treatments-xml/data/03/8F/87/038F87D4CA4FFF9FCFCE3780F98DFBE1.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA4FFF9FCFCE3780F98DFBE1" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Mustela frenata Lichtenstein 1831" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="651" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="650" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>564</mods:start>
<mods:end>656</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714155" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302363" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714155" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA4FFF9FCFCE3780F98DFBE1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA4FFF9FCFCE3780F98DFBE1" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="651" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<heading pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<subSubSection box="[1451,1509,2952,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="31.[1450,2409,2952,3041]" box="[1451,1509,2952,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<figureCitation box="[1451,1509,2952,2998]" captionStart="Plate 36: Mustelidae" captionStartId="30.[169,199,3334,3355]" captionTargetBox="[11,2806,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="39. Amazon Weasel (Mustela africana), 40. Altai Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica), 41. Ermine (Mustela erminea), 42. Steppe Polecat (Mustela eversmanai), 43. Colombian Weasel (Mustela feliper), 44. Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata), 45. Japanese Weasel (Mustela itatsi), 46. Yellow-bellied Weasel (Mustela kathiah), 47. European Mink (Mustela lutreola), 48. Indonesian Mountain Weasel (Mustela lutreolina), 49. Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes), 50. Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis), 51. Malay Weasel (Mustela nudipes), 52. European Polecat (Mustela putorius), 53. Siberian Weasel (Mustela sibirica), 54. Back-striped Weasel (Mustela strigidorsa), 55. Egyptian Weasel (Mustela subpalmata), 56. American Mink (Neovison vison), 57. Patagonian Weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363028/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">44.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1525,1917,2952,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="31.[1450,2409,2952,3041]" box="[1525,1917,2952,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<vernacularName box="[1525,1917,2952,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Long-tailed Weasel</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1932,2229,2952,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="31.[1450,2409,2952,3041]" box="[1932,2229,2952,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1831" box="[1932,2229,2952,2998]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">
<emphasis box="[1932,2229,2952,2998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Mustela frenata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1451,2407,3016,3037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="31.[1450,2409,2952,3041]" box="[1451,2407,3016,3037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<emphasis box="[1451,1528,3016,3037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1538,1770,3016,3037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Belette a longue queue</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis box="[1790,1881,3016,3037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1891,2091,3016,3037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Langschwanzwiesel</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis box="[2113,2204,3016,3037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[2213,2407,3016,3037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Comadreja colilarga</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</heading>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2650,3082,3477]" box="[1450,2442,3082,3115]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<emphasis box="[1450,1605,3082,3115]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Lichtenstein, 1831" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1831" box="[1618,2085,3082,3115]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">Mustela frenata Lichtenstein, 1831</taxonomicName>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806321" box="[2101,2442,3082,3115]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
Ciudad 
<collectingCountry box="[2213,2317,3082,3115]" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[2334,2439,3082,3115]" name="Mexico" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2650,3082,3477]" box="[1451,1957,3125,3154]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Forty-two subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="651" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="distribution">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714255" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714255/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="651" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" targetBox="[146,737,300,714]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2650,3082,3477]" box="[1450,1849,3165,3194]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<emphasis box="[1450,1849,3165,3194]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2650,3082,3477]" box="[1451,2375,3205,3234]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<taxonomicName authority="Lichtenstein, 1831" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1831" box="[1451,1876,3205,3234]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="frenata">M. f. frenata Lichtenstein, 1831</taxonomicName>
— NE Mexico and S 
<collectingCountry box="[2167,2230,3205,3234]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">USA</collectingCountry>
(S 
<collectingRegion box="[2277,2361,3205,3234]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Texas</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2650,3082,3477]" box="[1451,1935,3239,3272]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1874" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1874" box="[1451,1758,3239,3272]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="affinis">M. f. affinis Gray, 1874</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[1793,1932,3239,3272]" name="Colombia" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Colombia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2650,3082,3477]" box="[1451,1935,3279,3312]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<taxonomicName authority="Tschudi, 1844" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1844" box="[1451,1792,3279,3312]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="agilis">M. f. agilis Tschudi, 1844</taxonomicName>
— W 
<collectingCountry box="[1865,1932,3279,3312]" name="Peru" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Peru</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2650,3082,3477]" box="[1452,2354,3318,3351]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[1452,1816,3318,3351]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="alleni">M. f. alleni Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
— C 
<collectingCountry box="[1881,1944,3318,3351]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[1965,2158,3318,3351]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
&amp; 
<collectingRegion box="[2199,2341,3318,3351]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2650,3082,3477]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[1451,1834,3361,3390]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="altifrontalis">M. f. altifrontalis Hall, 1936</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingCountry box="[1934,2039,3361,3390]" name="Canada" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Canada</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[2064,2309,3361,3390]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
) and NW 
<collectingCountry box="[2468,2531,3361,3390]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">USA</collectingCountry>
(coastal 
<collectingRegion box="[1451,1558,3396,3429]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Oregon</collectingRegion>
&amp; 
<collectingRegion box="[1600,1775,3396,3429]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Washington</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[1449,2650,3082,3477]" box="[1451,2161,3440,3469]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
<taxonomicName authority="Mearns, 1891" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1891" box="[1451,1854,3440,3469]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="arizonensis">M. f. arizonensis Mearns, 1891</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingCountry box="[1947,2010,3440,3469]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[2031,2148,3440,3469]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Arizona</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[723,1346,293,715]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1927" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1927" box="[723,1092,293,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="arthuri">M. f. arthuri Hall, 1927</taxonomicName>
— S 
<collectingCountry box="[1163,1226,293,322]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[723,1346,293,715]" box="[763,1298,372,401]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1865" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1865" box="[763,1141,372,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="aureoventris">M. f. aureoventris Gray, 1865</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[1177,1294,372,401]" name="Ecuador" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[723,1346,293,715]" box="[723,1248,416,441]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1938" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1938" box="[723,1113,416,441]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="boliviensis">M. f. boliviensis Hall, 1938</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[1148,1244,416,441]" name="Bolivia" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[723,1346,293,715]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Goldman, 1912" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1912" box="[763,1226,455,480]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="costaricensis">M. f. costaricensis Goldman, 1912</taxonomicName>
— CostaRica.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[723,1346,293,715]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[763,1058,525,558]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="effera">M. f. effera Hall, 1936</taxonomicName>
— NW 
<collectingCountry box="[1159,1222,525,558]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(NE 
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Oregon</collectingRegion>
&amp; SE 
<collectingRegion box="[917,1092,564,597]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Washington</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[723,1346,293,715]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[763,1184,608,637]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="goldmani">M. f. goldmani Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry name="El Salvador" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[826,979,647,676]" name="Guatemala" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry box="[1058,1160,647,676]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[1182,1301,647,676]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[723,1346,293,715]" box="[763,1194,682,715]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1935" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1935" box="[763,1058,682,715]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="helleri">M. f. helleri Hall, 1935</taxonomicName>
— E 
<collectingCountry box="[1122,1189,682,715]" name="Peru" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Peru</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,1004,722,755]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[147,482,722,755]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="inyoensis">M. f. inyoensis Hall, 1936</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingCountry box="[571,634,722,755]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(Inyo County, 
<collectingRegion box="[845,991,722,755]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,1326,765,794]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[147,482,765,794]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="latirostra">M. f. latirostra Hall, 1936</taxonomicName>
— NW Mexico (Baja 
<collectingRegion box="[774,914,765,794]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">California</collectingRegion>
) and SW 
<collectingCountry box="[1054,1117,765,794]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(S 
<collectingRegion box="[1166,1313,765,794]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,760,809,834]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[147,563,809,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="leucoparia">M. f. leucoparia Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingRegion box="[652,756,809,834]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Mexico</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,1094,840,873]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Bonaparte, 1838" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[147,598,840,873]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="longicauda">M. f. longicauda Bonaparte, 1838</taxonomicName>
— Great Plains of 
<collectingCountry box="[848,954,840,873]" name="Canada" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Canada</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[1026,1090,840,873]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,1035,883,912]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Elliot, 1905" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1905" box="[147,560,883,912]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="macrophonius">M. f. macrophonius Elliot, 1905</taxonomicName>
— S 
<collectingCountry box="[621,722,883,912]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[745,850,883,912]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
&amp; 
<collectingRegion box="[891,1022,883,912]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,882,922,951]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Taczanowski, 1874" authorityName="Taczanowski" authorityYear="1874" box="[147,591,922,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="macrura">M. f. macrura Taczanowski, 1874</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[625,689,922,951]" name="Peru" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[712,868,922,951]" country="Peru" name="Cajamarca" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Cajamarca</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,733,962,991]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hollister, 1914" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1914" box="[147,550,962,991]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="meridana">M. f. meridana Hollister, 1914</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[582,729,962,991]" name="Venezuela" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,979,1001,1030]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1899" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1899" box="[147,485,1001,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="munda">M. f. munda Bangs, 1899</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingCountry box="[574,637,1001,1030]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode box="[658,705,1001,1030]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">NC</collectionCode>
coastal 
<collectingRegion box="[819,965,1001,1030]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Barber &amp; Cockerell, 1898" authorityName="Barber &amp; Cockerell" authorityYear="1898" box="[147,785,1040,1069]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="neomexicana">M. f. neomexicana Barber &amp; Cockerell, 1898</taxonomicName>
— C &amp; N 
<collectingCountry box="[944,1047,1040,1069]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and SW 
<collectingCountry box="[1192,1255,1040,1069]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,1031,1119,1148]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[147,506,1119,1148]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="nevadensis">M. f. nevadensis Hall, 1936</taxonomicName>
— W 
<collectingCountry box="[578,641,1119,1148]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(Great Basin &amp; Rocky Mts).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,986,1154,1187]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority=". A. Allen, 1916" authorityName="]. A. Allen" authorityYear="1916" box="[147,591,1154,1187]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="nicaraguae">M. f. nicaraguae]. A. Allen, 1916</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[625,765,1154,1187]" name="Honduras" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Honduras</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[838,983,1154,1187]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,981,1198,1227]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[147,495,1198,1227]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="nigriauris">M. f. nigriauris Hall, 1936</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingCountry box="[584,647,1198,1227]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(SC coastal 
<collectingRegion box="[821,968,1198,1227]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,973,1241,1266]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Emmons, 1840" authorityName="Emmons" authorityYear="1840" box="[147,618,1241,1266]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="noveboracensis">M. f. noveboracensis Emmons, 1840</taxonomicName>
— SE 
<collectingCountry box="[698,804,1241,1266]" name="Canada" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Canada</collectingCountry>
and E 
<collectingCountry box="[904,969,1241,1266]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,755,1276,1305]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1899" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1899" box="[147,474,1276,1305]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="occisor">M. f. occisor Bangs, 1899</taxonomicName>
— NE 
<collectingCountry box="[562,625,1276,1305]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[646,741,1276,1305]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Maine</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,658,1320,1345]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Howell, 1913" authorityName="Howell" authorityYear="1913" box="[147,509,1320,1345]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="olivacea">M. f. olivacea Howell, 1913</taxonomicName>
— SE 
<collectingCountry box="[589,654,1320,1345]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,1079,1355,1384]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[147,572,1355,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="oregonensis">M. f. oregonensis Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
— W 
<collectingCountry box="[645,708,1355,1384]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(Cascade Mts of 
<collectingRegion box="[950,1065,1355,1384]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Oregon</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[146,1334,1395,1424]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1899" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1899" box="[146,495,1395,1424]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="oribasus">M. f. oribasus Bangs, 1899</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingCountry box="[585,690,1395,1424]" name="Canada" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Canada</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[712,954,1395,1424]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
) and NW 
<collectingCountry box="[1102,1165,1395,1424]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[1187,1321,1395,1424]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Montana</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,670,1429,1462]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1932" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1932" box="[147,517,1429,1462]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="panamensis">M. f. panamensis Hall, 1932</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[553,666,1429,1462]" name="Panama" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Panama</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[146,860,1473,1502]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Rhoads, 1894" authorityName="Rhoads" authorityYear="1894" box="[146,550,1473,1502]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="peninsulae">M. f. peninsulae Rhoads, 1894</taxonomicName>
— SE 
<collectingCountry box="[630,693,1473,1502]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(S Florida).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[146,1072,1516,1541]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1902" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1902" box="[146,500,1516,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="perda">M. f. perda Merriam, 1902</taxonomicName>
— Yucatan Peninsula, 
<collectingCountry box="[809,891,1516,1541]" name="Belize" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Belize</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[964,1069,1516,1541]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[146,628,1552,1581]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[146,455,1552,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="perotae">M. f. perotae Hall, 1936</taxonomicName>
— C 
<collectingCountry box="[520,625,1552,1581]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[146,820,1587,1620]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Jackson, 1913" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1913" box="[146,544,1587,1620]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="primulina">M. f. primulina Jackson, 1913</taxonomicName>
— Midwestern 
<collectingCountry box="[752,816,1587,1620]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,996,1630,1659]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[147,465,1630,1659]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="pulchra">M. f. pulchra Hall, 1936</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingCountry box="[554,617,1630,1659]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(Kern County, 
<collectingRegion box="[836,983,1630,1659]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[146,1087,1670,1699]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[146,538,1670,1699]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="saturata">M. f. saturata Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
— W 
<collectingCountry box="[610,673,1670,1699]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode box="[694,741,1670,1699]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">NC</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion box="[752,892,1670,1699]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">California</collectingRegion>
&amp; S 
<collectingRegion box="[959,1074,1670,1699]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Oregon</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[146,796,1709,1738]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1896" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1896" box="[146,475,1709,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="spadix">M. f. spadix Bangs, 1896</taxonomicName>
— N 
<collectingCountry box="[543,606,1709,1738]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[628,783,1709,1738]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,736,1748,1777]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[147,463,1748,1777]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="texensis">M. f. texensis Hall, 1936</taxonomicName>
— S 
<collectingCountry box="[523,586,1748,1777]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(C 
<collectingRegion box="[639,723,1748,1777]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Texas</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[146,1078,1788,1817]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[146,545,1788,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="tropicalis">M. f. tropicalis Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
— E 
<collectingCountry box="[608,709,1788,1817]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[732,893,1788,1817]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
&amp; 
<collectingRegion box="[933,1064,1788,1817]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[147,1186,1827,1856]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[147,587,1827,1856]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="washingtoni">M. f. washingtoni Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
— W 
<collectingCountry box="[659,722,1827,1856]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode box="[742,789,1827,1856]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">NC</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion box="[801,909,1827,1856]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Oregon</collectingRegion>
&amp; SC 
<collectingRegion box="[998,1173,1827,1856]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Washington</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" box="[146,892,1866,1895]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1843" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[146,525,1866,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frenata" subSpecies="xanthogenys">M. f. xanthogenys Gray, 1843</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingCountry box="[615,678,1866,1895]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
(C 
<collectingRegion box="[732,878,1866,1895]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="651" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<emphasis box="[144,399,1906,1935]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body length, 22-: 
<quantity box="[741,854,1906,1935]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="cm" value="17.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="8.0">8-26 cm</quantity>
(males), 
<quantity box="[997,1187,1906,1935]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1550000000000002" metricValueMax="2.2800000000000002" metricValueMin="2.0300000000000002" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="cm" value="21.55" valueMax="22.8" valueMin="20.3">20.3-22.8 cm</quantity>
(females); tail 
<quantity box="[200,387,1945,1974]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="1.52" metricValueMin="1.02" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="cm" value="12.7" valueMax="15.2" valueMin="10.2">10.2-15.2 cm</quantity>
(males), 
<quantity box="[526,697,1945,1974]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.015" metricValueMax="1.27" metricValueMin="0.76" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="cm" value="10.149999999999999" valueMax="12.7" valueMin="7.6">7.6-12.7 cm</quantity>
(females); weight 
<quantity box="[968,1108,1945,1974]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="g" value="305.0" valueMax="450.0" valueMin="160.0">160-450 g</quantity>
(males), 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="g" value="165.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="80.0">80-250 g</quantity>
(females), adult males are almost twice the size of females. The Long-tailed Weasel has a long body and short limbs. In 
<collectingCountry box="[690,797,2019,2052]" name="Canada" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Canada</collectingCountry>
and the northern 
<collectingCountry box="[1083,1279,2019,2052]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">United States</collectingCountry>
, the pelage changes from early October to early December and from late February to late April. During the summer, the upperparts are brown, the underparts are buff, and the tip of the tail is black. In winter, the pelage is white except for the black-tipped tail. Subspecies from the southern 
<collectingCountry box="[649,714,2177,2210]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">USA</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[733,836,2177,2210]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and Central America, have distinctive white or yellow facial markings. The plantar surfaces on the feet are furred. There are four pairs of mammae. The skull is long, with large tympanic bullae. Dental formula: 13/3, Cl/1,P%3/3,M1/2=34.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="651" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<emphasis box="[144,255,2338,2367]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Habitat.</emphasis>
[Long-tailed Weasels are found in a wide range of habitats from forested areas to agricultural fields. They show a preference for open, brushy or grassy areas near water.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="651" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<emphasis box="[144,415,2456,2485]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The diet consists mainly of rodents (voles, mice, and rats) and other small mammals (such as lagomorphs and squirrels), but birds, eggs, snakes, grasshoppers, and poultry are also occasionally eaten. Because of their larger size, males generally consume larger prey than females. In North America, Long-tailed Weasels feed upon a wide variety of small vertebrates, but concentrate on rodents and rabbits of small to medium size. The diet of tropical Long-tailed Weasels, although not well known,is thought to consist mainly of small mammals, rabbits, and birds and their eggs. Small-sized prey, such as mice and voles, usually are subdued when the weasel throws its body into a tight coil around the prey; these are then killed by a bite to the nape of the neck. Long-tailed Weasels can kill animals larger than themselves, such as rabbits. Large prey is initially grabbed by the most convenient part of the animal before a killing bite is administered. Underground mediumsized prey is subdued by a ventral attack and killed by grasping the throat, which results in suffocation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="651" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<emphasis box="[143,382,3002,3035]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Primarily nocturnal, but frequently active during the day. Den/rest sites are in hollow logs or stumps, among rocks, or in a burrow taken over from a rodent. Long-tailed Weasels spend large amounts of time exploring holes, crevices, root systems, brush piles, thick vegetation, and under the snow in winter, in search of prey.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="651" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="32.[143,1348,722,3467]" lastBlockId="32.[1416,2619,290,1151]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<emphasis box="[145,873,3199,3232]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
[Long-tailed Weasels are solitary and mainly terrestrial, but are also good swimmers and tree climbers. The home ranges of males average larger than those of females, and may include the home ranges of more than 
<specimenCount box="[454,617,3316,3349]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
. During the breeding season, the home ranges of males increase in size, allowing more frequent contact with females. There is little overlap of the home ranges of males. In 
<collectingRegion box="[786,918,3395,3428]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
, home ranges vary from 0-16 to 
<quantity box="[187,303,3434,3467]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="km" value="12.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="0.0">0-24 km</quantity>
* during summer, and 0-10 to 
<quantity box="[760,877,3434,3467]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="18.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="km" value="9.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="0.0">0-18 km</quantity>
? during winter. In 
<collectingRegion box="[1167,1278,3434,3467]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Indiana</collectingRegion>
, the mean home range for males was 
<quantity box="[1918,2031,290,323]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="km" value="40.5" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="1.0">1-80 km</quantity>
* and for females 
<quantity box="[2302,2422,290,323]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="km" value="26.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="0.0">0-52 km</quantity>
*. The hourly rate of movement for males (130- 
<quantity box="[1913,1970,333,362]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
) was greater than that of females (79- 
<quantity box="[2537,2600,333,362]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
). Estimates of densities vary widely by habitat and prey availability. Reported population densities are: 0-004-0-008 /ha in western 
<collectingRegion box="[2082,2217,416,441]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Colorado</collectingRegion>
, 0-02-0-18/ha in 
<collectingRegion box="[2479,2612,416,441]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
, 0-19-0-38/ha in chestnut-oak forest and 0-07-0-09/ha in scrub oak-pitch pine forest in 
<collectingRegion box="[1504,1689,491,520]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
, and 0-2-0-3/ha in cattail marsh in 
<collectingRegion box="[2208,2323,491,520]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Ontario</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="651" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1416,2619,290,1151]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<emphasis box="[1417,1554,525,558]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Breeding.</emphasis>
Females are monoestrous. Mating occurs in July and August. Implantation of the fertilized eggs into the uterusis delayed until the following March; embryonic development is approximately 27 days. Births occur in April or May. Litter size is up to nine, but is usually around six. The young are born blind and weigh about 
<quantity box="[2540,2582,643,676]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" unit="g" value="3.0">3 g</quantity>
at birth. They open their eyes after 35-37 days and are weaned at around 3% weeks. Females attain sexual maturity at three to four months, but males do not mate until the year following their birth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="651" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1416,2619,290,1151]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<emphasis box="[1418,1785,805,834]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern in The 
<collectionCode box="[2333,2413,805,834]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">IUCN</collectionCode>
Red List. The Long-tailed Weasel is considered to be common throughout most ofits distribution; however, several subspecies are considered uncommon. It is able to occupy a wide variety of habitats and can live in close proximity to humans. Long-tailed Weasels are more prone to raid henhouses that other species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2180,2284,962,991]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
, but they are generally beneficial because they prey on rats and mice. They are trapped in North America for their white winter fur.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="651" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="32.[1416,2619,290,1151]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">
<emphasis box="[1418,1572,1088,1109]" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Gehring &amp; Swihart (2004), King (1990), 
<collectingRegion box="[2021,2116,1088,1109]" country="United Kingdom" name="Sheffield" pageId="32" pageNumber="651">Sheffield</collectingRegion>
&amp; Thomas (1997), Svendsen (2003), Wozencraft (2005).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>