214 lines
20 KiB
XML
214 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA5DFFB2CAAC36CAF8BEF3BF" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Martes zibellina" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="632" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="632" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714079" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302338" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714079" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA5DFFB2CAAC36CAF8BEF3BF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA5DFFB2CAAC36CAF8BEF3BF" lastPageNumber="632" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<heading pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<subSubSection box="[201,255,2754,2796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[197,866,2754,2838]" box="[201,255,2754,2796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<figureCitation box="[201,255,2754,2796]" captionStart="Plate 33: Mustelidae" captionStartId="8.[151,181,3407,3428]" captionTargetBox="[12,2803,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="7. Tayra (Eira barbara), 8. Wolverine (Gulo gulo), 9. American Marten (Martes americana), 10. Yellow-throated Marten (Mantes flavigula), 11. Stone Marten (Martes foina), 12. Nilgiri Marten (Martes gwatkinsu), 13. European Pine Marten (Martes martes), 14. Japanese Marten (Martes melampus), 15. Fisher (Martes pennant), 16. Sable (Martes zibellina)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363022/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">16.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[273,382,2754,2796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[197,866,2754,2838]" box="[273,382,2754,2796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<vernacularName box="[273,382,2754,2796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Sable</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[398,694,2754,2796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[197,866,2754,2838]" box="[398,694,2754,2796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[398,694,2754,2796]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibellina">
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<emphasis box="[398,694,2754,2796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Martes zibellina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[198,866,2813,2834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[197,866,2754,2838]" box="[198,866,2813,2834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[198,275,2813,2834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[285,432,2813,2834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Martre zibeline</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[452,544,2813,2834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[553,606,2813,2834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Zobel</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[627,718,2813,2834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[728,866,2813,2834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Marta cibelina</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[197,807,2888,2913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[196,1398,2887,3117]" box="[197,807,2888,2913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[197,352,2888,2913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[365,802,2888,2913]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibellina">Mustela zibellina Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[819,911,2888,2913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[196,1398,2887,3117]" box="[819,911,2888,2913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806352" box="[819,911,2888,2913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<collectingCountry box="[819,907,2888,2913]" name="Russia" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[197,1245,2923,2952]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[196,1398,2887,3117]" box="[197,1245,2923,2952]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Thirty subspecies have been proposed, but a taxonomic revision is needed.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[197,1262,2967,2992]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="multiple">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714173" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714173" box="[197,1262,2967,2992]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714173/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" targetBox="[1469,2054,293,702]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[196,1398,2887,3117]" box="[197,1262,2967,2992]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[197,372,2967,2992]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry box="[385,470,2967,2992]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[480,563,2967,2992]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Japan</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[588,734,2967,2992]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
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),
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<collectingCountry box="[761,896,2967,2992]" name="Mongolia" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[913,1091,2967,2992]" name="North Korea" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">North Korea</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[1171,1259,2967,2992]" name="Russia" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[196,1398,2887,3117]" lastBlockId="13.[2082,2670,282,708]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[197,448,3001,3030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[628,762,3001,3030]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="cm" value="47.0" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="38.0">38-56 cm</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[905,1039,3001,3030]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="cm" value="43.0" valueMax="51.0" valueMin="35.0">35-51 cm</quantity>
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(females); tail
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<quantity box="[1266,1396,3001,3030]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="cm" value="15.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="12.0">12-19 cm</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[329,514,3041,3070]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.435" metricValueMax="1.72" metricValueMin="1.15" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="cm" value="14.35" valueMax="17.2" valueMin="11.5">11.5-17.2 cm</quantity>
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(females); weight
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<quantity box="[784,945,3041,3070]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="g" value="1300.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="800.0">800-1800 g</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[1085,1244,3041,3070]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.13" metricValueMax="1.56" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="g" value="1130.0" valueMax="1560.0" valueMin="700.0">700-1560 g</quantity>
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(females), adult males are slightly larger than females. The Sable has a long body and short legs, and a short bushy tail around a third of the head and body length. The pelage is long and silky, and varies from pale grayish-brown to dark brown, almost black. The summer pelageis shorter and darker. The top of the head is lighter than the body, and the white neck patch is vestigial. The soles are covered with extremely dense, stiff hairs. The skull is long and narrow. Dental formula: I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4,M 1/2 = 38.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph blockId="13.[1463,2672,722,3107]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[1467,1577,722,747]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Sables are found in deciduous and coniferous forests, and often occur in mountain regions and near streams. They typically prefer mature forests of large trees with a dense canopy. In the Daxinganling Mountains,
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<collectingCountry box="[2223,2308,793,826]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">China</collectingCountry>
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||
, Sables prefer late succession mixed forests, with large trees and coarse woody debris, intermediate to dense tree canopy cover, and high densities and diameters of larch tree holes. They avoid open areas, but use the middle of slopes and slope bottoms, and rest on ridge tops with abundant logs, boles, or roots.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[1463,2672,722,3107]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[1467,1728,990,1023]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The diet consists mostly of small mammals (rodents, pikas, hares), but also includes birds, reptiles, amphibians,fish, insects, fruits, honey, nuts, and berries. The summer diet in the Middle Yenisei taiga, Siberia, comprises microtine rodents, mainly Northern Red-backed Voles Clethrionomys rutilus (52-3% of the biomass). Plant food (seeds of Siberian pine Pinus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1773" box="[2060,2149,1147,1180]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibirica">sibirica</taxonomicName>
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and berries of Vaccinium sp.) is also frequently eaten (79-4% of scats and 19-9% of biomass). Shrews, birds, and insects are supplementary food (25% of biomass). In the Daxinganling Mountains,
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<collectingCountry box="[2576,2662,1226,1259]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">China</collectingCountry>
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, the winter diet is mainly small mammals (54-1%), berries and pine nuts (32:4%), birds (12-5%), eggs (2:2%), and ants (1%). The main small mammal prey is Gray Red-backed Voles (Clethrionomys rufocanus) and Northern Red-backed Voles (Myodes rutilus), followed by Mountain Hares (Lepus timidus) and Siberian Chipmunks (Eutamias
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<taxonomicName box="[1539,1648,1422,1455]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lyncodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">sibiricus</taxonomicName>
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). Birds include hazel grouses Tetrastes bonasia (8-1%), Eurasian jays Garrulus glandarius (0-7%), and great tits Parus major (0-5%). Plant items include berries of Vaccinium vitisideae (20-9%) and pine nuts of Pinus pumila (8:8%). In north-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[1468,1553,1544,1573]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">China</collectingCountry>
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, remains of mammals were found in 89% ofscats, followed in frequency by soft and hard mast, and birds. Sables selected for C. rufocanus more than shrews (Sorex caecutiens), but ate C. rutilus in proportion to its availability. In eastern
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<collectingRegion box="[2478,2618,1627,1652]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, the diet includes mammals, insects, plants, birds, reptiles, amphibians,fish, and crustaceans. Mammals are the commonest food items throughout the year, with voles Clethrionomyssp. (frequency of occurrence 56:5%), Siberian Chipmunks (19-3%) and mice Apodemus sp. (14:6%), most often found in scats. Insects are eaten mainly in the summer (48:8%) and less often in other seasons (9:3% on average). Plant materials, chiefly fruits, are consumed mainly in autumn (45-7%) and winter (68-4%), but are rare in the diet during spring (5-1%) and summer (1-3%).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[1463,2672,722,3107]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[1466,1703,1933,1966]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Active both during the day and at night. In the Daxinganling Mountains,
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<collectingCountry box="[1554,1640,1973,2006]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">China</collectingCountry>
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, radio-collared Sables were found to be nocturnal in spring and winter, and diurnal in summer and autumn. Den/rest sites are in holes among or under rocks, in hollow logs, under tree roots, or in burrows (which may be several meters long and lead to an enlarged nest chamber lined with dry vegetation and fur). In
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<collectingCountry box="[1463,1550,2134,2163]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, Sables prefer resting in dense tree forests that have many tree species and woody debris.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph blockId="13.[1463,2672,722,3107]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[1468,2161,2209,2242]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Sables are mainly terrestrial, but are also good tree climbers. They are solitary outside of the breeding season. Home ranges may be up to
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<quantity box="[1674,1762,2291,2320]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
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?, especially in the desolate forests of Siberia. In the Daxinganling Mountains,
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<collectingCountry box="[1701,1786,2331,2360]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">China</collectingCountry>
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, the average home range size of males was 13-03 km® and
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<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="12.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="7.0">7-18 km</quantity>
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? for females. There was considerable overlap of home ranges between males and females (average 62%), but virtually no overlap between male individuals. In a cooltemperate mixed forest in
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<collectingCountry box="[1840,1926,2445,2478]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, home ranges were 0-50-
|
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<quantity box="[2288,2398,2445,2478]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="39.5" valueMax="78.0" valueMin="1.0">1-78 km</quantity>
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* (mean
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<quantity box="[2527,2641,2445,2478]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="6.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="1.0">1-12 km</quantity>
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?); the home ranges of some individuals overlapped extensively. Reported population densities vary from one per
|
||
<quantity box="[1864,1954,2523,2556]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1-5 km</quantity>
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||
? in pine forests to one per
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||
<quantity box="[2339,2409,2523,2556]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
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||
?® in larch forests.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[1463,2672,722,3107]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[1469,1603,2567,2596]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating occurs from June to August. Implantation of the fertilized eggs into the uterus is delayed and births occur the following spring, in April or May. Total gestation is 250-300 days; actual embryonic development is 25-40 days. Litter size is one to five, usually three or four. The young weigh
|
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<quantity box="[2137,2245,2685,2714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="632" unit="g" value="32.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="30.0">30-35 g</quantity>
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at birth, open their eyes after 30-36 days, emerge from the den at 38 days, and are weaned after seven weeks. Sexual maturity is reached at 15-16 months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[1463,2672,722,3107]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[1470,1815,2798,2831]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern in The
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<collectionCode box="[2302,2381,2798,2831]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">IUCN</collectionCode>
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Red List. The Sable is considered common throughout most ofits distribution. It is hunted for its fur, which is one of the most valuable furs produced in Europe and Asia. Sables are also raised on fur farms to help sustain the fur trade; over 25,000 are harvested annually. This species was once common in
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<collectingCountry box="[1776,1861,2960,2989]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">China</collectingCountry>
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, but is now considered rare.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="632" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[1463,2672,722,3107]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">
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<emphasis box="[1470,1621,3007,3028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="632">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Brzezinski (1994), Buskirk et al. (1996a, 1996b), Ma et al. (1999), Miyoshi & Higashi (2005), Murakami (2003), Stroganov (1969), Wozencraft (2005, 2008), Xu, Jiang, Ma, Jin et al. (1996), Xu, Jiang, Ma, Li & Buskirk (1997), Zhang & Ma (2000).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |