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<document id="14F61DD4A90D2B87AF87AF0BF5CA4205" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.194932" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c0814b9e-2c45-468b-85ba-2482e04d5541" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="194932" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460219688665" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gershwin, Lisa-Ann &amp; Zeidler, Wolfgang" docDate="2010" docId="03F36103FF8CFFD7FF43FA0BFD1DFE5C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02439p034.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2439" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Csiromedusa medeopolis Gershwin &amp; Zeidler, 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFCA197BFF8EFFDFFFD4FF84FFC9FF80" masterDocTitle="Csiromedusa medeopolis: a remarkable Tasmanian medusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Narcomedusae) comprising a new family, genus and species" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="24" pageNumber="26" updateTime="1698237487995" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="41D6D3311DFC5F24F73C9659A051A6B2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="171FC795A34363E6BECA5095F8243F9E">
<mods:title id="5A924EFFD78DC47FA485EE1EBA5A0BD3">Csiromedusa medeopolis: a remarkable Tasmanian medusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Narcomedusae) comprising a new family, genus and species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="30AAD1778A9F864D9C02BE01ED5BFE8B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2D1B7F8A7BF9726ED09A772B42B85AB2">
<mods:roleTerm id="A2B6FE68CA9EB776C581CD02D9366B26">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CC6CCE471A0265A30CC189213BEA15C3">Gershwin, Lisa-Ann</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="42342DD60BA9E1AE1B7708258A5BC575" type="personal">
<mods:role id="EDF705D1700B0C9E572803C36D0BADD5">
<mods:roleTerm id="5DE3F80E7CB78942750DE88AD8D77914">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E2AB058B68D13A28A9AC9216AB150731">Zeidler, Wolfgang</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="61A55F5E0C63CD48F4182C9DD75B03C3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="23D0DE84821EECAF05B426FD3757BDD7" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="34244EFB567B75D5E45894DA0C2BDB9A">
<mods:title id="10BE329E826DEB8C6A1E1C59E82139E5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="8BCFE0AB4AFC308E33558F8D06C485DA">
<mods:date id="BA5AEEFB22877B2B60429DAF109FE51E">2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="B826A237D3875CA1CDC79C9CE7334F6D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D974BAB1900AA9120D0547535CED1293">2439</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="4CF2B2B9EDF3F0D4F30523141760697A">24</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="BCD24C2D38083AE3D2D76B708BFAE41B">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5CF84B530164F64F6EFB0CA7626F0FDE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.194932</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3EFB75C02E4D76445657BE457F1FB3EC" type="GBIF-Dataset">c0814b9e-2c45-468b-85ba-2482e04d5541</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E89F8B2067489363A86D9B32AA769962" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1AEC51822D5A4E307411A80FEC749BCC" type="Zenodo-Dep">194932</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03F36103FF8CFFD7FF43FA0BFD1DFE5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614829" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119385049" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614829" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F36103FF8CFFD7FF43FA0BFD1DFE5C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F36103FF8CFFD7FF43FA0BFD1DFE5C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">
<subSubSection id="C340839EFF8CFFDDFF43FA0BFEC6FA4C" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8CFFDDFF43FA0BFDE1FA29" blockId="2.[151,552,1423,1484]" box="[151,552,1423,1449]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">
<heading id="D0AD6779FF8CFFDDFF43FA0BFDE1FA29" bold="true" box="[151,552,1423,1449]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8CFFDDFF43FA0BFDE1FA29" bold="true" box="[151,552,1423,1449]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8CFFDDFF43FA0BFE0AFA29" ID-CoL="3245N" box="[151,451,1423,1449]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="medeopolis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8CFFDDFF43FA0BFE0AFA29" bold="true" box="[151,451,1423,1449]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">Csiromedusa medeopolis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21DB17CFF8CFFDDFE1FFA0BFDE1FA29" box="[459,552,1423,1449]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8CFFDDFF43FA36FEC6FA4C" blockId="2.[151,552,1423,1484]" box="[151,271,1458,1484]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">Plates 1, 2</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340839EFF8CFFDDFF43FA79FE75F952" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8CFFDDFF43FA79FD48F907" blockId="2.[151,1436,1533,1970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8CFFDDFF43FA79FE47F997" bold="true" box="[151,398,1533,1559]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8CFFDDFE42FA79FDCBF996" box="[406,514,1533,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8CFFDDFE42FA79FDCBF996" box="[406,514,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED4B48D0FF8CFFDDFDC7FA79FDA3F997" box="[531,618,1533,1559]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/88vw-h26m" name="Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">TMAG</collectionCode>
K3696 (=GZ0200),
<collectionCode id="ED4B48D0FF8CFFDDFCB5FA79FC71F997" box="[865,952,1533,1559]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0k2v-y6wz" name="Australian National Fish Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">CSIRO</collectionCode>
Wharf, Battery Point, Hobart, Tasmania [42˚53’11.5”S, 147˚20’21.2”E], coll. by W. Zeidler and L. Gershwin
<date id="FFE4F6D5FF8CFFDDFC16F9A6FB4EF9BC" box="[962,1159,1570,1596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" value="2002-02-01">1 February 2002</date>
; 1.24mm BD, male.
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8CFFDDFF43F9CCFEDAF9E1" box="[151,275,1608,1633]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8CFFDDFF43F9CCFEDAF9E1" box="[151,275,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED4B48D0FF8CFFDDFEF0F9CCFEACF9E2" box="[292,357,1608,1634]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">SAM</collectionCode>
H1099 (=GZ0199), same data as
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8CFFDDFCDDF9CCFCBEF9E2" box="[777,887,1608,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, but separate tow; 3 loose specimens, plus
<specimenCount id="9D5C1B9CFF8CFFDDFA59F9CCFECFF907" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
mounted on a microscope slide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8CFFDDFF10F916FE75F952" blockId="2.[151,1436,1533,1970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8CFFDDFF10F916FE0CF92C" bold="true" box="[196,453,1682,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">Additional material:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED4B48D0FF8CFFDDFE19F916FDC4F92C" box="[461,525,1682,1708]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">SAM</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED4B48D0FF8CFFDDFDC0F916FD89F92C" box="[532,576,1682,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">XH</collectionCode>
1099 (ex. GZ0199), same data as
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8CFFDDFC1BF916FBF0F92C" box="[975,1081,1682,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, but separate tow;
<specimenCount id="9D5C1B9CFF8CFFDDFAC2F916FA55F92C" box="[1302,1436,1682,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
frozen in liquid nitrogen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340839EFF8CFFDDFF12F959FE23F977" box="[198,490,1757,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8CFFDDFF12F959FE23F977" blockId="2.[151,1436,1533,1970]" box="[198,490,1757,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8CFFDDFF12F959FE8FF977" bold="true" box="[198,326,1757,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F34D9085FF8CFFDDFE99F959FEA4F977" box="[333,365,1757,1783]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">As</collectingCountry>
for genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340839EFF8CFFD9FF12F886FDCBF887" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8CFFDDFF12F886FF3EF832" blockId="2.[151,1436,1533,1970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8CFFDDFF12F886FE39F89C" bold="true" box="[198,496,1794,1820]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26">
Description of
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8CFFDDFEA9F886FE22F89C" box="[381,491,1794,1820]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Body considerably flatter than a hemisphere, evenly rounded with a large aboral invagination with a beveled edge. Exumbrella in life covered with faintly visible mosaic of nematocyst patches; when preserved, the mosaic pattern is absent, and instead the exumbrellar surface is sparsely covered with minute warts. Margin of the body scalloped into 8 well defined broad lobes, separated by tentacular peronia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8DFFDCFF10FF1CFA5CFF7C" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">Tentacles 8, arising from the exumbrella in two alternating whorls; one (“marginal”) whorl originating from beneath a shallow mesogleal covering, located approximately a quarter of the way up the exumbrella toward the apex; the other (“apical”) whorl lacking this shelf, located nearly half the way up toward the apex.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8DFFDCFF10FE8CFCA7FEEC" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">Stomach 8-pointed star-shaped, frosty in appearance, corresponding radially with the 8 tentacles; all stomach pouches reach to point of origin of tentacles. Mouth small, round, simple, approximately one-third the diameter of the stomach; with a slightly thickened margin.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8DFFDCFF10FEFCFC46FD82" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">
Structures that we believe to be gonads are described as follows: vertical in orientation and granular in form, resembling sky-scrapers, icebergs or boulder outcroppings, protruding from the apical conical cavity which is open to the surrounding water, separated from the stomach by a thin membrane; smooth-surfaced in the
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8DFFDCFF16FE6CFEE5FD82" box="[194,300,488,514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, consistent with, and therefore interpreted as, testes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8DFFDCFF10FD89FCF8FDF2" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">Statocysts of the free ectodermal form, 8, interradial. Otoporpae 8, 1 per interradius, located immediately distal to the statocyst, short and narrow. Velum thin and narrow; proximally scalloped into 8 triangular sections, separated by the statocysts; distally continuous.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8DFFDCFF10FDF9FAD7FD3C" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">Colouration in life: proximal tips of tentacles and the cells beneath the statocysts crimson; tentacles and stomach translucent whitish; gonad (?) opaque off-white; all other parts transparent and colourless.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8DFFDCFF12FD43FE36FCD4" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8DFFDCFF12FD43FE34FD61" bold="true" box="[198,509,711,737]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">
Variation from
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8DFFDCFE5EFD43FE3EFD61" box="[394,503,711,737]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
One
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8DFFDCFDEAFD4CFD6AFD62" box="[574,675,712,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
has only 7 rays, 4 corresponding with the more aboral whorl of tentacles, and 3 with the more oral whorl, while another has 9 rays, with 5 corresponding to the aboral whorl and 4 with the oral whorl. The third
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8DFFDCFD94FC91FD6CFCAF" box="[576,677,789,815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
has 8 rays, with 4 tentacles to each whorl, and the 4th
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8DFFDCFAC8FC91FA48FCAF" box="[1308,1409,789,815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
is too damaged to count the rays.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8DFFDCFF43F81BFC17F836" blockId="3.[151,990,1951,1975]" box="[151,990,1951,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8DFFDCFF43F81BFEC1F837" bold="true" box="[151,264,1951,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">PLATE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8DFFDCFEDBF824FDD2F837" box="[271,539,1952,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="3" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="medeopolis">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8DFFDCFEDBF824FDD2F837" box="[271,539,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">Csiromedusa medeopolis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8DFFDCFDF5F81BFD01F837" bold="true" box="[545,712,1951,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
,
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8DFFDCFD01F81BFCFCF836" box="[725,821,1951,1974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, live, oral view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8AFFDBFF43F8FCFD96F82F" blockId="4.[151,1436,1912,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8AFFDBFF43F8FCFEC0F810" bold="true" box="[151,265,1912,1936]" pageId="4" pageNumber="28">PLATE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8AFFDBFEC4F8FDFDD7F810" box="[272,542,1913,1936]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="4" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="medeopolis">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8AFFDBFEC4F8FDFDD7F810" box="[272,542,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="28">Csiromedusa medeopolis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8AFFDBFDF0F8FCFD04F810" bold="true" box="[548,717,1912,1936]" pageId="4" pageNumber="28">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
,
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF8AFFDBFD0FF8FCFCF2F80F" box="[731,827,1912,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, drawn from life and preserved. A. Oral view. B. Aboral view. C. Lateral view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF25809DFF8BFFDAFF43FF13FBF1FF4F" ID-Table-UUID="DF25809DFF8BFFDAFF43FF13FBF1FF4F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF25809DFF8BFFDAFF43FF13FBF1FF4F" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[151,1436,226,1779]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8BFFDAFF43FF13FBF1FF4F" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,207]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF43FF13FEC2FF2F" bold="true" box="[151,267,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Primary characters of larval and juvenile
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFD02FF1CFCB0FF2F" box="[726,889,152,175]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
, compared with
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFBFAFF1CFAF4FF2F" box="[1070,1341,152,175]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="medeopolis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFBFAFF1CFAF4FF2F" box="[1070,1341,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Csiromedusa medeopolis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21DB17CFF8BFFDAFA91FF13FA55FF2F" box="[1349,1436,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFA91FF13FA55FF2F" bold="true" box="[1349,1436,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Only those species for which the juvenile stage has been described are included herein.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8BFFDAFE82FF66FAA0F973" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<table id="F95A22B5FF8B0020FF43FF66FA55F973" box="[151,1436,226,1779]" gridcols="7" gridrows="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FF66FA55FF77" box="[151,1436,226,247]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FF66FE35FF77" box="[342,508,226,247]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Bell Diameter</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFF66FD78FF77" box="[526,689,226,247]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Tentacles</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FF66FCA3FF77" box="[709,874,226,247]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Manubrium</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FF66FBE9FF77" box="[892,1056,226,247]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Otoporpae</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FF66FB10FF77" box="[1076,1241,226,247]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Habitat</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FF66FA55FF77" box="[1260,1436,226,247]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Source</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FE8EFA55FEDA" box="[151,1436,266,346]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FE8EFE8BFEDA" box="[151,322,266,346]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFE8EFF06FEDA" authority="Eschscholtz, 1829" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aeginidae" genus="Aegina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="citrea">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFE8EFEE9FE9F" box="[159,288,266,287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Aegina citrea</emphasis>
Eschscholtz, 1829
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FE8EFE35FEDA" box="[342,508,266,346]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">1mm</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFE8EFD78FEDA" box="[526,689,266,346]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">4, in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FE8EFCA3FEDA" box="[709,874,266,346]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Mouth simple and circular</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FE8EFBE9FEDA" box="[892,1056,266,346]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FE8EFB10FEDA" box="[1076,1241,266,346]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FE8EFA55FEDA" box="[1260,1436,266,346]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Thiel (1936); Russell (1953)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FEE9FA55FE5A" box="[151,1436,365,474]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FEE9FE8BFE5A" box="[151,322,365,474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFEE9FEF8FE5A" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1833" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aeginidae" genus="Solmundella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFEE9FED4FE1F" box="[159,285,365,415]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Solmundella bitentaculata</emphasis>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1833)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FEE9FE35FE5A" box="[342,508,365,474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Early embryology only)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFEE9FD78FE5A" box="[526,689,365,474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FEE9FCA3FE5A" box="[709,874,365,474]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FEE9FBE9FE5A" box="[892,1056,365,474]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FEE9FB10FE5A" box="[1076,1241,365,474]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FEE9FA55FE5A" box="[1260,1436,365,474]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Metschnikoff (1886a); Berrill (1950)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FE69FA55FDF7" box="[151,1436,493,631]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FE69FE8BFDF7" box="[151,322,493,631]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFE69FEFEFD9F" authority="Browne, 1906" authorityName="Browne" authorityYear="1906" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fowleri">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFE69FEF9FD82" box="[159,304,493,514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunina fowleri</emphasis>
(Browne, 1906)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FE69FE35FDF7" box="[342,508,493,631]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Medusa-buds very small in stomach of 4mm parent</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFE69FD78FDF7" box="[526,689,493,631]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">8 in medusa- buds and parent; in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FE69FCA3FDF7" box="[709,874,493,631]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Long, cylindrical</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FE69FBE9FDF7" box="[892,1056,493,631]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">2 per lobe, extending a short distance up exumbrellar side of lobe</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FE69FB10FDF7" box="[1076,1241,493,631]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Medusa-buds on immature parent</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FE69FA55FDF7" box="[1260,1436,493,631]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Browne (1906)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FD0EFA55FD5A" box="[151,1436,650,730]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FD0EFE8BFD5A" box="[151,322,650,730]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFD0EFED4FD3C" authority="Kramp, 1948" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1948" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="frugifera">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFD0EFE88FD1F" box="[159,321,650,671]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunina frugifera</emphasis>
Kramp, 1948
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FD0EFE35FD5A" box="[342,508,650,730]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Very small (adult 8mm BD)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFD0EFD78FD5A" box="[526,689,650,730]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">8, in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FD0EFCA3FD5A" box="[709,874,650,730]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Very long and conical</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FD0EFBE9FD5A" box="[892,1056,650,730]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Not present in young</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FD0EFB10FD5A" box="[1076,1241,650,730]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Subumbrellar side of stomach pouches of adult</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FD0EFA55FD5A" box="[1260,1436,650,730]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Kramp (1948)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FD69FA55FCDA" box="[151,1436,749,858]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FD69FE8BFCDA" box="[151,322,749,858]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFD69FE8BFCBC" authority="Gegenbaur, 1856" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1856" box="[159,322,749,828]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lativentris">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFD69FEC9FC9F" box="[159,256,749,799]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunina lativentris</emphasis>
Gegenbaur, 1856
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FD69FE35FCDA" box="[342,508,749,858]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">7–10mm, discoid</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFD69FD78FCDA" box="[526,689,749,858]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">8–12 (typically 10)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FD69FCA3FCDA" box="[709,874,749,858]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Short, open wide</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FD69FBE9FCDA" box="[892,1056,749,858]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FD69FB10FCDA" box="[1076,1241,749,858]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
In parapodia of polychaete
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFBE0FCACFBBFFCDA" box="[1076,1180,808,858]" class="Polychaeta" family="Tomopteridae" genus="Tomopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nisseni">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFBE0FCACFBBFFCDA" box="[1076,1180,808,858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Tomopteris nisseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FD69FA55FCDA" box="[1260,1436,749,858]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Damas (1936); Kramp (1947)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FCE9FA55FC77" box="[151,1436,877,1015]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FCE9FE8BFC77" box="[151,322,877,1015]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFCE9FEFDFC3C" authority="McCrady, 1859" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" box="[159,308,877,956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octonaria">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFCE9FF35FC1F" box="[159,252,877,927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunina octonaria</emphasis>
McCrady, 1859
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FCE9FE35FC77" box="[342,508,877,1015]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Larva leaves host at 1.25mm; mature to 7mm</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFCE9FD78FC77" box="[526,689,877,1015]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">2 then 4 then 8 in actinula, 8 in early medusa while still attached and in</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FCE9FCA3FC77" box="[709,874,877,1015]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Very long, cylindrical</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FCE9FBE9FC77" box="[892,1056,877,1015]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">24, as mere dots or small elliptical marks</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FCE9FB10FC77" box="[1076,1241,877,1015]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
Parasitic in bell cavity of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFBE0FC2CFB45FC5A" box="[1076,1181,936,986]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFBE0FC2CFB45FC5A" box="[1076,1181,936,986]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Turritopsis nutricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and others
</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FCE9FA55FC77" box="[1260,1436,877,1015]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">McCrady(1859); Wilson (1887); Mayer (1910); Brooks (1886); Bouillon (1987)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FB97FA55FB1E" box="[151,1436,1043,1182]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FB97FE8BFB1E" box="[151,322,1043,1182]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFB97FF06FB00" authority="H. B. Bigelow, 1909" authorityName="H. B. Bigelow" authorityYear="1909" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="peregrina">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFB97FF34FBC6" box="[159,253,1043,1094]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunina peregrina</emphasis>
H. B. Bigelow, 1909
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FB97FE35FB1E" box="[342,508,1043,1182]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Adult 14mm, highly arched</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFB97FD78FB1E" box="[526,689,1043,1182]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">8 in stolon larvae; 8–12 in adults; in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FB97FCA3FB1E" box="[709,874,1043,1182]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Several times bell length</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FB97FBE9FB1E" box="[892,1056,1043,1182]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Not described for stolon larvae</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FB97FB10FB1E" box="[1076,1241,1043,1182]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
Stolon on
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFBE0FBB5FB49FBE3" box="[1076,1209,1073,1123]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Rhopalonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velatum">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFBE0FBB5FB49FBE3" box="[1076,1209,1073,1123]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Rhopalonema velatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFBE0FBEFFB7AFB1E" box="[1076,1203,1131,1182]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aeginidae" genus="Solmundella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFBE0FBEFFB7AFB1E" box="[1076,1203,1131,1182]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Solmundella bitentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FB97FA55FB1E" box="[1260,1436,1043,1182]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Bigelow (1909); Mayer (1910); Bouillon (1987)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FB3DFA55FAC4" box="[151,1436,1209,1348]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FB3DFE8BFAC4" box="[151,322,1209,1348]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFB3EFF17FAC4" authority="Metschnikoff &amp; Metschnikoff (1871)" authorityName="Metschnikoff &amp; Metschnikoff" authorityYear="1871" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="proboscidea">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFB3EFEDDFB6C" box="[159,276,1210,1260]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunina proboscidea</emphasis>
Metschnikoff &amp; Metschnikoff (1871)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FB3DFE35FAC4" box="[342,508,1209,1348]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Larvae minute</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFB3DFD78FAC4" box="[526,689,1209,1348]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">4 in degenerate medusae; 9–14 in adult; in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FB3DFCA3FAC4" box="[709,874,1209,1348]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">In adult, long, conical, projecting beyond velar opening</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FB3DFBE9FAC4" box="[892,1056,1209,1348]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Lacking in degenerate medusae</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FB3DFB10FAC4" box="[1076,1241,1209,1348]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Adult medusa hosts 4-tentacled degenerate medusae, which produce planulae</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FB3DFA55FAC4" box="[1260,1436,1209,1348]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Metschnikoff (1886a); Woltereck (1905); Stschelkanowze</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FAE4FA55FA2F" box="[151,1436,1376,1455]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FAE4FE8BFA2F" box="[151,322,1376,1455]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFAE4FF1EFA2F" authority="Gegenbaur 1856" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1856" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFAE4FE89FAF5" box="[159,320,1376,1397]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunina prolifera</emphasis>
(Gegenbaur 1856)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FAE4FE35FA2F" box="[342,508,1376,1455]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Adult to 16.5mm</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFAE4FD78FA2F" box="[526,689,1376,1455]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Young have 4, then 8, then 11– 16; in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FAE4FCA3FA2F" box="[709,874,1376,1455]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Conical, protruding</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FAE4FBE9FA2F" box="[892,1056,1376,1455]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Absent in young</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FAE4FB10FA2F" box="[1076,1241,1376,1455]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Medusae budded from stomach wall of parent</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FAE4FA55FA2F" box="[1260,1436,1376,1455]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Mayer (1910)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43FA46FA55F9CD" box="[151,1436,1474,1613]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43FA46FE8BF9CD" box="[151,322,1474,1613]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BFA47FEE0F992" authority="Haeckel, 1864" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1864" box="[159,297,1475,1554]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rhododactyla">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BFA47FED6FA75" box="[159,287,1475,1525]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunina rhododactyla</emphasis>
Haeckel, 1864
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82FA46FE35F9CD" box="[342,508,1474,1613]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Adult to 11mm BD</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAFA46FD78F9CD" box="[526,689,1474,1613]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">10–15 in adult, in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11FA46FCA3F9CD" box="[709,874,1474,1613]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Simple, open</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8FA46FBE9F9CD" box="[892,1056,1474,1613]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">1 per lobe; or 4– 5 per lobe in adult</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0FA46FB10F9CD" box="[1076,1241,1474,1613]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38FA46FA55F9CD" box="[1260,1436,1474,1613]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Metschnikoff (1874) [not considered valid species by Bouillon &amp;</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF8B0020FF43F9EDFA55F973" box="[151,1436,1641,1779]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FF43F9EDFE8BF973" box="[151,322,1641,1779]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFF4BF9EDFED2F938" authority="Muller, 1861" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1861" box="[159,283,1641,1720]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunoctantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kollikeri">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFF4BF9EDFF26F91B" box="[159,283,1641,1691]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunoctantha kollikeri</emphasis>
Müller, 1861
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FE82F9EDFE35F973" box="[342,508,1641,1779]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Up to 80 minute larvae in stomach of host as small as 3mm</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FDDAF9EDFD78F973" box="[526,689,1641,1779]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">1–12, appearing one-by-one in larvae; in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FD11F9EDFCA3F973" box="[709,874,1641,1779]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Elongate</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FCA8F9EDFBE9F973" box="[892,1056,1641,1779]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FBE0F9EDFB10F973" box="[1076,1241,1641,1779]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
In stomach of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF8BFFDAFBE0F902FB79F91B" box="[1076,1200,1670,1691]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunoctantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF8BFFDAFBE0F902FB79F91B" box="[1076,1200,1670,1691]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Cunoctantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possibly parent
</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF8B0020FB38F9EDFA55F973" box="[1260,1436,1641,1779]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">Mayer (1910) [not considered valid species by Bouillon &amp; Boero, 2000]</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF8BFFD9FB06F882FDCBF887" blockId="5.[1234,1427,1798,1819]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,1661,2022]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="29">
continued next page Bell Diameter Tentacles Manubrium Otoporpae Habitat Source
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF12F9F9FD82F917" bold="true" box="[198,587,1661,1687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Plankton sample observations.</emphasis>
First impression is a small flat whitish disk with a white manubrium approximately half as long as the bell diameter. In fact, the part that looks like the manubrium is what we interpret as the brooding chamber, and it is aboral rather than oral in position. Very inactive, will be found on the bottom of the sorting bowl.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF25809DFF88FFD9FF4BFF1BFEB2FF34" ID-Table-UUID="DF25809DFF88FFD9FF4BFF1BFEB2FF34" box="[159,379,159,180]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF25809DFF88FFD9FF4BFF1BFEB2FF34" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[159,1417,239,1567]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF88FFD9FF4BFF1BFEB2FF34" blockId="6.[159,1327,159,220]" box="[159,379,159,180]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF4BFF1BFECFFF34" bold="true" box="[159,262,159,180]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
(continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF88FFD9FF4BFF74FAE4FA64" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<table id="F95A22B5FF880020FF4BFF6BFA40F99F" box="[159,1417,239,1567]" gridcols="7" gridrows="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<tr id="356AD257FF880020FF4BFF6BFA40FDAA" box="[159,1417,239,554]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FF4BFF6BFE8AFDAA" box="[159,323,239,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FF4BFF74FF06FEDC" authority="Metschnikoff, 1881" authorityName="Metschnikoff" authorityYear="1881" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunoctantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF4BFF74FEC9FEA2" box="[159,283,240,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Cunoctantha parasitica</emphasis>
Metschnikoff, 1881
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FE82FF6BFE22FDAA" box="[342,491,239,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Larva minute; adult to 7mm</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FDDAFF6BFD78FDAA" box="[526,689,239,554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">8 while still attached to stolon; 8 in adult; in one whorl</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FD11FF6BFCA0FDAA" box="[709,873,239,554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Very long</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FCA8FF6BFBE9FDAA" box="[892,1056,239,554]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">In young, 8 developing after sense clubs</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FBE0FF6BFB04FDAA" box="[1076,1229,239,554]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
Parasitic stolon larva on proboscis or margin of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FBE0FEE1FB47FEFA" box="[1076,1166,357,378]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" genus="Geryonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FBE0FEE1FB47FEFA" box="[1076,1166,357,378]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Geryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FB38FF6BFA40FDAA" box="[1260,1417,239,554]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
Metschnikoff (1881); Metschnikoff (1886b); Korotneff (1891); Fewkes (1884); Mayer (1910) [=
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FAD9FE5EFAA5FDAA" authority="Kramp, 1957" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1957" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octonaria">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FAD9FE5EFA80FD8D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Cunina octonaria</emphasis>
, Kramp, 1957
</taxonomicName>
]
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF880020FF4BFDB9FA40FC82" box="[159,1417,573,770]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FF4BFDB9FE8AFC82" box="[159,323,573,770]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FF4BFDB9FF06FD0C" authority="R.P. Bigelow, 1908" authorityName="R.P. Bigelow" authorityYear="1908" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clara">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF4BFDB9FEFDFDD2" box="[159,308,573,594]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Pegantha clara</emphasis>
R.P. Bigelow, 1908
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FE82FDB9FE22FC82" box="[342,491,573,770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Larva 2mm</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FDDAFDB9FD78FC82" box="[526,689,573,770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">2 in actinula; 4 from metamorphosis to 2mm; at 7mm, 8 large and 8 small; in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FD11FDB9FCA0FC82" box="[709,873,573,770]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">“hanging down like the tongue of a bell”</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FCA8FDB9FBE9FC82" box="[892,1056,573,770]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">20, extremely long, nearly meeting apically</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FBE0FDB9FB04FC82" box="[1076,1229,573,770]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
Free in stomach of
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FB9AFDDEFB5FFD0D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Periphylla periphylla</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FB38FDB9FA40FC82" box="[1260,1417,573,770]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Kramp (1947)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF880020FF4BFC91FA40FC5A" box="[159,1417,789,986]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FF4BFC91FE8AFC5A" box="[159,323,789,986]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FF4BFC91FF06FC02" authority="H. B. Bigelow, 1909" authorityName="H. B. Bigelow" authorityYear="1909" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="smaragdina">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF4BFC91FEDBFCC7" box="[159,274,789,839]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Pegantha smaragdina</emphasis>
H. B. Bigelow, 1909
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FE82FC91FE22FC5A" box="[342,491,789,986]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">About 3mm at liberation, very flat</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FDDAFC91FD78FC5A" box="[526,689,789,986]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">4–8 in actinula; 10–12 in older medusa before liberation; in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FD11FC91FCA0FC5A" box="[709,873,789,986]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FCA8FC91FBE9FC5A" box="[892,1056,789,986]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Completely lacking</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FBE0FC91FB04FC5A" box="[1076,1229,789,986]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Actively swimming in stomach of parent</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FB38FC91FA40FC5A" box="[1260,1417,789,986]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Bigelow (1909); Mayer (1910); Kramp (1947) [not considered valid species by Bouillon &amp; Boero, 2000]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF880020FF4BFC69FA40FBF7" box="[159,1417,1005,1143]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FF4BFC69FE8AFBF7" box="[159,323,1005,1143]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FF4BFC69FEE0FB9F" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Pegantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="triloba">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF4BFC69FE8AFB82" box="[159,323,1005,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Pegantha triloba</emphasis>
Haeckel, 1879
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FE82FC69FE22FBF7" box="[342,491,1005,1143]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">About 1mm at liberation</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FDDAFC69FD78FBF7" box="[526,689,1005,1143]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">8 in polyp and young medusa, in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FD11FC69FCA0FBF7" box="[709,873,1005,1143]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Extremely long in polyp, not in medusa</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FCA8FC69FBE9FBF7" box="[892,1056,1005,1143]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">3 per lobe in young medusae</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FBE0FC69FB04FBF7" box="[1076,1229,1005,1143]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
Parasitic on
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FBE0FB8EFBADFBBD" box="[1076,1207,1034,1085]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Bougainvillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fulva">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FBE0FB8EFBADFBBD" box="[1076,1207,1034,1085]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Bougainvillia fulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FBE0FBC1FBB1FBF7" box="[1076,1193,1093,1143]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Pseudotiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropica">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FBE0FBC1FBB1FBF7" box="[1076,1193,1093,1143]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Pseudotiara tropica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FB38FC69FA40FBF7" box="[1260,1417,1005,1143]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Bouillon (1987)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF880020FF4BFB0EFA40FB5A" box="[159,1417,1162,1242]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FF4BFB0EFE8AFB5A" box="[159,323,1162,1242]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FF4BFB0EFED3FB5A" authority="Keferstein &amp; Ehlers 1861" authorityName="Keferstein &amp; Ehlers" authorityYear="1861" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Solmaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="corona">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF4BFB0EFEF4FB1F" box="[159,317,1162,1183]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Solmaris corona</emphasis>
(Keferstein &amp; Ehlers 1861)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FE82FB0EFE22FB5A" box="[342,491,1162,1242]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">2–3mm BD</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FDDAFB0EFD78FB5A" box="[526,689,1162,1242]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">12–16</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FD11FB0EFCA0FB5A" box="[709,873,1162,1242]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FCA8FB0EFBE9FB5A" box="[892,1056,1162,1242]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">1 per lappet</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FBE0FB0EFB04FB5A" box="[1076,1229,1162,1242]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Free-living</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FB38FB0EFA40FB5A" box="[1260,1417,1162,1242]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Browne (1900); Russell (1953)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF880020FF4BFB69FA40FABC" box="[159,1417,1261,1340]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FF4BFB69FE8AFABC" box="[159,323,1261,1340]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FF4BFB69FEFCFABC" authority="Kolliker 1853" authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1853" box="[159,309,1261,1340]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Solmaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flavescens">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF4BFB69FECBFA9F" box="[159,258,1261,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Solmaris flavescens</emphasis>
(Kölliker 1853)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FE82FB69FE22FABC" box="[342,491,1261,1340]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">0.75–2mm BD</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FDDAFB69FD78FABC" box="[526,689,1261,1340]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">11–15</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FD11FB69FCA0FABC" box="[709,873,1261,1340]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FCA8FB69FBE9FABC" box="[892,1056,1261,1340]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FBE0FB69FB04FABC" box="[1076,1229,1261,1340]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FB38FB69FA40FABC" box="[1260,1417,1261,1340]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Vanhöffen (1908); Thiel (1936)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF880020FF4BFACBFA40FA3C" box="[159,1417,1359,1468]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FF4BFACBFE8AFA3C" box="[159,323,1359,1468]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FF4BFAD4FEC7FA1F" authority="Will 1844" authorityName="Will" authorityYear="1844" box="[159,270,1360,1439]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Solmaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="leucostyla">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF4BFAD4FEC9FA02" box="[159,256,1360,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Solmaris leucostyla</emphasis>
(Will 1844)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FE82FACBFE22FA3C" box="[342,491,1359,1468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FDDAFACBFD78FA3C" box="[526,689,1359,1468]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">2–4 in actinula; 8–9 in medusa, in one whorl</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FD11FACBFCA0FA3C" box="[709,873,1359,1468]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Simple circle, not protruding</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FCA8FACBFBE9FA3C" box="[892,1056,1359,1468]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Not described; sensory clubs 2 only, on opposite sides of bell</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FBE0FACBFB04FA3C" box="[1076,1229,1359,1468]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">(Not described)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FB38FACBFA40FA3C" box="[1260,1417,1359,1468]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Metschnikoff (1874); Metschnikoff (1886a)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AD257FF880020FF4BFA4BFA40F99F" box="[159,1417,1487,1567]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<th id="76BBBB2BFF880020FF4BFA4BFE8AF99F" box="[159,323,1487,1567]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FF4BFA54FEC5F982" box="[159,285,1488,1538]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="medeopolis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF4BFA54FEC5F982" box="[159,285,1488,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Csiromedusa medeopolis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21DB17CFF88FFD9FF4BF98EFF23F99F" box="[159,234,1546,1567]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FE82FA4BFE22F99F" box="[342,491,1487,1567]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">About 1mm</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FDDAFA4BFD78F99F" box="[526,689,1487,1567]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">8, in two whorls</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FD11FA4BFCA0F99F" box="[709,873,1487,1567]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Lacking (beveled lip only)</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FCA8FA4BFBE9F99F" box="[892,1056,1487,1567]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">8, 1 distal to each statocyst</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FBE0FA4BFB04F99F" box="[1076,1229,1487,1567]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Free-living</td>
<td id="76BBBB2BFF880020FB38FA4BFA40F99F" box="[1260,1417,1487,1567]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Herein</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C340839EFF88FFD9FF12F896FCA5F841" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF88FFD9FF12F896FCA5F841" blockId="6.[151,1436,1661,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF12F896FE9AF8AC" bold="true" box="[198,339,1810,1836]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Etymology.</emphasis>
The genus name
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FDF0F897FD77F8AC" box="[548,702,1811,1836]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FDF0F897FD77F8AC" box="[548,702,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pronounced SIGH-row-med-OO-suh) is in recognition of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.
<collectingCountry id="F34D9085FF88FFD9FC2AF8B3FBD1F8D1" box="[1022,1048,1847,1873]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">O</collectingCountry>
.), from whose wharf this species was found. The species name,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF88FFD9FDCCF8D9FD6CF8F6" box="[536,677,1885,1910]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="medeopolis">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FDCCF8D9FD6CF8F6" box="[536,677,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">medeopolis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mede- (Gr., genitals), -polis (Gr., a city)), literally, “city of gonads”, is in reference to the strange arrangement of the structures that we interpret as gonads, which look like a cluster of tall buildings or icebergs. Noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340839EFF88FFD9FF12F84FFAF0F866" box="[198,1337,1995,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF88FFD9FF12F84FFAF0F866" blockId="6.[151,1436,1661,2022]" box="[198,1337,1995,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF88FFD9FF12F84FFEAEF865" bold="true" box="[198,359,1995,2021]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">Distribution.</emphasis>
Presently known only from the
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF88FFD9FD34F848FCDBF866" box="[736,786,1996,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
locality, i.e., CSIRO wharf, Hobart, Tasmania.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340839EFF89FFD7FF12FF13FD1DFE5C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF89FFD8FF12FF13FAF3FEEB" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FF12FF13FEF6FF31" bold="true" box="[198,319,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Remarks.</emphasis>
This spectacular medusa is easily distinguished from all other adult and juvenile
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FB20FF1CFA55FF32" box="[1268,1436,152,178]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
in having the main tentacles in two whorls, and in having an open apical beveled cavity, containing structures that appear to be gonads. While the peculiar arrangement of these characters could be used to separate the species as a subclass outside the
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FDEDFE83FD3FFEA1" box="[569,758,263,289]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
, it is clearly a narcomedusa in general morphological respects, and we take the conservative approach to recognize it as a narcomedusan pending further insights, particularly those gained from life cycle and molecular analyses, both beyond the scope of this paper.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF89FFD8FF12FEF2FC8EFB64" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">
One might wonder whether
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FDC0FEF2FD67FE0F" box="[532,686,374,399]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FDC0FEF2FD67FE0F" box="[532,686,374,399]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is merely the young of another species, based on its small size and fact that some
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FEADFE1FFDE8FE35" box="[377,545,411,437]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
have very strange larval stages. Unfortunately, we do not have a large size (?age) range of specimens that would elucidate the question of maturity. However, the information available on the young of other
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FE4DFE61FD89FE7F" box="[409,576,485,511]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
is convincing that
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FCCBFE62FC70FE7F" box="[799,953,486,511]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FCCBFE62FC70FE7F" box="[799,953,486,511]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique (see
<tableCitation id="C6D8E5AEFF89FFD8FBB3FE61FB09FE7F" box="[1127,1216,485,511]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,240,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,226,1779]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Primary characters of larval and juvenile Narcomedusae, compared with Csiromedusa medeopolis sp. nov. Only those species for which the juvenile stage has been described are included herein." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF25809DFF8BFFDAFF43FF13FBF1FF4F" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" tableUuid="DF25809DFF8BFFDAFF43FF13FBF1FF4F">Table 2</tableCitation>
). The larval stages and development of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FE44FD8EFE20FDA3" box="[400,489,522,547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FE44FD8EFE20FDA3" box="[400,489,522,547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Cunina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FDF0FD8EFD76FDA3" box="[548,703,522,547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunoctantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FDF0FD8EFD76FDA3" box="[548,703,522,547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Cunoctantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are surprisingly well studied (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FBE6FD8EFB27FDA4" author="McCrady" box="[1074,1262,522,548]" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbour. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History of Charleston, South Carolina, 1, 103 - 104 (1857); 105 - 221, plates 8 - 12 (1859)." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady 1859</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FB2FFD8EFF11FDC9" author="Metschnikoff" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="Metschnikoff, E. (1881) Vergleichend-embryologische studien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 36, 433 - 444, plate xxviii." type="journal article" year="1881">Metschnikoff 1881</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FF32FDABFE47FDC9" author="Fewkes" box="[230,398,559,585]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refString="Fewkes, J. W. (1884) Notes on medusae. American Naturalist, 18, 300 - 305." type="journal article" year="1884">Fewkes 1884</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FE48FDABFDF6FDC9" author="Brooks" box="[412,575,559,585]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refString="Brooks, W. K. (1886) The origin of metagenesis among the hydro-medusae. Johns Hopkins University Circulars, 5, 86 - 88." type="journal article" year="1886">Brooks 1886</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FD99FDABFCD8FDC9" author="Korotneff" box="[589,785,559,585]" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="Korotneff, A. (1891) Zoologische paradoxen. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 51, 613 - 628, pls. 30 - 32." type="journal article" year="1891">Korotneff 1891</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FCCBFDABFB8FFDC9" author="Stschelkanowzew" box="[799,1094,559,585]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="Stschelkanowzew, J. (1906) Die entstehung von Cunina proboscidea Metschn. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 17, 433 - 486, plates 29 - 30." type="journal article" year="1906">Stschelkanowzew 1906</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FB80FDABFB26FDC9" author="Mayer" box="[1108,1263,559,585]" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the World. Vol. 1 and 2, the Hydromedusae. Vol. 3, The Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C., 735 pages, 76 plates." type="book" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FB28FDABFA51FDC9" author="Berrill" box="[1276,1432,559,585]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refString="Berrill, N. J. (1950) Development and medusa-bud formation in the Hydromedusae. Quarterly Review of Biology, 25, 293 - 316, figs 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1950">Berrill 1950</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FF43FDD0FE8AFDEE" author="Bouillon" box="[151,323,596,622]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refString="Bouillon, J. (1987) Considerations sur le developpement des Narcomeduses et sur leur position phylogenetique. Indo- Malayan Zoology, 4, 189 - 278." type="journal article" year="1987">Bouillon 1987</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FE5FFDD1FDECFDEE" box="[395,549,597,622]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FE5FFDD1FDECFDEE" box="[395,549,597,622]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles neither the internal medusa-larva stage nor the external parasitic stolon-larva stage. The internal medusa-larva stages of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FCE1FDFEFF20FD39" authority="Metschnikoff &amp; Metschnikoff (1871)" authorityName="Metschnikoff &amp; Metschnikoff" authorityYear="1871" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="proboscidea">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FCE1FDFEFBE0FD13" box="[821,1065,634,659]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Cunina proboscidea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FBE6FDFEFF20FD39" author="Metschnikoff" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="Metschnikoff, E. &amp; Metschnikoff, L. (1871) Materiaux pour l'etude des Siphonophores et les meduses. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des naturalistes de Moscou, 8, 295 - 370. [Not seen]." type="journal article" year="1871">Metschnikoff &amp; Metschnikoff (1871)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, generally have four tentacles, 20 sensory clubs, no otoporpae, no stomach pouches, and a ring-like gonad in the subumbrellar ectoderm, similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FD00FD40FBFDFD5E" authority="Mayer, 1910: 478" authorityName="Mayer" authorityPageNumber="478" authorityYear="1910" box="[724,1076,708,734]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" genus="Solmaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FD00FD40FCF6FD5D" box="[724,831,708,733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Solmaris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FC9BFD40FBE2FD5E" author="Mayer" box="[847,1067,708,734]" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the World. Vol. 1 and 2, the Hydromedusae. Vol. 3, The Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C., 735 pages, 76 plates." type="book" year="1910">Mayer, 1910: 478</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; in contrast,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FB04FD40FAA5FD5D" box="[1232,1388,708,733]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FB04FD40FAA5FD5D" box="[1232,1388,708,733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has two whorls of four tentacles each (total of 8), 8 statocysts, 8 otoporpae, 8 stomach pouches, and apical “gonads”.
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FEC0FC8AFE67FCA7" box="[276,430,782,807]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FEC0FC8AFE67FCA7" box="[276,430,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more similar to the external parasitic stolon-larva stage of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FB5DFC8AFE95FCCD" authority="McCrady 1859" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunoctantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octonaria">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FB5DFC8AFA55FCA7" box="[1161,1436,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Cunoctantha octonaria</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FF4AFCB7FE9DFCCD" author="McCrady" box="[158,340,819,845]" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbour. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History of Charleston, South Carolina, 1, 103 - 104 (1857); 105 - 221, plates 8 - 12 (1859)." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FE43FCB7FC67FCCD" authority="Metschnikoff (1881)" authorityName="Metschnikoff" authorityYear="1881" box="[407,942,819,845]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunoctantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasitica">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FE43FCB7FD67FCCC" box="[407,686,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Cunoctantha parasitica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FD63FCB7FC67FCCD" author="Metschnikoff" box="[695,942,819,845]" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="Metschnikoff, E. (1881) Vergleichend-embryologische studien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 36, 433 - 444, plate xxviii." type="journal article" year="1881">Metschnikoff (1881)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which have 8 lappets, 8 tentacles (which do not change their position), 8 radial stomach pouches, and 8 marginal sense clubs, with otoporpae developing later (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FEBCFCF9FD8AFC17" author="Mayer" box="[360,579,893,919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the World. Vol. 1 and 2, the Hydromedusae. Vol. 3, The Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C., 735 pages, 76 plates." type="book" year="1910">Mayer, 1910: 462</bibRefCitation>
); however,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FD19FCF9FCA1FC16" box="[717,872,893,918]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FD19FCF9FCA1FC16" box="[717,872,893,918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has two whorls of tentacles (unlike the stolonlarvae), conspicuous otoporpae, and the “gonads”, whether they are indeed gonads or not, are unusual structures and in a unique location. Furthermore, no trace of the conspicuous protruding manubrium (or ‘tube buccal’ or ‘tube manubrial’ of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FDDBFC68FD0EFB86" author="Bouillon" box="[527,711,1004,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refString="Bouillon, J. (1987) Considerations sur le developpement des Narcomeduses et sur leur position phylogenetique. Indo- Malayan Zoology, 4, 189 - 278." type="journal article" year="1987">Bouillon, 1987</bibRefCitation>
) that immediately distinguishes the parasitic stolon larva is found in
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FED6FB95FE55FBAA" box="[258,412,1041,1066]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FED6FB95FE55FBAA" box="[258,412,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FE78FB95FD87FBAB" author="Berrill" box="[428,590,1041,1067]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refString="Berrill, N. J. (1950) Development and medusa-bud formation in the Hydromedusae. Quarterly Review of Biology, 25, 293 - 316, figs 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1950">Berrill (1950)</bibRefCitation>
discussed aboral budding in
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FC7DFB95FB88FBAA" box="[937,1089,1041,1066]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunoctantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FC7DFB95FB88FBAA" box="[937,1089,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Cunoctantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FBAFFB95FB18FBAA" box="[1147,1233,1041,1066]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FBAFFB95FB18FBAA" box="[1147,1233,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Cunina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the descriptions and figures indicate a process completely different to the morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FBD1FBB3FB68FBD0" box="[1029,1185,1079,1104]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FBD1FBB3FB68FBD0" box="[1029,1185,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and thus it does not appear that the apical “gonads” of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FDE5FBD8FD02FBF5" box="[561,715,1116,1141]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FDE5FBD8FD02FBF5" box="[561,715,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are medusa buds. However, if they were, this would be truly remarkable and noteworthy. An excellent review of development of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FC0BFB05FB44FB1B" box="[991,1165,1153,1179]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
was given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FAE1FB05FF20FB40" author="Bouillon" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refString="Bouillon, J. (1987) Considerations sur le developpement des Narcomeduses et sur leur position phylogenetique. Indo- Malayan Zoology, 4, 189 - 278." type="journal article" year="1987">Bouillon (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, without any reference to any stage or species with two whorls of tentacles, or with gonads or other structures in a similar arrangement to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FD72FB4FFC89FB64" box="[678,832,1227,1252]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF89FFD8FD72FB4FFC89FB64" box="[678,832,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF89FFD8FF12FB74FA4EF98D" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">
The curious feature of the apical opening is currently unclear. Some have suggested to us that it might be from net damage, but the evenly beveled edge would seem to suggest that it is of biogenic origin rather than collecting artifact. It is also conceivable that it is an unclosed umbilical canal; however, we would imagine that if the medusa were still young enough to have a fully open umbilical canal, that it might still have traces of the enormous manubrium characteristic of the stolon larva, which is absent in our specimens. Our specimens have the simple mouth opening that is more characteristic of adult
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FBEBFA2DFB3DFA43" box="[1087,1268,1449,1475]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, the above hypothesis still would not explain what the “gonad” structures are or why they are in the cavity. Whatever the origin and function of this cavity, it is nonetheless a unique feature among the
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FB05FA77FA4AF98D" box="[1233,1411,1523,1549]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF89FFD8FF10F99CFBC3F891" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">
Similarly, the structures that we have interpreted as “gonads” are most unusual. Similar structures and their position are not found in any other adult or juvenile narcomedusa. They are granular and resemble other hydrozoan gonads that we have studied. However, they are in an unexpected location and of an unexpected form. We have made the choice not to sacrifice the few precious
<typeStatus id="54E16EB7FF89FFD8FC59F903FC09F921" box="[909,960,1671,1697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">type</typeStatus>
specimens that we have, for histological study, because we believe that the unique two-whorled arrangement of tentacles is sufficient to separate this species from all others. It is our hope that this paper will stimulate further research into examining these unusual structures and answering the questions of their origin and function.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF89FFD8FF10F898FE93F84B" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="31">
Finally, the two-whorled arrangement of the tentacles is of great interest to us. Whilst in some hydromedusae it may be commonplace to develop tentacles in different whorls during ontogeny, this does not appear to be the case for
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF89FFD8FE6AF8E2FDB9F800" box="[446,624,1894,1920]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
. Numerous studies of juveniles all describe or illustrate only a single whorl of tentacles (
<tableCitation id="C6D8E5AEFF89FFD8FEA9F808FE13F826" box="[381,474,1932,1958]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,240,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,226,1779]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Primary characters of larval and juvenile Narcomedusae, compared with Csiromedusa medeopolis sp. nov. Only those species for which the juvenile stage has been described are included herein." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF25809DFF8BFFDAFF43FF13FBF1FF4F" pageId="7" pageNumber="31" tableUuid="DF25809DFF8BFFDAFF43FF13FBF1FF4F">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Good reviews of narcomedusan development were given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FB10F808FAA1F826" author="Berrill" box="[1220,1384,1932,1958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refString="Berrill, N. J. (1950) Development and medusa-bud formation in the Hydromedusae. Quarterly Review of Biology, 25, 293 - 316, figs 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1950">Berrill (1950)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFCBADE4FF89FFD8FF43F835FE9FF84B" author="Bouillon" box="[151,342,1969,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refString="Bouillon, J. (1987) Considerations sur le developpement des Narcomeduses et sur leur position phylogenetique. Indo- Malayan Zoology, 4, 189 - 278." type="journal article" year="1987">Bouillon (1987)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF86FFD7FF12FF1CFA55FF7C" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="32">
One might also question whether
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF86FFD7FDB4FF1CFD33FF31" box="[608,762,152,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="8" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF86FFD7FDB4FF1CFD33FF31" box="[608,762,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="32">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more closely related to the Laingiomedusae than the
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF86FFD7FF43FF39FE83FF57" box="[151,330,189,215]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="8" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
. Given that the former are characterized by having a conspicuous manubrium with gonads at the base, and no such structures are present in
<taxonomicName id="4C5AAB96FF86FFD7FD66FF66FC85FF7B" box="[690,844,226,251]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Csiromedusidae" genus="Csiromedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="8" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92E0C07FF86FFD7FD66FF66FC85FF7B" box="[690,844,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="32">Csiromedusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this hypothesis would not appear to be supported.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5D015FF86FFD7FF12FE8CFD1DFE5C" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="32">While description of this interesting form could be delayed until hundreds of specimens are captured and the life cycle is known, both are more likely to occur if the description is available so that specimens can be recognized when future collections are made. Tasmania boasts a vibrant marine biological research program but gelatinous micro-medusae are not often studied. It is impossible to predict when material sufficient to more fully understand the biology and ecology of this species will be collected, and it would be sad if it were to remain a curiosity hidden on museum shelves.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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