219 lines
18 KiB
XML
219 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA48FFA7CAF8384FFC74F218" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lontra provocax Gray 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="643" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="643" updateTime="1658240877668" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714111" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302382" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714111" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA48FFA7CAF8384FFC74F218" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA48FFA7CAF8384FFC74F218" lastPageNumber="643" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<heading pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<subSubSection box="[157,213,1095,1141]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[155,993,1095,1219]" box="[157,213,1095,1141]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<figureCitation box="[157,213,1095,1141]" captionStart="Plate 35: Mustelidae" captionStartId="22.[135,165,3391,3412]" captionTargetBox="[12,2804,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="27. Giant Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), 28. North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis), 29. Marine Otter (Lontra felina), 30. Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis), 31. Southern River Otter (Lontra provocax), 32. Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris), 33. Spotted-necked Otter (Hydrictis maculicollis), 34. Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra), 35. Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana), 36. African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis), 37. Asian Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus), 38. Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363026/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">31.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[230,672,1095,1141]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[155,993,1095,1219]" box="[230,672,1095,1141]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<vernacularName box="[230,672,1095,1141]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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Southern
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<collectingRegion box="[438,546,1095,1141]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">River</collectingRegion>
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Otter
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</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[686,993,1095,1141]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[155,993,1095,1219]" box="[686,993,1095,1141]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[686,993,1095,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lontra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="provocax">
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<emphasis box="[686,993,1095,1141]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Lontra provocax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[155,993,1095,1219]" box="[155,934,1159,1180]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[155,232,1159,1180]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[242,385,1159,1180]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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Loutre du
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<collectingCountry box="[345,385,1159,1180]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chili</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[406,497,1159,1180]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[507,754,1159,1180]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Patagonischer Fischotter</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[775,866,1159,1180]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[876,934,1159,1180]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Huillin</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[155,993,1095,1219]" box="[155,469,1198,1219]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[155,401,1198,1219]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[411,469,1198,1219]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Huillin</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[769,1353,1274,1299]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[769,1355,1274,1691]" box="[769,1353,1274,1299]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[769,924,1274,1299]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1908" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1908" box="[940,1348,1274,1299]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="provocax">Lutra provocax Thomas, 1908</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[771,914,1309,1338]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[769,1355,1274,1691]" box="[771,914,1309,1338]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806322" box="[771,914,1309,1338]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Patagonia.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[771,927,1348,1377]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[769,1355,1274,1691]" box="[771,927,1348,1377]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[770,1249,1383,1416]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714221" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714221" box="[770,1249,1383,1416]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714221/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" targetBox="[156,742,1272,1683]" targetPageId="24">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[769,1355,1274,1691]" box="[770,1249,1383,1416]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[770,945,1383,1416]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry box="[956,1097,1383,1416]" name="Argentina" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[1169,1245,1383,1416]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[769,1355,1274,1691]" lastBlockId="24.[150,1357,1696,3460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[769,1023,1422,1455]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[1207,1347,1422,1455]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="cm" value="59.0" valueMax="61.0" valueMin="57.0">57-61 cm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity box="[825,963,1470,1495]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="cm" value="37.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="35.0">35-40 cm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[1088,1200,1470,1495]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="kg" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5-10 kg</quantity>
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, males are about 10% larger than females. This medium-sized otter is dark-brown with pale undersides and a grayish neck and throat. All four feet are fully webbed. The skull is flat, but strongly built. The dentition is broad and adapted for crushing.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[150,1357,1696,3460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[153,264,1745,1770]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Southern River Otters are found in lakes, rivers, and some coastal marshes. In
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<collectingCountry box="[152,295,1780,1809]" name="Argentina" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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||
, they are associated with dense mature forests that have thick undergrowth extending close to the shore of water bodies. In southern
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<collectingCountry box="[975,1050,1815,1848]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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||
, radio-tracked Southern River Otters used rivers more frequently than expected, whereas they avoided small streams. Temperate evergreen swamp forests and river and stream banks with a high density of riparian vegetation, woody debris and exposed roots, were found to be the preferred habitats; canalized rivers and streams lacking these characteristics were avoided.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[150,1357,1696,3460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[152,417,2056,2085]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The diet is mostly fish (under
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<quantity box="[871,953,2056,2085]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
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in length) and crustaceans, but also includes molluscs and birds. The relative importance of each food
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<typeStatus box="[1229,1284,2091,2124]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">type</typeStatus>
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may vary seasonally or geographically. In central
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<collectingCountry box="[792,867,2130,2163]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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, the diet comprises 75% fish and 63% crustaceans; the highest occurrence of fish occurs in the spring and summer. In the southern marine habitats of
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<collectingCountry box="[656,732,2209,2242]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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, Southern River Otters feed mainly on fish. In
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<collectingCountry box="[191,334,2252,2281]" name="Argentina" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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, crustaceans largely dominate the diet (99%) and fish occur rarely (less than 2%). Differences in the proportion offish and crustaceans in the diet may reflect the differential availability of prey
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<typeStatus box="[633,701,2327,2360]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">types</typeStatus>
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in different habitats: fish productivity is low in freshwater lakes compared to the oceans, which may explain the high proportion of crustaceans in freshwater lakes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[150,1357,1696,3460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[150,394,2445,2478]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Primarily nocturnal, with occasional activity during the day. Den/ rest sites are rock crevices, hollow trees or logs, earth banks, or under root systems; Southern River Otters may excavate their own dens. Dens occur from 0-7 to
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<quantity box="[1282,1351,2527,2556]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
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from the shoreline; most are within
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<quantity box="[702,791,2563,2596]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="m" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3-8 m</quantity>
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of the water’s edge. They often have multiple terrestrial but no underwater entrances. The density of dens along the southern coast of
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<collectingCountry box="[426,502,2646,2675]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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was 2-8 per km of coastline. Latrines are common near den entrances or inside dens; they are
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<quantity box="[717,838,2685,2714]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="m" value="65.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="50.0">50-80 m</quantity>
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from one another and
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<quantity box="[1185,1271,2685,2714]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="m" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3-6 m</quantity>
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from water.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[150,1357,1696,3460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[151,869,2759,2792]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Southern River Otters may move up to
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<quantity box="[243,314,2802,2831]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
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per night. They are mostly solitary; females with young and breeding pairs are the only social groups recorded. In the Queule River, southern
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<collectingCountry box="[1267,1345,2838,2871]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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, the observed behavior of radio-tracked otters suggested intra-sexual territoriality; no home range overlap among males existed, while there was an average of 33% overlap of home ranges among females, and 87% between sexes. In core areas, only one case of overlapping between an adult male and an adult female was observed. Average home range and core area lengths were 11-
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<quantity box="[911,982,3034,3067]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
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and
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<quantity box="[1060,1161,3034,3067]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="643" unit="km" value="4.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="0.0">0-9 km</quantity>
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, respectively. The population density in
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<collectingCountry box="[555,629,3077,3106]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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ranges from 0-25 to 0-73 individuals per km of coastline.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[150,1357,1696,3460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[151,285,3152,3185]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Breeding.</emphasis>
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In central
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<collectingCountry box="[448,523,3152,3185]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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, mating occurs in July and August, and young are born in September or October. Litter size averages one or two, but may reach up to four.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[150,1357,1696,3460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[151,506,3235,3264]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode box="[522,612,3235,3264]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">CITES</collectionCode>
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Appendix I. Classified as Endangered in The
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<collectionCode box="[1277,1357,3235,3264]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">IUCN</collectionCode>
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Red List. The major threats to this species are the destruction ofits habitat and hunting, especially in
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<collectingCountry box="[406,482,3309,3342]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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. The high price of otter skins in
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<collectingCountry box="[980,1055,3309,3342]" name="Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Chile</collectingCountry>
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, combined with low wages for unskilled workers, generates much uncontrolled and illegal harvest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="643" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[150,1357,1696,3460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis box="[152,303,3396,3421]" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Aued et al. (2003), Chéhébar (1986), Chéhébar et al. (1986), Lariviere (1999¢),
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<collectingRegion box="[1189,1266,3396,3421]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Al Madinah" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Medina</collectingRegion>
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(1996),
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<collectingRegion box="[152,230,3435,3460]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Al Madinah" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Medina</collectingRegion>
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et al. (2003), Sielfeld (1983),
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<collectingRegion box="[545,582,3435,3460]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="24" pageNumber="643">Van</collectingRegion>
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Zyll de Jong (1972), Wozencraft (2005).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |