154 lines
33 KiB
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154 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="E098959734BB2C37A305EB3F4533E56B" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13745824" ID-ZooBank="AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1726052091569" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Titus, Benjamin M., Bennett-Smith, Morgan F., Chiodo, Tommaso & Rodríguez, Estefanía" docDate="2024" docId="03818787645CFFD31BD2FDB9FA8C70D4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5506.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5506 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Radianthus doreensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFB8FFFF644EFFC01B45FF9BFFDB7179" masterDocTitle="The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide." masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1726245086095" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="1F36732B40DFDC8ABD00DFA0A7BA5C9A">The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F3279A7E323AF6B885E7A66ECE887EE9">Titus, Benjamin M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8C9A67358CDB258BE8F6CFDF8D3F8181">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BB652214867F1372E46EC1E9DFC23713">Bennett-Smith, Morgan F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="550689901A75FA417371C59D0B39BBDF">Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B6A7E970A5398B5677F1541A6361AD39">Chiodo, Tommaso</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CE3F7C54D3EE6AC2A6DBF30782530A23">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="807148679304E80F53C76EDEE8FEF3B7">Rodríguez, Estefanía</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6C28BC6913DC16C9EFE6A003C54C8571">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="2E6AE16A9A8DFFDC538B97C5233443DF">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D27ADBD568266C4D11D032E093B1715D">2024-09-05</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03818787645CFFD31BD2FDB9FA8C70D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13760331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13760331" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03818787645CFFD31BD2FDB9FA8C70D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03818787645CFFD31BD2FDB9FA8C70D4" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection id="C332651A645CFFD21BD2FDB9FC377345" box="[151,1004,546,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B973691645CFFD21BD2FDB9FC377345" blockId="18.[151,1004,546,573]" box="[151,1004,546,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="D0DF81FD645CFFD21BD2FDB9FC377345" bold="true" box="[151,1004,546,573]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645CFFD21BD2FDB9FD057345" authority="(Quoy & Gaimard, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[151,734,546,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="doreensis">Radianthus doreensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1883)</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD219ABFDB9FC807345" box="[750,859,546,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD2182CFDB9FC3F7345" box="[873,996,546,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[152,255,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Representative images of the beaded sea anemone Heteractis aurora encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Multi-colored, whole individual in typical rubble microhabitat with characteristic beaded tentacle morphology (Maldives) B) Macro photograph of stereotypical beaded tentacle morphology (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted/folded oral disc revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on gray column (arrow). Also note zebrastriped oral disc pattern (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) White phenotype hosting Amphiprion clarki (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Individual with partially beaded tentacles. White peripheral tentacles with lightly beaded morphology with inner brown tentacles without beads and horizontal stripes (Anilao, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith, Benjamin M. Titus, and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745832/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure S4</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332651A645CFFD21BD2FDF0FB487520" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B973691645CFFD21BD2FDF0FB487520" blockId="18.[151,1437,619,1293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645CFFD21BD2FDF0FE5073FC" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[151,395,619,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="doreensis">Radianthus doreensis</taxonomicName>
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, formerly in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645CFFD219DAFDF0FCE073FC" authorityName="Haddon" authorityYear="1898" box="[671,827,619,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Macrodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Macrodactyla</taxonomicName>
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, is highly variable in terms of tentacle and oral disc color and pattern (
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21A20FD14FE1C73D0" box="[357,455,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21A91FD14FD9D73D0" box="[468,582,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[152,255,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Representative images of the beaded sea anemone Heteractis aurora encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Multi-colored, whole individual in typical rubble microhabitat with characteristic beaded tentacle morphology (Maldives) B) Macro photograph of stereotypical beaded tentacle morphology (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted/folded oral disc revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on gray column (arrow). Also note zebrastriped oral disc pattern (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) White phenotype hosting Amphiprion clarki (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Individual with partially beaded tentacles. White peripheral tentacles with lightly beaded morphology with inner brown tentacles without beads and horizontal stripes (Anilao, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith, Benjamin M. Titus, and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745832/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure S4</figureCitation>
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). It is commonly referred to as the “corkscrew anemone” or “long-tentacled anemone” in reference to the long (>
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), tapering tentacles that often curl or form spiral patterns (
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21E64FD28FF777388" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8A, B</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21BFDFD4CFEF27388" box="[184,297,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[152,255,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Representative images of the beaded sea anemone Heteractis aurora encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Multi-colored, whole individual in typical rubble microhabitat with characteristic beaded tentacle morphology (Maldives) B) Macro photograph of stereotypical beaded tentacle morphology (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted/folded oral disc revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on gray column (arrow). Also note zebrastriped oral disc pattern (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) White phenotype hosting Amphiprion clarki (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Individual with partially beaded tentacles. White peripheral tentacles with lightly beaded morphology with inner brown tentacles without beads and horizontal stripes (Anilao, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith, Benjamin M. Titus, and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745832/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure S4</figureCitation>
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). The body and tentacle color of this species is often various shades of brown, yellow/white, or purple. Tentacles can be uniformly colored but are often longitudinally striped (
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21880FD60FB85726C" box="[965,1118,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8D, E</figureCitation>
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). Tentacles are often sparse, but not always, leaving the oral disc highly visible (
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21998FC84FC897240" box="[733,850,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8E</figureCitation>
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). The broad oral disc, up to
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diameter in the largest individuals, typically lies flat on the surrounding sand or rubble and takes on a similar pattern to the tentacles. Individuals with longitudinally striped tentacles will also have highly striped oral discs, superficially resembling radially arranged zebra stripes (
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21AB8FC10FDBB72DC" box="[509,608,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD2192BFC10FCCF72DC" box="[622,788,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[152,255,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Representative images of the beaded sea anemone Heteractis aurora encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Multi-colored, whole individual in typical rubble microhabitat with characteristic beaded tentacle morphology (Maldives) B) Macro photograph of stereotypical beaded tentacle morphology (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted/folded oral disc revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on gray column (arrow). Also note zebrastriped oral disc pattern (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) White phenotype hosting Amphiprion clarki (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Individual with partially beaded tentacles. White peripheral tentacles with lightly beaded morphology with inner brown tentacles without beads and horizontal stripes (Anilao, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith, Benjamin M. Titus, and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745832/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure S4C, E</figureCitation>
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). Individuals without longitudinally striped tentacles will not display heavily striped oral discs (
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21905FC34FD6372B0" box="[576,696,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
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). Prominent, light-colored verrucae form longitudinal rows on the upper portion of the column, and contrast in color from the surrounding column, which is typically a purplish-gray or brown (
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21A54FC6CFE517568" box="[273,394,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8C</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21ADDFC6CFDD77568" box="[408,524,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[152,255,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[228,1360,181,1728]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Representative images of the beaded sea anemone Heteractis aurora encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Multi-colored, whole individual in typical rubble microhabitat with characteristic beaded tentacle morphology (Maldives) B) Macro photograph of stereotypical beaded tentacle morphology (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted/folded oral disc revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on gray column (arrow). Also note zebrastriped oral disc pattern (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) White phenotype hosting Amphiprion clarki (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Individual with partially beaded tentacles. White peripheral tentacles with lightly beaded morphology with inner brown tentacles without beads and horizontal stripes (Anilao, Philippines). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith, Benjamin M. Titus, and Scott Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745832/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure S4</figureCitation>
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). The light-colored verrucae are non-adhesive and are the most distinct feature in life that can be used for field identification. Verrucae are absent on the lower portion of the column which is typically bright orange and obscured from view by being burrowed deeply in the sediment.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332651A645CFFD31B82FBF8FA8C70D4" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B973691645CFFD21B82FBF8FD797474" blockId="18.[151,1437,619,1293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645CFFD21B82FBF8FE6D7504" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[199,438,1123,1149]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="doreensis">Radianthus doreensis</taxonomicName>
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has a geographic range that is poorly resolved, likely due to this species being understudied (
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<figureCitation id="13132A14645CFFD21BDAFB1CFEDF75D8" box="[159,260,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[226,1358,1317,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-520@18.[226,1362,1317,1828]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9. Confirmed geographic range of Radianthus doreensis in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745842/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 9</figureCitation>
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). It is documented from
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<collectingCountry id="F33F7601645CFFD2196DFB1CFD4975D8" box="[552,658,1159,1185]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, through the Coral Triangle, and North to
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<collectingCountry id="F33F7601645CFFD21FC3FB1CFB1275D8" box="[1158,1225,1159,1185]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, as far east as the
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<collectingCountry id="F33F7601645CFFD21BD2FB30FE9475BC" box="[151,335,1195,1221]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
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in the Central Pacific.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60645CFFD2190EFB30FD0275BC" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[587,729,1195,1221]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 115" refId="ref16180" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1981) The clownfish sea anemones: Stichodactylidae (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) and other sea anemones symbiotic with pomacentrid fishes. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 71 (1), 3 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006382" type="journal article" year="1981">Dunn (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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lists the Red Sea as part of its native range, but this has not been confirmed through recent major surveys in the region (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B60645CFFD21845FB54FBF17590" author="Bennett-Smith, M. F. & Majoris, J. E. & Titus, B. M. & Berumen, M. L." box="[768,1066,1231,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref15764" refString="Bennett-Smith, M. F., Majoris, J. E., Titus, B. M. & Berumen, M. L. (2021) Clownfish hosting anemones (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) of the Red Sea: new associations and distributions, historical misidentifications, and morphological variability. Marine Biodiversity Records, 14 (1), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 41200 - 021 - 00216 - 6" type="journal article" year="2021">Bennett-Smith et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
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), and it has not been observed in the Indian Ocean outside of Western Australia.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF576619645CFFD21BDDF8A7FEEF76E5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745842" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13745842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745842/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[152,255,1852,1876]" targetBox="[226,1358,1317,1828]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8B973691645CFFD21BDDF8A7FEEF76E5" blockId="18.[151,1437,1852,1948]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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FIGURE 9. Confirmed geographic range of
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645CFFD219C7F8A7FCBB762D" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[642,864,1852,1876]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="doreensis">Radianthus doreensis</taxonomicName>
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in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B973691645DFFD31B82FF0CFA8C70D4" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645DFFD31B82FF0CFE6071C8" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[199,443,151,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="doreensis">Radianthus doreensis</taxonomicName>
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is a sand/rubble dwelling species that occupies sand pockets in coral reef habitats or occupies sand flats adjacent to reefs. It is only known to reproduce sexually and does not form large aggregations. The geographic range, habitat, tentacle shape and color, orange base, and non-adhesive verrucae that contrast highly with surrounding column are also features partially shared by other clownfish hosting species such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645DFFD31E54FE98FAA27065" ID-CoL="9GPNW" baseAuthorityName="Hemprich & Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1297,1401,259,284]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crispa">R. crispa</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645DFFD31EC1FE98FF147038" ID-CoL="4R933" baseAuthorityName="Haddon & Shackleton" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malu">R. malu</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645DFFD31A49FEBCFE0F7039" ID-CoL="3L735" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[268,468,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Heteractis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurora">Heteractis aurora</taxonomicName>
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. Thus, in the field this species can be easy to misidentify.
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645DFFD31F1FFEBCFAFD7039" ID-CoL="9GPNW" baseAuthorityName="Hemprich & Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1114,1318,295,321]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crispa">Radianthus crispa</taxonomicName>
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has s long tentacles that can also curl or spiral but have adhesive verrucae that are the same color as the surrounding column.
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645DFFD31BD2FEF4FE8D70F0" ID-CoL="4R933" baseAuthorityName="Haddon & Shackleton" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[151,342,367,393]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Radianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malu">Radianthus malu</taxonomicName>
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also has orange bases/pedal discs, but does not have long curling tentacles.
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D12645DFFD31FEDFEF4FAAB70F1" ID-CoL="3L735" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[1192,1392,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Heteractis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurora">Heteractis aurora</taxonomicName>
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has white verrucae that contrast with a grayish column, but has beaded or semi-beaded tentacles that do not curl.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |