treatments-xml/data/03/8F/87/038F87AD2B08FFAF2EC55B05FA4F0B3F.xml
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

445 lines
42 KiB
XML

<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.7386" ID-GBIF-Dataset="41ff7b58-5204-42ec-b85a-75a6904af370" ID-PMC="PMC6716565" ID-PubMed="31523494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5767530" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1638970172773" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Murillo-Ramos, Leidys, Brehm, Gunnar, Sihvonen, Pasi, Hausmann, Axel, Holm, Sille, Ghanavi, Hamid Reza, Õunap, Erki, Truuverk, Andro, Staude, Hermann, Friedrich, Egbert, Tammaru, Toomas &amp; Wahlberg, Niklas" docDate="2019" docId="038F87AD2B08FFAF2EC55B05FA4F0B3F" docLanguage="en" docName="PeerJ.7.e7386.pdf" docOrigin="PeerJ 7" docTitle="Archaeobalbini Viidalepp 1981" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="FFB6FFD52B1FFFB72F375F1EFFC20D03" masterDocTitle="A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies" masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1668138804254" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Murillo-Ramos, Leidys</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Brehm, Gunnar</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sihvonen, Pasi</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hausmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Holm, Sille</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ghanavi, Hamid Reza</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Õunap, Erki</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Truuverk, Andro</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Staude, Hermann</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Friedrich, Egbert</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tammaru, Toomas</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wahlberg, Niklas</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PeerJ</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2019-08-27</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>7</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>39</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7717/peerj.7386</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">41ff7b58-5204-42ec-b85a-75a6904af370</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC6716565</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="PubMed">31523494</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5767530</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5767483" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191256157" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5767483" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87AD2B08FFAF2EC55B05FA4F0B3F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87AD2B08FFAF2EC55B05FA4F0B3F" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<subSubSection box="[498,1050,1051,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="23.[498,1050,1051,1077]" box="[498,1050,1051,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName authority="Viidalepp, 1981" authorityName="Viidalepp" authorityYear="1981" box="[498,872,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Archaeobalbini">Archaeobalbini Viidalepp, 1981</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis bold="true" box="[885,1050,1051,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">status revised</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[498,1397,1096,1123]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="23.[498,1541,1096,1208]" box="[498,1397,1096,1123]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">(original spelling: Archeobalbini, justified emendation in Hausmann (1996))</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph blockId="23.[498,1541,1096,1208]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Type genus:
<taxonomicName authority="Prout, 1912" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1912" box="[646,951,1141,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Archaeobalbis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[646,808,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Archaeobalbis</emphasis>
Prout, 1912
</taxonomicName>
(synonymized with
<taxonomicName authority="Swinhoe, 1893" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1893" box="[1189,1511,1141,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Herochroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1189,1334,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Herochroma</emphasis>
Swinhoe, 1893
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation author="Holloway J." box="[498,690,1181,1207]" journalOrPublisher="Ennominae Malayan Nature Journal" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="147 - 326" part="49" refId="ref18919" refString="Holloway J. 1996. The moths of Borneo, part 9: Geometridae (incl. Orthostixini), Oenochrominae, Desmobathrinae, Geometrinae. Ennominae Malayan Nature Journal 49: 147 - 326." title="The moths of Borneo, part 9: Geometridae (incl. Orthostixini), Oenochrominae, Desmobathrinae, Geometrinae" type="journal article" year="1996">
<emphasis box="[498,690,1181,1207]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Holloway (1996)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="23.[498,1542,1244,1908]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Material examined:
<taxonomicName authority="Han &amp; Xue, 2003" authorityName="Han &amp; Xue" authorityYear="2003" box="[765,1223,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Herochroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvata">
<emphasis box="[765,1006,1244,1270]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Herochroma curvata</emphasis>
Han &amp; Xue, 2003
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Swinhoe 1893" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1893" box="[1236,1504,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Herochroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baba">
<emphasis box="[1236,1330,1244,1270]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. baba</emphasis>
Swinhoe 1893
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Han &amp; Xue, 2004" authorityName="Han &amp; Xue" authorityYear="2004" box="[498,1007,1284,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metallolophia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inanularia">
<emphasis box="[498,790,1284,1310]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Metallolophia inanularia</emphasis>
Han &amp; Xue, 2004
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Han &amp; Xue, 2004" authorityName="Han &amp; Xue" authorityYear="2004" box="[1020,1402,1284,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metallolophia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuneataria">
<emphasis box="[1020,1185,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">M. cuneataria</emphasis>
Han &amp; Xue, 2004
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="(Walker, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[498,1027,1323,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Actenochroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muscicoloraria">
<emphasis box="[498,842,1323,1349]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Actenochroma muscicoloraria</emphasis>
(Walker, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Swinhoe, 1893" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1893" box="[1038,1395,1323,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Absala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorcada">
<emphasis box="[1038,1217,1323,1349]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Absala dorcada</emphasis>
Swinhoe, 1893
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Hang &amp; Stuning, 2016" authorityName="Hang &amp; Stuning" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metaterpna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batangensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Metaterpna batangensis</emphasis>
Hang &amp; Stüning, 2016
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="(Oberthur, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Oberthur" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[919,1296,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metaterpna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thyatiraria">
<emphasis box="[919,1085,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">M. thyatiraria</emphasis>
(Oberthür, 1913)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Rothschild, 1894" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Limbatochlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosthorni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Limbatochlamys rosthorni</emphasis>
Rothschild, 1894
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="(Moore, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Moore" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[824,1228,1403,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Psilotagma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictaria">
<emphasis box="[824,1049,1403,1429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Psilotagma pictaria</emphasis>
(Moore, 1888)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Swinhoe, 1893" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dindica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="para">
<emphasis box="[1241,1395,1403,1429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dindica para</emphasis>
Swinhoe, 1893
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="(Butler, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[570,962,1443,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dindicodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crocina">
<emphasis box="[570,789,1443,1469]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dindicodes crocina</emphasis>
(Butler, 1880)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="(Swinhoe, 1893)" baseAuthorityName="Swinhoe" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[975,1451,1443,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lophophelma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erionoma">
<emphasis box="[975,1250,1443,1469]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lophophelma erionoma</emphasis>
(Swinhoe, 1893)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="(Moore, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Moore" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[498,857,1483,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lophophelma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varicoloraria">
<emphasis box="[498,678,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">L. varicoloraria</emphasis>
(Moore, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="(Prout, 1926)" baseAuthorityName="Prout" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[871,1146,1483,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lophophelma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iterans">
<emphasis box="[871,980,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">L. iterans</emphasis>
(Prout, 1926)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authority="(Walker, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Pachyodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplificata">
<emphasis box="[1207,1464,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pachyodes amplificata</emphasis>
(Walker, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="23.[498,1542,1244,1908]" lastBlockId="24.[498,1542,234,301]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
This lineage splits into four groups:
<taxonomicName authority="Swinhoe, 1893" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1893" box="[958,1281,1563,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Herochroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[958,1103,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Herochroma</emphasis>
Swinhoe, 1893
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1290,1307,1563,1588]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">+</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Swinhoe, 1893" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Absala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1316,1394,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Absala</emphasis>
Swinhoe, 1893
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[562,579,1603,1628]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">+</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Warren, 1893" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[587,921,1602,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Actenochroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[587,754,1602,1628]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Actenochroma</emphasis>
Warren, 1893
</taxonomicName>
is the sister lineage of the rest of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Viidalepp" authorityYear="1981" box="[1310,1488,1602,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Archaeobalbini">Archaeobalbini</taxonomicName>
that were recovered as three clades with unresolved relationships comprising the genera
<taxonomicName authority="Rothschild, 1894" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1894" box="[498,891,1682,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Limbatochlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[498,687,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Limbatochlamys</emphasis>
Rothschild, 1894
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Warren, 1894" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1894" box="[903,1198,1682,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Psilotagma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[903,1030,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Psilotagma</emphasis>
Warren, 1894
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Warren, 1895" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" box="[1209,1537,1682,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metallolophia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1209,1369,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Metallolophia</emphasis>
Warren, 1895
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Yazaki, 1992" authorityName="Yazaki" authorityYear="1992" box="[498,793,1722,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metaterpna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[498,633,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Metaterpna</emphasis>
Yazaki, 1992
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Warren, 1893" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[806,1070,1722,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dindica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[806,898,1722,1748]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dindica</emphasis>
Warren, 1893
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Prout, 1912" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1912" box="[1083,1357,1722,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dindicodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1083,1210,1722,1748]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dindicodes</emphasis>
Prout, 1912
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Prout, 1912" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lophophelma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1370,1526,1722,1748]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lophophelma</emphasis>
Prout, 1912
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authority="Guenee, 1858" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1858" box="[692,978,1762,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Pachyodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[692,811,1762,1788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pachyodes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Guenee A." box="[817,978,1762,1789]" journalOrPublisher="Tom IX. X. Uranides et Phalenites I" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="304" part="II" refId="ref18551" refString="Guenee A. 1858. Histoire naturelle des insectes (Lepidoptera), Species General des Lepidopteres. Tom IX. X. Uranides et Phalenites I. II. Paris: Roret, 304." title="Histoire naturelle des insectes (Lepidoptera), Species General des Lepidopteres" type="journal article" year="1858">Guenée, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This tribe can be diagnosed by the combination of DNA data from six genetic markers, see for instance
<taxonomicName authority="CAD" authorityName="CAD" box="[1159,1485,1802,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Pachyodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amplificata">
<emphasis box="[1159,1415,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pachyodes amplificata</emphasis>
CAD
</taxonomicName>
(MG015522), COI (MG014818), EF1a (MG015409), GAPDH (MG014941), MDH (MG015057) and RpS5 (MG015638). Branch support values in IQ-TREE confirm the monophyly of this clade (SH-like = 88.3, UFBoot2 = 64). GenBank accession numbers are shown in Supplementary Material. Amorphological diagnosis requires further research.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[498,1542,335,1597]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authority="Warren, 1893" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[530,832,335,362]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Xenozancla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[530,663,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Xenozancla</emphasis>
Warren, 1893
</taxonomicName>
(unnamed G3) is sister to the clade comprising
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" box="[1398,1541,335,361]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dysphaniini">Dysphaniini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Pitkin et al." authorityYear="2007" box="[551,729,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pseudoterpnini">Pseudoterpnini</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[737,783,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">s.str</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Sihvonen P &amp; Mutanen M &amp; Kaila L &amp; Brehm G &amp; Hausmann A &amp; Staude HS" box="[798,1052,375,401]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="20356" part="6" refId="ref20700" refString="Sihvonen P, Mutanen M, Kaila L, Brehm G, Hausmann A, Staude HS. 2011. Comprehensive molecular sampling yields a robust phylogeny for geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). PLOS ONE 6 (6): e 20356 DOI 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0020356." title="Comprehensive molecular sampling yields a robust phylogeny for geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)" type="journal article" year="2011">
<emphasis box="[798,1052,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authority="Murillo-Ramos &amp; Brehm &amp; Sihvonen &amp; Hausmann &amp; Holm &amp; Ghanavi &amp; Õunap &amp; Truuverk &amp; Staude &amp; Friedrich &amp; Tammaru &amp; Wahlberg, 2019" authorityName="Murillo-Ramos &amp; Brehm &amp; Sihvonen &amp; Hausmann &amp; Holm &amp; Ghanavi &amp; Õunap &amp; Truuverk &amp; Staude &amp; Friedrich &amp; Tammaru &amp; Wahlberg" authorityYear="2019" box="[798,903,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="new subfamily" subFamily="Sihvonen">Sihvonen</taxonomicName>
et al. (2011)
</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
did not include
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[1250,1383,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Xenozancla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1250,1383,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Xenozancla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their analyses and suggested a sister relationship of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" box="[1045,1188,415,441]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dysphaniini">Dysphaniini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Pitkin et al." authorityYear="2007" box="[1250,1430,415,441]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pseudoterpnini">Pseudoterpnini</taxonomicName>
, but with low support. According to
<bibRefCitation author="Ban X &amp; Jiang N &amp; Cheng R &amp; Xue D &amp; Han H." box="[817,1012,455,481]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="653 - 672" part="184" refId="ref18087" refString="Ban X, Jiang N, Cheng R, Xue D, Han H. 2018. Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184 (3): 653 - 672 DOI 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 013." title="Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions" type="journal article" year="2018">
<emphasis box="[817,1012,455,481]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ban et al. (2018)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[1027,1160,455,481]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Xenozancla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1027,1160,455,481]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Xenozancla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more closely related to
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Pitkin et al." authorityYear="2007" box="[498,676,494,520]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pseudoterpnini">Pseudoterpnini</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[684,730,495,520]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">s.str</emphasis>
. than to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" box="[836,982,494,520]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dysphaniini">Dysphaniini</taxonomicName>
. However, due to low support,
<bibRefCitation author="Ban X &amp; Jiang N &amp; Cheng R &amp; Xue D &amp; Han H." box="[1349,1542,494,521]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="653 - 672" part="184" refId="ref18087" refString="Ban X, Jiang N, Cheng R, Xue D, Han H. 2018. Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184 (3): 653 - 672 DOI 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 013." title="Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions" type="journal article" year="2018">
<emphasis box="[1349,1542,494,521]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ban et al. (2018)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
did not propose a taxonomic assignment for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[1028,1161,534,560]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Xenozancla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1028,1161,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Xenozancla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is currently not assigned to a tribe. Although our IQ-TREE results show that
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[1117,1250,574,600]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Xenozancla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1117,1250,574,600]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Xenozancla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to a clade comprising
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" box="[636,779,614,640]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dysphaniini">Dysphaniini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Pitkin et al." authorityYear="2007" box="[835,1013,614,640]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pseudoterpnini">Pseudoterpnini</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1020,1065,615,640]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">s.str</emphasis>
., the RAxML analysis did not recover the same phylogenetic relationships. Instead,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" box="[981,1124,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Dysphaniini">Dysphaniini</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Pitkin et al." authorityYear="2007" box="[1155,1333,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pseudoterpnini">Pseudoterpnini</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1340,1386,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">s.str</emphasis>
. are found to be sister taxa, but
<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[704,837,694,720]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Xenozancla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[704,837,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Xenozancla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is placed close to
<taxonomicName authority="(Wehrli, 1924)" baseAuthorityName="Wehrli" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[1042,1501,694,720]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Rhomborista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monosticta">
<emphasis box="[1042,1322,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhomborista monosticta</emphasis>
(Wehrli, 1924)
</taxonomicName>
. As in
<bibRefCitation author="Ban X &amp; Jiang N &amp; Cheng R &amp; Xue D &amp; Han H." box="[531,726,734,760]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="653 - 672" part="184" refId="ref18087" refString="Ban X, Jiang N, Cheng R, Xue D, Han H. 2018. Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184 (3): 653 - 672 DOI 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 013." title="Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions" type="journal article" year="2018">
<emphasis box="[531,726,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ban et al. (2018)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, our results do not allow us to reach a conclusion about the phylogenetic affinities of these tribes, due to low support of nodes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[498,1542,335,1597]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The Australian genus
<taxonomicName authority="Meyrick, 1888" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1888" box="[791,1113,813,839]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Crypsiphona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[791,937,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Crypsiphona</emphasis>
Meyrick, 1888
</taxonomicName>
(unnamed G4) was placed close to
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Ban et al." authorityYear="2018" box="[498,634,853,879]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1888" box="[646,792,853,879]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Crypsiphona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[646,792,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Crypsiphona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been assigned to
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Pitkin et al." authorityYear="2007" box="[1045,1223,853,879]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pseudoterpnini">Pseudoterpnini</taxonomicName>
(e. g.
<bibRefCitation author="Pitkin LM &amp; Han HX &amp; James S." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="343 - 412" part="150" refId="ref20030" refString="Pitkin LM, Han HX, James S. 2007. Moths of the tribe Pseudoterpnini (Geometridae: Geometrinae): a review of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (2): 343 - 412 DOI 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00287. x." title="Moths of the tribe Pseudoterpnini (Geometridae: Geometrinae): a review of the genera" type="journal article" year="2007">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Pitkin, Han &amp; James, 2007</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Ounap E &amp; Viidalepp J." box="[568,867,893,920]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="113 - 124" part="48" refId="ref19743" refString="Ounap E, Viidalepp J. 2009. Description of Crypsiphona tasmanica sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Geometrinae), with notes on limitations in using DNA barcodes for delimiting species. Australian Journal of Entomology 48 (2): 113 - 124 DOI 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.2009.00695. x." title="Description of Crypsiphona tasmanica sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Geometrinae), with notes on limitations in using DNA barcodes for delimiting species" type="journal article" year="2009">
<emphasis box="[568,867,893,920]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Õunap &amp; Viidalepp, 2009</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
), but is recovered as a separate lineage in our tree. Given the isolated position of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1888" box="[777,923,933,959]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Crypsiphona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[777,923,933,959]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Crypsiphona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the designation of a new tribe could be considered, but due to low support of nodes in our analyses, further information (including morphology) is needed to confirm the phylogenetic position of this genus. In our phylogenetic hypothesis, a large clade including the former tribes
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fergusson" authorityYear="1969" box="[1276,1464,1052,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lophochoristini">Lophochoristini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Exposito" authorityYear="1978" box="[498,632,1092,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Heliotheini">Heliotheini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hausmann" authorityYear="1996" box="[644,791,1092,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Microloxiini">Microloxiini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Herbulot" authorityYear="1963" box="[803,912,1092,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thalerini">Thalerini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1961" box="[925,1097,1092,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhomboristini">Rhomboristini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1961" box="[1109,1249,1092,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemistolini">Hemistolini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1961" box="[1261,1407,1092,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Comostolini">Comostolini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1961" box="[1420,1490,1092,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Jodini">Jodini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1961" box="[498,646,1132,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thalassodini">Thalassodini</taxonomicName>
is recovered as sister to the rest of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1066,1220,1132,1158]" pageId="24" pageNumber="12" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geometrinae">Geometrinae</taxonomicName>
. These results are in full agreement with
<bibRefCitation author="Ban X &amp; Jiang N &amp; Cheng R &amp; Xue D &amp; Han H." box="[682,870,1172,1198]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="653 - 672" part="184" refId="ref18087" refString="Ban X, Jiang N, Cheng R, Xue D, Han H. 2018. Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184 (3): 653 - 672 DOI 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 013." title="Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions" type="journal article" year="2018">
<emphasis box="[682,870,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ban et al. (2018)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, who synonymized all of these tribes with
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Ban et al." authorityYear="2018" box="[1358,1489,1172,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[498,1542,335,1597]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Although the monophyly of
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Ban et al." authorityYear="2018" box="[823,951,1212,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
is strongly supported, our findings recovered only a few monophyletic subtribes. For example, genera placed in Hemitheina were intermixed with those belonging to Microloxiina, Thalassodina and Jodina. Moreover, many genera which were unassigned to tribe, were recovered as belonging to
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Ban et al." authorityYear="2018" box="[1139,1270,1331,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
. Our findings recovered
<taxonomicName authority="Prout, 1912" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1912" box="[498,756,1371,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lophostola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[498,619,1371,1397]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lophostola</emphasis>
Prout, 1912
</taxonomicName>
as sister to all
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Ban et al." authorityYear="2018" box="[920,1051,1371,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
. These results are quite different from those found by
<bibRefCitation author="Ban X &amp; Jiang N &amp; Cheng R &amp; Xue D &amp; Han H." box="[610,798,1411,1437]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="653 - 672" part="184" refId="ref18087" refString="Ban X, Jiang N, Cheng R, Xue D, Han H. 2018. Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184 (3): 653 - 672 DOI 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 013." title="Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions" type="journal article" year="2018">
<emphasis box="[610,798,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ban et al. (2018)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
who suggested Rhomboristina as being sister to the rest of
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Ban et al." authorityYear="2018" box="[498,629,1451,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
. In contrast, our results recovered Rhomboristina mingled with Hemistolina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[498,1542,335,1597]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
These different results are probably influenced by the presence of African and Madagascan
<taxonomicName authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1912" box="[498,619,1531,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lophostola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[498,619,1531,1557]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lophostola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our analysis. In our opinion the subtribe concept, as applied in
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Ban et al." authorityYear="2018" box="[1381,1509,1531,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
earlier, is not practical and we do not advocate its use in geometrid classification.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>