treatments-xml/data/03/E7/DD/03E7DD69FF85860B25B07A6FFC783893.xml
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<mods:title id="7121BF7337189502431B420EA7E44C35">A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03E7DD69FF85860B25B07A6FFC783893" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4818640" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182400968" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4818640" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E7DD69FF85860B25B07A6FFC783893" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7DD69FF85860B25B07A6FFC783893" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="901" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FF85860825B07A6FFBF33D1C" box="[759,1128,1546,1573]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF85860825B07A6FFBF33D1C" blockId="85.[759,1128,1546,1573]" box="[759,1128,1546,1573]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">
<heading id="D0B9DB13FF85860825B07A6FFBF33D1C" box="[759,1128,1546,1573]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" reason="2">
cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF858608245F7A6FFC363D1C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[792,941,1546,1572]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Physeteroidea">Physeteroidea</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. indet.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FF85860B25E27A32FD1C3A1C" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="901" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF85860825E27A32FC543D9B" blockId="85.[677,1211,1622,1699]" pageId="85" pageNumber="900">
REFERRED MATERIAL. — UCMP 219108, an isolated and abraded squamosal collected by R.W. Boessenecker from UCMP locality
<accessionNumber id="941DF19CFF85860824307AEEFC503D9B" box="[887,971,1675,1699]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V99836" pageId="85" pageNumber="900" type="EnaNcbi">V99836</accessionNumber>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF86860B27367CBDFD1C3A1C" blockId="86.[111,647,215,292]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">
STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Middle part of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation, Early Pliocene (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B27307D68FF1C3A1C" box="[119,135,269,292]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">c.</emphasis>
5-3.35 Ma; Zanclean-Piacenzian equivalent;
<figureCitation id="137570FAFF86860B25067D69FDE13A1C" box="[577,634,268,292]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[113,124,1221,1239]" captionTargetBox="[761,1205,215,1066]" captionTargetId="figure-149@6.[759,1205,592,972]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stratigraphy of the Purisima Formation: A, Stratigraphic column of the San Gregorio section of the Purisima Formation (in meters), showing stratigraphic position of UCMP vertebrate localities, dated ash beds, diatom floras, and species of Carcharodon; thickness measurements start over above missing section in uppermost part due lack of overlapping strata; epoch and stage boundaries marked as &quot;?&quot; are estimated; modified from Boessenecker (2011a); Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary after Hilgen et al. (2012); B, photograph of 3-4 m thick ash within Purisima Formation at mouth of San Gregorio Creek correlated with 2.5 Ma Ishi Tuff (Powell et al.2007); C, trace fossils in pervasively bioturbated sandstone,Purisima Formation,mouth of San Gregorio Creek; D, swaley cross-stratified sandstone, mouth of San Gregorio Creek. Abbreviations: Qt, Pleistocene terrace deposits; Tp, Purisima Formation; C, claystone; St, siltstone; Ss, sandstone. Scale bars: A, 2 m; B, C, 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538204" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538204/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FF86860B27367D32FE6438B3" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF86860B27367D32FE993A57" blockId="86.[111,648,343,907]" box="[113,258,343,369]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF86860B27367D13FE6438B3" blockId="86.[111,648,343,907]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">
Ŋis abraded, partial small squamosal (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFF86860B25507D13FDFD3AA8" box="[535,614,374,400]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="84.[677,688,1222,1240]" captionTargetBox="[682,1196,232,1183]" captionTargetId="figure-465@84.[679,1210,566,925]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIG. 47. — Partial left squamosal of cf. Physeteroidea gen. et sp. indet. (UCMP 219108); A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538311/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
) is robust and blocky, with a blunt zygomatic process. Much of the postglenoid process is missing, although part of the external acoustic meatus is preserved at about the level of the ventral margin of the zygomatic process. An arcuate and shallow dorsomedial fossa is present on the zygomatic process. Ŋe supramastoid crest is robust and posteriorly elevated (
<figureCitation id="137570FAFF86860B273F7E11FF4239B6" box="[120,217,628,654]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="84.[677,688,1222,1240]" captionTargetBox="[682,1196,232,1183]" captionTargetId="figure-465@84.[679,1210,566,925]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIG. 47. — Partial left squamosal of cf. Physeteroidea gen. et sp. indet. (UCMP 219108); A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, dorsal view. Scale bar: 3 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538311/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Fig. 47A</figureCitation>
). A sharp dorsomedial ridge is present on the zygomatic process, forming the medial margin of the mandibular fossa; in dorsal aspect, it is medially convex. Ŋe mandibular fossa is broad, rectangular, and shallowly concave. A large fossa occurs on the posterolateral surface of the squamosal, and appears to have been taphonomically enlarged. A number of deep grooves on the posterior surface mark the articular surface with the exoccipital.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3543FF4FF86860B27367FD4FC783893" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF86860B27367FD4FE3C38F1" blockId="86.[111,648,945,1700]" box="[113,423,945,971]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">REMARKS AND COMPARISONS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF16C7FFF86860B27367FB5FC783893" blockId="86.[111,648,945,1700]" lastBlockId="86.[675,1212,216,939]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">
Although clearly a cetacean squamosal, UCMP 219108 compares poorly with most groups of Neogene cetaceans; comparisons were made between this specimen and large cetaceans including mysticetes, ziphiids, physeteroids, and globicephaline delphinids. UCMP 219108 lacks features common to Neogene mysticetes including a large and paddle-shaped postglenoid process, and is transversely more robust and absolutely larger than the squamosal of extant ziphiids and globicephaline delphinids. UCMP 219108 exhibits a posterodorsally elevated supramastoid crest, which
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF86860B261D7948FD1C3E7F" author="BIANUCCI G. &amp; LANDINI W." box="[346,647,1324,1351]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" pagination="103 - 131" refId="ref65748" refString="BIANUCCI G. &amp; LANDINI W. 2006. - Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 148: 103 - 131." type="journal article" year="2006">Bianucci &amp; Landini (2006)</bibRefCitation>
identified as a synapomorphy of the
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B26A97929FD1F3E5E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[494,644,1356,1382]" pageId="86" pageNumber="900" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Physeteroidea">Physeteroidea</taxonomicName>
, and it is here tentatively identified to this clade. In terms of the extreme bluntness of the zygomatic, it compares relatively well with the Miocene Belgian stem physeteroid
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B267679AEFF2B3D3D" authority="Du Bus, 1872" authorityName="Du Bus" authorityYear="1872" class="Mammalia" genus="Eudelphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mortezelensis">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B267679AEFDB83EDD" box="[305,547,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Eudelphis mortezelensis</emphasis>
Du Bus, 1872
</taxonomicName>
; however, UCMP 219108 is significantly younger (
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B279C7A6EFF773D1C" box="[219,236,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">c.</emphasis>
3.35-5 Ma, Early Pliocene; Zanclean- Piacenzian equivalent) than
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B26F27A4FFF303D5C" authority="Du Bus, 1872" authorityName="Du Bus" authorityYear="1872" class="Mammalia" genus="Eudelphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B26F27A4FFD863D7C" box="[437,541,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Eudelphis</emphasis>
Du Bus, 1872
</taxonomicName>
(Middle Miocene;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF86860B263A7A2FFDB23D5C" author="LAMBERT O." box="[381,553,1610,1636]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" pagination="277 - 316" refId="ref71343" refString="LAMBERT O. 2008 b. - Sperm whales from the Miocene of the North Sea: a re-appraisal. Bulletin del'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 78: 277 - 316." type="journal article" year="2008">Lambert 2008b</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 19). In lateral aspect, the zygomatic process exhibits a similar morphology to
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B26337AECFE673D9B" box="[372,508,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">hvalassocetus</emphasis>
Abel, 1905,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B25E07CBDFB283BCA" authority="Kimura, Hasegawa &amp; Barnes, 2006" authorityName="Kimura, Hasegawa &amp; Barnes" authorityYear="2006" box="[679,1203,216,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Brygmophyseter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B25E07CBDFCD33BCA" box="[679,840,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Brygmophyseter</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF86860B24097CBFFB283BCA" author="KIMURA T. &amp; HASEGAWA Y. &amp; BARNES L. G." box="[846,1203,218,242]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref70619" refString="KIMURA T., HASEGAWA Y. &amp; BARNES L. G. 2006. - Fossil sperm whales (Cetacea, Physeteridae) from Gunma and Ibaraki prefectures, Japan; with observations on the Miocene fossil sperm whale Scaldicetus shigensis Hirota and Barnes, 1995. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 10: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2006">Kimura, Hasegawa &amp; Barnes, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B25E27C9DFC303A2A" authority="Leidy, 1853" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[677,939,247,274]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Orycterocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B25E27C9DFCB13A2A" box="[677,810,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Orycterocetus</emphasis>
Leidy, 1853
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B24A67C92FD463A09" authority="Kellogg, 1927" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1927" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Aulophyseter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B24A67C92FBC53A29" box="[993,1118,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Aulophyseter</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF86860B23247C92FD463A09" author="KELLOGG R." pageId="86" pageNumber="901" pagination="27 - 37" refId="ref70415" refString="KELLOGG R. 1927. - Fossil Pinnipeds from California. Contributions to Palaeontology from the Carnegie Institution of Washington 348: 27 - 37." type="journal article" year="1927">Kellogg, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(all Early to Middle Miocene physeteroids). Ŋe zygomatic process of UCMP 219108 is shorter and more blunt than those of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B24B97D33FC073AA8" authority="Bianucci &amp; Landini, 2006" authorityName="Bianucci &amp; Landini" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Zygophyseter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B24B97D33FB183A48" box="[1022,1155,342,368]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Zygophyseter</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF86860B23CB7D33FC073AA8" author="BIANUCCI G. &amp; LANDINI W." pageId="86" pageNumber="901" pagination="103 - 131" refId="ref65748" refString="BIANUCCI G. &amp; LANDINI W. 2006. - Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 148: 103 - 131." type="journal article" year="2006">Bianucci &amp; Landini, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B24947D13FC203A88" authority="Lambert, Bianucci &amp; Muizon, 2008" authorityName="Lambert, Bianucci &amp; Muizon" authorityYear="2008" class="Mammalia" genus="Acrophyseter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B24947D13FBCA3AA8" box="[979,1105,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Acrophyseter</emphasis>
Lambert, Bianucci &amp; Muizon, 2008
</taxonomicName>
, and transversely thicker than all known physeteroids. Although incomplete, the squamosal of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B24107DB3FB203937" authority="Lambert, Bianucci, Post, Muizon, Salas-Gismondi, Urbina &amp; Reumer, 2010" authorityName="Lambert, Bianucci, Post, Muizon, Salas-Gismondi, Urbina &amp; Reumer" authorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" genus="Livyatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B24107DB3FC2A3AD7" box="[855,945,470,495]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Livyatan</emphasis>
Lambert, Bianucci, Post, Muizon, Salas-Gismondi, Urbina &amp; Reumer, 2010
</taxonomicName>
appears to have been more gracile and anteriorly tapering than UCMP 219108. Because
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B23137E50FC4B3957" authority="Kellogg, 1925" authorityName="Kellogg" authorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Ontocetus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxymycterus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B23137E50FCBE3956" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Ontocetus oxymycterus</emphasis>
Kellogg, 1925
</taxonomicName>
lacks squamosals, it cannot be compared with UCMP 219108. Ŋis specimen is substantially larger and more robust than the squamosals of all known kogiids (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B25E07EB6FBEE39D5" authority="Whitmore &amp; Kaltenbach, 2008" authorityName="Whitmore &amp; Kaltenbach" authorityYear="2008" box="[679,1141,723,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Aprixokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B25E07EB6FCB939D5" box="[679,802,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Aprixokogia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF86860B24637EB6FBEE39D5" author="WHITMORE F. C. &amp; KALTENBACH J. A." box="[804,1141,723,749]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" pagination="181 - 269" refId="ref76497" refString="WHITMORE F. C. &amp; KALTENBACH J. A. 2008. - Neogene Cetacea of the Lee Creek Phosphate Mine, North Carolina. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication 14: 181 - 269." type="journal article" year="2008">Whitmore &amp; Kaltenbach, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B23397EB6FCB93834" authority="Gray, 1846" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1846" class="Mammalia" family="Kogiidae" genus="Kogia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B23397EB6FB2239D4" box="[1150,1209,723,748]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Kogia</emphasis>
Gray, 1846
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B24697E97FBB53835" authority="Barnes, 1973" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1973" box="[814,1070,754,781]" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Praekogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B24697E97FC093834" box="[814,914,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Praekogia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF118EFF86860B24DC7E96FBB53835" author="BARNES L. G." box="[923,1070,755,781]" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref64144" refString="BARNES L. G. 1973. - Pliocene cetaceans of the San Diego Formation, San Diego, California, in ROSS A. &amp; DOWLEN R. J. (eds), Studies on the Geology and Geologic Hazards of the Greater San Diego Area, California. San Diego Association of Geologists, San Diego, California: 37 - 42." type="book chapter" year="1973">Barnes, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C4E17FCFF86860B237C7E97FCD23814" authority="Muizon, 1988" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Physeteridae" genus="Scaphokogia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="901" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AB06DFF86860B237C7E97FB213834" box="[1083,1210,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="901">Scaphokogia</emphasis>
Muizon, 1988
</taxonomicName>
) and can be differentiated from these taxa. Because the squamosal morphology of UCMP 219108 does not match any previously described physeteroid taxon, it cannot be confidently identified to the generic level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>