331 lines
46 KiB
XML
331 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="1FA16E414767084F87D2684555054D65" ID-CLB-Dataset="163377" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5195.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fd2040c7-2e4e-4c36-87ce-85efe9f45003" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7187839" ID-ZooBank="A9963C93-290B-44BA-BBDB-0C4B0299FDB5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1665554369870" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nakahara, Shinichi, Zilli, Alberto, Calhoun, John V., Espeland, Marianne, Padrón, Pablo Sebastián & Grishin, Nick V." docDate="2022" docId="03B787FAA551717E4E85FBF5BFE69C48" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5195.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5195 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Hesperia aurelius Plotz 1882" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="250" masterDocId="FF8EFF82A55671774E12FFE5BE3A9E29" masterDocTitle="Resolving two centuries of mistaken identity: Reinterpretation of Papilio marcus Fabricius, 1787 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="255" masterPageNumber="241" pageNumber="248" updateTime="1699407275020" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="1C32A2D8B6FCD1D0D9587CF6B79FCE3E">Resolving two centuries of mistaken identity: Reinterpretation of Papilio marcus Fabricius, 1787 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="33E9490820D565A28B571306518F94CC">Nakahara, Shinichi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A15F8031302F83F9F483BF431F475870">Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02318, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DBB74B868DE124EA4690FFB43C8A7B9B">Zilli, Alberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E59D985A8025078F705459625BC3203A">Insects Division, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3FDEFB8570B6F0913FDBB7EC2921F2BB">Calhoun, John V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B6AE3CDDEBE2EAA949D567E923A41B8A">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="68751A2EED19AB7D15DCED1E80C5130F">Espeland, Marianne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D914C94F7E11BC6C27F2F78403309428">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 127 53113 Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="26D7E9EA2B60DDEBD4B525BABF522EFF">Padrón, Pablo Sebastián</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A9061388AA3EA628EB14605D83BFF35C">Laboratorio de Entomología, Museo de Zoología, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9E2C83CAB79046A18B30F6B1276193BC">Grishin, Nick V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E76B4CB6071591684DCA79C66191C851">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390 - 9050, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="DDBC23F606928F8B6B2FD5E07CA61A2E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="875DCF1B70A9F27D46BFABCD51337E25">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2184AD59FFE797B50FCF9BF41964881C">5195</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B787FAA551717E4E85FBF5BFE69C48" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7190707" ID-GBIF-Taxon="202596686" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7190707" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787FAA551717E4E85FBF5BFE69C48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787FAA551717E4E85FBF5BFE69C48" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">
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<subSubSection id="C3046567A55171704E85FBF5BC3A9A03" box="[151,512,1039,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55171704E85FBF5BC3A9A03" blockId="7.[151,512,1039,1066]" box="[151,512,1039,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">
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<heading id="D0E98180A55171704E85FBF5BC3A9A03" bold="true" box="[151,512,1039,1066]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704E85FBF5BC3A9A03" ID-CoL="9C6J8" authority="Plotz, 1882" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,512,1039,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hesperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704E85FBF5BC3A9A03" bold="true" box="[151,512,1039,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704E85FBF5BF559A03" bold="true" box="[151,367,1039,1066]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">Hesperia aurelius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704F64FBF5BC3A9A03" author="Plotz, C." box="[374,512,1040,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="314 - 344" refId="ref12834" refString="Plotz, C. (1882) Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Hesperia Aut. Und ihre Arten. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 43 (7 / 9 & 10 / 12), 314 - 344 (July - September) & 436 - 456 (October - December)." type="journal article" year="1882">Plötz, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3046567A551717E4E85FBBDBFE69C48" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55171704E85FBBDBF219BD7" blockId="7.[151,1437,1112,2039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704E85FBBDBF5B9A5A" author="Plotz, C." box="[151,353,1112,1139]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="314 - 344" refId="ref12834" refString="Plotz, C. (1882) Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Hesperia Aut. Und ihre Arten. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 43 (7 / 9 & 10 / 12), 314 - 344 (July - September) & 436 - 456 (October - December)." type="journal article" year="1882">Plötz (1882: 455)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704FF2FBBCBC969A5B" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1882" box="[480,684,1112,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hesperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704FF2FBBCBC969A5B" box="[480,684,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">Hesperia aurelius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on an unspecified number of specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="F309767CA55171704B06FBBDBB439A5B" box="[1300,1401,1112,1138]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">Brasilien</collectingCountry>
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(=
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<collectingCountry id="F309767CA55171704E85FB99BEDA9ABF" box="[151,224,1148,1174]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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). Despite the fact that the original description in German was not accompanied by illustrations, the existence of drawings is indicated in the original description (as t. 444), as well as evidenced from an external source (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704B28FB45BEE99AF7" author="Godman, F. D." pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="132 - 155" refId="ref11450" refString="Godman, F. D. (1907) Notes on the American species of Hesperiidae described by Plotz. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 7, 20 (116), 132 - 155." type="journal article" year="1907">Godman 1907</bibRefCitation>
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). Plötz’s rather detailed description in the form of a dichotomous key (see below) suggests that his
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704B32FB20BBA69AF7" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1882" box="[1312,1436,1220,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hesperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704B32FB20BBA69AF7" box="[1312,1436,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">H. aurelius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in accordance with the current concept of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704CB4FB0CBD6D9B2B" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[678,855,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704CB4FB0CBD6D9B2B" box="[678,855,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">Troyus aurelius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704DB7FB0DBA769B2B" author="Godman, F. D." box="[933,1100,1256,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" refId="ref11292" refString="Godman, F. D. (1900) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera- Rhopalocera. 1 (168), 2 (148, 156, 157, 158, 159 & 160), Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, London, pp. i - xlvi ([28] November 1901), pp. 457 - 460, pl. 91 (June 1899), pp. 461 - 484, pl. 92 ([28] June 1900), pp. 485 - 500, pls. 93 - 94 (August 1900), pp. 501 - 532, pls. 95 - 96 ([27] October 1900), pp. 533 - 556, pls. 97 - 98 (November 1900), pp. 557 - 588, pls. 99 - 100 (December 1900)." type="journal volume" year="1900">Godman 1900</bibRefCitation>
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: pl. 102, figs 11, 12;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704B5CFB0DBEE99B0F" author="Draudt, M. W. K." pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="913 - 952" refId="ref10588" refString="Draudt, M. W. K. (1923) B. Grypocera, breitko ¨ pfige Tagfalter. In: Seitz, A. (Ed)., Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen. Stuttgart, pp. 905 - 912 (8 February [1923]) + 913 - 952 (23 May 1923) + 953 - 992 (9 July 1923) + 993 - 1000 (29 December 1923)." type="journal article" year="1923">Draudt 1923</bibRefCitation>
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: pl. 188h; Zhang
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<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704F8DFAE8BFE89B0F" box="[415,466,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">et al</emphasis>
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. 2019: fig. 13), largely by mentioning the snow-white tornus and anal margin of the ventral hindwing. As discussed below, the whereabouts of the
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<typeStatus id="54A5884EA55171704D5CFAD4BD449B62" box="[846,894,1329,1355]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">type</typeStatus>
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material and illustrations for the skipper species discussed in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704F3BFAB1BF8C9B47" author="Plotz, C." box="[297,438,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="314 - 344" refId="ref12834" refString="Plotz, C. (1882) Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Hesperia Aut. Und ihre Arten. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 43 (7 / 9 & 10 / 12), 314 - 344 (July - September) & 436 - 456 (October - December)." type="journal article" year="1882">Plötz (1882)</bibRefCitation>
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are currently unknown (but see below).
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<typeStatus id="54A5884EA55171704D94FAB0BDF29B46" box="[902,968,1365,1391]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">Types</typeStatus>
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of some African butterfly taxa described in
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704EA5FA9DBF7F9BBB" author="Plotz, C." box="[183,325,1400,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="189 - 206" refId="ref12755" refString="Plotz, C. (1880) Verzeichniss der vom Professor Dr. R. Buchholz in West-Afrika - vom 5. Gr. nordl. bis 3. Gr. sudl, Breite, auf dem Cameroons - Gebirge in ungefahrer hohe von 4000 Fuss und auf der Insel Fernando Po, vom August 1872 bis November 1875 - gesammelten Schmetterlinge. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 41 (4 / 6), 189 - 206." type="journal article" year="1880">Plötz (1880)</bibRefCitation>
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are documented in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704C3CFA9DBCFD9BBB" author="Libert, M." box="[558,711,1400,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="730 - 732" refId="ref12071" refString="Libert, M. (2004) Note on the Plotz's collection (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Lambillionea, 104 (4), 730 - 732." type="journal article" year="2004">Libert (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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and are currently deposited at the
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE29A55171704A4CFA9DBA939BBB" box="[1118,1193,1400,1426]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a2g1-8ssa" name="Zoologisches Institut und Museum Greifswald" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" type="University or college">ZIMG</collectionCode>
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. Lara Lopardo (pers. comm.), the present collection manager at the
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<collectionCode id="ED0FAE29A55171704C88FA79BCDE9B9F" box="[666,740,1436,1462]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a2g1-8ssa" name="Zoologisches Institut und Museum Greifswald" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" type="University or college">ZIMG</collectionCode>
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, examined Plötz’s collection of 157 skipper specimens housed in Greifswald, including
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<specimenCount id="9D18FD65A55171704FBCFA25BC3B9BF2" box="[430,513,1472,1499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" type="generic" typeStatus="type">30 type</specimenCount>
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specimens, and confirmed that the
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<typeStatus id="54A5884EA55171704D9CFA24BD849BF2" box="[910,958,1473,1499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">type</typeStatus>
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material for
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704A5CFA24BAF19BF3" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1102,1227,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704A5CFA24BAF19BF3" box="[1102,1227,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">H. aurelius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is not deposited at Greifswald.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55171704ED5F9EDBB78996B" blockId="7.[151,1437,1112,2039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">
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The name
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704F53F9EDBFA6980B" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[321,412,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704F53F9EDBFA6980B" box="[321,412,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">aurelius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subsequently appeared in combination with the generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704A77F9EDBB44980B" authority="Hubner, [1819]" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1125,1406,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704A77F9EDBAF3980B" box="[1125,1225,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">Carystus</emphasis>
|
||
Hübner, [1819]
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704E85F9C9BFBC986E" author="Godman, F. D." box="[151,390,1580,1607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" refId="ref11292" refString="Godman, F. D. (1900) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera- Rhopalocera. 1 (168), 2 (148, 156, 157, 158, 159 & 160), Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, London, pp. i - xlvi ([28] November 1901), pp. 457 - 460, pl. 91 (June 1899), pp. 461 - 484, pl. 92 ([28] June 1900), pp. 485 - 500, pls. 93 - 94 (August 1900), pp. 501 - 532, pls. 95 - 96 ([27] October 1900), pp. 533 - 556, pls. 97 - 98 (November 1900), pp. 557 - 588, pls. 99 - 100 (December 1900)." type="journal volume" year="1900">Godman (1900: 585)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, where both surfaces of a female specimen were figured (pl. 102, figs 11, 12). The rationale of associating the species-group name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704C55F9B5BC989843" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[583,674,1616,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704C55F9B5BC989843" box="[583,674,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the illustration by Frederick Godman remains unknown. At some point between 1882 and 1907, Godman did receive Carl Plötz’s drawings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704DC4F991BA4198A7" author="Godman, F. D." box="[982,1147,1652,1678]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="132 - 155" refId="ref11450" refString="Godman, F. D. (1907) Notes on the American species of Hesperiidae described by Plotz. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 7, 20 (116), 132 - 155." type="journal article" year="1907">Godman 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but little evidence exists to determine when he examined them. Actually, in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE29A55171704D17F97CBD55989A" box="[773,879,1689,1715]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
archives there exists a copy of Plötz’s numbered drawings that Godman commissioned to Horace Knight and other artists to keep pictorial evidence of the taxa illustrated by the German entomologist. However, in the collation there are many leaps with regard to Plötz’s sequence, as Godman evidently requested copies only of the taxa lesser known to him. Unfortunately, neither
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704B53F8E1BBA69937" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1345,1436,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704B53F8E1BBA69937" box="[1345,1436,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nor
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704ED6F8CDBFB5996B" authority="Plotz, 1882" authorityName="sensu Plotz" authorityYear="1882" box="[196,399,1832,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hesperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lyrcea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704ED6F8CDBF33996B" box="[196,265,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">lyrcea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704F1DF8CDBFB5996B" author="Plotz, C." box="[271,399,1832,1858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="314 - 344" refId="ref12834" refString="Plotz, C. (1882) Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Hesperia Aut. Und ihre Arten. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 43 (7 / 9 & 10 / 12), 314 - 344 (July - September) & 436 - 456 (October - December)." type="journal article" year="1882">Plötz, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below) were copied, likely because Godman had no doubts about their identity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA551717F4ED5F8A9BB269F34" blockId="7.[151,1437,1112,2039]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,861]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">
|
||
The collation is tentatively dated as from 1912 and ought to cover only the American taxa, as per the title on its binding (“
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704F1BF895BDFF99A3" box="[265,965,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">
|
||
Copies of Plötz’s unpublished figures of American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55171704D2EF895BDFF99A3" box="[828,965,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”), but in reality, a number of species from other zoogeographical regions are also illustrated.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704CD3F871BDBE9987" author="Godman, F. D." box="[705,900,1940,1966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="132 - 155" refId="ref11450" refString="Godman, F. D. (1907) Notes on the American species of Hesperiidae described by Plotz. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 7, 20 (116), 132 - 155." type="journal article" year="1907">Godman’s (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
statement “
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704A17F870BC1B99FB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">
|
||
I have
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55171704A5CF876BA909987" bold="true" box="[1102,1194,1939,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="248">recently</emphasis>
|
||
had an opportunity of examining …. by the late Carl Plötz
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”, suggests he was only able to examine these plates just prior to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704AF7F85DBBAD99FB" author="Godman, F. D." box="[1253,1431,1976,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" pagination="132 - 155" refId="ref11450" refString="Godman, F. D. (1907) Notes on the American species of Hesperiidae described by Plotz. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 7, 20 (116), 132 - 155." type="journal article" year="1907">Godman (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and not during the course of preparing
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55171704C5BF839BCC499DF" author="Godman, F. D." box="[585,766,2012,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="248" refId="ref11292" refString="Godman, F. D. (1900) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera- Rhopalocera. 1 (168), 2 (148, 156, 157, 158, 159 & 160), Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, London, pp. i - xlvi ([28] November 1901), pp. 457 - 460, pl. 91 (June 1899), pp. 461 - 484, pl. 92 ([28] June 1900), pp. 485 - 500, pls. 93 - 94 (August 1900), pp. 501 - 532, pls. 95 - 96 ([27] October 1900), pp. 533 - 556, pls. 97 - 98 (November 1900), pp. 557 - 588, pls. 99 - 100 (December 1900)." type="journal volume" year="1900">Godman (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Having died in 1886, Carl Plötz was not able to provide his illustrations to Godman in this time-frame, and we are unable to trace how drawings ended up with Godman. Plötz’s originals seem to have ended up in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE29A55E717F4C35FF5EBC599EFC" box="[551,611,187,213]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
, where a number of them are pinned inside the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4A6EFF5EBB389EFC" box="[1148,1282,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
drawers. It is therefore likely that additional drawings may be in the massive and yet unsorted miscellaneous collection of Plötz’s documents, letters, manuscripts etc. in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE29A55E717F4C66FEE6BC949F34" box="[628,686,259,285]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
library (A. Hausmann & U. Buchsbaum, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4ED5FEC2BEDB9D74" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4ED5FEC2BFB09F68" author="Godman, F. D." box="[199,394,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" refId="ref11292" refString="Godman, F. D. (1900) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera- Rhopalocera. 1 (168), 2 (148, 156, 157, 158, 159 & 160), Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, London, pp. i - xlvi ([28] November 1901), pp. 457 - 460, pl. 91 (June 1899), pp. 461 - 484, pl. 92 ([28] June 1900), pp. 485 - 500, pls. 93 - 94 (August 1900), pp. 501 - 532, pls. 95 - 96 ([27] October 1900), pp. 533 - 556, pls. 97 - 98 (November 1900), pp. 557 - 588, pls. 99 - 100 (December 1900)." type="journal volume" year="1900">Godman’s (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4C39FEC2BCBC9F68" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[555,646,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4C39FEC2BCBC9F68" box="[555,646,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on pl. 102, figs 11, 12, appears to be in accordance with how the species is recognized today. largely by having a white posterior band on the hindwing covering most of the inner margin (in accordance with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4F96FE8ABC1F9FA0" author="Plotz, C." box="[388,549,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" pagination="314 - 344" refId="ref12834" refString="Plotz, C. (1882) Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Hesperia Aut. Und ihre Arten. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 43 (7 / 9 & 10 / 12), 314 - 344 (July - September) & 436 - 456 (October - December)." type="journal article" year="1882">Plötz’s (1882)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description). Despite being treated as a valid species,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4A8DFE8ABB6E9FA0" author="Godman, F. D." box="[1183,1364,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" refId="ref11292" refString="Godman, F. D. (1900) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera- Rhopalocera. 1 (168), 2 (148, 156, 157, 158, 159 & 160), Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, London, pp. i - xlvi ([28] November 1901), pp. 457 - 460, pl. 91 (June 1899), pp. 461 - 484, pl. 92 ([28] June 1900), pp. 485 - 500, pls. 93 - 94 (August 1900), pp. 501 - 532, pls. 95 - 96 ([27] October 1900), pp. 533 - 556, pls. 97 - 98 (November 1900), pp. 557 - 588, pls. 99 - 100 (December 1900)." type="journal volume" year="1900">Godman (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4EC7FE76BF039F84" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[213,313,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4EC7FE76BF039F84" box="[213,313,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">Carystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4F5FFE76BF929F84" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[333,424,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4F5FFE76BF929F84" box="[333,424,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is merely a form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4C9DFE76BD3B9F85" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[655,769,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marcus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4C9DFE76BD3B9F85" box="[655,769,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">C. marcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since he could detect no difference in the male genitalia of these two taxa. This species-group name has since been considered subspecific by some authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4B03FE52BBAD9FF8" author="Evans, W. H." box="[1297,1431,438,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" refId="ref10918" refString="Evans, W. H. (1955) A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part IV. Hesperiinae and Megathyminae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 499 pp." type="book" year="1955">Evans 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4E85FE3EBF169FDC" author="Mielke, O. H. H." box="[151,300,475,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref12282" refString="Mielke, O. H. H. (2004) Hesperiidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist. Part 4 a. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association of Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainsville, pp. 3 - 11 + 25 - 86." type="book chapter" year="2004">Mielke 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4F29FE3FBF4F9FDC" author="Mielke, O. H. H." box="[315,373,474,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" refId="ref12356" refString="Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Catalogue of the American Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Vols. 1 - 6. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 1536 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and species-level by others (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4D1DFE3EBD999FDC" author="Draudt, M. W. K." box="[783,931,475,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" pagination="913 - 952" refId="ref10588" refString="Draudt, M. W. K. (1923) B. Grypocera, breitko ¨ pfige Tagfalter. In: Seitz, A. (Ed)., Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 5. Alfred Kernen. Stuttgart, pp. 905 - 912 (8 February [1923]) + 913 - 952 (23 May 1923) + 953 - 992 (9 July 1923) + 993 - 1000 (29 December 1923)." type="journal article" year="1923">Draudt 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4DA0FE3EBA419FDC" author="Steinhauser, S. R." box="[946,1147,474,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref13020" refString="Steinhauser, S. R. (1975) An annotated list of the Hesperiidae of El Salvador. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 29, 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1975">Steinhauser 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although none of these authors provided meaningful arguments towards its taxonomic status.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4DA3FE1ABA729C30" author="Evans, W. H." box="[945,1096,510,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" refId="ref10918" refString="Evans, W. H. (1955) A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part IV. Hesperiinae and Megathyminae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 499 pp." type="book" year="1955">Evans (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not illustrate the genitalia for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4ED2FDC6BF219C14" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[192,283,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4ED2FDC6BF219C14" box="[192,283,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, perhaps for the same reason
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4C7CFDC6BD1B9C14" author="Godman, F. D." box="[622,801,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" refId="ref11292" refString="Godman, F. D. (1900) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera- Rhopalocera. 1 (168), 2 (148, 156, 157, 158, 159 & 160), Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, London, pp. i - xlvi ([28] November 1901), pp. 457 - 460, pl. 91 (June 1899), pp. 461 - 484, pl. 92 ([28] June 1900), pp. 485 - 500, pls. 93 - 94 (August 1900), pp. 501 - 532, pls. 95 - 96 ([27] October 1900), pp. 533 - 556, pls. 97 - 98 (November 1900), pp. 557 - 588, pls. 99 - 100 (December 1900)." type="journal volume" year="1900">Godman (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not figure them, namely that they are identical to
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4B9AFDC6BBA79C15" box="[1416,1437,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">P.</emphasis>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4EB6FDA2BECF9C49" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[164,245,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marcus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4EB6FDA2BECF9C49" box="[164,245,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">marcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. The series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4FBAFDA2BC259C48" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[424,543,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4FBAFDA2BC259C48" box="[424,543,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">T. aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE29A55E717F4C53FDA2BC949C48" box="[577,686,583,609]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
, 46 of which were examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B1DA55E717F4A0EFDA2BA8E9C48" author="Evans, W. H." box="[1052,1204,582,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" refId="ref10918" refString="Evans, W. H. (1955) A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part IV. Hesperiinae and Megathyminae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 499 pp." type="book" year="1955">Evans (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, appear to consist of specimens that fit the current concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4C4AFD8EBD3E9CAC" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[600,772,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4C4AFD8EBD3E9CAC" box="[600,772,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">Troyus aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These specimens, as well as literature references where the specific epithet “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4F44FD6ABF8B9C80" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[342,433,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4F44FD6ABF8B9C80" box="[342,433,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” was associated with figures (see above), show a consensus in the characters throughout time regarding the identity of the skipper taxon represented by the name “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4DFEFD56BA7D9CE4" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1004,1095,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4DFEFD56BA7D9CE4" box="[1004,1095,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. Furthermore, Zhang
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4B5DFD56BBB99CE4" box="[1359,1411,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.’s (2019) genetic data supports its species-level status, rather than as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4A5CFD32BAA39CD9" authorityName="Warren & Turland" authorityYear="2012" box="[1102,1177,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4A5CFD32BAA39CD9" box="[1102,1177,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">Troyus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4ABCFD32BAC59CD9" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[1198,1279,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marcus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4ABCFD32BAC59CD9" box="[1198,1279,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">marcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. Finally, the ambiguous application of the species-group name justifies our consideration of the specific epithet “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4AFDFD1EBB709D3C" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1263,1354,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Troyus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4AFDFD1EBB709D3C" box="[1263,1354,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">aurelius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” as “in use” and should not be applied to the current concept of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4D07FCFABD119D11" box="[789,811,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">P.</emphasis>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4D2CFCFABDB59D11" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1787" box="[830,911,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marcus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4D2CFCFABDB59D11" box="[830,911,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">marcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, compared to the name “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D6FA55E717F4AAAFCFABB279D10" authorityName="Rober" authorityYear="1925" box="[1208,1309,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Vettius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phyllides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4AAAFCFABB279D10" box="[1208,1309,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">phyllides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” discussed below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4E85FC6EBA5D9D8C" blockId="8.[151,1127,907,933]" box="[151,1127,907,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">Descending order of the relevant key couples and taxa in Plötz’ (1882) key are as such:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4E85FC36BECD9A38" blockId="8.[151,1436,978,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">A, B, C, etc. a., b., c., etc. ○, ○○, ○○○, etc. ‒, ‒ ‒, ‒ ‒ ‒, etc. ^, ^^, ^^^, etc. |, | |, | | |, etc. ˅, ˅˅, ˅˅˅, etc. §, §§, §§§, etc.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4E85FBDABDAC9A70" blockId="8.[151,918,1087,1113]" box="[151,918,1087,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4E85FBDABDAC9A70" box="[151,918,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">A. Antennae almost always more than half the length of the forewing</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4E85FB62BA169A89" blockId="8.[151,1068,1159,1185]" box="[151,1068,1159,1185]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4E85FB62BA169A89" box="[151,1068,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">b. [p. 323] Wings with hyaline spots. [opposed to: a. Wings without hyaline spots.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4E85FB2BBA7F9B24" blockId="8.[151,1436,1230,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4E85FB2BBA7F9B24" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">○○ [p. 324] The palpi are not red. [opposed to: ○ Upperside black, The body and the base of the wing roots with glossy blue or green long scales (hairs), forewing with white glass spots. Palpi red.]</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4E85FADEBA539BCC" blockId="8.[151,1437,1339,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4E85FADEBA539BCC" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">‒ ‒ ... ‒ [p. 453] Upperside black. FW with a pale spot in cell 1, a white hyaline spot in cell 2, one in cell 3, a half or a point in the middle cell and two points in cells 6 and 7. HW with a large white or yellow spot in the middle and against the anal margin such a ray. Beneath have the FW a large pale yellow spot in front of the apex or at least in cells 4 and 5, the HW are yellowish, vein 6 is mostly very darkened in its entire length and the anal angle is darkened. [opposed to all the other ‒ ‒ ... ‒ couples of the key, with diverse comments.]</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4E85F9F6BA2B98B0" blockId="8.[151,1437,1555,1689]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4E85F9F6BA2B98B0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">^^ [p. 454] Forewing with a dot or line on upper part of the discoidal cell. Hindwing underside with a narrow brown longitudinal stripe. [opposed to: ^ FW with half a spot on the inner margin of the central cell and a blue stripe on the rear edge of the wings. HW above with a large white central spot and two blue rays, beneath with a broad brown longitudinal stripe along vein 6, brownish anal margin and tornus. Collar red.]</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4E85F922BB499900" blockId="8.[151,1436,1735,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4E85F922BB499900" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">| [p. 454] Discal spot on the hindwing upperside sharply limited [yes], tornus blackened on the underside. [opposed to: || Hindwing above with a white large central spot that flows into the rear corner up to vein 2, below with the tornus and the anal margin snow-white. Forewing below with a large pale yellow spot at the apex. Collar red.]</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55E717F4E85F8B3BEDF9990" blockId="8.[151,1436,1878,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55E717F4E85F8B3BEDF9990" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="249">˅ [p. 454] All the spots are white on the upperside. [opposed to: ˅˅ The forewing spot in cell 1, the spot and the streak on the hindwing, the fringes, and, on the underside, the costa of the forewing are pale sulfur yellow. Collar black.]</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55F717E4E85FF72BF019F34" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55F717E4E85FF72BF089EFD" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="250">§ [p. 454] The pale spot beneath at the apex of the FW is washed out [=fading]; on the HW the white middle spots elongated. →</emphasis>
|
||
Marcus
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55F717E4F85FF5EBF019F34" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="250">[opposed to: §§ On the forewing underside, the hyaline spots in cells 4 and 5 are sharply delimited; on the hindwing, the white center spot is rounded on the rear flights. Collar red. Club of the antenna with a white point.]</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55F717E4E85FEAEBD829F84" blockId="9.[151,1437,331,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55F717E4E85FEAEBC719FA1" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="250">§§ [p. 454] The pale spot beneath in cells 4 and 5 of the FW is sharp delimited; on the HW the white spot is rounded. Collar red. Head dotted with white. →</emphasis>
|
||
Lyrcea
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55F717E4CB4FE8ABD829F84" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="250">[opposed to: § On the forewing underside, the lower hyaline apical spot is washed out; on the hindwing, the white center spot is stretched.]</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136ECA55F717E4E85FE3EBFE69C48" blockId="9.[151,1437,475,609]" pageId="9" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55F717E4E85FE3EBF579C14" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="250">|| [p. 455] HW dorsal with a white large central spot that has “flowed out” into the tornus angle up to vein 2, beneath at the tornus and anal margin snow-white. FW beneath with a large pale yellow spot in front of the apex. Neck collar red.→</emphasis>
|
||
Aurelius
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAFEA55F717E4FF3FDC6BFE69C48" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="250">[opposed to: | Discal spot on the hindwing upperside sharply limited [yes], tornus blackened on the underside.]</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |