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<document id="78664125F2EC6B4C5B2E2082C4A156B9" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274039" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2d13c1a2-0d8f-4031-986a-3900e879582c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274039" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460040748274" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Oberprieler, Rolf G., Marvaldi, Adriana E. &amp; Anderson, Robert S." docDate="2007" docId="0397878FFFB69936FF0ECB716181C202" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01668p520.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1668" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Brentidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="503" masterDocId="FFAEFFF7FFBC993AFF99CE6B6013C670" masterDocTitle="Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *" masterLastPageNumber="520" masterPageNumber="491" pageNumber="501" updateTime="1698234316959" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="F4229C4CDCA7AE33C839F5900DE74C3C">Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5A2C6B818CB60D630B9658D209107C34">Oberprieler, Rolf G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="98B0DACE82B805494C5B979E5C940850">Marvaldi, Adriana E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8402DE46B1965FAC5B99465AD0D047C">Anderson, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9816D4485A15051E973F9F535FC02772">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0397878FFFB69936FF0ECB716181C202" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5626094" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135222" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5626094" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397878FFFB69936FF0ECB716181C202" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397878FFFB69936FF0ECB716181C202" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="10" pageNumber="501">
<subSubSection id="C3246512FFB69930FF0ECB71624DC1DF" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B813699FFB69930FF0ECB716101C344" blockId="10.[151,274,1306,1332]" box="[151,274,1306,1332]" pageId="10" pageNumber="501">
<heading id="D0C981F5FFB69930FF0ECB716101C344" bold="true" box="[151,274,1306,1332]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FF0ECB716101C344" ID-CoL="7DS" ID-ENA="122754" box="[151,274,1306,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB69930FF0ECB716101C344" bold="true" box="[151,274,1306,1332]" pageId="10" pageNumber="501">Brentidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B813699FFB69930FF0ECB0E624DC1DF" blockId="10.[151,1436,1381,1967]" pageId="10" pageNumber="501">
In the wide sense as adopted here, the family
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FD2FCB0E633BC30F" box="[694,808,1381,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
is about as diverse as the
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FBF9CB0E64FCC30F" box="[1120,1263,1381,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthribidae</taxonomicName>
, with approximately 400 genera and 4 0 0 0 species described, and it also has a cosmopolitan distribution. About 90% of the species belong to the derived subfamilies
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FD10CBDE62E8C3BF" box="[649,763,1461,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brentinae">Brentinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FCAECBDE63A7C3BF" box="[823,948,1461,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
, which are about equal in size (ca. 1 700 and 1 900 species, respectively), while the
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FD09CBB6633FC387" box="[656,812,1501,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nanophyinae">Nanophyinae</taxonomicName>
(ca. 270),
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FC32CBB66454C387" box="[939,1095,1501,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microcerinae">Microcerinae</taxonomicName>
(67),
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FB16CBB66521C387" box="[1167,1330,1501,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eurhynchinae">Eurhynchinae</taxonomicName>
(31) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FF0EC86E6108C06F" box="[151,283,1541,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ithycerinae">Ithycerinae</taxonomicName>
(1) are much poorer in species and also geographically more restricted.
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FB39C86E6501C06F" box="[1184,1298,1541,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
are almost exclusively associated with angiosperms, only very few and unrelated apionines occurring on conifers, and since nearly all the putatively basal groups (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FD29C83E632AC01F" box="[688,825,1621,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ithycerinae">Ithycerinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FCD1C83E63F4C01F" box="[840,999,1621,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microcerinae">Microcerinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FC6FC83E648FC01F" box="[1014,1180,1621,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eurhynchinae">Eurhynchinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FB32C83E6559C01F" box="[1195,1354,1621,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nanophyinae">Nanophyinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FAC0C83E60C6C0E7" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brentinae">Brentinae</taxonomicName>
: Cyladini,
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FECEC81661C5C0E7" box="[343,470,1661,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
: Tanaini, Mecolenini) live on angiosperms, it appears that the family was ancestrally associated with this group of plants. Conspicuous in
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FCC8C8CE63D0C0CF" box="[849,963,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
is also the absence of associations with monocotyledons, and although the family is indicated to be at least as old as
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FB8FC8A664AFC097" box="[1046,1212,1741,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
(extending back to the mid-Cretaceous in the fossil record), it species richness reaches not even 8% of that of the latter. The larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FF74C9766162C147" box="[237,369,1821,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ithycerinae">Ithycerinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FE29C976625FC147" box="[432,588,1821,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microcerinae">Microcerinae</taxonomicName>
(fig. 10) feed on roots in the soil, those of
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FBFCC976651BC147" box="[1125,1288,1821,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eurhynchinae">Eurhynchinae</taxonomicName>
(fig. 8) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FF0EC92E611AC12F" box="[151,265,1861,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brentinae">Brentinae</taxonomicName>
(fig. 11) tunnel in living or dead branches and trunks (where some
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FB84C92E649CC12F" box="[1053,1167,1861,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brentinae">Brentinae</taxonomicName>
may be predaceous on other xylophagous beetles) and those of
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FDE9C90662F9C1F7" box="[624,746,1901,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
(fig. 12) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB69930FC12C9066434C1F7" box="[907,1063,1901,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="501" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nanophyinae">Nanophyinae</taxonomicName>
develop mostly in young stems and inflorescences, fruits or seed pods.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF416611FFB79931FF0EC894642EC185" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274041/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" targetBox="[198,1388,151,1748]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B813699FFB79931FF0EC894642EC185" blockId="11.[151,1436,1791,2037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FF0EC894612CC164" bold="true" box="[151,319,1791,1812]" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">FIGURES 9–16.</emphasis>
9—the South African
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FDBAC96B62EEC165" box="[547,765,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FDBAC96B62EAC165" box="[547,761,1792,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Brachyceridae" genus="Microcerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latipennis">Microcerus latipennis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a member of the enigmatic African
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FBF0C96B6572C165" box="[1129,1377,1792,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microcerinae">Microcerinae (Brentidae)</taxonomicName>
. 10— larva of
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FF72C94B61ADC145" box="[235,446,1824,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Brachyceridae" genus="Microcerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latipennis">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FF72C94B61ADC145" box="[235,446,1824,1845]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Microcerus latipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on the taproot of
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FD5DC94B63F9C145" box="[708,1002,1824,1845]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhombifolia">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FD5DC94B6374C145" box="[708,871,1824,1845]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Sida rhombifolia</emphasis>
(Malvaceae)
</taxonomicName>
. 11—the ant-associated
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FB40C94B658FC145" box="[1241,1436,1824,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Cordus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ganglbaueri">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FB40C94B658FC145" box="[1241,1436,1824,1845]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Cordus ganglbaueri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FF04C92B6113C125" box="[157,256,1856,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FE90C92B617BC125" box="[265,360,1856,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brentinae">Brentinae</taxonomicName>
) from Australia. 12—the South African
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FD75C92B63B9C125" box="[748,938,1856,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Tanaos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interstitialis">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FD75C92B63B9C125" box="[748,938,1856,1877]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Tanaos interstitialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FC2FC92B640BC125" box="[950,1048,1856,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FBBBC92B6499C125" box="[1058,1162,1856,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
), a primitive apionine developing in flower heads of
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FE1FC90B6294C105" box="[390,647,1888,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Protea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caffra">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FE1FC90B6216C105" box="[390,517,1888,1909]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Protea caffra</emphasis>
(Proteaceae)
</taxonomicName>
. 13—a pair of the South African
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FC50C90B6498C105" box="[969,1163,1888,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Antliarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zamiae">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FC50C90B6498C105" box="[969,1163,1888,1909]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Antliarhinus zamiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FB0EC90B64EAC105" box="[1175,1273,1888,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FA9BC90B6574C105" box="[1282,1383,1888,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
) on a cut cycad seed hollowed out by their larvae. 14—dead female
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FD65C9EB63ACC1E5" box="[764,959,1920,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Antliarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zamiae">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FD65C9EB63ACC1E5" box="[764,959,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Antliarhinus zamiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with her rostrum stuck in a cycad seed. 15—the large Australian Grasstree Weevil,
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FE7CC9CB62ADC1C5" box="[485,702,1952,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Trigonotarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosus">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FE7CC9CB62ADC1C5" box="[485,702,1952,1973]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Trigonotarsus rugosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FD53C9CB6344C1C5" box="[714,855,1952,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FCF9C9CB63EFC1C5" box="[864,1020,1952,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dryophthorinae">Dryophthorinae</taxonomicName>
), on dead trunk of its grasstree host,
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FAC2C9CB61BEC1A5" class="Liliopsida" family="Xanthorrhoeaceae" genus="Xanthorrhoea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FAC2C9CB60F7C1A5" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Xanthorrhoea</emphasis>
(Xanthorrhoeaceae)
</taxonomicName>
. 16—the large, colourful Elephant Weevil,
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FCC2C9AB6436C1A5" box="[859,1061,1984,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Brachyceridae" genus="Brachycerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatus">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FCC2C9AB6436C1A5" box="[859,1061,1984,2005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Brachycerus ornatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FBADC9AB64D2C1A5" box="[1076,1217,1984,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FB54C9AB654FC1A5" box="[1229,1372,1984,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brachycerinae">Brachycerinae</taxonomicName>
), from southern Africa on leaves of
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FE35C98B6293C185" box="[428,640,2016,2037]" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Ammocharis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coranica">
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB79931FE35C98B6293C185" box="[428,640,2016,2037]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="502">Ammocharis coranica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FD14C98B62FAC185" box="[653,745,2016,2037]" class="Liliopsida" family="Alliaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Alliaceae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB79931FC90C98B63B6C185" box="[777,933,2016,2037]" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="502" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaryllidaceae</taxonomicName>
), its larval host.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3246512FFB09936FF5FCEF36181C202" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B813699FFB09936FF5FCEF36181C202" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1138]" pageId="12" pageNumber="503">
The family concept of the
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FD9BCEF36267C6C2" box="[514,628,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
remains in dispute, some authors (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FBD7CEF364EDC6C2" author="Crowson" box="[1102,1278,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="515" refString="Crowson, R. A. (1955). The Natural Classification of the Families of Coleoptera. N. Lloyd: London, UK. (E. W. Classey: Hampton, UK, reprint 1967, 214 pp.)." type="book" year="1955">Crowson 1955</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FA92CEF360F0C6AA" author="Zimmerman" pageId="12" pageNumber="520" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1994 b) Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume II - Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on Immature Stages by Brenda May. CSIRO, Australia, 755 pp." type="book" year="1994" yearSuffix="b">Zimmerman 1994b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FF69CEAB616DC6AA" author="Wanat" box="[240,382,192,218]" pageId="12" pageNumber="519" refString="Wanat, M. (2001) Genera of Australo-Pacific Rhadinocybinae and Myrmacicelinae, with biogeography of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) and phylogeny of the Brentidae (s. lato). Mantis ed., Olsztyn, 432 pp." type="book" year="2001">Wanat 2001</bibRefCitation>
) treating some or all of the subfamilies recognised here as distinct families. The case for amalgamating them (except for the African
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FD3CCE836350C772" box="[677,835,232,258]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microcerinae">Microcerinae</taxonomicName>
) into a single family was first made by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FABCCE8360CDC75A" author="Morimoto" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" refString="Morimoto, K. (1962) Comparative morphology and phylogeny of the superfamily Cuculionoidea of Japan. III. Key to families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the superfamily Curculionoidea of Japan excluding Scolytidae, Platypodidae and Cossoninae. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 12 (1), 21 - 66." type="journal article" year="1962">Morimoto (1962</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FF73CF7B6135C75A" author="Morimoto" box="[234,294,272,298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" refString="Morimoto, K. (1976) Notes on the family characters of Apionidae and Brentidae (Coleoptera), with key to the related families. Kontyu, 44 (4), 469 - 476." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
) and consolidated by later studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FD5DCF7B639BC75A" author="Thompson" box="[708,904,272,298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="519" refString="Thompson, R. T. (1992) Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) with a key to the major groups. Journal of natural History, 26, 835 - 891." type="journal article" year="1992">Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FC0DCF7B641DC75A" author="May" box="[916,1038,272,298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" refString="May, B. M. (1993) Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a systematic overview. Fauna of New Zealand, 28, 1 - 1221." type="journal article" year="1993">
<date id="FF801059FFB09936FC0DCF7B641DC75A" box="[916,1038,272,298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" value="1993-05">May 1993</date>
</bibRefCitation>
) and phylogenetic analyses (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FAF8CF7B611CC722" author="Kuschel" pageId="12" pageNumber="516" refString="Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5 - 33." type="journal article" year="1995">Kuschel 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FE87CF536277C722" author="Marvaldi" box="[286,612,312,338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E. &amp; Morrone, J. J. (2000) Phylogenetic systematics of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): a reappraisal based on larval and adult morphology. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 31, 43 - 58." type="journal article" year="2000">Marvaldi &amp; Morrone 2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FDEBCF536352C722" author="Oberprieler" box="[626,833,312,338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="518" refString="Oberprieler, R. G. (2000) The larvae of the weevil tribe Eurhynchini and the phylogeny of the Brentidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 14, 755 - 770." type="journal article" year="2000">Oberprieler 2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FCD6CF53645FC722" author="Marvaldi" box="[847,1100,312,338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E., Sequeira, A. S., O'Brien, C. W. &amp; Farrell, B. D. (2002) Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): do niche shifts accompany diversification? Systematic Biology, 51, 761 - 785." type="journal article" year="2002">
Marvaldi
<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB09936FC5DCF5363E8C721" box="[964,1019,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="503">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
). The
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FB03CF536525C722" box="[1178,1334,312,338]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microcerinae">Microcerinae</taxonomicName>
(fig. 9), which had previously been included in the curculionid subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FC3ACF0B645FC70A" box="[931,1100,352,378]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brachycerinae">Brachycerinae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FB0BCF0B6546C70A" author="Thompson" box="[1170,1365,352,378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="519" refString="Thompson, R. T. (1992) Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) with a key to the major groups. Journal of natural History, 26, 835 - 891." type="journal article" year="1992">Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FAFACF0B611FC7D2" author="Kuschel" pageId="12" pageNumber="516" refString="Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5 - 33." type="journal article" year="1995">Kuschel 1995</bibRefCitation>
), were included in
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FE72CFE3624EC7D2" box="[491,605,392,418]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FD11CFE36377C7D2" author="Oberprieler" box="[648,868,392,418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="518" refString="Oberprieler, R. G. (2000) The larvae of the weevil tribe Eurhynchini and the phylogeny of the Brentidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 14, 755 - 770." type="journal article" year="2000">Oberprieler (2000)</bibRefCitation>
on the basis of mainly larval characters. A number of characteristic morphological features occur in
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FC86CFDB6382C7BA" box="[799,913,432,458]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
in this expanded concept, such as stepped abdominal ventrites (3–5 on a higher level than 1–2), eyes covered by a corneal lens, labial palps sunk into grooves on the ental surface of the prementum and with a reduced number of segments (2 or 1), male tergite 8 pouch-like with medially inflexed posterior margin, aedeagus with frenal sclerities, tegminal ring laterally constricted or articulated; however, none of these conditions are present in all taxa and can be regarded as synapomorphies defining the family
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FDBDCC136285C4E2" box="[548,662,632,658]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
as a monophyletic group. Only two characters have been identified so far as shared by all of them. One is the single median sensillum on the larval labrum, which is otherwise only known in Ocladiini (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FDDCCCA362E1C492" box="[581,754,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FD67CCA363BAC492" box="[766,937,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brachycerinae">Brachycerinae</taxonomicName>
) but does not occur in the more primitive families (which have a median pair) or in other
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FD56CC9B6366C57A" box="[719,885,752,778]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
(which have a median sensillum plus a lateral pair). The other is the reduced number of Malpighian tubules (four), a condition that almost never occurs in
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FF0ECD2B612EC52A" box="[151,317,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
(only a few isolated cases reported in
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FC89CD2B6384C52A" box="[784,919,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cossoninae">Cossoninae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FC4CCD2B6448C52A" box="[981,1115,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhamphini">Rhamphini</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FB0ECD2B653EC52A" author="Calder" box="[1175,1325,832,858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="515" refString="Calder, A. A. (1989) The alimentary canal and nervous system of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera): gross morphology and systematic significance. Journal of natural History, 23, 1205 - 1265." type="journal article" year="1989">Calder 1989</bibRefCitation>
). It does, however, also occur in some
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FE68CD0362B1C5F2" box="[497,674,872,898]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemonychidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FD47CD036379C5F2" box="[734,874,872,898]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthribidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FCE3CD03641CC5F2" author="Calder" box="[890,1039,872,898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="515" refString="Calder, A. A. (1989) The alimentary canal and nervous system of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera): gross morphology and systematic significance. Journal of natural History, 23, 1205 - 1265." type="journal article" year="1989">Calder 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FB84CD03648AC5F2" author="May" box="[1053,1177,872,898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" refString="May, B. M. (1993) Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a systematic overview. Fauna of New Zealand, 28, 1 - 1221." type="journal article" year="1993">
<date id="FF801059FFB09936FB84CD03648AC5F2" box="[1053,1177,872,898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" value="1993-05">May 1993</date>
</bibRefCitation>
), and although such a reduction is likely to have evolved independently in various groups, its consistent occurrence in all
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FAB3CDFB658FC5DA" box="[1322,1436,912,938]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
suggests that it may indeed be a synapomorphic feature in this family. Further morphological and molecular studies are needed to test this hypothesis and to establish the relationships among the subfamilies as recognised here. Phylogenetic relationships within the subfamilies have been addressed in
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FB3CCA6360C8C23A" authority="(Louw 1986)" baseAuthorityName="Louw" baseAuthorityYear="1986" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microcerinae">
Microcerinae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FACFCA6360C0C23A" author="Louw" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" refString="Louw, S. (1986) Revision of the Microcerinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and an analysis of their phylogeny and zoogeography. Memoirs van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein, 21, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1986">Louw 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FE8FCA5B6183C23A" box="[278,400,1072,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioninae">Apioninae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FE39CA5B6222C23A" author="Wanat" box="[416,561,1072,1098]" pageId="12" pageNumber="519" refString="Wanat, M. (1995) Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Ceratapiini (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Apionidae). Genus (Supplement), 406 pp." type="book" year="1995">Wanat 1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB09936FDA7CA5B6269C23A" author="Wanat" box="[574,634,1072,1098]" pageId="12" pageNumber="519" refString="Wanat, M. (2001) Genera of Australo-Pacific Rhadinocybinae and Myrmacicelinae, with biogeography of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) and phylogeny of the Brentidae (s. lato). Mantis ed., Olsztyn, 432 pp." type="book" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
) but remain to be extended and especially studied in the other large subfamily,
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB09936FE80CA33619CC202" box="[281,399,1112,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brentinae">Brentinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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