181 lines
15 KiB
XML
181 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_treatments="2" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA4FFFA0CAD136E3F6A4F9E1" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Mustela eversmanii Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="650" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="650" updateTime="1658242128427" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714143" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302371" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714143" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA4FFFA0CAD136E3F6A4F9E1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA4FFFA0CAD136E3F6A4F9E1" lastPageNumber="650" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<heading pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<subSubSection box="[180,237,2795,2841]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[178,978,2795,2883]" box="[180,237,2795,2841]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<figureCitation box="[180,237,2795,2841]" captionStart="Plate 36: Mustelidae" captionStartId="30.[169,199,3334,3355]" captionTargetBox="[11,2806,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="39. Amazon Weasel (Mustela africana), 40. Altai Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica), 41. Ermine (Mustela erminea), 42. Steppe Polecat (Mustela eversmanai), 43. Colombian Weasel (Mustela feliper), 44. Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata), 45. Japanese Weasel (Mustela itatsi), 46. Yellow-bellied Weasel (Mustela kathiah), 47. European Mink (Mustela lutreola), 48. Indonesian Mountain Weasel (Mustela lutreolina), 49. Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes), 50. Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis), 51. Malay Weasel (Mustela nudipes), 52. European Polecat (Mustela putorius), 53. Siberian Weasel (Mustela sibirica), 54. Back-striped Weasel (Mustela strigidorsa), 55. Egyptian Weasel (Mustela subpalmata), 56. American Mink (Neovison vison), 57. Patagonian Weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363028/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">42.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[254,562,2795,2841]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[178,978,2795,2883]" box="[254,562,2795,2841]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<vernacularName box="[254,562,2795,2841]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Steppe Polecat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[576,940,2795,2841]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[178,978,2795,2883]" box="[576,940,2795,2841]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[576,940,2795,2841]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eversmanii">
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<emphasis box="[576,940,2795,2841]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Mustela eversmanii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[179,977,2859,2880]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[178,978,2795,2883]" box="[179,977,2859,2880]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[179,256,2859,2880]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[265,464,2859,2880]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Putois d'Eversmann</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[485,577,2859,2880]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[586,702,2859,2880]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Steppeniltis</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[723,814,2859,2880]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[822,977,2859,2880]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Turon estepario</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[794,1380,2934,3351]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[794,949,2934,2959]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Lesson, 1827" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eversmanii">Mustela eversmanii Lesson, 1827</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[880,972,2969,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[794,1380,2934,3351]" box="[880,972,2969,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806341" box="[880,972,2969,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<collectingCountry box="[880,969,2969,2998]" name="Russia" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[794,1380,2934,3351]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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The Steppe Polecat was considered conspecific with either
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1083,1239,3048,3077]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="putorius">M. putorius</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripes">M. nigripes</taxonomicName>
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by some authors. Up to nineteen subspecies have been proposed, but a taxonomic revision is needed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714251" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714251/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" targetBox="[178,763,2936,3345]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[794,1380,2934,3351]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[794,969,3209,3234]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SE Europe, Caucasus, and Middle East through C Asia to NE
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<collectingCountry box="[1287,1373,3239,3272]" name="China" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[795,930,3287,3312]" name="Mongolia" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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, and Russian Far East
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[794,1380,2934,3351]" lastBlockId="31.[1449,2653,291,1665]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[794,1062,3318,3351]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.66" metricValueMax="5.62" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="cm" value="46.6" valueMax="56.2" valueMin="37.0">37-56.2 cm</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[360,494,3361,3390]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="cm" value="40.5" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="29.0">29-52 cm</quantity>
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(females); tail
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<quantity box="[716,861,3361,3390]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.315" metricValueMax="1.83" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="cm" value="13.15" valueMax="18.3" valueMin="8.0">8-18.3 cm</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[1002,1119,3361,3390]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="7.0">7-18 cm</quantity>
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(females); weight 2:05 kg (males),
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<quantity box="[424,525,3397,3430]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="kg" value="18.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="1.0">1-35 kg</quantity>
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(females), adult males are larger than females. The Steppe Polecat closely resembles the European Polecat. The pelage is highly variable in color, but generally is yellowish-white to brown, with the upperparts darker than the undersides. The fur on the chest, limbs, and tail is darker in color, and there is a dark mask on the whitish face.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1451,2153,413,442]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2653,291,1665]" box="[1451,2153,413,442]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[1451,1562,413,442]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Steppe, open grasslands, and semi-desert.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2653,291,1665]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[1451,1713,457,482]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The diet includes rodents (voles, hamsters, marmots), other small mammals (pikas, ground squirrels), birds, eggs, reptiles, and insects. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2467,2591,496,521]" name="Hungary" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Hungary</collectingCountry>
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, the principle food consists of small mammals; their frequency fluctuates between 54% and 93%, reaching a maximum in summer. In all seasons, the most important prey is the Common Vole (Microtus arvalis) and the Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus); in addition, the European Souslik (Spermophilus citellus) is occasionally consumed in spring and autumn, and Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) may be eaten in autumn. The European Hare is eaten only in winter (5%). The consumption of birds (mainly Passerines) is considerable in spring (38%) and autumn (29%). A stable isotope study revealed a diet that comprised 27% small mammals (Plateau Pika, Root Vole, and Plateau Zokor) and 47-7% adult passerine birds, with hatchlings contributing 25:6%. Steppe Polecats hunt by exploring the burrows of their mammalian prey and thus they may spend much time underground.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2653,291,1665]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[1449,1682,964,993]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Primarily nocturnal. Den /rest sites are in burrows expropriated from other animals.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2653,291,1665]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[1450,2161,1043,1072]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Steppe Polecats are solitary. They move rapidly, constantly exploring new ground and searching for food, and may cover up to
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<quantity box="[1538,1621,1117,1150]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="km" value="18.0">18 km</quantity>
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during the night. Local migrations may occur to areas with greater food abundance or less snow.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2653,291,1665]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[1450,1587,1196,1229]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating occurs from February to March, with births from April to May. Gestation lasts 38-41 days. Litters are large, usually from eight to ten. The young weigh
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<quantity box="[1451,1529,1274,1307]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="g" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4-6 g</quantity>
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at birth, open their eyes after one month, and are weaned and start hunting with the mother at 1-5 months. They disperse at three months. Sexual maturity is reached during the first breeding season, when the young are nine months old.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2653,291,1665]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[1451,1809,1401,1426]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern in The
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<collectionCode box="[2326,2406,1401,1426]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">IUCN</collectionCode>
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Red List; the subspecies M. e. amurensis, of south-eastern Siberia and Manchuria, is classified as Vulnerable. Little is known about this species and field studies are needed to learn more aboutits natural history, ecology, and conservation status. It is not intentionally hunted except in
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<collectingCountry box="[1706,1796,1550,1583]" name="Russia" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Russia</collectingCountry>
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, but is heavily impacted by persecution in the western parts of its range.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1451,2338,1636,1661]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2653,291,1665]" box="[1451,2338,1636,1661]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis box="[1451,1602,1636,1661]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Lanszki & Heltai (2007), Stroganov (1969), Wozencraft (2005, 2008).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |