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<document id="0AEC62C82E2A28C7E227698150FF5B8D" ID-CLB-Dataset="7994" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4927.2.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="368d2d63-f7d4-48e2-bc0d-7ebb81fb68c1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4537002" ID-ZooBank="96B9981B-01B5-4828-A4C6-E2E4A08DB8F2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613120970254" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hirowatari, Toshiya, Yagi, Sadahisa, Ohshima, Issei, Huang, Guo-Hua &amp; Wang, Min" docDate="2021" docId="E83387BFFFA0FF8B5094B539FE751E9E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4927.2.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4927 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Vespina meridiana Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="220" masterDocId="140AFFC7FFA6FF805003B276FFCA1F17" masterDocTitle="Review of the genus Vespina (Lepidoptera, Incurvariidae) with two new species from China and Japan" masterLastPageNumber="233" masterPageNumber="209" pageNumber="215" updateTime="1698929265567" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FD4EA08CD54AAF5FACA3824F5BD5E27C">
<mods:title id="C5658114CC8612C13BBA0BFD22C8574F">Review of the genus Vespina (Lepidoptera, Incurvariidae) with two new species from China and Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="521CEED0A2DE3B7524CB941E0C9C06FB" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="615DE5CF89002D2ADDBCC16C453A70DA">Hirowatari, Toshiya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="83E56A01C00B1AEA70A766E19402E719" type="email">yagi.sadahisa@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="413F237365A73B85DA876AF04B8A43CF">Yagi, Sadahisa</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8157E33DD8C21C04BFA18136FF2CF1C0" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4261-1219</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="064934CCA77E88C69ABA9F3BD0ECA8F7" type="email">yagi.sadahisa@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="CB43E9DBDDCF06C8EF61A2A212F56B2A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1743AC955E4AFFB436E37535992441CC">Ohshima, Issei</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="285D98ED4E473125CB84D457CAF0D0E7">Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, 606 - 8522 Japan.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="56C135E5EBD0277B2CA8E251EFC92050" type="personal">
<mods:role id="FFE1E9A5F26E7E6787267E32F784388A">
<mods:roleTerm id="ECFB38C2C8D0C970A52777D945202271">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7C5BB9582C867776D81A986E4EB33A9A">Huang, Guo-Hua</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F4F4CBB937538DBAF2FBAB29CDBCAC25" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6841-0095</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="1308E0B0B300575B46478C81A85EEAF1">Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China. ghhuang @ hunau. edu. cn; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6841 - 0095</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2BF8539DB1C02E2E924F283791255165" type="email">ghhuang@hunau.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="EB0F28C68021F33ACBA9F0084956397E">Wang, Min</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2A829FFF895A8B8A43A1D68493EA1201" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4261-1219</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="8293933DCEB01B351C462B4812D81D24">Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China. minwang @ scau. edu. cn; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5834 - 4058</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="83397FE00C4EE22B6DB83A66D1081E08" type="email">yagi.sadahisa@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="FF608363748775EB48FBFD61262E89C5">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="6B49922896A429081CE21310F93A90E7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4927.2.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E83387BFFFA0FF8B5094B539FE751E9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565599" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179917657" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565599" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E83387BFFFA0FF8B5094B539FE751E9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E83387BFFFA0FF8B5094B539FE751E9E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="220" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
<subSubSection id="28806522FFA0FF865094B539FD1F187E" box="[151,725,1871,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA0FF865094B539FD1F187E" blockId="6.[151,725,1871,1934]" box="[151,725,1871,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
<heading id="3B6D81C5FFA0FF865094B539FD1F187E" bold="true" box="[151,725,1871,1898]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" reason="1">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA0FF865094B539FD1F187E" bold="true" box="[151,725,1871,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFA0FF865094B539FDA1187E" authority="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi" authorityName="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,619,1871,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridiana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA0FF865094B539FEB3187D" bold="true" box="[151,377,1871,1898]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Vespina meridiana</emphasis>
Hirowatari &amp; Yagi
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="49DD57C0FFA0FF86527BB539FD1F187E" box="[632,725,1871,1897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28806522FFA0FF865094B505FE301899" box="[151,506,1907,1934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" type="description">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA0FF865094B505FE301899" blockId="6.[151,725,1871,1934]" box="[151,506,1907,1934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
(
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA0FF86509CB505FF31189A" box="[159,251,1907,1933]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1892,1916]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-203@4.[151,1436,561,1869]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adults of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, V. nielseni, male from Japan; B, V. nielseni, female from Japan; C, V. nielseni, female from China; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, holotype; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype. Scale bars: 4.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537004/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA0FF86510BB505FEE7189A" box="[264,301,1907,1933]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1512,1536]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Head of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, V. nielseni, male from Japan; B, V. nielseni, female from Japan; C, V. nielseni female from China; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, holotype; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537006/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">2D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA0FF86513BB505FE97189A" box="[312,349,1907,1933]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1704,1728]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,633,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-240@6.[170,1416,633,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Frenular and pseudofrenular bristles of Vespina spp. A, V. nielseni, male, dorsal view; B, C, V. nielseni, female, dorsal view; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype, ventral view; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, paratype, dorsal view; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537008/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">3D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA0FF86516BB505FE5F189A" box="[360,405,1907,1933]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1113,1137]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox-0="[190,1398,209,1062]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,181,1907]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,250,1917]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@7.[151,1436,179,1088]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@9.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetId-2="figure-28@10.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Female genitalia of Vespina meridiana sp. nov., holotype. A, terminalia (part), ventral view; B, terminalia, dorsal view; C, terminalia, lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Larva and portable case of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. on the host plant Morella rubra. A–C, young instar larva; D, E, middle instar larva; F–H, pre-mature larva." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Larva of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. A–D, pre-mature larva, E–H, mature larva. A, E, dorsal view; B, F, ventral view; C, G, head and thorax, ventral view; D, H, terminal segment, ventral view, showing crochets of anal proleg." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537010" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537012" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537014" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4537010/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4537012/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4537014/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">4–6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA0FF8651A3B505FE381899" box="[416,498,1907,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1469,1493]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-19@17.[170,1416,181,1446]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Host plants and habitats of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, habitat of V. sichuana sp. nov., Longcangou, Sichuan, China; B, the host plant, Castanopsis fargesii; C, habitat of V. meridiana sp. nov., Kunigami-son, Okinawa Is.; D, the host plant, Morella rubura; E, habitat of V. nielseni, Jiaoziping, Sichuan, China; F, the host plant, Castanea crenata." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537030/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">13C, D</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28806522FFA0FF875094B5CDFAB21A5C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA0FF865094B5CDFD2518EE" blockId="6.[151,1436,1979,2042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA0FF865094B5CDFEF518C2" bold="true" box="[151,319,1979,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Type material</emphasis>
:
<materialsCitation id="D0F23CF4FFA0FF86514CB5CDFD2618EE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3043297305" collectingDate="2004-04-21" collectingDateMax="2004-06-28" collectingDateMin="2004-04-21" collectorName="T. Ueda" country="Japan" county="Ryukyu" location="Kunigami-son" municipality="Yonahadake" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Okinawa" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="BF21880BFFA0FF86514CB5CDFE7B18C2" box="[335,433,1979,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="769CFD20FFA0FF8651B9B5CAFE0518C1" box="[442,463,1980,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, “
<collectingCountry id="188D7639FFA0FF8651EBB5CDFDE118C2" box="[488,555,1979,2005]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Japan</collectingCountry>
[
<collectingCounty id="89444E25FFA0FF86523AB5CDFD5F18C1" box="[569,661,1979,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Ryukyu</collectingCounty>
]/
<collectingMunicipality id="8041ACD3FFA0FF8652AFB5CDFCFF18C2" box="[684,821,1979,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Yonahadake</collectingMunicipality>
/
<location id="65456072FFA0FF865345B5CDFC2C18C2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E83387BFFFA0FF8B5094B539FE751E9E:65456072FFA0FF865345B5CDFC2C18C2" box="[838,998,1979,2005]" country="Japan" county="Ryukyu" municipality="Yonahadake" name="Kunigami-son" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" stateProvince="Okinawa">Kunigami-son</location>
/
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFA0FF8653F5B5CDFB5318C2" box="[1014,1177,1979,2005]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Okinawa Pref.</collectingRegion>
/
<date id="14241069FFA0FF8654A9B5CDFAD418C2" box="[1194,1310,1979,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" value="2004-04-21">
<collectingDate id="0460E981FFA0FF8654A9B5CDFAD418C2" box="[1194,1310,1979,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" value="2004-04-21">21.iv.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
/
<collectorName id="CD6F537FFFA0FF86552CB5CAFA4418C2" box="[1327,1422,1979,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">T. Ueda</collectorName>
”, “
<location id="65456072FFA0FF8650A1B5A9FF1718EE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E83387BFFFA0FF8B5094B539FE751E9E:65456072FFA0FF8650A1B5A9FF1718EE" box="[162,221,2015,2041]" country="Japan" county="Ryukyu" municipality="Yonahadake" name="Host" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" stateProvince="Okinawa">Host</location>
: / em.
<date id="14241069FFA0FF865125B5A9FE7A18EE" box="[294,432,2015,2042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" value="2004-06-28">
<collectingDate id="0460E981FFA0FF865125B5A9FE7A18EE" box="[294,432,2015,2042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" value="2004-06-28">28.VI. 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
” Sample ID SaY
<quantity id="A7629B4CFFA0FF865272B5A9FD6318EE" box="[625,681,2015,2041]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2606" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" unit="in" value="89.0">89 in</quantity>
OPU
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="34E56621FFA1FF875094B62FFE291B81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4537010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537010/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" startId="7.[151,250,1113,1137]" targetBox="[190,1398,209,1062]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA1FF875094B62FFE291B81" blockId="7.[151,1436,1113,1174]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF875094B62FFED91B66" bold="true" box="[151,275,1113,1137]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFA1FF8751E5B62CFD691B65" authority="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang, 2021" authorityName="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2021" box="[486,675,1114,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridiana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF8751E5B62CFD691B65" box="[486,675,1114,1138]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Vespina meridiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF8752A9B62CFD361B65" bold="true" box="[682,764,1114,1138]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="49DD57C0FFA1FF8752A9B62CFD361B65" box="[682,764,1114,1138]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, holotype. A, terminalia (part), ventral view; B, terminalia, dorsal view; C, terminalia, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA1FF8750C4B6B2FAB21A5C" blockId="7.[151,1437,1220,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">
Other material. Larvae: 6 exs
<date id="14241069FFA1FF875214B6B2FD571BC9" box="[535,669,1220,1246]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" value="1996-04-04" valueMax="1996-04-06" valueMin="1996-04-04">4–6.iv.1996</date>
, Hatsuno, Amami-Oshima,
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFA1FF8753D5B6B2FB5D1BC9" box="[982,1175,1220,1246]" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Kagoshima Pref.</collectingRegion>
; 10 exs
<date id="14241069FFA1FF8754F1B6B2FA521BC9" box="[1266,1432,1220,1246]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" value="2002-03-22" valueMax="2002-03-24" valueMin="2002-03-22">22–24.iii.2002</date>
, Kunigami-son,
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFA1FF875144B69EFE241A15" box="[327,494,1256,1282]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Okinawa Pref.</collectingRegion>
, T. Hirowatari (
<collectionCode id="068BAE6CFFA1FF8752A7B69EFD281A15" box="[676,738,1256,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">OPU</collectionCode>
); 20 exs
<date id="14241069FFA1FF875349B69EFC251A14" box="[842,1007,1256,1283]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" value="2017-03-15" valueMax="2017-03-18" valueMin="2017-03-15">15–18.iii.2017</date>
, Hentona–Okuni-rindo, T. Hirowatari &amp; S. Yagi, Sample ID SaY90, 91 (
<collectionCode id="068BAE6CFFA1FF875216B77AFDAC1A31" box="[533,614,1292,1318]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">ELKU</collectionCode>
); 2 exs Benoki,
<date id="14241069FFA1FF87531BB77AFC5E1A31" box="[792,916,1292,1318]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" value="2020-03-19">19.iii.2020</date>
, S. Yagi, DNA extraction number No. SaY448 (
<collectionCode id="068BAE6CFFA1FF87509CB746FF271A5D" box="[159,237,1328,1354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">ELKU</collectionCode>
) (some of them were preserved in ca. 80 or 100% ethanol; all collected on
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFA1FF875435B746FB1C1A5D" box="[1078,1238,1328,1354]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Morella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF875435B746FB1C1A5D" box="[1078,1238,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Morella rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFA1FF8754E7B746FAA61A5C" box="[1252,1388,1328,1355]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myricaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28806522FFA1FF8750C4B722FB111935" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA1FF8750C4B722FB111935" blockId="7.[151,1437,1220,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF8750C4B722FE881A79" bold="true" box="[199,322,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Difficult to distinguish from other Asian
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFA1FF875315B723FCA71A79" authorityName="Davis" authorityYear="1972" box="[790,877,1365,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF875315B723FCA71A79" box="[790,877,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Vespina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species externally, but may be distinguishable by the entirely pale yellow hairs of the head (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA1FF875270B70EFD041A85" box="[627,718,1400,1426]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1512,1536]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Head of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, V. nielseni, male from Japan; B, V. nielseni, female from Japan; C, V. nielseni female from China; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, holotype; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537006/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
); in
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFA1FF875302B70FFCBE1A85" authorityName="Kozlov" authorityYear="1987" box="[769,884,1400,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nielseni">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF875302B70FFCBE1A85" box="[769,884,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">V. nielseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the yellow hairs are mixed with orange hairs on the vertex (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA1FF875114B7EAFE581AA1" box="[279,402,1436,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1512,1536]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Head of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, V. nielseni, male from Japan; B, V. nielseni, female from Japan; C, V. nielseni female from China; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, holotype; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537006/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
), whereas in
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFA1FF87522AB7EBFD611AA1" authorityName="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2021" box="[553,683,1436,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sichuana">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF87522AB7EBFD611AA1" box="[553,683,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">V. sichuana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they are mixed with light-brown hairs on the posterior side of the head (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA1FF8750DFB7B6FE9B1ACD" box="[220,337,1472,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1512,1536]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Head of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, V. nielseni, male from Japan; B, V. nielseni, female from Japan; C, V. nielseni female from China; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, holotype; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537006/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation>
). The triangular creamy-white tornal spot on the forewing is absent (well-developed in
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFA1FF87552AB7B7FA561ACD" authorityName="Kozlov" authorityYear="1987" box="[1321,1436,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nielseni">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF87552AB7B7FA561ACD" box="[1321,1436,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">V. nielseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and indistinct in
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFA1FF875156B793FE1D1AE9" authorityName="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2021" box="[341,471,1508,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sichuana">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF875156B793FE1D1AE9" box="[341,471,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">V. sichuana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In the female genitalia, the anterior end of the apophysis posterioris is rather small, 2–2.5 × as wide as the base, and the ductus bursae is relatively long, as long as the corpus bursae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28806522FFA1FF8850C4B45AFE7E1B9D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" type="description">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA1FF8750C4B45AFE931951" blockId="7.[151,1437,1220,2038]" box="[199,345,1580,1606]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFA1FF8750C4B45AFE931951" bold="true" box="[199,345,1580,1606]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Description.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA1FF8750C4B426FEB2197D" blockId="7.[151,1437,1220,2038]" box="[199,376,1616,1642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Male unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA1FF8750C4B402FAC61999" blockId="7.[151,1437,1220,2038]" box="[199,1292,1652,1678]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">
Female (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA1FF87512BB402FE4F1999" box="[296,389,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1892,1916]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-203@4.[151,1436,561,1869]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adults of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, V. nielseni, male from Japan; B, V. nielseni, female from Japan; C, V. nielseni, female from China; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, holotype; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype. Scale bars: 4.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537004/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA1FF875192B402FE7C1999" box="[401,438,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1512,1536]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1436,181,1489]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Head of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, V. nielseni, male from Japan; B, V. nielseni, female from Japan; C, V. nielseni female from China; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, holotype; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537006/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">2D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFA1FF8751C1B402FE2D1999" box="[450,487,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1704,1728]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,633,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-240@6.[170,1416,633,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Frenular and pseudofrenular bristles of Vespina spp. A, V. nielseni, male, dorsal view; B, C, V. nielseni, female, dorsal view; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype, ventral view; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, paratype, dorsal view; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537008/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">3D</figureCitation>
). Wingspan 10.0 mm in
<typeStatus id="BF21880BFFA1FF8752FAB402FC951999" box="[761,863,1652,1678]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Forewing length
<quantity id="A7629B4CFFA1FF87542AB402FBB51999" box="[1065,1151,1652,1678]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
in
<typeStatus id="BF21880BFFA1FF8754A1B402FAC21999" box="[1186,1288,1652,1678]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA1FF8750C4B4EEFF3A1809" blockId="7.[151,1437,1220,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Head: Vertex and frons with pale yellow hairs, entirely rough; antenna 2/3 the length of the forewing. Ocellus absent. Compound eye large. Maxillary palpus short (slightly shorter than the labial palpus), pale yellow mixed with pale brown. Labial palpus porrect, short and slender, pale yellow, second segment with several distal brown bristles.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFA1FF8750C4B55EFEB018E1" blockId="7.[151,1437,1220,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="216">Thorax: Tegula, prothorax and mesothorax dorsally dark brown with a weak purple gloss. Metathorax with dark brown scales on the posterior. Foreleg dark brown, mixed with pale yellow on the femur; midleg dark brown, mixed with pale yellow on the femur, with blackish brown tibial spurs; hindleg dorsally dark brown and partly mixed with pale yellow, with pale yellow hairs ventrally on the tibia, and pale yellow tibial spurs. Wings narrow. Forewing brown. Hindwing brown. Frenulum absent or reduced with approximately 15 thin pseudofrenular bristles at the costal margin.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B2E1FDA21FA6" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" box="[199,616,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Abdomen: Brown with golden luster.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B2CCFBAB1E76" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
Female genitalia (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF885197B2CCFE111FC3" box="[404,475,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1113,1137]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,209,1062]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[151,1436,179,1088]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Female genitalia of Vespina meridiana sp. nov., holotype. A, terminalia (part), ventral view; B, terminalia, dorsal view; C, terminalia, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537010/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
): Apophyses stout, each anterior end swollen, trumpet-shaped; apophysis posterioris slightly longer than the apophysis anterioris, with the anterior end rather small and the posterior half depressed and expanded laterally. Apex of ovipositor dorsoventrally flattened with one median semicircular projection. Spermathecal vesicle small and oval. Corpus bursae elongate, ellipsoidal; signa absent. Ductus bursae relatively long, as long as corpus bursae, weakly sclerotized near the caudal portion of the corpus bursae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B31CFDDA1E92" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" box="[199,528,362,389]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8850C4B31CFE451E93" bold="true" box="[199,399,362,388]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Immature stages</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF88519EB31CFE2C1E92" box="[413,486,362,389]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larva and portable case of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. on the host plant Morella rubra. A–C, young instar larva; D, E, middle instar larva; F–H, pre-mature larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537012/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Figs 5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF8851F1B31CFDC81E92" box="[498,514,362,389]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,250,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-28@10.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larva of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. A–D, pre-mature larva, E–H, mature larva. A, E, dorsal view; B, F, ventral view; C, G, head and thorax, ventral view; D, H, terminal segment, ventral view, showing crochets of anal proleg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537014/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B3F8FCA91EB0" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" box="[199,867,397,424]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
Pre-mature larva (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF885192B3FBFE251EBF" box="[401,495,397,424]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Larva and portable case of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. on the host plant Morella rubra. A–C, young instar larva; D, E, middle instar larva; F–H, pre-mature larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537012/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Figs 5H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF8851F9B3FBFDC21EBF" box="[506,520,397,424]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,250,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-28@10.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larva of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. A–D, pre-mature larva, E–H, mature larva. A, E, dorsal view; B, F, ventral view; C, G, head and thorax, ventral view; D, H, terminal segment, ventral view, showing crochets of anal proleg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537014/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">6</figureCitation>
A–D). Color: Yellowish-white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B3C6FEBB1DF3" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
Length:
<quantity id="A7629B4CFFAEFF885124B3C6FE731EDC" box="[295,441,432,459]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.45" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="5.45" valueMax="5.7" valueMin="5.2">5.2 –5.7 mm</quantity>
(n = 5). Head: Prognathous with six pairs of stemmata. Head capsule dark brown. Antennae with three sclerotized segments. Thorax: Prothoracic tergite well sclerotized; mesothoracic tergite weakly sclerotized, apart from the well-sclerotized dorsal part of the posterior margin; metathoracic tergite not sclerotized. Prothoracic spiracle distinct, with a sclerotized rim. Thoracic legs well developed; pretarsus with a squamiform seta adjacent to the claw (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF88518AB04BFE291D4F" box="[393,483,573,600]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,250,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-28@10.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larva of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. A–D, pre-mature larva, E–H, mature larva. A, E, dorsal view; B, F, ventral view; C, G, head and thorax, ventral view; D, H, terminal segment, ventral view, showing crochets of anal proleg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537014/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). Abdomen: No distinctive pigmentation except a weakly sclerotized dorsal plate on the tenth segment. Prolegs reduced; crochets arranged as a transverse band consisting of two rows of spines: 9–12 larger posterior spines associated with 7–9 smaller anterior spines on segments 3, 4, 5, and 6, alongside two or three rows of 10–15 transverse spines on segment 10 (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF8852BEB0D1FCD21DD5" box="[701,792,679,706]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,250,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-28@10.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larva of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. A–D, pre-mature larva, E–H, mature larva. A, E, dorsal view; B, F, ventral view; C, G, head and thorax, ventral view; D, H, terminal segment, ventral view, showing crochets of anal proleg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537014/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Number of crochets variable. Spiracles oval on the first to eighth segments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B098FCCA1C10" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" box="[199,768,749,776]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
Mature larva (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF885165B09BFE631C1F" box="[358,425,749,776]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,250,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-28@10.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larva of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. A–D, pre-mature larva, E–H, mature larva. A, E, dorsal view; B, F, ventral view; C, G, head and thorax, ventral view; D, H, terminal segment, ventral view, showing crochets of anal proleg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537014/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E–H). Color: Yellowish-white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B166FDCC1C3D" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" box="[199,518,784,811]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
Length:
<quantity id="A7629B4CFFAEFF885126B166FE661C3C" box="[293,428,784,811]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="4.3" valueMax="4.4" valueMin="4.2">4.2–4.4 mm</quantity>
(n = 3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B145FE931B70" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
Body: Stout and fat. Head: Head capsule pale brown with brown area around the base of the antennae and the six pairs of stemmata; enclosed area of stemmata blackish-brown. Head capsule flattened. Posterior margin more bluntly V-shaped than that of pre-mature larva. Antenna with three weakly sclerotized segments. Thorax: Thoracic tergites not well-sclerotized. Prothoracic spiracle not pigmented. Pretarsus with a squamiform seta adjacent to the claw, almost the same size as that of the pre-mature larva. Abdomen: No distinctive pigmentation on the yellowish-white abdomen except a very weakly sclerotized dorsal plate on the tenth segment. Prolegs reduced; crochets with a transverse band consisting of a row of 7–9 spines on segments 3, 4, 5, and 6, and a row of 12–15 transverse spines on segment 10 (
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF88519FB65CFE3F1B52" box="[412,501,1066,1093]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,250,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-28@10.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Larva of Vespina meridiana sp. nov. A–D, pre-mature larva, E–H, mature larva. A, E, dorsal view; B, F, ventral view; C, G, head and thorax, ventral view; D, H, terminal segment, ventral view, showing crochets of anal proleg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537014/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Fig. 6H</figureCitation>
) crochets evidently less than that of the pre-mature larva. Spiracles same as in the pre-mature larva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B607FE7E1B9D" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" box="[199,436,1136,1163]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Pupa: Not examined.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28806522FFAEFF8850C4B6E2FDD31926" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B6E2FD0B1BC6" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8850C4B6E2FE841BB9" bold="true" box="[199,334,1172,1198]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name is derived from the Latin
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF88534CB6E5FC081BBA" authorityName="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2021" box="[847,962,1171,1197]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridiana">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF88534CB6E5FC081BBA" box="[847,962,1171,1197]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">meridiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=southern), in reference to the southernmost distribution of the new species in the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B6ACFDD31926" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8850C4B6ACFEA71BE3" bold="true" box="[199,365,1242,1268]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Barcode data.</emphasis>
DNA barcodes of four specimens were generated (
<tableCitation id="2D180312FFAEFF8853A8B6ACFC351BE3" box="[939,1023,1242,1268]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Sample IDs for specimens used in the molecular phylogenetic analysis." pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Table 1</tableCitation>
). A single female specimen (SaY89;
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF885094B68BFF231A00" box="[151,233,1277,1303]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1213,1237]" captionTargetBox="[191,1355,195,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-28@18.[183,1404,181,1188]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Maximum likelihood tree based on the COI sequences. Branch lengths are proportional to ML estimated genetic distances. Numbers associated with branches indicate bootstrap values higher than 50% (ML/MP). Within sample names, species names are followed by each sample ID. ML, maximum likelihood; MP, maximum parsimony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537034/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) collected at Yonahadake, Kunigami-son,
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFAEFF8852CAB68BFCA61A00" box="[713,876,1277,1303]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Okinawa Pref.</collectingRegion>
—the
<typeStatus id="BF21880BFFAEFF8853B0B68BFBDF1A00" box="[947,1045,1277,1303]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF88543FB688FAC51A00" authorityName="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2021" box="[1084,1295,1277,1303]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridiana">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF88543FB688FAC51A00" box="[1084,1295,1277,1303]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Vespina meridiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF88551CB68BFABE1A00" box="[1311,1396,1277,1303]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1892,1916]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-203@4.[151,1436,561,1869]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adults of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, V. nielseni, male from Japan; B, V. nielseni, female from Japan; C, V. nielseni, female from China; D, V. meridiana sp. nov., female, holotype; E, V. sichuana sp. nov., male, holotype; F, V. sichuana sp. nov., female, paratype. Scale bars: 4.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537004/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
)— showed 0.46–1.86% (SaY90, SaY91, SaY448) pairwise distance (in terms of the sequenced 658 bp COI barcoding region) from three larval specimens collected at Benoki and Hentona, Kunigami-son on
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF885466B735FACE1A4A" box="[1125,1284,1347,1373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Morella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF885466B735FACE1A4A" box="[1125,1284,1347,1373]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Morella rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves (
<tableCitation id="2D180312FFAEFF88555EB735FF6D1A96" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="19.[151,239,609,635]" captionText="TABLE 3. Intraspecific and interspecific pairwise K2P distances in the COI barcoding region." pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Table 3</tableCitation>
). These distances were smaller than typical empirical interspecific distances (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="040B4B58FFAEFF885446B711FADF1A96" author="Hebert, P. D. &amp; Cywinska, A. &amp; Ball, S. L. &amp; Dewaard, J. R." box="[1093,1301,1383,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" pagination="313 - 321" refId="ref10752" refString="Hebert, P. D., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., Dewaard, J. R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 270 (1512), 313 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2218" type="journal article" year="2003">
Hebert
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF88549AB711FB001A96" box="[1177,1226,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, we concluded that the female from Yonahadake and the larvae from
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF8853A9B7FCFB901AB3" box="[938,1114,1418,1444]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Morella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubura">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8853A9B7FCFB901AB3" box="[938,1114,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Morella rubura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were the same species. The specimens collected from the two larger areas in the northern part of
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFAEFF8853BCB7DBFBEE1AD0" box="[959,1060,1453,1479]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
Island (Benoki vs. Hentona and Yonahadake, ca.
<quantity id="A7629B4CFFAEFF885154B7A6FE551AFD" box="[343,415,1488,1514]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
away) have some large intraspecific distances (1.70–2.02%), while the pairwise distances within the close areas (Yonahadake vs. Hentona) have small intraspecific distances (0.46%). Perhaps this represents the low migratory habits of adults.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28806522FFAEFF8850C4B44CFED019F6" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B44CFD411943" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" box="[199,651,1594,1620]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8850C4B44CFE8E1943" bold="true" box="[199,324,1594,1620]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Host plant</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF885151B44CFE131943" box="[338,473,1594,1620]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myricaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF8851E7B44CFD4E1943" box="[484,644,1594,1620]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Morella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8851E7B44CFD4E1943" box="[484,644,1594,1620]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Morella rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B42BFED019F6" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8850C4B42BFEEB1960" bold="true" box="[199,289,1629,1655]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Biology</emphasis>
. In
<date id="14241069FFAEFF885152B42BFE141960" box="[337,478,1629,1655]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" value="2017-03">March 2017</date>
, we found a young larva of
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF885327B428FC3D1960" authorityName="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2021" box="[804,1015,1629,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridiana">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF885327B428FC3D1960" box="[804,1015,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Vespina meridiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shouldering a thin case on a twig of
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF885094B4F6FEFD198D" box="[151,311,1664,1690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Morella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF885094B4F6FEFD198D" box="[151,311,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Morella rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="F8A12A2CFFAEFF885145B4F6FE67198D" box="[326,429,1664,1690]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1469,1493]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure-19@17.[170,1416,181,1446]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Host plants and habitats of Vespina spp. in South and East Asia. A, habitat of V. sichuana sp. nov., Longcangou, Sichuan, China; B, the host plant, Castanopsis fargesii; C, habitat of V. meridiana sp. nov., Kunigami-son, Okinawa Is.; D, the host plant, Morella rubura; E, habitat of V. nielseni, Jiaoziping, Sichuan, China; F, the host plant, Castanea crenata." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537030/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
), perhaps just after constructing the oval case. Later, the larva cut an oval section from the leaf and added it to the top of the old case, in the same manner as other species of
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF88543BB4D2FB4519AA" authorityName="Davis" authorityYear="1972" box="[1080,1167,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF88543BB4D2FB4519AA" box="[1080,1167,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Vespina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF8854D4B4D2FAA719AA" baseAuthorityName="Davis" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[1239,1389,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercivora">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8854D4B4D2FAA719AA" box="[1239,1389,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">V. quercivora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF885094B4B1FEC019F6" authorityName="Kozlov" authorityYear="1987" box="[151,266,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nielseni">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF885094B4B1FEC019F6" box="[151,266,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">V. nielseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28806522FFAEFF8850C4B49CFC641812" box="[199,942,1770,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B49CFC641812" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" box="[199,942,1770,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8850C4B49CFEAB1813" bold="true" box="[199,353,1770,1796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="188D7639FFAEFF885164B49CFE6D1813" box="[359,423,1770,1796]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFAEFF8851B5B49CFDD71813" box="[438,541,1770,1796]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
Island and Amami-Oshima Island).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28806522FFAEFF8B50C4B57BFE751E9E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="220" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAEFF8850C4B57BFBCB18ED" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8850C4B57BFEF11830" bold="true" box="[199,315,1805,1831]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Remarks.</emphasis>
One of the authors (T. Hirowatari) found portable larval cases of this species on
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAEFF8854FAB57BFEE6185C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Morella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAEFF8854FAB57BFA561830" box="[1273,1436,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Morella rubra</emphasis>
(Myricaceae)
</taxonomicName>
on Amami-Oshima Island in
<date id="14241069FFAEFF885277B546FD35185D" box="[628,767,1840,1866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" value="1996-03">March 1996</date>
. Since then, we have collected many portable larval cases of this species on the host plant in the northern part of
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFAEFF8852CCB525FCFE187A" box="[719,820,1875,1901]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
(Kunigami-son), and reared many larvae. However, we have failed to obtain pupae and adults under laboratory conditions in
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFAEFF885399B501FC2A1886" box="[922,992,1911,1937]" country="Japan" name="Osaka" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Osaka</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFAEFF885416B501FBB01886" box="[1045,1146,1911,1937]" country="Japan" name="Fukuoka" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Fukuoka</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="188D7639FFAEFF885487B501FB0D1886" box="[1156,1223,1911,1937]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="217">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Most of the larvae collected in the spring survived for over four months; however, from spring to summer, many of them died in their pre-mature stage. By the end of summer, a small number of larvae appeared to be in the last instar phase and were alive until the end of the year, at which point they finally succumbed to death.
</paragraph>
<caption id="34E56621FFAFFF895094B5E3FDA218C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4537012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537012/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" startId="9.[151,250,1941,1965]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1907]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFAFFF895094B5E3FDA218C6" blockId="9.[151,1436,1941,2001]" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAFFF895094B5E3FEC618B9" bold="true" box="[151,268,1941,1966]" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. Larva and portable case of
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAFFF895224B5E0FD2E18BA" authority="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang, 2021" authorityName="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2021" box="[551,740,1941,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridiana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAFFF895224B5E0FD2E18BA" box="[551,740,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">Vespina meridiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAFFF8952E9B5E0FCF318B9" bold="true" box="[746,825,1942,1966]" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="49DD57C0FFAFFF8952E9B5E0FCF318B9" box="[746,825,1942,1966]" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
on the host plant
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFAFFF8953E8B5E3FB4818BA" box="[1003,1154,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFAFFF8953E8B5E3FBB418BA" box="[1003,1150,1941,1965]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Morella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">Morella rubra</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A–C, young instar larva; D, E, middle instar larva; F–H, pre-mature larva.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="34E56621FFACFF8A5094B5E3FAD018C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4537014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4537014/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="219" startId="10.[151,250,1941,1965]" targetBox="[151,1436,250,1917]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="602536A9FFACFF8A5094B5E3FAD018C6" blockId="10.[151,1436,1941,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFACFF8A5094B5E3FEC418BA" bold="true" box="[151,270,1941,1965]" pageId="10" pageNumber="219">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. Larva of
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFACFF8A5178B5E0FDF018BA" authority="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang, 2021" authorityName="Hirowatari &amp; Yagi &amp; Ohshima &amp; Huang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2021" box="[379,570,1941,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Incurvariidae" genus="Vespina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meridiana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFACFF8A5178B5E0FDF018BA" box="[379,570,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="219">Vespina meridiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFACFF8A5242B5E0FD5918B9" bold="true" box="[577,659,1942,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="219">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="49DD57C0FFACFF8A5242B5E0FD5918B9" box="[577,659,1942,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="219" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A–D, pre-mature larva, E–H, mature larva. A, E, dorsal view; B, F, ventral view; C, G, head and thorax, ventral view; D, H, terminal segment, ventral view, showing crochets of anal proleg.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="602536A9FFADFF8B50C4B2E1FE751E9E" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="220">
<materialsCitation id="D0F23CF4FFADFF8B50C4B2E1FE761E9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3043297303" collectingDate="2004-06" collectorName="Dr. Tatsuya Ueda" location="Okinawa" pageId="11" pageNumber="220" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Okinawa" typeStatus="holotype">
No adults have been collected in the field. The larva of the
<typeStatus id="BF21880BFFADFF8B535CB2E1FC0B1FA6" box="[863,961,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
female within a portable case on an undetermined plant leaf (probably
<taxonomicName id="A79A4D2AFFADFF8B51EAB2CDFD411FC2" box="[489,651,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Morella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="220" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="52EEEABBFFADFF8B51EAB2CDFD411FC2" box="[489,651,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="220">Morella rubra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was collected by
<collectorName id="CD6F537FFFADFF8B5363B2CDFBEF1FC2" box="[864,1061,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="220">Dr. Tatsuya Ueda</collectorName>
in
<collectingRegion id="A25EF84BFFADFF8B5449B2CDFB651FC2" box="[1098,1199,187,213]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="11" pageNumber="220">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
in
<date id="14241069FFADFF8B54D6B2CDFA871FC2" box="[1237,1357,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="220" value="2004-06">
<collectingDate id="0460E981FFADFF8B54D6B2CDFA871FC2" box="[1237,1357,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="220" value="2004-06">June 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
. It was in a non-feeding stage before pupation because no trace of feeding remained on the leaf. In the rearing condition, most premature larvae are observed to move from the leaves of the host plant to the wall of the rearing container and fix their case on the wall with a thread. The larva of the
<typeStatus id="BF21880BFFADFF8B530EB351FCA51E56" box="[781,879,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
also moved in such a manner for pupation. Then, the female emerged one week later. This species seems to undergo diapause before emergence, but the diapauseterminating cue is unclear
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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