13, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae; DS I, first dorsal spine; DS II, second dorsal spine; HS, haemal spine; LAF, last anal-fin ray; NS, neural spine; PH, parhypural. l shows the length of skeleton from second abdominal vertebra to caudal-fin base. Dotted area anterior to caudal fin shows the preservation of scales. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913470/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Figure 3</figureCitation>
) are 21 (7 AV + 14 CV), and this also distinguishes the fossil from balistids which have almost invariably 18 vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9EFFCEFBBFE703FB79FB66" author="Matsuura, K." box="[1093,1276,1138,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" pagination="49 - 169" refId="ref9583" refString="Matsuura, K. (1979) Phylogeny of the superfamily Balistoidea (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, 26, 49 - 169." type="journal article" year="1979">Matsuura, 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9EFFCEFAF0E703FA15FB66" author="Tyler, J. C." box="[1290,1424,1138,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" pagination="1 - 422" refId="ref10514" refString="Tyler, J. C. (1980) Osteology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes). NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circ., 434, 1 - 422." type="journal article" year="1980">Tyler, 1980</bibRefCitation>
). Although the first abdominal vertebra is disarticulated and displaced anteriorly, the other 20 vertebrae are well articulated in a straight vertebral column. The neural spines of the first to sixth abdominal vertebrae are thin and expanded, but their outlines are obscure and can scarcely be seen using a microscope. The neural spine of only the first abdominal vertebra is oriented anteriorly. The distal end of the neural spine of the second abdominal vertebra is immediately posteroventral to the basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin. The distal end of the neural spine of the fourth abdominal vertebra is situated close to that of the fifth abdominal vertebra. The neural spine of the fifth abdominal vertebra is immediately anterior to the first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin (2DP
<quantity id="D87F84B9FF9EFFCEFB05E61FFAA0FA6A" box="[1279,1317,1390,1415]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFAD6E61FFA12FA6A" box="[1324,1431,1390,1415]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[151,1436,193,1317]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. from the Bessho Formation at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City, Nagano prefecture. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the part of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 1DBP, basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin; 2DP, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DP1, first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; AF, anal-fin ray; AV1-7, first-seventh abdominal vertebrae; CF, caudal fin; C–H, compound terminal centrum; CV1-13, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae; DS I, first dorsal spine; DS II, second dorsal spine; HS, haemal spine; LAF, last anal-fin ray; NS, neural spine; PH, parhypural. l shows the length of skeleton from second abdominal vertebra to caudal-fin base. Dotted area anterior to caudal fin shows the preservation of scales. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913470/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Figures 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFF6DE6E3FF20FA46" box="[151,165,1426,1451]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">4</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFF1AE6E3FE81FA46" box="[224,260,1426,1451]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[211,1369,193,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-99@9.[211,1369,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Enlarged photographs of the anterior region of the soft dorsal fin (A) and the caudal peduncle (B) based on the counterpart of holotype. MSFM00606. Abbreviations as in Figures 3 and 4. White arrow in (A) shows the proximal tip of the first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin (2DP1). Black arrows in (A) show the distal end and the base of the neural spine of the fifth abdominal vertebra. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913476/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">6A</figureCitation>
) and it is relatively more slender than the other expanded neural spines. The neural spine of the sixth abdominal vertebra is more expanded and higher than that of the fifth abdominal vertebra. Parapophysis of the seventh abdominal vertebra is wide, short and oriented posteriorly. Ribs are absent. Haemal spines are present from the first to thirteenth caudal vertebra. The haemal spine of the first caudal vertebra contacts the first pterygiophore of the anal fin, although the boundary of these two bones is indistinct (
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFC53E553FB89F9D6" box="[937,1036,1570,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Figure 4</figureCitation>
). The thirteenth caudal vertebra has a posteriorly expanded haemal spine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9EFFCEFF3DE51BFAE5F8B6" blockId="4.[151,1437,1102,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
The first dorsal spine is very slender and long; it is about
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in width and its preserved length is
<quantity id="D87F84B9FF9EFFCEFABFE51BFA1DF96F" box="[1349,1432,1642,1667]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
. Tiny anterior barbs are present; that is, the anterior margin of this spine is finely serrated in an orderly manner and the posterior margin is smooth (
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFE05E5C3FDF0F926" box="[511,629,1714,1739]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[393,1203,193,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-108@8.[393,1203,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Enlarged photographs of the spiny dorsal fin region of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype, MSFM 00606 (A and B) and the extant Aluterus scriptus, FAKU 36510 (C). A–B, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. The spiny dorsal fin region (A) and the first dorsal spine (B) based on the part of the holotype (MSFM 00606); C, The spiny dorsal fin of the extant A. scriptus (FAKU 36510). Abbreviation AB indicates anterior barbs. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Scale bars = 10 mm (A), 1 mm (B and C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913474/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Figure 5B</figureCitation>
). There is an inner cavity running along the central axis of this spine in its cross section (
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFEACE5A7FE69F902" box="[342,492,1750,1775]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[393,1203,193,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-108@8.[393,1203,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Enlarged photographs of the spiny dorsal fin region of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype, MSFM 00606 (A and B) and the extant Aluterus scriptus, FAKU 36510 (C). A–B, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. The spiny dorsal fin region (A) and the first dorsal spine (B) based on the part of the holotype (MSFM 00606); C, The spiny dorsal fin of the extant A. scriptus (FAKU 36510). Abbreviation AB indicates anterior barbs. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Scale bars = 10 mm (A), 1 mm (B and C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913474/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Figure 5A, B</figureCitation>
). The surface of this spine is characterized by grooves parallel to the long axis of the spine. The second dorsal spine, which is placed just behind the base of the first dorsal spine, is tiny and curved posteriorly with a blunt distal end. This is a diagnostic feature of the
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF9EFFCEFC35E46FFBFBF8DA" baseAuthorityName="Tyler" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[975,1150,1822,1847]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Monacanthidae</taxonomicName>
, whereas there are three stronger dorsal spines supported by two basal pterygiophores in the
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF9EFFCEFC6BE433FB84F8B6" box="[913,1025,1858,1883]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Balistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Balistidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9EFFCEFBF5E433FB41F8B6" author="Matsuura, K." box="[1039,1220,1858,1883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" pagination="49 - 169" refId="ref9583" refString="Matsuura, K. (1979) Phylogeny of the superfamily Balistoidea (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, 26, 49 - 169." type="journal article" year="1979">Matsuura, 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9EFFCEFB2AE433FAD1F8B6" author="Tyler, J. C." box="[1232,1364,1858,1883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" pagination="1 - 422" refId="ref10514" refString="Tyler, J. C. (1980) Osteology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes). NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circ., 434, 1 - 422." type="journal article" year="1980">Tyler, 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9EFFCEFF3DE417FCF6F806" blockId="4.[151,1437,1102,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">
The first and second dorsal spines are supported by a single basal pterygiophore (1DBP in
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFB1BE417FAC8F892" box="[1249,1357,1894,1919]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[151,1436,193,1317]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. from the Bessho Formation at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City, Nagano prefecture. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the part of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 1DBP, basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin; 2DP, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DP1, first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; AF, anal-fin ray; AV1-7, first-seventh abdominal vertebrae; CF, caudal fin; C–H, compound terminal centrum; CV1-13, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae; DS I, first dorsal spine; DS II, second dorsal spine; HS, haemal spine; LAF, last anal-fin ray; NS, neural spine; PH, parhypural. l shows the length of skeleton from second abdominal vertebra to caudal-fin base. Dotted area anterior to caudal fin shows the preservation of scales. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913470/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">Figures 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFAA6E417FAEFF892" box="[1372,1386,1894,1919]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">4</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9EFFCEFF6DE4FBFF38F84E" box="[151,189,1930,1955]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[393,1203,193,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-108@8.[393,1203,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Enlarged photographs of the spiny dorsal fin region of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype, MSFM 00606 (A and B) and the extant Aluterus scriptus, FAKU 36510 (C). A–B, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. The spiny dorsal fin region (A) and the first dorsal spine (B) based on the part of the holotype (MSFM 00606); C, The spiny dorsal fin of the extant A. scriptus (FAKU 36510). Abbreviation AB indicates anterior barbs. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Scale bars = 10 mm (A), 1 mm (B and C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913474/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="386">5A</figureCitation>
). This bone has a thin, lancet-like shape and its ventral margin is separated from the skull. The posterior part of this bone is partly missing, but its posterior end extends to above the neural spine of the second abdominal vertebra. The depth of this basal pterygiophore (BPD) is
<quantity id="D87F84B9FF9EFFCEFD51E4A3FC84F807" box="[683,769,2002,2027]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="52051CE7FF9EFFCEFCF5E4A3FCE7F806" box="[783,866,2002,2027]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,241,512,535]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype (MSFM 00606) and specimens of the extant A. scriptus (mm). 1DBP: basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin. “–“ indicates that the value cannot be measured." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA" pageId="4" pageNumber="386" tableUuid="4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="4BF879D4FF9FFFCFFF6DE64AFD3FF9E4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913470" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913470/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="387" startId="5.[151,249,1339,1361]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1302]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9FFFCFFF6DE64AFD3FF9E4" blockId="5.[151,1437,1339,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="387">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9FFFCFFF6DE64AFE9DFABD" bold="true" box="[151,280,1339,1361]" pageId="5" pageNumber="387">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF9FFFCFFEDEE64AFE67FABC" authority="Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka, 2014" authorityName="Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka" authorityYear="2014" box="[292,482,1339,1361]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" genus="Aluterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shigensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9FFFCFFEDEE64AFE67FABC" box="[292,482,1339,1361]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="387">Aluterus shigensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9FFFCFFE14E64AFDC1FABD" bold="true" box="[494,580,1339,1360]" pageId="5" pageNumber="387">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36C04835FF9FFFCFFE14E64AFDC1FABD" box="[494,580,1339,1360]" pageId="5" pageNumber="387" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the Bessho Formation at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City, Nagano prefecture. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the part of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 1DBP, basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin; 2DP, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DP1, first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; AF, anal-fin ray; AV1-7, first-seventh abdominal vertebrae; CF, caudal fin; C–H, compound terminal centrum; CV1-13, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae; DS I, first dorsal spine; DS II, second dorsal spine; HS, haemal spine; LAF, last anal-fin ray; NS, neural spine; PH, parhypural.
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9FFFCFFEEAE6A5FE92FA07" box="[272,279,1492,1514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="387">l</emphasis>
shows the length of skeleton from second abdominal vertebra to caudal-fin base. Dotted area anterior to caudal fin shows the preservation of scales. Scale bars = 50 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9FFFCCFF3DE540FC77FE65" blockId="5.[151,1436,1584,2005]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="388" pageId="5" pageNumber="387">
Most parts of the basal pterygiophores of the soft dorsal fin are preserved. There are 34 such basal pterygiophores, and the posterior part of the soft dorsal fin is partly missing. The first and thickest pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin (2DP1) is moderately slender and its proximal tip, which is located above the middle length of the neural spine of the fifth abdominal vertebra, is blunt (
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9FFFCFFCE4E5EDFC13F958" box="[798,918,1692,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[211,1369,193,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-99@9.[211,1369,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Enlarged photographs of the anterior region of the soft dorsal fin (A) and the caudal peduncle (B) based on the counterpart of holotype. MSFM00606. Abbreviations as in Figures 3 and 4. White arrow in (A) shows the proximal tip of the first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin (2DP1). Black arrows in (A) show the distal end and the base of the neural spine of the fifth abdominal vertebra. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913476/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="387">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
). The second pterygiophore is longer than the other soft dorsal-fin pterygiophores, and its proximal tip is located lower than those of the other pterygiophores and below the middle length of the neural spine of the sixth abdominal vertebra. The pterygiophores are indistinguishably articulated to one another at their distal ends where radial grooves are present on the surfaces, but they are partly broken and displaced slightly dorsally above the second to fifth caudal vertebrae. In monacanthid fishes, most parts of each slender pterygiophore of the soft dorsal and anal fins are connected with one another anteroposteriorly by very thin flanges but such a feature is indistinct in this fossil specimen. The number of pterygiophores between two adjacent neural spines ranges from two to four except for their being a single pterygiophore between the neural spines of the fifth and sixth abdominal vertebrae (
<tableCitation id="52051CE7FF9FFFCFFBB5E4CDFB2DF838" box="[1103,1192,1980,2005]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,241,434,457]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 2. The numbers of pterygiophores of the soft dorsal fin between adjacent neural spines from that of the fifth abdominal (A5) to that of the thirteenth caudal (C13) vertebrae of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype (MSFM 00606) and specimens of the extant A. scriptus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4BF879D4FF9CFFCCFF6DE2C3FD68FDE4" pageId="5" pageNumber="387" tableUuid="4BF879D4FF9CFFCCFF6DE2C3FD68FDE4">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Only six fin rays of the soft dorsal fin are preserved at the posterior end of the counterpart, but two of them are disarticulated and displaced (
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFEF5E3CDFEFCFF38" box="[271,377,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Figures 4</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFE54E3CDFE54FF38" box="[430,465,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[211,1369,193,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-99@9.[211,1369,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Enlarged photographs of the anterior region of the soft dorsal fin (A) and the caudal peduncle (B) based on the counterpart of holotype. MSFM00606. Abbreviations as in Figures 3 and 4. White arrow in (A) shows the proximal tip of the first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin (2DP1). Black arrows in (A) show the distal end and the base of the neural spine of the fifth abdominal vertebra. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913476/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">6B</figureCitation>
). The soft dorsal-fin base, from the second to the last pterygiophore of the fin, is longer than the anal-fin base (
<tableCitation id="52051CE7FF9CFFCCFE6FE3AEFE6CFF15" box="[405,489,223,248]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,241,512,535]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype (MSFM 00606) and specimens of the extant A. scriptus (mm). 1DBP: basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin. “–“ indicates that the value cannot be measured." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" tableUuid="4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The length of the soft dorsal-fin base of the fossil shown in
<tableCitation id="52051CE7FF9CFFCCFB64E3AEFB74FF15" box="[1182,1265,223,248]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,241,512,535]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype (MSFM 00606) and specimens of the extant A. scriptus (mm). 1DBP: basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin. “–“ indicates that the value cannot be measured." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" tableUuid="4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA">Table 1</tableCitation>
corresponds to the length from the second pterygiophore (2DP
<quantity id="D87F84B9FF9CFFCCFD4FE275FD67FEF0" box="[693,738,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFD11E275FCC9FEF0" box="[747,844,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Figure 4</figureCitation>
) to the pterygiophore preserved between the neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae (2DPX in
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFCF3E256FCECFEAD" box="[777,873,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Figure 4</figureCitation>
), but it seems to be longer because the soft dorsalfin rays are preserved posteriorly and a slender bone, probably a pterygiophore (2DP? in
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFB4EE23DFAA7FE88" box="[1204,1314,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[151,1436,193,1317]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. from the Bessho Formation at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City, Nagano prefecture. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the part of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 1DBP, basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin; 2DP, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DP1, first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; AF, anal-fin ray; AV1-7, first-seventh abdominal vertebrae; CF, caudal fin; C–H, compound terminal centrum; CV1-13, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae; DS I, first dorsal spine; DS II, second dorsal spine; HS, haemal spine; LAF, last anal-fin ray; NS, neural spine; PH, parhypural. l shows the length of skeleton from second abdominal vertebra to caudal-fin base. Dotted area anterior to caudal fin shows the preservation of scales. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913470/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Figures 3</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFA9AE23DFAF5FE88" box="[1376,1392,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</figureCitation>
), is present between the neural spines of the tenth and eleventh caudal vertebrae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="4BF879D4FF9CFFCCFF6DE2C3FD68FDE4" ID-Table-UUID="4BF879D4FF9CFFCCFF6DE2C3FD68FDE4" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4BF879D4FF9CFFCCFF6DE2C3FD68FDE4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" startId="6.[151,241,434,457]" targetBox="[159,1370,549,902]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9CFFCCFF6DE2C3FD68FDE4" blockId="6.[151,1436,434,521]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9CFFCCFF6DE2C3FE8BFE24" bold="true" box="[151,270,434,457]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
The numbers of pterygiophores of the soft dorsal fin between adjacent neural spines from that of the fifth abdominal (A5) to that of the thirteenth caudal (C13) vertebrae of the fossil,
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF9CFFCCFBFBE2A0FB4DFE04" authority="Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka, 2014" authorityName="Miyajima &amp; Ohe &amp; Koike &amp; Matsuoka" authorityYear="2014" box="[1025,1224,465,489]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" genus="Aluterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shigensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9CFFCCFBFBE2A0FB4DFE04" box="[1025,1224,465,489]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Aluterus shigensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9CFFCCFB29E2A3FAA8FE04" bold="true" box="[1235,1325,466,489]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36C04835FF9CFFCCFB29E2A3FAA8FE04" box="[1235,1325,466,489]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, holotype (MSFM 00606) and specimens of the extant
<taxonomicName id="D88752DFFF9CFFCCFD8EE283FD63FDE4" box="[628,742,498,521]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monacanthidae" genus="Aluterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraodontiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scriptus">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9CFFCCFD8EE283FD01FDE4" box="[628,644,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9CFFCCFD68E283FD63FDE4" box="[658,742,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">scriptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9CFFCCFF65E159FAA6FC6B" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<table id="6D87DBFCFF9C0035FF65E154FADFFC6B" box="[159,1370,549,902]" gridcols="8" gridrows="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E154FADFFDD3" box="[159,1370,549,574]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E154FEF9FDD3" box="[159,380,549,574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Specimen</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FE62E154FDA6FDD3" box="[408,547,549,574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Neural spines</th>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E13FFADFFD89" box="[159,1370,590,612]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE62E13FFDA6FD89" box="[408,547,590,612]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">A5-A6</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDB5E13FFD10FD89" box="[591,661,590,612]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">A6-A7</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD1AE13FFCA0FD89" box="[736,805,590,612]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">A7-C1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E13FFC36FD89" box="[879,947,590,612]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C1-C2</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC06E13FFBC5FD89" box="[1020,1088,590,612]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C2-C3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB73E13FFB4BFD89" box="[1161,1230,590,612]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C3-C4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAECE13FFADFFD89" box="[1302,1370,590,612]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C4-C5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E109FADFFD63" box="[159,1370,632,654]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E109FADFFD63" box="[159,1370,632,654]" colspan="8" colspanRight="7" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Number of pterygiophores of the soft dorsal fin</th>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E1D0FADFFD5A" box="[159,1370,673,695]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E1D0FEF9FD5A" box="[159,380,673,695]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">fossil(MSFM00606)</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE62E1D0FDA6FD5A" box="[408,547,673,695]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDB5E1D0FD10FD5A" box="[591,661,673,695]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">2</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD1AE1D0FCA0FD5A" box="[736,805,673,695]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">2</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E1D0FC36FD5A" box="[879,947,673,695]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC06E1D0FBC5FD5A" box="[1020,1088,673,695]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB73E1D0FB4BFD5A" box="[1161,1230,673,695]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAECE1D0FADFFD5A" box="[1302,1370,673,695]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E1BBFADFFD0D" box="[159,1370,714,736]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E1BBFEF9FD0D" box="[159,380,714,736]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">KUGRF121201</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE62E1BBFDA6FD0D" box="[408,547,714,736]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDB5E1BBFD10FD0D" box="[591,661,714,736]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">2</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD1AE1BBFCA0FD0D" box="[736,805,714,736]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E1BBFC36FD0D" box="[879,947,714,736]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC06E1BBFBC5FD0D" box="[1020,1088,714,736]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB73E1BBFB4BFD0D" box="[1161,1230,714,736]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAECE1BBFADFFD0D" box="[1302,1370,714,736]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E185FADFFCE7" box="[159,1370,756,778]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E185FEF9FCE7" box="[159,380,756,778]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">KUGRF121202</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE62E185FDA6FCE7" box="[408,547,756,778]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDB5E185FD10FCE7" box="[591,661,756,778]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD1AE185FCA0FCE7" box="[736,805,756,778]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E185FC36FCE7" box="[879,947,756,778]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC06E185FBC5FCE7" box="[1020,1088,756,778]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB73E185FB4BFCE7" box="[1161,1230,756,778]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAECE185FADFFCE7" box="[1302,1370,756,778]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E06CFADFFCDE" box="[159,1370,797,819]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E06CFEF9FCDE" box="[159,380,797,819]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">USNM 402324</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE62E06CFDA6FCDE" box="[408,547,797,819]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDB5E06CFD10FCDE" box="[591,661,797,819]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">2</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD1AE06CFCA0FCDE" box="[736,805,797,819]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E06CFC36FCDE" box="[879,947,797,819]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC06E06CFBC5FCDE" box="[1020,1088,797,819]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB73E06CFB4BFCDE" box="[1161,1230,797,819]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAECE06CFADFFCDE" box="[1302,1370,797,819]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E037FADFFCB1" box="[159,1370,838,860]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E037FEF9FCB1" box="[159,380,838,860]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">USNM 407016</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE62E037FDA6FCB1" box="[408,547,838,860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDB5E037FD10FCB1" box="[591,661,838,860]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">2</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD1AE037FCA0FCB1" box="[736,805,838,860]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E037FC36FCB1" box="[879,947,838,860]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC06E037FBC5FCB1" box="[1020,1088,838,860]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB73E037FB4BFCB1" box="[1161,1230,838,860]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAECE037FADFFCB1" box="[1302,1370,838,860]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E001FADFFC6B" box="[159,1370,880,902]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E001FEF9FC6B" box="[159,380,880,902]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">USNM 416202</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE62E001FDA6FC6B" box="[408,547,880,902]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDB5E001FD10FC6B" box="[591,661,880,902]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">2</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD1AE001FCA0FC6B" box="[736,805,880,902]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E001FC36FC6B" box="[879,947,880,902]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC06E001FBC5FC6B" box="[1020,1088,880,902]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB73E001FB4BFC6B" box="[1161,1230,880,902]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAECE001FADFFC6B" box="[1302,1370,880,902]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="4BF879D4FF9CFFCCFF6DE0D7FE14FC50" box="[151,401,934,957]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" startId="6.[151,241,934,957]" targetBox="[159,1391,985,1338]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9CFFCCFF6DE0D7FE14FC50" blockId="6.[151,401,934,957]" box="[151,401,934,957]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<emphasis id="2DF3F54EFF9CFFCCFF6DE0D7FE89FC50" bold="true" box="[151,268,934,957]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9CFFCCFF65E0A8FA9AFAD7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<table id="6D87DBFCFF9C0035FF65E0A8FAEAFAD7" box="[159,1391,985,1338]" gridcols="9" gridrows="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E0A8FAEAFC02" box="[159,1391,985,1007]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E0A8FEF9FC02" box="[159,380,985,1007]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Specimen</th>
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FE58E0A8FDDDFC02" box="[418,600,985,1007]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Neural spines</th>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E773FAEAFBF5" box="[159,1391,1026,1048]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE58E773FE60FBF5" box="[418,485,1026,1048]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C5-C6</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDEFE773FDDDFBF5" box="[533,600,1026,1048]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C6-C7</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD72E773FD49FBF5" box="[648,716,1026,1048]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C7-C8</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD01E773FCBAFBF5" box="[763,831,1026,1048]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C8-C9</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E773FC3AFBF5" box="[879,959,1026,1048]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C9-C10</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC0BE773FBC8FBF5" box="[1009,1101,1026,1048]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C10-C11</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB78E773FB5BFBF5" box="[1154,1246,1026,1048]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C11-C12</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAE8E773FAEAFBF5" box="[1298,1391,1026,1048]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">C11-C12</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E75DFAEAFBAF" box="[159,1391,1068,1090]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E75DFAEAFBAF" box="[159,1391,1068,1090]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Number of pterygiophores of the soft dorsal fin</th>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E724FAEAFB86" box="[159,1391,1109,1131]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E724FEF9FB86" box="[159,380,1109,1131]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">fossil (MSFM 00606)</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE58E724FE60FB86" box="[418,485,1109,1131]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDEFE724FDDDFB86" box="[533,600,1109,1131]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD72E724FD49FB86" box="[648,716,1109,1131]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD01E724FCBAFB86" box="[763,831,1109,1131]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3?</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E724FC3AFB86" box="[879,959,1109,1131]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">1</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC0BE724FBC8FB86" box="[1009,1101,1109,1131]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">1?</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB78E724FB5BFB86" box="[1154,1246,1109,1131]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAE8E724FAEAFB86" box="[1298,1391,1109,1131]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E70FFAEAFB79" box="[159,1391,1150,1172]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E70FFEF9FB79" box="[159,380,1150,1172]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">KUGRF 121201</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE58E70FFE60FB79" box="[418,485,1150,1172]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDEFE70FFDDDFB79" box="[533,600,1150,1172]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD72E70FFD49FB79" box="[648,716,1150,1172]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD01E70FFCBAFB79" box="[763,831,1150,1172]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E70FFC3AFB79" box="[879,959,1150,1172]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">8?</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC0BE70FFBC8FB79" box="[1009,1101,1150,1172]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB78E70FFB5BFB79" box="[1154,1246,1150,1172]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAE8E70FFAEAFB79" box="[1298,1391,1150,1172]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E7D9FAEAFB53" box="[159,1391,1192,1214]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E7D9FEF9FB53" box="[159,380,1192,1214]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">KUGRF 121202</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE58E7D9FE60FB53" box="[418,485,1192,1214]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDEFE7D9FDDDFB53" box="[533,600,1192,1214]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD72E7D9FD49FB53" box="[648,716,1192,1214]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD01E7D9FCBAFB53" box="[763,831,1192,1214]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E7D9FC3AFB53" box="[879,959,1192,1214]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">7</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC0BE7D9FBC8FB53" box="[1009,1101,1192,1214]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB78E7D9FB5BFB53" box="[1154,1246,1192,1214]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAE8E7D9FAEAFB53" box="[1298,1391,1192,1214]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E7A0FAEAFB0A" box="[159,1391,1233,1255]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E7A0FEF9FB0A" box="[159,380,1233,1255]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">USNM 402324</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE58E7A0FE60FB0A" box="[418,485,1233,1255]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDEFE7A0FDDDFB0A" box="[533,600,1233,1255]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD72E7A0FD49FB0A" box="[648,716,1233,1255]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD01E7A0FCBAFB0A" box="[763,831,1233,1255]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">6</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E7A0FC3AFB0A" box="[879,959,1233,1255]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">3</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC0BE7A0FBC8FB0A" box="[1009,1101,1233,1255]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB78E7A0FB5BFB0A" box="[1154,1246,1233,1255]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAE8E7A0FAEAFB0A" box="[1298,1391,1233,1255]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E78BFAEAFAFD" box="[159,1391,1274,1296]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E78BFEF9FAFD" box="[159,380,1274,1296]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">USNM 407016</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE58E78BFE60FAFD" box="[418,485,1274,1296]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDEFE78BFDDDFAFD" box="[533,600,1274,1296]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD72E78BFD49FAFD" box="[648,716,1274,1296]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD01E78BFCBAFAFD" box="[763,831,1274,1296]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E78BFC3AFAFD" box="[879,959,1274,1296]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC0BE78BFBC8FAFD" box="[1009,1101,1274,1296]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB78E78BFB5BFAFD" box="[1154,1246,1274,1296]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAE8E78BFAEAFAFD" box="[1298,1391,1274,1296]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A1B72B1EFF9C0035FF65E655FAEAFAD7" box="[159,1391,1316,1338]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
<th id="E2664262FF9C0035FF65E655FEF9FAD7" box="[159,380,1316,1338]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">USNM 416202</th>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FE58E655FE60FAD7" box="[418,485,1316,1338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FDEFE655FDDDFAD7" box="[533,600,1316,1338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD72E655FD49FAD7" box="[648,716,1316,1338]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FD01E655FCBAFAD7" box="[763,831,1316,1338]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC95E655FC3AFAD7" box="[879,959,1316,1338]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">5</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FC0BE655FBC8FAD7" box="[1009,1101,1316,1338]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FB78E655FB5BFAD7" box="[1154,1246,1316,1338]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
<td id="E2664262FF9C0035FAE8E655FAEAFAD7" box="[1298,1391,1316,1338]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">0</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9CFFCCFF3DE60FFC1EF9A6" blockId="6.[151,1436,1406,1971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
The pterygiophores of the anal fin are partially preserved on the counterpart (
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFBD7E60FFB14FA7A" box="[1069,1169,1406,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Figure 4</figureCitation>
); 16 pterygiophores are recognizable at least in part, and the first pterygiophore (AP
<quantity id="D87F84B9FF9CFFCCFC8DE6D3FC21FA56" box="[887,932,1442,1467]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFC48E6D3FB9DFA56" box="[946,1048,1442,1467]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Figure 4</figureCitation>
) is thicker than the others. The pterygiophores of the anal fin are absent at least between the haemal spines of the tenth and the last caudal vertebrae. Although there are no pterygiophores preserved between the haemal spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae, those bones must have been present there because anal-fin rays are present ventrally. There are 21 analfin rays preserved, but most of them are disarticulated and displaced.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9CFFCCFF3DE527FEC3F85E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1406,1971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">
Although the caudal peduncle is incomplete, the depth and length of it are nearly equal (
<tableCitation id="52051CE7FF9CFFCCFB4FE527FA8FF982" box="[1205,1290,1622,1647]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,241,512,535]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype (MSFM 00606) and specimens of the extant A. scriptus (mm). 1DBP: basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin. “–“ indicates that the value cannot be measured." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" tableUuid="4BF879D4FF9EFFCEFF6DE171FAFEFDDA">Table 1</tableCitation>
), with depth measured vertically from the posterior end of the anal-fin base (the base of the last anal-fin ray, LAF in
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFAC8E50BFA19F97E" box="[1330,1436,1658,1683]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1339,1361]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-361@5.[151,1436,193,1317]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. from the Bessho Formation at Sorimachi, Matsumoto City, Nagano prefecture. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the part of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 1DBP, basal pterygiophore of the spiny dorsal fin; 2DP, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DP1, first pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; AF, anal-fin ray; AV1-7, first-seventh abdominal vertebrae; CF, caudal fin; C–H, compound terminal centrum; CV1-13, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae; DS I, first dorsal spine; DS II, second dorsal spine; HS, haemal spine; LAF, last anal-fin ray; NS, neural spine; PH, parhypural. l shows the length of skeleton from second abdominal vertebra to caudal-fin base. Dotted area anterior to caudal fin shows the preservation of scales. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913470/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">Figures 3</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9CFFCCFF3DE5EFFF53F95A" box="[199,214,1694,1719]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-168@7.[151,1436,303,1728]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Aluterus shigensis sp. nov. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the counterpart of the holotype. MSFM 00606. Abbreviations: 2DF, soft dorsal-fin ray; 2DP2, second pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin; 2DPX, pterygiophore of the soft dorsal fin between neural spines of the ninth and tenth caudal vertebrae; AP, pterygiophore of anal fin; AP1, first pterygiophore of anal fin; PP, parapophysis. Other abbreviations as in Figure 3. Dotted area shows the preservation of scales. Square shows the area observed using SEM in Figures 7A and 7B. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913472/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="388">4</figureCitation>
) to the dorsal margin of the skin of the caudal peduncle, and length measured from the posterior end of the anal-fin base to the ventral edge of the caudal-fin base, following
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9CFFCCFC74E5B2FB28F936" author="Berry, F. H. &amp; Vogele, L. E." box="[910,1197,1730,1755]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" pagination="57 - 109" refId="ref8384" refString="Berry, F. H. &amp; Vogele, L. E. (1961) Filefishes (Monacanthidae) of the Western North Atlantic. Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, 61, 57 - 109." type="journal article" year="1961">Berry and Vogele (1961)</bibRefCitation>
. Although the dorsal part of the caudal skeleton is missing, the triangular compound terminal centrum including an unknown number of vertebral centra and hypurals (
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9CFFCCFE0BE47BFCA3F8CE" author="Schultze, H. - P. &amp; Arratia, G." box="[497,806,1802,1827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" pagination="187 - 246" refId="ref10064" refString="Schultze, H. - P. &amp; Arratia, G. (2013) The caudal skeleton of basal teleosts, its conventions, and some of its major evolutionary novelties in a temporal dimension. In: Arratia, G., Schultze, H. - P. &amp; Wilson, M. V. H. (Eds.), Mesozoic Fishes 5 - Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, pp. 187 - 246." type="book chapter" year="2013">Schultze and Arratia, 2013</bibRefCitation>
) is preserved. In monacanthid fishes, a horizontal crest for muscle attachment is present at the anterior part of this bone (
<bibRefCitation id="7B1654ADFF9CFFCCFC6AE45FFBCDF8AA" author="Matsuura, K." box="[912,1096,1838,1863]" pageId="6" pageNumber="388" pagination="49 - 169" refId="ref9583" refString="Matsuura, K. (1979) Phylogeny of the superfamily Balistoidea (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, 26, 49 - 169." type="journal article" year="1979">Matsuura, 1979</bibRefCitation>
), but such a feature is poorly preserved and indistinct in this fossil specimen. The parhypural is preserved between the compound terminal centrum and the expanded haemal spine of the thirteenth caudal vertebra, but its shape is indistinct. There are 12 caudal-fin rays.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F38295CFF9DFFCDFF3DE3E6FB1EFF15" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">
The scales are very small and fine, and have slender, straight spinules (
<figureCitation id="87BC35D9FF9DFFCDFC23E3E6FBEAFF5D" box="[985,1135,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[329,1257,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure-70@10.[329,1257,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images of scales of the fossil, Aluterus shigensis sp. nov., holotype, MSFM 00606 (A and B) and Aluterus scriptus, KUGRF 121202 (C). Note the close resemblance of the shape and size of scales of the fossil to those of extant Aluterus species. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4913478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4913478/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="389">Figure 7A, B</figureCitation>
), which are preserved over almost the entire body. Especially along the dorsal margins of the pterygiophores of the spiny and soft dorsal fins, the tiny spinules (one of which is about
<quantity id="D87F84B9FF9DFFCDFDADE3AEFD3EFF1A" box="[599,699,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="0.26">0.26 mm</quantity>
in length) of the scales are well preserved.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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