229 lines
21 KiB
XML
229 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA4BFFA3CFA4300BF823F936" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lutrogale perspicillata Gray 1865" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="647" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="646" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>564</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>656</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714125" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302351" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714125" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA4BFFA3CFA4300BF823F936" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA4BFFA3CFA4300BF823F936" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="647" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<heading pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1473,1529,3075,3121]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1471,2415,3075,3160]" box="[1473,1529,3075,3121]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1473,1529,3075,3121]" captionStart="Plate 35: Mustelidae" captionStartId="22.[135,165,3391,3412]" captionTargetBox="[12,2804,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="27. Giant Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), 28. North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis), 29. Marine Otter (Lontra felina), 30. Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis), 31. Southern River Otter (Lontra provocax), 32. Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris), 33. Spotted-necked Otter (Hydrictis maculicollis), 34. Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra), 35. Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana), 36. African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis), 37. Asian Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus), 38. Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363026/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">38.</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1547,1986,3075,3121]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1471,2415,3075,3160]" box="[1547,1986,3075,3121]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1547,1986,3075,3121]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Smooth-coated Otter</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2000,2414,3075,3121]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1471,2415,3075,3160]" box="[2000,2414,3075,3121]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1865" box="[2000,2414,3075,3121]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutrogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicillata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2000,2414,3075,3121]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Lutrogale perspicillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1472,2250,3138,3159]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1471,2415,3075,3160]" box="[1472,2250,3138,3159]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1472,1548,3138,3159]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1558,1713,3138,3159]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Loutre indienne</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[1734,1825,3138,3159]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1835,2032,3138,3159]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Indischer Fischotter</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis box="[2052,2143,3138,3159]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2153,2250,3138,3159]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Nutria lisa</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1470,2673,3205,3482]" box="[1471,2411,3205,3238]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1471,1626,3205,3238]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1826" box="[1638,2272,3205,3238]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicillata">Lutra perspicillata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806307" box="[2288,2411,3205,3238]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2288,2407,3205,3238]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1470,2673,3205,3482]" box="[1471,1935,3249,3278]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Three subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714241/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" targetBox="[137,722,306,715]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1470,2673,3205,3482]" box="[1472,1870,3284,3317]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1472,1870,3284,3317]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1470,2673,3205,3482]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1826" box="[1473,2090,3322,3355]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutrogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="perspicillata" subSpecies="perspicillata">L. p. perspicillata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SE Asia from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2313,2387,3322,3355]" name="India" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2429,2514,3322,3355]" name="China" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Mainland SE Asia to Borneo, Sumatra, and E Java.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1470,2673,3205,3482]" box="[1473,2359,3401,3434]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hayman, 1957" authorityName="Hayman" authorityYear="1957" box="[1473,1863,3401,3434]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutrogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="perspicillata" subSpecies="maxwelli">L. p. maxwelli Hayman, 1957</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1898,1953,3401,3434]" name="Iraq" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
and possibly bordering
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2295,2355,3401,3434]" name="Iran" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1470,2673,3205,3482]" box="[1473,2221,3440,3473]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Pocock, 1940" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1940" box="[1473,1825,3440,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutrogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="perspicillata" subSpecies="sindica">L. p. sindica Pocock, 1940</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1858,2026,3440,3473]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2099,2217,3440,3473]" name="Pakistan" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[752,1339,299,720]" lastBlockId="28.[133,1338,730,1702]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis box="[754,1007,299,328]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[1192,1332,299,328]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" unit="cm" value="67.0" valueMax="75.0" valueMin="59.0">59-75 cm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[808,944,334,367]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" unit="cm" value="41.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="37.0">37-45 cm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[1066,1175,334,367]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" unit="kg" value="9.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="7.0">7-11 kg</quantity>
|
||
. A large otter, with a very smooth pelage, naked rhinarium, and fully clawed and webbed feet. The pelage ranges from reddish-brown to dark brown, with paler undersides. The upper lip, sides of face, throat, and upper chest are gray. The upper margin of the rhinarium is flat. The vibrissae are well-developed and the tail is flat dorso-ventrally. The large feet have webbing that extends to the secondjoint of each digit. There are two pairs of mammae. The skull is high and wide, with a broad rostrum. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P4/3,M 1/2 = 36.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[133,1338,730,1702]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis box="[136,247,808,837]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Smooth-coated Otters are found in inland and coastal wetlands, seasonally flooded swamps, mangroves, and along rivers and irrigation canals. They prefer waterways with banks that are rocky and well vegetated. Smooth-coated Otters are notrestricted to deep water and often forage in small, shallow rivers and seasonally flooded swamps during the monsoons (July-September) and early winter (October-February) in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[175,248,1005,1034]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[324,409,1005,1034]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They commonly inhabit rice fields adjacent to mangroves along coastal areas. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[371,489,1049,1074]" name="Malaysia" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Smooth-coated Otters were found to be more abundant in mangroves. On Java, they are restricted to coastal wetlands. When occupying saltwater areas, Smooth-coated Otters require freshwater nearby.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[133,1338,730,1702]" lastBlockId="28.[1404,2613,302,1710]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis box="[135,394,1162,1191]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The diet is mainly fish, but may also include small mammals, invertebrates (insects, crabs, and crustaceans), frogs, snakes, and birds. Most fish consumed are
|
||
<quantity box="[187,300,1241,1270]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" unit="cm" value="17.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="5.0">5-30 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[488,624,1241,1270]" country="India" name="Rajasthan" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Rajasthan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[640,713,1241,1270]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, spraints contained fish (96%), insects (7%), birds (5%), molluscs (3%), frogs (1%), and worms (1%). At Periyar Lake in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1193,1283,1280,1309]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, fish were found to be the major prey: 32% tilapia (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[893,988,1315,1348]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tilapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tilapia</taxonomicName>
|
||
mossambica), 26% catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis), 16% curmuca barb (Gonoproktopetrus curmuca), 15% European carp (Cyprinus caprio), 3% Deccan mahsheer (Tor khudree), and 1% Periyar barb (Barbus micropogon); a higher intake of bottom-dwelling catfish was observed during periods of low water. Other food items were 4% frogs, 2% crabs, 0-7% birds, and 0-02% insects. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[175,259,1520,1545]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, spraints contained mainly fish; minor food items were frogs, crabs, shrimp, snakes, and insects. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[457,537,1551,1584]" country="Malaysia" name="Perak" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Perak</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[555,673,1551,1584]" name="Malaysia" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Smooth-coated Otters eat mostly fish (82% of spraints, mainly Trichogaster pectoralis), followed by molluscs, mammals, and insects (Coleoptera). In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[324,452,1630,1663]" name="Thailand" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 70% of spraints contained fish, 13% amphibians, 11% crabs, 4% snakes, and 2% arthropods. Smooth-coated Otters forage in the less rocky areas of lake shallows. Most foraging activity occurs in water; they go on land to rest and defecate. Small fish are swallowed whole, but large fish are taken to shore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[1404,2613,302,1710]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1408,1643,381,410]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Mainly diurnal, with a rest period around midday. Den /rest sites occur under tree roots, in openings created by piles of boulders, or in dense vegetation. Smooth-coated Otters often dig their own dens and they sometimes rest on bare sand and grassy areas along river banks. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1932,2016,499,528]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, eight dens were in exposed tree roots and one was a tunnel in the sand. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1863,1934,542,567]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2006,2090,542,567]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, dens are found in swamps; these are sometimes used as natal den sites and nurseries. Spraint sites often smell of rotten fish. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1448,1577,621,646]" name="Thailand" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, spraint sites occur on small rocks, sand banks, and large boulders,
|
||
<quantity box="[2528,2608,621,646]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" unit="m" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1-3 m</quantity>
|
||
above water level. The mean number of spraints on each site was 2-2. Smooth-coated Otters often roll and rub on grassy areas, especially after defecation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[1404,2613,302,1710]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1409,2103,735,764]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Smooth-coated Otters are excellent swimmers and are able to swim underwater for long distances. They are social and are often seen in groups of up to eleven individuals; groups typically consist of a mated pair with young from previouslitters. It is estimated that a group of Smooth-coated Otters requires
|
||
<quantity box="[1638,1757,892,921]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" unit="km" value="9.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="7.0">7-12 km</quantity>
|
||
ofriver to sustain their needs. Population density is 1-1-3 otters per km of water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[1404,2613,302,1710]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1408,1542,971,1000]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1591,1663,971,1000]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1733,1817,971,1000]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mating occurs in the winter (October—February). Gestation lasts 60-63 days. Littersize is one to five. The young are born blind; the eyes open after ten days. Weaning occurs after three to five months. Adult size is reached after one year and sexual maturity after two to three years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[1404,2613,302,1710]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1408,1752,1128,1157]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1764,1854,1128,1157]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">CITES</collectionCode>
|
||
Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable in The
|
||
<collectionCode box="[2479,2557,1128,1157]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
Red Last. Although the Smooth-coated Otter may have been quite common in the past and populations stable,it is now likely this is changing rapidly and that this species will soon be in need of urgent help. Increasing human population acrossits range is putting the Smooth-coated Otter under pressure through habitat destruction and pollution. There is widespread conflict with aquaculturalists and fishermen, who kill them as pests and competitors. There is also deliberate trapping for fur in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2187,2260,1363,1392]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2276,2360,1363,1392]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2439,2601,1363,1392]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mainly for export to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1711,1796,1403,1432]" name="China" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Although legally protected throughoutits range, this is weakly enforced. Movements of Smooth-coated Otters are limited due to arid regions, leading to poor dispersal and population fragmentation. Several authorities have recommended that ex situ as well as in situ conservation efforts should be made. Field studies are needed to learn more about its natural history, ecology, and conservationstatus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[1404,2613,302,1710]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1406,1557,1604,1629]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Anoop & Hussain (2004, 2005), Biswas (1973), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008), Hussain (1996), Hwang & Lariviere (2005), Kruuk et al. (1994), Lekagul & McNeely (1991),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2277,2369,1643,1668]" country="United Kingdom" name="Medway" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Medway</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1969), Shariff (1985), Tate (1947), Wozencraft (2005, 2008), Yadav (1967).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |