267 lines
28 KiB
XML
267 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA54FFBACFEF3E38F9CBF9C6" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Meles meles Brisson 1762" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="624" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="623" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>564</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>656</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714059" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714059" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA54FFBACFEF3E38F9CBF9C6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA54FFBACFEF3E38F9CBF9C6" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="624" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<heading pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1418,1449,560,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1415,2262,560,686]" box="[1418,1449,560,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1418,1449,560,606]" captionStart="Plate 32: Mustelidae" captionStartId="2.[137,167,3446,3471]" captionTargetBox="[12,2803,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. American Badger (Taxidea taxus), 2. Honey Badger (Mellivora capensis), 3. Hog Badger (Arctonyx collars), 4. Japanese Badger (Meles anakuma), 5. Asian Badger (Meles leucurus), 6. European Badger (Meles meles)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363018/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">6.</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1467,1837,560,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1415,2262,560,686]" box="[1467,1837,560,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1467,1837,560,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">European Badger</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1850,2062,560,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1415,2262,560,686]" box="[1850,2062,560,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="meles" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[1850,2062,560,606]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1850,2062,560,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Meles meles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1415,2262,560,686]" box="[1417,2261,624,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1417,1494,624,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1504,1679,624,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Blaireau d'Europe</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[1700,1791,624,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1801,1998,624,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Européischer Dachs</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[2019,2110,624,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2119,2261,624,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Tején europeo</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1415,2262,560,686]" box="[1417,1834,662,683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1417,1663,662,683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1673,1834,662,683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Eurasian Badger</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2031,2615,731,764]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[2030,2616,731,1158]" box="[2031,2615,731,764]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2031,2186,731,764]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2212,2610,731,764]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Ursus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">Ursus meles Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2032,2145,774,803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[2030,2616,731,1158]" box="[2032,2145,774,803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<materialsCitation box="[2032,2145,774,803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2032,2141,774,803]" name="Sweden" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[2030,2616,731,1158]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Up to twenty-three subspecies have been proposed, but a taxonomic revision is needed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714145" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714145/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" targetBox="[1417,2007,737,1150]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[2030,2616,731,1158]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2030,2206,928,961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Europe, E up to Volga River,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2031,2119,967,1000]" name="Russia" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; also Caucasus and Middle East from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2112,2208,1007,1040]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2228,2305,1007,1040]" name="Israel" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2325,2453,1007,1040]" name="Lebanon" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2540,2608,1007,1040]" name="Syria" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2098,2270,1046,1079]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[2030,2616,731,1158]" lastBlockId="4.[1404,2615,1163,3477]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2030,2283,1085,1118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[2467,2608,1085,1118]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" unit="cm" value="73.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="56.0">56-90 cm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[2086,2275,1125,1158]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.585" metricValueMax="2.02" metricValueMin="1.15" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" unit="cm" value="15.85" valueMax="20.2" valueMin="11.5">11.5-20.2 cm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[2399,2525,1125,1158]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" unit="kg" value="13.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="10.0">10-16 kg</quantity>
|
||
, adult males are larger than females. The European Badger has a stocky body, with short legs and a short tail. The coarse and dense pelage is grayish, with black underparts and limbs. On each side of the face is a dark stripe that extends from the nose to the ear and encloses the eye; white stripes border the dark stripe. The tip of the ears is white. The nose is long with a large rhinarium. All the feet have strong claws. There are three pairs of mammae. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 1/2 = 38. Thefirst premolars are vestigial and sometimes absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1404,2615,1163,3477]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1413,1523,1446,1471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
European Badgers are mainly found in deciduous, mixed, and coniferous woodland, hedges, scrub, riverine habitat, agricultural land, grassland, steppes, and semi-deserts. They prefer densely forested areas adjacent to open fields, up to
|
||
<quantity box="[2505,2606,1517,1550]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
|
||
. Occasionally, they are found in suburban areas. In central
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2252,2332,1556,1589]" name="Spain" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
, European Badgers prefer mid-elevation mountain areas, where both dehesas (open woods with pastures) and pine forests prevail; lower elevation areas are avoided. They are associated with watercourses and prefer trees and rock covered areas. In the Swiss Jura Mountains, European Badgers use forests and wooded pastures in the winter and spring and grain fields in the summer and autumn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1404,2615,1163,3477]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1411,1678,1796,1825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The diet includes earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and other invertebrates (such as insects and molluscs), small mammals (mice, rabbits, rats, voles, shrews, moles, hedgehogs), birds, reptiles, amphibians, carrion, nuts, acorns, berries, fruits, tubers, and mushrooms. In forests, European Badgers rely predominantly on earthworms (on average, 62% in diets). In farmlands and pastures, earthworms and plant material (usually garden fruit and cereals) play equally important roles (34% each). In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1551,1670,2036,2061]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the main foods are earthworms, insects, fruit, and wheat; grass is also ingested in substantial quantities. Earthworms are the most frequent food items, but wheat is almost as important in terms of percentage volume. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2409,2509,2111,2140]" name="Poland" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, earthworms constitute 82-89% of the biomass consumed in spring. In summer and autumn, the proportion declines to 56% in pristine forest, and to 24% in a mosaic of forests, fields, and orchards. Supplementary food items during this time are amphibians (in forests) and garden fruits (in a rural landscape). In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2284,2417,2268,2297]" name="Denmark" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
, earthworms, small mammals, cereals, and arthropods dominate the diet. In central
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2387,2550,2312,2337]" name="Switzerland" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the diet comprises 55% faunal material and 45% vegetal material. Earthworms have the highest frequency of occurrence. Voles, insects, and maize are eaten during most of the year, but never in large volumes, while wasps, cherries, plums, and oats are eaten seasonally and in large volumes. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1919,1976,2461,2494]" name="Italy" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, earthworms and maize are the staple foods and together account for 57% of the mean estimated volume. Earthworm consumption varies seasonally, with a marked decrease in summer; this decline is compensated by a significant increase in fruits eaten. Maize is consumed all year round with no significant seasonal variation (from 21% in summer to 44-6% in winter). Prey items include amphibians (9%) and mammals (7-2%, primarily rodents and lagomorphs). In a dry Mediterranean coastal habitat in central
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2102,2159,2701,2730]" name="Italy" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, European Badgers feed primarily on fruits and insects (90% ofthe total amount of food eaten each year). Other less important food items include myriapods, molluscs, birds, and mammals; earthworms do not play an important role in the diet in any period ofthe year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="624" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1404,2615,1163,3477]" lastBlockId="5.[193,1405,297,1636]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="624" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1405,1640,2858,2887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
European Badgers show crepuscular or nocturnal activity, generally starting after sunset and ending before sunrise, and are active on average for about eight hours per day. The highestlevel of activity is between 20:00 h and 03:00 h. During the day, they mainly rest in elaborate, communal burrow systems (setts) with numerous entrances, passages, and chambers, but other
|
||
<typeStatus box="[2109,2177,3011,3044]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of rest sites may be used. Setts may cover an area of 0-25 ha; they are used year after year and increase in complexity over time, and may eventually cover several hectares. There are
|
||
<specimenCount box="[2370,2498,3094,3123]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
|
||
of burrows: “main” setts (with many entrances) and small “outliers” (with usually only one entrance). Nests may be located
|
||
<quantity box="[1885,1953,3177,3202]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
from an entrance,
|
||
<quantity box="[2242,2329,3177,3202]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2-3 m</quantity>
|
||
below the surface, and have a diameter of
|
||
<quantity box="[1741,1819,3208,3241]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">
|
||
1-
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1763,1824,3208,3241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" type="generic">5 m.</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
Within a burrow system, European Badgers may utilize one nest for several months and then move to another part of the burrow. The living quarters are kept quite clean. Bedding material (dry grass, bracken, moss, or leaves) is dragged backwards into the den. Around setts, there are several dung pits, sunning grounds, and play areas. Well-defined paths, up to
|
||
<quantity box="[2111,2213,3365,3398]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="623" unit="km" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2-3 km</quantity>
|
||
, extend from the sett to foraging areas. In south-western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1815,1887,3409,3438]" name="Spain" pageId="4" pageNumber="623">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,setts are located almost everywhere, but European Badgers prefer easily dug, well-drained soils, with good vegetation cover within foraging habitats. They select sites with high surrounding shrub density, large shrubs covering the burrow, and close to the centre of the territory. During bouts of cold weather or deep snow, European Badgers may sleep in the sett for days or weeks. In northern Europe, this winter sleep may last several months. During this period, there is a substantial drop in body temperature and the badger lives off fat reserves accumulated in the summer and autumn. In south-west
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[770,890,494,527]" name="Portugal" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, main setts are the most frequently used restsites (62:3%); however, an average of 14 other resting sites are used in each territory. Females use more than twice as many occasional resting sites as do males. Generally burrows (predominantly main setts) are most frequently used during winter and autumn, whilst non-burrow shelters are preferred during spring and summer, when the weather is hot, dry and not windy. In northern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[988,1046,690,723]" name="Italy" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, ten setts (mean number of entrances = 2-1) were detected in the study area. Each radio-collared badger used 2-3 setts, occupying one sett from one to eight months before moving to another one. All badgers shared (although in different periods) one main sett located in the inner part of their ranges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="624" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[193,1405,297,1636]" lastBlockId="5.[1466,2677,291,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">
|
||
<emphasis box="[197,896,892,921]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Mean daily movement ranges from
|
||
<quantity box="[200,295,927,960]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1-2 km</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[349,467,927,960]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity box="[521,591,927,960]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[645,746,927,960]" name="Poland" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Average speed of movement varies from
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="1.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.0">0-3 km</quantity>
|
||
/h in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[331,407,966,999]" name="Spain" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
to 1-
|
||
<quantity box="[485,564,966,999]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
/h in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[647,811,966,999]" name="Switzerland" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. European Badgers in Britain form clans of mutli-male and multi-female groups, of up to 23 animals (average = six). Elsewhere in their range they commonly live alone, or in pairs with either intra- or inter-sexual territories. Clans are led by a dominant male and female, and usually have more females than males. Individuals move around alone within a clan range. These ranges are marked using latrine sites and secretions from the sub-caudal glands; sometimes fights may occur at territorial boundaries. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[836,956,1207,1236]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
, many clans have ranges of 50- 150 ha, with little overlap; the minimum distance between the main burrows of clans is
|
||
<specimenCount box="[228,319,1281,1314]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity box="[228,315,1281,1314]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
In the Bialowieza Primeval Forest,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[815,914,1281,1314]" name="Poland" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the daily home range was 2-
|
||
<quantity box="[1322,1388,1281,1314]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
? (19% oftheir total home rangesize). The size ofterritories varied from 8-4 to 25-
|
||
<quantity box="[1323,1388,1320,1353]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
? (mean 12-
|
||
<quantity box="[345,417,1360,1393]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
?). The mean individual home range was 9-
|
||
<quantity box="[1018,1085,1360,1393]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
? and varied seasonally and among animals of different age and sex classes (from 4-24-
|
||
<quantity box="[1097,1172,1399,1432]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
?). Home ranges of adult badgers were significantly larger than those of subadults. European Badgers occupied larger home ranges in summer, when earthworm availability was low. They moved with an average speed of
|
||
<quantity box="[678,783,1521,1550]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="4.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="0.0">0-9 km</quantity>
|
||
/hour (maximum 7-
|
||
<quantity box="[1077,1157,1521,1550]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
/hour). Adults of both sexes visited territory boundaries significantly more often than subadult individuals. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[296,429,1604,1629]" name="Denmark" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
, home range size varied between
|
||
<quantity box="[911,1022,1604,1629]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="9.6" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="49.0" valueMax="96.0" valueMin="2.0">2-96 km</quantity>
|
||
? and
|
||
<quantity box="[1108,1221,1604,1629]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="9.4" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="48.5" valueMax="94.0" valueMin="3.0">3-94 km</quantity>
|
||
?; individuals from a social group had similar home ranges (95% overlap), whereas home ranges of individuals from neighboring social groups had little overlap (1-2%). In the Swiss Jura Mountains, radio-collared European Badgers travelled up to
|
||
<quantity box="[2328,2431,374,403]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.459999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="m" value="9460.0">9460 m</quantity>
|
||
each night; they avoided pastures and the vicinity of houses during their night trips. The average home range size was 320 ha, but the ranging behavior varied between seasons. Den-watching, night-lighting, and radio-tracking data suggested that European Badgerslive in pairs in this wet and cold region. In an area of agricultural lowland in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2515,2573,527,560]" name="Italy" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, radiotracked animals showed considerable home range overlap, with an overall mean size of
|
||
<quantity box="[1505,1617,606,639]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" metricValueMax="8.3" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="km" value="43.0" valueMax="83.0" valueMin="3.0">3-83 km</quantity>
|
||
?. Population density estimates range from 0-4 to 1-5 individuals per 100 ha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="624" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1466,2677,291,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1468,1603,645,678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating can occur year-round, but typically occurs in late winter to midsummer. Implantation of the fertilized eggs into the uterus can either be immediate or delayed for about ten months; the time of implantation seems to be controlled by light and temperature conditions. Embryonic developmentlasts six to eight weeks. The total gestation may thus be up to 9-12 months. Births occur mainly from February to March.Litter size is usually three or four, but can be as many as six. The young weigh
|
||
<quantity box="[1563,1621,881,914]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="624" unit="g" value="75.0">75 g</quantity>
|
||
at birth; their eyes open after one month. They nurse for 2:5 months and usually separate from the mother in the autumn. Both sexes reach sexual maturity after one year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="624" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1466,2677,291,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1471,1821,1003,1032]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern in The
|
||
<collectionCode box="[2324,2404,1003,1032]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
Red List. European Badgers are generally considered common and of no special conservation concern, although declines in numbers have occurred in some areas. They sometimes damage property or consume crops, and thus are often regarded as pests and persecuted. The hair is used to make various kinds of brushes, and badger skin has been used to make rugs. European Badgers are commonly killed on roads; as many as 50,000 may be killed each year in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1777,1961,1235,1268]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They are vectors of bovine tuberculosis, which has led to controversial efforts to reduce European Badger numbers in parts of Britain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="624" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1466,2677,291,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1473,1624,1322,1347]" pageId="5" pageNumber="624">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Balestrieri et al. (2004), Elmeros et al. (2005), Fischer & Weber (2003), Goszczynski et al. (2000), Kowalczyk, Jedrzejewska & Zalewski (2003), Kowalczyk, Zalewski & Jedrzejewska (2004, 2006), Kowalczyk, Zalewski, Jedrzejewska & Jedrzejewski (2003), Kruuk & Parish (1987), Long & Killingley (1983), Loureiro et al. (2007), Madsen et al. (2002), Marassi & Biancardi (2002), Melis et al. (2002), Neal & Cheeseman (1996), Page et al. (1994), Palphramand et al. (2007), Pigozzi (1991), Remonti et al. (2006), Revilla & Palomares (2002), Revilla et al. (2001), Rodriguez et al. (1996), Roper (1994), Roper & Lups (1995), Roperet al. (2001), Rosalino et al. (2002), San et al. (2007), Shepherdson et al. (1990), Virgos & Casanovas (1999), Weber & Ferrari (2005), Wozencraft (2005, 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |