285 lines
26 KiB
XML
285 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA58FFB7CAF93DF3F8D1F99A" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Eira barbara" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="627" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="627" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714061" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302353" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714061" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA58FFB7CAF93DF3F8D1F99A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA58FFB7CAF93DF3F8D1F99A" lastPageNumber="627" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<heading pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<subSubSection box="[156,187,507,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[153,627,507,599]" box="[156,187,507,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<figureCitation box="[156,187,507,557]" captionStart="Plate 33: Mustelidae" captionStartId="8.[151,181,3407,3428]" captionTargetBox="[12,2803,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="7. Tayra (Eira barbara), 8. Wolverine (Gulo gulo), 9. American Marten (Martes americana), 10. Yellow-throated Marten (Mantes flavigula), 11. Stone Marten (Martes foina), 12. Nilgiri Marten (Martes gwatkinsu), 13. European Pine Marten (Martes martes), 14. Japanese Marten (Martes melampus), 15. Fisher (Martes pennant), 16. Sable (Martes zibellina)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">7.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[204,317,507,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[153,627,507,599]" box="[204,317,507,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<vernacularName box="[204,317,507,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Tayra</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[328,568,507,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[153,627,507,599]" box="[328,568,507,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[328,568,507,557]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Eira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbara">
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<emphasis box="[328,568,507,557]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Eira barbara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[155,626,575,596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[153,627,507,599]" box="[155,626,575,596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<emphasis box="[155,232,575,596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[240,290,575,596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Tayra</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[311,402,575,596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[411,462,575,596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Tayra</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[483,573,575,596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[582,626,575,596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Taira</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[769,1354,645,1068]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<emphasis box="[770,924,645,674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbara">Mustela barbara Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[855,1164,684,713]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[769,1354,645,1068]" box="[855,1164,684,713]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806334" box="[855,1164,684,713]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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“
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<collectingRegion box="[867,1049,684,713]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
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”,
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<collectingCountry box="[1078,1160,684,713]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[770,1230,724,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[769,1354,645,1068]" box="[770,1230,724,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Seven subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714147" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714147/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" targetBox="[155,742,651,1062]" targetPageId="8">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[769,1354,645,1068]" box="[770,1169,763,792]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<emphasis box="[770,1169,763,792]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[769,1354,645,1068]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[770,1166,799,832]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Eira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="barbara" subSpecies="barbara">E. b. barbara Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1205,1348,799,832]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[770,851,846,871]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[930,1056,846,871]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[769,1354,645,1068]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<taxonomicName authority="J. A. Allen, 1908" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1908" box="[769,1159,877,910]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Eira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="barbara" subSpecies="inserta">E. b. inserta J. A. Allen, 1908</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1197,1354,877,910]" name="El Salvador" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[833,973,917,950]" name="Honduras" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Honduras</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry box="[1020,1168,917,950]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[769,1354,645,1068]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<taxonomicName authority="Lonnberg, 1913" authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1913" box="[770,1221,965,990]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Eira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="barbara" subSpecies="madeirensis">E. b. madeirensis Lonnberg, 1913</taxonomicName>
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— W Brazll, E
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<collectingCountry box="[846,963,1004,1029]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, and NE
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<collectingCountry box="[1095,1162,1004,1029]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[769,1354,645,1068]" lastBlockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<taxonomicName authority="Tschudi, 1844" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1844" box="[769,1156,1039,1068]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Eira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="barbara" subSpecies="peruana">E. b. peruana Tschudi, 1844</taxonomicName>
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— Amazonian
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<collectingCountry box="[154,248,1073,1106]" name="Bolivia" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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and SE
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<collectingCountry box="[365,432,1073,1106]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" box="[153,1301,1122,1147]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<taxonomicName authority="Traill, 1821" authorityName="Traill" authorityYear="1821" box="[153,536,1122,1147]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Eira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="barbara" subSpecies="poliocephala">E. b. poliocephala Traill, 1821</taxonomicName>
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— the Guianas, E
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<collectingCountry box="[785,931,1122,1147]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, and lower Amazon Basin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" box="[153,832,1161,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1900" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[153,491,1161,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Eira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="barbara" subSpecies="senex">E. b. senex Thomas, 1900</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[526,627,1161,1186]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry box="[675,828,1161,1186]" name="Guatemala" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<taxonomicName authority="Humboldt, 1812" authorityName="Humboldt" authorityYear="1812" box="[153,577,1200,1225]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Eira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="barbara" subSpecies="sinuensis">E. b. sinuensis Humboldt, 1812</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[614,726,1200,1225]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Panama</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry box="[774,912,1200,1225]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, W
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<collectingCountry box="[968,1085,1200,1225]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, W
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<collectingCountry box="[1138,1284,1200,1225]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[153,276,1230,1263]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<emphasis box="[153,404,1270,1303]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[585,777,1270,1303]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3549999999999995" metricValueMax="7.12" metricValueMin="5.59" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="cm" value="63.55" valueMax="71.2" valueMin="55.9">55.9-71.2 cm</quantity>
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, tail 36-5—-
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||
<quantity box="[933,1017,1270,1303]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="cm" value="46.0">46 cm</quantity>
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; weight
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||
<quantity box="[1141,1264,1270,1303]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="kg" value="4.85" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.7">2.7-7 kg</quantity>
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, adult males are 30% larger than females. The Tayra is large and slender, with elongated limbs and a long brushy tail. The pelage is dark, but the head and neck are grayish or grizzled tan. In
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<collectingCountry box="[382,489,1389,1422]" name="Guyana" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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, a yellow morph also occurs. The feet have naked soles and strong claws. Dental formula: 13/3, C 1/1, P 3/3-4, M 1/1-2 = 34. Thefirst premolars are missing, although the upper first premolar is sometimes retained.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<emphasis box="[152,263,1507,1540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Tayras are found in tropical and subtropical forests, including secondary rainforests, gallery forests, cloud forests, and dry scrub forests. They sometimes occur in gardens, plantations, and in agricultural fields. Tayras may hunt in grasslands, although much of their time is spent in forested areas. In the Ilanos of
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<collectingCountry box="[1106,1252,1625,1658]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, Tayras are usually found along gallery forests; at night, they may cross extensive grasslands, presumably moving from one forest to another. In
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<collectingRegion box="[867,993,1708,1737]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1010,1114,1708,1737]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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, Tayras generally are restricted to forested habitats. They are found in the Atlantic rainforest of
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<collectingCountry box="[1266,1347,1747,1776]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, in deciduous and scrub forest of the Pantanal in
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<collectingCountry box="[847,974,1782,1815]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[1047,1142,1782,1815]" name="Bolivia" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, and in gallery and scrub forest and tall grass savannas in
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<collectingCountry box="[746,889,1821,1854]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[906,1001,1821,1854]" name="Bolivia" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[1080,1206,1821,1854]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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. In
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<collectingCountry box="[1262,1347,1821,1854]" name="Belize" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Belize</collectingCountry>
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, no significant habitat preference was found for the Tayra.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<emphasis box="[152,415,1900,1933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The diet includes fruits, small vertebrates, insects, and carrion. In
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<collectingCountry box="[150,297,1939,1972]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, three species of vertebrate (Echimys semivillous, Rhipidomys sp., and Iguana iguana) and four species of fruit (Genipa americana, Zanthozylum culantrillo, Guazuma tomentosa, and Psychotria anceps) were recorded from 18 scats; both FE. semivillous and G. americana were found in 50% of the scats. In
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<collectingCountry box="[823,908,2062,2091]" name="Belize" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Belize</collectingCountry>
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, four species of small mammals were found in 31 scats: Didelphis marsupialis (9-6%), Oryzomys palustris (22-5%), Sigmodon hispidus (32:3%), and Rattus rattus (29-0%). In addition, 19-4% small birds, 58-0% arthropods, and 67-7% fruit were found. The primary fruit eaten was Calocarpum mammosum. Additional fruits consumed included Cecropia mexicana, Astrocaryum standleyanum, and Spondias mombin. Prey and other foods are detected primarily by smell, as its eyesight is relatively poor. Prey are captured after persistent chases; the Tayra does not stalk or ambush prey.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<emphasis box="[149,383,2372,2405]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Primarily diurnal, with peaks of activity in the early morning and late afternoon. On occasion, some nocturnal activity may occur, especially near human habitations. Rest sites are in hollow trees or underground burrows.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
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<emphasis box="[151,853,2494,2523]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Tayras spend a large proportion of their time foraging or resting in trees. They are normally solitary, but adult pairs and small groups, consisting of a female with her young, are sometimes seen. In the Ilanos of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[187,333,2608,2641]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a female with two young maintained a home range of 2:
|
||
<quantity box="[1138,1226,2608,2641]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
|
||
* around a den until the pups were about three months old, after which her range expanded to almost
|
||
<quantity box="[292,362,2691,2720]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
|
||
*. Upon expansion of her home range and weaning of the young, the female used new dens daily that were an average of
|
||
<quantity box="[919,1007,2726,2759]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.67" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="m" value="867.0">867 m</quantity>
|
||
apart. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1160,1245,2726,2759]" name="Belize" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Tayras traveled an average of
|
||
<quantity box="[468,579,2766,2799]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="8.9" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="km" value="47.5" valueMax="89.0" valueMin="6.0">6-89 km</quantity>
|
||
per day. A female had a home range of 16-03 km* over a 13-month period,
|
||
<specimenCount box="[429,558,2809,2838]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
had a home range of
|
||
<quantity box="[867,994,2809,2838]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="km" value="34.0" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="24.0">24-44 km</quantity>
|
||
” over a 10-month period, and another male had a home range of only
|
||
<quantity box="[771,880,2844,2877]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="km" value="6.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="2.0">2-11 km</quantity>
|
||
? over a 3-month period; the short duration of radio-tracking for the last animal may have accounted for the small size of the observed home range. The home ranges of all three animals overlapped greatly. In south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[348,429,2962,2995]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a female had a home range of 5-
|
||
<quantity box="[896,965,2962,2995]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
?; she did not show a preference for any particular habitat
|
||
<typeStatus box="[591,647,3001,3034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">type</typeStatus>
|
||
within her home range, but her use of secondary forest and grassland agreed with previous studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[149,1355,1073,3309]" lastBlockId="8.[1425,2629,293,1543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,286,3080,3113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In captivity, breeding activity of adult Tayras occurs during the day. However, on Barro Colorado Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[580,693,3119,3152]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount box="[711,848,3119,3152]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[922,1079,3119,3152]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
may have engaged in nocturnal sexual behavior. Males appear ready to mate year round and can reproduce by 18 months of age. Female Tayras have their first estrus at about 22 months of age; the estrous cycle is c. 52 days in young females and c. 94 days in older females. Females enter estrus several times each year for periods of 3-20 days. Gestation lasts 63-67 days. Delayed implantation does not occur. Tayras give birth to one to three young, but two are most common. In the wild, males do not remain with females, who raise the young alone. The young are born blind, covered in fur, and weigh about
|
||
<quantity box="[1430,1503,407,440]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="627" unit="g" value="100.0">100 g</quantity>
|
||
. The ears open at 27-34 days and the eyes open at 35-47 days. Deciduous teeth begin emerging at day 36 and are completely erupted by day 99. Permanent teeth appear at day 115 and are completely emerged by day 224. The young consume solid food by day 70 and are weaned by day 100. Five stages of development have been defined. First is the infant stage, days 1-50, during which the young suckle and do not leave the den. During days 50-75, the fledgling stage, the young leave the den for short periods, and solid food is provided by the mother, in addition to milk. The weaning stage, days 75-100, includes exploratory excursions, with independent feeding on fruits and insects. During the transition stage, days 100-200, the birth den is abandoned, the young are weaned, and they begin to hunt with their mother and kill prey on their own. During dispersal, days 200-300, family bonds break down and the young go their separate ways. The young reach adult size at six months. When outside the den, the young and mother use a clicking call to maintain contact if they are not within sight of one another. Mothers are protective of their young and will carry them by the middle of the body when a threatis perceived. This protective behavior persists as the young grow and mothers may also carry or drag them back to the den by their necks or ears. Prey-catching ability develops slowly and is learned. When only three months old, the young will follow and bite rodents and small birds on the rump or limbs. Through experience, bite placement is improved, resulting in killing bites to the base of the skull. The mother will bring wounded prey to her young and release it for them to catch and kill.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1425,2629,293,1543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1426,1775,1237,1266]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern in The
|
||
<collectionCode box="[2277,2356,1237,1266]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
Red List. The Tayra is considered common throughout most ofits range. However, the range of E. b. senex has been greatly reduced in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1826,1927,1311,1344]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
because of the destruction of tropical forests and the spread of agriculture. Remaining populations are small and threatened by habitat loss and hunting. The Tayra is a popular species for zoo exhibits and is frequently kept In captivity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="627" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1425,2629,293,1543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1426,1577,1477,1502]" pageId="8" pageNumber="627">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Galef et al. (1976), Michalski et al. (2006), Poglayen-Neuwall (1975, 1978), Presley (2000), Ramirez-Pulido et al. (2005), Wozencraft (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |