treatments-xml/data/F7/1A/87/F71A8782491BFFA8FF2C3DC2FCB7ACAB.xml

<document id="8ADFC58691BE5E2084B305C9773454CC" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5005.1.4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5141154" ID-ZooBank="48F8A874-888C-4E0C-BB65-15AF9C37D33D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1627459260893" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Franzese, Sebastian &amp; Ivanov, Veronica A." docDate="2021" docId="F71A8782491BFFA8FF2C3DC2FCB7ACAB" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5005.1.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5005 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Scalithrium kirchneri Franzese &amp; Ivanov 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="7269640A-B35A-4479-B0E6-BCB86CA051FC" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="0B23FFFA4919FFADFFBB3D1DFFA0AD5D" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Scalithrium (Cestoda: Rhinebothriidea) from rajiform batoids of the Argentine Sea" masterLastPageNumber="76" masterPageNumber="62" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1699025186800" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="DDCBB72D9A61D48BDD734FB04BAB1BC3">Two new species of Scalithrium (Cestoda: Rhinebothriidea) from rajiform batoids of the Argentine Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="87AFD470978B8791E32505DEF878B5AA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="4B7EB89C21A5F003A06658DA6EE08917">Franzese, Sebastian</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="585B3C76C4D65EE58E3CDBCD09B39E58">Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina. &amp; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4DEB97809120FC58140987AC4CDC131D">Ivanov, Veronica A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EA2E78E9E86A5EA20ED7E66E9F795064">Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina. &amp; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="05D9FB994CA80851D31D4D63D10B9F25">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="DD8A67194973F218489F9FA4D6955305">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="55A9807FA3D6787F00843328BD0E709E">2021-07-23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2658DF21D720FC80A5C3EA65504D981B">5005</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="449B83D9303F94E31FF4192D217937DE" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5005.1.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F71A8782491BFFA8FF2C3DC2FCB7ACAB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5152344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5152344" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7269640A-B35A-4479-B0E6-BCB86CA051FC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F71A8782491BFFA8FF2C3DC2FCB7ACAB" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<subSubSection id="37A9651F491BFFAFFF2C3DC2FDA3ADA4" box="[151,515,223,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF2C3DC2FDA3ADA4" blockId="2.[151,515,223,285]" box="[151,515,223,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<heading id="244481F8491BFFAFFF2C3DC2FDA3ADA4" bold="true" box="[151,515,223,250]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF2C3DC2FDA3ADA4" bold="true" box="[151,515,223,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491BFFAFFF2C3DC2FE3EADA7" authority="Franzese &amp; Ivanov, 2021" authorityName="Franzese &amp; Ivanov" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,414,223,250]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kirchneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF2C3DC2FE3EADA7" bold="true" box="[151,414,223,250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Scalithrium kirchneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56F457FD491BFFAFFE1D3DC2FDA3ADA4" box="[422,515,223,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="37A9651F491BFFAFFF2C3C1EFEE2AC40" box="[151,322,259,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF2C3C1EFEE2AC40" blockId="2.[151,515,223,285]" box="[151,322,259,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF2C3C1EFF00AC40" bold="true" box="[151,160,259,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">(</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFF1A3C1EFEABAC40" box="[161,267,259,285]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1376,1400]" captionTargetBox-0="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetBox-2="[157,1427,511,1346]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetId-1="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetId-2="figure-347@5.[151,1436,503,1350]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. scolex, small letters indicate the location of details shown in figures 2C–F; B. surface of scolex apex; C. distal bothridial surface; D. proximal bothridial surface; E. surface of stalk; F. surface of cephalic peduncle; G. surface of terminal mature proglottid." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Cross sections of terminal mature proglottid of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii (paratype MACN-Pa 758/13). A. cross section at the level of testes; B. cross section at the level of the genital pore; C. cross section at the level of the seminal receptacle; D. cross section at the level of the ovarian isthmus. Abbreviations: dod, dorsal osmoregulatory duct; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141158" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141160" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5141158/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5141160/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFEAC3C1EFE9AAC40" box="[279,314,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1139,1163]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1116]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[151,1436,181,1116]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Longitudinal sections of bothridium showing the septal musculature. A. Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii (paratype MACN-Pa 759). B. Scalithrium ivanovae sp. nov. from Atlantoraja platana (paratype MACN-Pa 763/4). Abbreviations: l, loculus; rm, radial muscle; tg, triangular gap; tmb, transverse muscle bundles; ts, transverse septum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141162/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">4A</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="37A9651F491BFFAFFF2C3C56FC69AFF7" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF2C3C56FB27AC3B" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" box="[151,1159,331,358]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF2C3C56FEB2AC38" bold="true" box="[151,274,331,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<typeStatus id="A0088836491BFFAFFF2C3C56FF72AC38" box="[151,210,331,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
host.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491BFFAFFEA23C51FD07AC3B" authority="(Muller &amp; Henle)" baseAuthorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[281,679,331,358]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Rioraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFEA23C51FE77AC38" box="[281,471,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Rioraja agassizii</emphasis>
(Müller &amp; Henle)
</taxonomicName>
, Rio skate (
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491BFFAFFC923C56FC0CAC38" authorityName="L.S.Berg" authorityYear="1940" box="[809,940,331,357]" class="Elasmobranchii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rajiformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491BFFAFFC0E3C56FBDBAC3B" baseAuthorityName="Froese &amp; Pauly" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[949,1147,331,358]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Arhynchobatidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF7C3C72FD96ACF3" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<materialsCitation id="CFDB3CC9491BFFAFFF7C3C72FD92ACF3" collectionCode="PD" country="Argentina" latitude="-36.2" location="Continental" longLatPrecision="1188" longitude="-55.333332" municipality="San Clemente del Tuyu" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="PD5-080, PD5-130" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Buenos Aires" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF7C3C72FEC4ACD4" bold="true" box="[199,356,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<typeStatus id="A0088836491BFFAFFF7C3C72FEA2ACD4" box="[199,258,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<location id="7A6C604F491BFFAFFED13C72FE4DACD4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F71A8782491BFFA8FF2C3DC2FCB7ACAB:7A6C604F491BFFAFFED13C72FE4DACD4" box="[362,493,367,393]" country="Argentina" latitude="-36.2" longLatPrecision="1188" longitude="-55.333332" municipality="San Clemente del Tuyu" name="Continental" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Buenos Aires">Continental</location>
shelf waters off 
<collectingMunicipality id="9F68ACEE491BFFAFFD183C72FC08ACD4" box="[675,936,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">San Clemente del Tuyú</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion id="BD77F876491BFFAFFC093C6DFB12ACD4" box="[946,1202,367,394]" country="Argentina" name="Buenos Aires" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Buenos Aires Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="07A47604491BFFAFFB003C72FA8AACD4" box="[1211,1322,367,393]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="1A875053491BFFAFFA823C72FA37ACD4" box="[1337,1431,367,393]" degrees="36" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-36.2">36°12’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1A875053491BFFAFFF2C3C8EFF5FACF3" box="[151,255,403,430]" degrees="55" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-55.333332">55°20’W</geoCoordinate>
) (host 
<specimenCode id="2F159EEF491BFFAFFEF63C8EFE15ACF3" box="[333,437,403,430]" collectionCode="PD" country="Netherlands" name="Dutch Plant Protection Service, Culture Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">PD5-080</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="2F159EEF491BFFAFFE7A3C8EFD8AACF3" box="[449,554,403,430]" collectionCode="PD" country="Netherlands" name="Dutch Plant Protection Service, Culture Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">PD5-130</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF7C3CAAFC3AACA8" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF7C3CAAFE11AC8C" bold="true" box="[199,433,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Additional locality.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="CFDB3CC9491BFFAFFE043CAAFC36ACA8" country="Argentina" latitude="-39.933334" location="Continental" longLatPrecision="1165" longitude="-58.333332" municipality="Quequen" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Buenos Aires">
<location id="7A6C604F491BFFAFFE043CAAFDE2AC8C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F71A8782491BFFA8FF2C3DC2FCB7ACAB:7A6C604F491BFFAFFE043CAAFDE2AC8C" box="[447,578,439,465]" country="Argentina" latitude="-39.933334" longLatPrecision="1165" longitude="-58.333332" municipality="Quequen" name="Continental" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" stateProvince="Buenos Aires">Continental</location>
shelf waters off 
<collectingMunicipality id="9F68ACEE491BFFAFFCA33CAAFC20AC8C" box="[792,896,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Quequén</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion id="BD77F876491BFFAFFC293CA5FB02AC8C" box="[914,1186,439,466]" country="Argentina" name="Buenos Aires" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Buenos Aires Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="07A47604491BFFAFFB083CAAFA82AC8C" box="[1203,1314,439,465]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="1A875053491BFFAFFA823CAAFA38AC8F" box="[1337,1432,439,466]" degrees="39" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-39.933334">39°56’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1A875053491BFFAFFF2C3CC6FF5FACAB" box="[151,255,475,502]" degrees="58" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-58.333332">58°20’W</geoCoordinate>
) (host FMPQ-027, FMPQ-035, FMPQ-114, FMPQA-039)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF7C3CE2FDE0AF44" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" box="[199,576,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF7C3CE2FE29AF44" bold="true" box="[199,393,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Site of infection.</emphasis>
Spiral intestine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF7C3F3EFD79AFDB" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF7C3F3EFED4AF60" bold="true" box="[199,372,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="CFDB3CC9491BFFAFFEC23F3EFD79AFDB" collectionCode="IPCAS" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="C-896" specimenCount="27" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="A0088836491BFFAFFEC23F3EFE41AF60" box="[377,481,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
MACN-Pa 757 (entire mature worm), 
<specimenCount id="69B5FD1D491BFFAFFC343F3EFBBCAF63" box="[911,1052,547,574]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">19 paratypes</specimenCount>
MACN-Pa 758/1–13, 759, 760/1– 3, 761 (12 entire mature worms, 4 scoleces, 1 strobila, histological sections of 1 mature proglottid and of 1 scolex); 
<specimenCount id="69B5FD1D491BFFAFFF2C3F76FEB7AFDB" box="[151,279,619,646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">8 paratypes</specimenCount>
<collectionCode id="19A2AE51491BFFAFFEA53F76FECDAFD8" box="[286,365,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">IPCAS</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="2F159EEF491BFFAFFECE3F76FE1AAFD8" box="[373,442,619,645]" collectionCode="C-" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">C-896</specimenCode>
(8 entire mature worms).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF7C3F92FC69AFF7" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" box="[199,969,655,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF7C3F92FE7EAFF4" bold="true" box="[199,478,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Prevalence of infection.</emphasis>
100% (6 hosts infected out of 6 examined).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="37A9651F491BFFAFFF7C3FAEFD48AFAC" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF7C3FAEFD48AFAC" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF7C3FAEFEEEAF90" bold="true" box="[199,334,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</emphasis>
This species is named in memory of Néstor Carlos Kirchner, former president of 
<collectingCountry id="07A47604491BFFAFFB633FAEFAEAAF90" box="[1240,1354,691,717]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, for his great support to the development of national science.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="37A9651F491BFFAFFF7C3FE6FB00AA80" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF7C3FE6FB62A853" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491BFFAFFF7C3FE6FEF9AE48" bold="true" box="[199,345,763,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Description.</emphasis>
Based on 
<specimenCount id="69B5FD1D491BFFAFFE753FE6FDC6AE48" box="[462,614,763,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64" type="generic">32 specimens</specimenCount>
prepared as follows: whole mounts of 21 entire mature worms, of 4 scoleces and of 1 strobila, serial sections of 1 mature proglottid and of 1 scolex, 4 worms examined with SEM. Worms euapolytic, 4.8–13.6 mm (7.3 mm ± 3.2 mm, 12) long by 450–770 (602 ± 107, 10) wide, maximum width at level of scolex. Strobila composed of 34–66 (49 ± 13, 9) craspedote proglottids, 33–62 (47 ± 13, 9) immature, 1–5 (2 ± 1, 9) mature (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFF4E3E96FEEEAEF8" box="[245,334,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Scolex 500–1,395 (839 ± 252, 14) long, composed of 4 stalked bothridia and cephalic peduncle; myzorhynchus absent (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFE213EB2FE5DAE94" box="[410,509,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Figs. 1C</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFDB13EB2FD8FAE94" box="[522,559,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. scolex, small letters indicate the location of details shown in figures 2C–F; B. surface of scolex apex; C. distal bothridial surface; D. proximal bothridial surface; E. surface of stalk; F. surface of cephalic peduncle; G. surface of terminal mature proglottid." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141158/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">2A</figureCitation>
). Bothridia facially loculated, 225–550 (378 ± 100, 18) long by 143–335 (250 ± 66, 15) wide. Distal bothridial surface divided by transverse septa into 13–15 (14 ± 1, 13) loculi arranged in single column (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFF413EEAFEFCA94C" box="[250,348,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Figs. 1C</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFED33EEAFE2EA94C" box="[360,398,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. scolex, small letters indicate the location of details shown in figures 2C–F; B. surface of scolex apex; C. distal bothridial surface; D. proximal bothridial surface; E. surface of stalk; F. surface of cephalic peduncle; G. surface of terminal mature proglottid." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141158/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">2A</figureCitation>
); anteriormost loculus 25–73 (52 ± 13, 12) long by 45–115 (89 ± 21, 12) wide; posteriormost loculus 33–55 (44 ± 16, 2) long by 58–73 (65 ± 11, 2) wide. Distal portion of transverse septa formed by transverse muscle bundles, proximal portion formed by radial muscles with proximal fibers ending adjacent to each other and forming triangular gap (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFE18397EFE5EA920" box="[419,510,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1139,1163]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1116]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[151,1436,181,1116]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Longitudinal sections of bothridium showing the septal musculature. A. Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii (paratype MACN-Pa 759). B. Scalithrium ivanovae sp. nov. from Atlantoraja platana (paratype MACN-Pa 763/4). Abbreviations: l, loculus; rm, radial muscle; tg, triangular gap; tmb, transverse muscle bundles; ts, transverse septum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141162/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). Bothridial stalks 98–200 (142 ± 34, 9) long by 35–85 (58 ± 17, 8) wide. Cephalic peduncle 245–1,063 (433 ± 240, 13) long by 50–120 (77 ± 18, 13) wide at posterior end. Apex of scolex covered by acicular filitriches (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFECE39B6FE6EA998" box="[373,462,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. scolex, small letters indicate the location of details shown in figures 2C–F; B. surface of scolex apex; C. distal bothridial surface; D. proximal bothridial surface; E. surface of stalk; F. surface of cephalic peduncle; G. surface of terminal mature proglottid." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141158/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Proximal bothridial surface with coniform spinitriches interspersed with capilliform filitriches (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFEA939D2FECCA9B4" box="[274,364,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. scolex, small letters indicate the location of details shown in figures 2C–F; B. surface of scolex apex; C. distal bothridial surface; D. proximal bothridial surface; E. surface of stalk; F. surface of cephalic peduncle; G. surface of terminal mature proglottid." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141158/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). Distal bothridial surface covered by coniform spinitriches interspersed with acicular filitriches (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFF1B39EEFF58A850" box="[160,248,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. scolex, small letters indicate the location of details shown in figures 2C–F; B. surface of scolex apex; C. distal bothridial surface; D. proximal bothridial surface; E. surface of stalk; F. surface of cephalic peduncle; G. surface of terminal mature proglottid." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141158/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Bothridial stalks and cephalic peduncle with short capilliform filitriches (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFBFA39EEFB15A853" box="[1089,1205,1267,1294]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. scolex, small letters indicate the location of details shown in figures 2C–F; B. surface of scolex apex; C. distal bothridial surface; D. proximal bothridial surface; E. surface of stalk; F. surface of cephalic peduncle; G. surface of terminal mature proglottid." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141158/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF7C3805FD7AAB0C" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
Immature proglottids initially wider than long, becoming longer than wide with maturity. Subterminal proglottid 330–950 (595 ± 187, 11) long by 120–195 (145 ± 22, 11) wide; velum 8–15 (13 ± 3, 9) long, covering 1–3% (2 ± 1, 9) of adjacent proglottid. Terminal mature proglottid 460–1,250 (836 ± 199, 12) long by 120–195 (149 ± 23, 12) wide, width to length ratio 1: 4–7 (6 ± 1, 12) (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFD18389EFD5AA8C0" box="[675,762,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Mature proglottids covered by capilliform filitriches (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFAD4389EFF1DA89C" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[151,1436,181,1817]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. scolex, small letters indicate the location of details shown in figures 2C–F; B. surface of scolex apex; C. distal bothridial surface; D. proximal bothridial surface; E. surface of stalk; F. surface of cephalic peduncle; G. surface of terminal mature proglottid." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141158/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
). Testes oval, 23–34 (28 ± 3, 12) per proglottid, 18–45 (28 ± 6, 10, 50) long by 30–63 (43 ± 7, 10, 50) wide, arranged in 2 columns anterior to cirrus sac (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFD3438D6FD45A8B8" box="[655,741,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
), 1 layer deep in cross-section (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFBF038D6FB05A8B8" box="[1099,1189,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1376,1400]" captionTargetBox="[157,1427,511,1346]" captionTargetId="figure-347@5.[151,1436,503,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cross sections of terminal mature proglottid of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii (paratype MACN-Pa 758/13). A. cross section at the level of testes; B. cross section at the level of the genital pore; C. cross section at the level of the seminal receptacle; D. cross section at the level of the ovarian isthmus. Abbreviations: dod, dorsal osmoregulatory duct; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141160/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Cirrus sac pyriform, 75–125 (98 ± 16, 11) long by 39–73 (50 ± 10, 11) wide, containing coiled cirrus covered by spinitriches; vas deferens dorsal, entering the anterior margin of cirrus sac near genital pore (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFC7F3B0EFBBDAB70" box="[964,1053,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
). Genital pores marginal, 29–44% (36 ± 4, 11) of proglottid length from posterior end.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491BFFAFFF7C3B46FB00AA80" blockId="2.[151,1437,331,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">
Vagina thick-walled, distal portion surrounded by darkly stained cells (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFC553B46FBF3AB28" box="[1006,1107,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Figs. 1D</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFBDA3B46FB24AB28" box="[1121,1156,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1376,1400]" captionTargetBox="[157,1427,511,1346]" captionTargetId="figure-347@5.[151,1436,503,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cross sections of terminal mature proglottid of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii (paratype MACN-Pa 758/13). A. cross section at the level of testes; B. cross section at the level of the genital pore; C. cross section at the level of the seminal receptacle; D. cross section at the level of the ovarian isthmus. Abbreviations: dod, dorsal osmoregulatory duct; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141160/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">3B</figureCitation>
), extending from ootype along midline of proglottid to anterior margin of cirrus sac, then laterally along anterior margin of cirrus sac to common genital atrium (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFE143BBEFDA6ABE0" box="[431,518,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
); vaginal sphincter and seminal receptacle present (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFBEA3BBEFB16ABE0" box="[1105,1206,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Figs. 1D</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFB783BBEFAA9ABE0" box="[1219,1289,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1376,1400]" captionTargetBox="[157,1427,511,1346]" captionTargetId="figure-347@5.[151,1436,503,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cross sections of terminal mature proglottid of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii (paratype MACN-Pa 758/13). A. cross section at the level of testes; B. cross section at the level of the genital pore; C. cross section at the level of the seminal receptacle; D. cross section at the level of the ovarian isthmus. Abbreviations: dod, dorsal osmoregulatory duct; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141160/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">3B, C</figureCitation>
). Ovary near posterior end of proglottid, H-shaped in dorso-ventral view (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFCF13BDAFC02ABBC" box="[842,930,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
), tetralobed in cross-section (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFB483BDAFAEEABBC" box="[1267,1358,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1376,1400]" captionTargetBox="[157,1427,511,1346]" captionTargetId="figure-347@5.[151,1436,503,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cross sections of terminal mature proglottid of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii (paratype MACN-Pa 758/13). A. cross section at the level of testes; B. cross section at the level of the genital pore; C. cross section at the level of the seminal receptacle; D. cross section at the level of the ovarian isthmus. Abbreviations: dod, dorsal osmoregulatory duct; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141160/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
), symmetric, 110–283 (199 ± 55, 6, 12) long by 58–75 (68 ± 6, 6) wide at level of ovarian isthmus. Mehlis’ gland posterior to ovarian isthmus, 20–38 (30 ± 6, 6) in diameter (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFD6B3A12FC87AA74" box="[720,807,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Vitelline follicles 7–20 (11 ± 3, 11, 55) long by 11–35 (20 ± 6, 11, 55) wide, in 4 total columns, 1 dorsal column and 1 ventral column on each lateral margin of proglottid, extending along entire proglottid length, interrupted ventrally by genital pore and partially interrupted dorsally and ventrally by ovary (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFECD3A66FE5DAACB" box="[374,509,1915,1942]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Figs. 1B, D</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFDB13A66FDF2AACB" box="[522,594,1915,1942]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1376,1400]" captionTargetBox="[157,1427,511,1346]" captionTargetId="figure-347@5.[151,1436,503,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cross sections of terminal mature proglottid of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii (paratype MACN-Pa 758/13). A. cross section at the level of testes; B. cross section at the level of the genital pore; C. cross section at the level of the seminal receptacle; D. cross section at the level of the ovarian isthmus. Abbreviations: dod, dorsal osmoregulatory duct; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141160/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">3B, D</figureCitation>
). Uterus sacciform, occupying midline of proglottid, from level of ovarian isthmus to anterior half of proglottid, without reaching anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFC663A82FB97AAE4" box="[989,1079,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-19@3.[156,1431,181,1846]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii. A. entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); B. terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); C. scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); D. detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Two pairs of osmoregulatory ducts, 1 dorsal pair and 1 ventral pair; dorsal ducts narrower than ventral ducts (
<figureCitation id="E7882A11491BFFAFFBAC3ADEFB34AA80" box="[1047,1172,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1376,1400]" captionTargetBox="[157,1427,511,1346]" captionTargetId="figure-347@5.[151,1436,503,1350]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cross sections of terminal mature proglottid of Scalithrium kirchneri sp. nov. from Rioraja agassizii (paratype MACN-Pa 758/13). A. cross section at the level of testes; B. cross section at the level of the genital pore; C. cross section at the level of the seminal receptacle; D. cross section at the level of the ovarian isthmus. Abbreviations: dod, dorsal osmoregulatory duct; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141160/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="64">Fig. 3A–D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="2BCC661C491AFFAEFF2C3A53FF5AAAAB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141156" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5141156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141156/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="65" startId="3.[151,250,1870,1894]" targetBox="[172,1416,191,1833]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491AFFAEFF2C3A53FF5AAAAB" blockId="3.[151,1437,1870,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491AFFAEFF2C3A53FEB3AA3B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1870,1894]" pageId="3" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Line drawings of 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491AFFAEFE763A53FD05AA3B" authority="Franzese &amp; Ivanov, 2021" authorityName="Franzese &amp; Ivanov" authorityYear="2021" box="[461,677,1870,1894]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="65" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kirchneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491AFFAEFE763A53FD05AA3B" box="[461,677,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="65">Scalithrium kirchneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491AFFAEFD103A53FD5CAA3B" bold="true" box="[683,764,1870,1894]" pageId="3" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56F457FD491AFFAEFD103A53FD5CAA3B" box="[683,764,1870,1894]" pageId="3" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491AFFAEFC813A52FC47AA3B" baseAuthorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[826,999,1871,1894]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Rioraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491AFFAEFC813A52FC47AA3B" box="[826,999,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="65">Rioraja agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491AFFAEFC483A53FBACAA3B" bold="true" box="[1011,1036,1870,1894]" pageId="3" pageNumber="65">A.</emphasis>
entire mature worm (holotype MACN- Pa 757); 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491AFFAEFF4F3A6FFEABAAD7" bold="true" box="[244,267,1906,1930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="65">B.</emphasis>
terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1); 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491AFFAEFCF43A6FFCC8AAD7" bold="true" box="[847,872,1906,1930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="65">C.</emphasis>
scolex (paratype MACN-Pa 761); 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491AFFAEFB753A6FFB46AAD7" bold="true" box="[1230,1254,1906,1930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="65">D.</emphasis>
detail of terminal genitalia in a terminal mature proglottid (paratype MACN-Pa 758/1). Abbreviations: cs, cirrus sac; ov, ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; t, testes; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicle; vg, vagina; vod, ventral osmoregulatory duct; vs, vaginal sphincter.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2BCC661C491DFFA9FF2C3A2CFB75AACC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5141158" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5141158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5141158/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" startId="4.[151,250,1841,1865]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1817]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491DFFA9FF2C3A2CFB75AACC" blockId="4.[151,1436,1841,1937]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FF2C3A2CFEB4AA14" bold="true" box="[151,276,1841,1865]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Scanning electron micrographs of 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491DFFA9FDC43A2CFCF9AA14" authority="Franzese &amp; Ivanov, 2021" authorityName="Franzese &amp; Ivanov" authorityYear="2021" box="[639,857,1841,1865]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kirchneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FDC43A2CFCF9AA14" box="[639,857,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">Scalithrium kirchneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FCDA3A2CFC13AA14" bold="true" box="[865,947,1841,1865]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56F457FD491DFFA9FCDA3A2CFC13AA14" box="[865,947,1841,1865]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491DFFA9FC4F3A2FFB02AA14" baseAuthorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1012,1186,1842,1865]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Rioraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FC4F3A2FFB02AA14" box="[1012,1186,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">Rioraja agassizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FB0B3A2CFB69AA14" bold="true" box="[1200,1225,1841,1865]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">A.</emphasis>
scolex, small letters indicate the location of details shown in figures 2C–F; 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FD7A3A48FD78AA30" bold="true" box="[705,728,1877,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">B.</emphasis>
surface of scolex apex; 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FC773A48FC45AA30" bold="true" box="[972,997,1877,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">C.</emphasis>
distal bothridial surface; 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FB5C3A48FB5FAA30" bold="true" box="[1255,1279,1877,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">D.</emphasis>
proximal bothridial surface; 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FE923A64FEE1AACC" bold="true" box="[297,321,1913,1937]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">E.</emphasis>
surface of stalk; 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FE543A64FDA2AACC" bold="true" box="[495,514,1913,1937]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">F.</emphasis>
surface of cephalic peduncle; 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491DFFA9FC8C3A64FCF1AACC" bold="true" box="[823,849,1913,1937]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66">G.</emphasis>
surface of terminal mature proglottid.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="37A9651F491CFFA8FF7C3D8AFCB7ACAB" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491CFFA8FF7C3D8AFCEDACD4" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FF7C3D8AFE9BADEC" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FEFD3D8AFD9AADEC" authority="Franzese &amp; Ivanov, 2021" authorityName="Franzese &amp; Ivanov" authorityYear="2021" box="[326,570,151,177]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kirchneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FEFD3D8AFD9AADEC" box="[326,570,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">Scalithrium kirchneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FDFF3D8AFD02ADEC" bold="true" box="[580,674,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56F457FD491CFFA8FDFF3D8AFD02ADEC" box="[580,674,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is longer than 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FCE33D8AFF79AD8B" authority="(Marques, Brooks &amp; Urena, 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Marques, Brooks &amp; Urena" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="geminum">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FCE33D8AFBECADED" box="[856,1100,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">Scalithrium geminum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1B224B65491CFFA8FBE43D8AFF70AD8B" author="Marques, F. P. L. &amp; Brooks, D. R. &amp; Urena, H. M." pageId="5" pageNumber="67" pagination="302 - 306" refId="ref9122" refString="Marques, F. P. L., Brooks, D. R. &amp; Urena, H. M. (1996) Two new species of tetraphyllidean cestodes in Himantura pacifica (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Dasyatididae) from the northwest coast of Costa Rica. The Journal of parasitology, 82, 302 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3284165" type="journal article" year="1996">Marques, Brooks &amp; Ureña, 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FEB63DA6FD47AD88" authority="(Brooks, 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Brooks" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[269,743,187,213]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="magniphallum">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FEB63DA6FD98AD88" box="[269,568,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">Scalithrium magniphallum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1B224B65491CFFA8FDFD3DA6FD7FAD88" author="Brooks, D. R." box="[582,735,187,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" pagination="51 - 59" refId="ref7973" refString="Brooks, D. R. (1977) Six new species of tetraphyllidean cestodes, including a new genus, from a marine stingray Himantura schmardae (Werner, 1904) from Colombia. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 44, 51 - 59." type="journal article" year="1977">Brooks, 1977</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(4.8–13.6 mm vs. 1.3–2.3 mm and 2.3–3.1 mm, respectively), has more loculi on the distal bothridial surface than 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FD533DC2FC3CADA4" baseAuthorityName="Subhapradha" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[744,924,223,249]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="filamentosum">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FD533DC2FD56ADA4" box="[744,758,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FCBE3DC2FC3CADA4" box="[773,924,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">filamentosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FC103DC2FA38ADA4" authority="(Van Beneden, 1850)" baseAuthorityName="Van Beneden" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[939,1432,222,249]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="minimum">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FC103DC2FB3DADA5" box="[939,1181,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">Scalithrium minimum</emphasis>
(Van 
<bibRefCitation id="1B224B65491CFFA8FB583DC2FA30ADA4" author="Beneden, P. J. van" box="[1251,1424,222,249]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 199" refId="ref7759" refString="Beneden, P. J. van. (1850) Recherches sur la faune littorale de Belgique. Les vers cestoides, consideres sous le rapport physi- ologique, embryogenique et zooclassique. Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 25, 1 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 47103" type="journal article" year="1850">Beneden, 1850</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FF2C3C1EFF52AC41" baseAuthorityName="Shinde, Deshmukh &amp; Jadhav" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[151,242,259,285]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="smitii">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FF2C3C1EFF05AC40" box="[151,165,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FF0F3C1EFF52AC41" box="[180,242,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">smitii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FE913C1EFCE2AC43" authority="(Shipley &amp; Hornell, 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Shipley &amp; Hornell" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[298,834,259,286]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="trygonis">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FE913C1EFDB0AC41" box="[298,528,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">Scalithrium trygonis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1B224B65491CFFA8FD9B3C1EFC99AC43" author="Shipley, A. E. &amp; Hornell, J." box="[544,825,259,286]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" pagination="43 - 96" refId="ref9708" refString="Shipley, A. E. &amp; Hornell, J. (1906) Report on the cestode and nematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 5. The Royal Society, London, pp. 43 - 96." type="book chapter" year="1906">Shipley &amp; Hornell, 1906</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(13–15 vs. 8, 11, 7 and 7–8, respectively), and fewer loculi than 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FEA73C3AFE64AC1C" authorityName="Coleman, Beveridge &amp; Campbell" authorityYear="2019" box="[284,452,295,321]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="australiense">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FEA73C3AFE8AAC1C" box="[284,298,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FE803C3AFE64AC1C" box="[315,452,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">australiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FE6D3C3AFD37AC1C" baseAuthorityName="Brooks" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[470,663,295,321]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="magniphallum">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FE6D3C3AFE44AC1C" box="[470,484,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FE4E3C3AFD37AC1C" box="[501,663,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">magniphallum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FD133C3AFB93AC1C" authority="(Baer, 1948)" baseAuthorityName="Baer" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[680,1075,295,321]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="palombii">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FD133C3AFC39AC1C" box="[680,921,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">Scalithrium palombii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1B224B65491CFFA8FC103C3AFB8AAC1C" author="Baer, J. G." box="[939,1066,295,321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" pagination="63 - 122" refId="ref7590" refString="Baer, J. G. (1948) Contributions a l'etude des cestodes des selaciens. I - IV. Bulletin de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles, 71, 63 - 122." type="journal article" year="1948">Baer, 1948</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FBCB3C3AFF79AC38" authority="(Baer, 1948)" baseAuthorityName="Baer" baseAuthorityYear="1948" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rankini">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FBCB3C3AFAEEAC1C" box="[1136,1358,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">Scalithrium rankini</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1B224B65491CFFA8FADB3C3AFF70AC38" author="Baer, J. G." pageId="5" pageNumber="67" pagination="63 - 122" refId="ref7590" refString="Baer, J. G. (1948) Contributions a l'etude des cestodes des selaciens. I - IV. Bulletin de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles, 71, 63 - 122." type="journal article" year="1948">Baer, 1948</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(13–15 vs. 18–20, 16–18, 20–23 and 23, respectively). The absence of bilobed bothridia distinguishes 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FA3C3C56FF5DACD4" authority="Franzese &amp; Ivanov, 2021" authorityName="Franzese &amp; Ivanov" authorityYear="2021" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kirchneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FA3C3C56FA35AC38" box="[1415,1429,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FF2C3C72FF5DACD4" box="[151,253,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">kirchneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FEBF3C72FEFDACD4" bold="true" box="[260,349,367,393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56F457FD491CFFA8FEBF3C72FEFDACD4" box="[260,349,367,393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FE193C72FCE9ACD4" authority="(Young, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Young" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[418,841,366,393]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bilobatum">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FE193C72FD3DACD4" box="[418,669,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">Scalithrium bilobatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1B224B65491CFFA8FD173C72FCE1ACD4" author="Young, R. T." box="[684,833,366,393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" pagination="232 - 234" refId="ref9920" refString="Young, R. T. (1955) Two new species of Echeneibothrium from the stingray Urobatis halleri. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 74, 232 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3224096" type="journal article" year="1955">Young, 1955</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F0C3694491CFFA8FF7C3C8EFCB7ACAB" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">
The new species also differs from 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FDEE3C8EFD5CACF0" authorityName="Coleman, Beveridge &amp; Campbell" authorityYear="2019" box="[597,764,403,429]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="australiense">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FDEE3C8EFDC3ACF0" box="[597,611,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FDC83C8EFD5CACF0" box="[627,764,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">australiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FCB73C8EFC31ACF1" baseAuthorityName="Marques, Brooks &amp; Urena" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[780,913,403,429]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="geminum">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FCB73C8EFCBAACF0" box="[780,794,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FC913C8EFC31ACF1" box="[810,913,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">geminum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FC1A3C8EFBC1ACF0" baseAuthorityName="Brooks" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[929,1121,403,429]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="magniphallum">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FC1A3C8EFC0FACF0" box="[929,943,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FC043C8EFBC1ACF0" box="[959,1121,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">magniphallum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FB203C8EFA82ACF1" baseAuthorityName="Van Beneden" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[1179,1314,403,429]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="minimum">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FB203C8EFB09ACF0" box="[1179,1193,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FB013C8EFA82ACF1" box="[1210,1314,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">minimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having more testes (23–34 vs. 15–17, 9–12, 10–15 and 3–6, respectively), and from 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FC453CAAFBDFAC8C" baseAuthorityName="Baer" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1022,1151,439,465]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="palombii">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FC453CAAFBACAC8C" box="[1022,1036,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FBA03CAAFBDFAC8C" box="[1051,1151,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">palombii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B8B34D17491CFFA8FB0C3CAAFA84AC8C" baseAuthorityName="Baer" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1207,1316,439,465]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" genus="Scalithrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rankini">
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FB0C3CAAFB65AC8C" box="[1207,1221,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="4DC7EA86491CFFA8FB683CAAFA84AC8C" box="[1235,1316,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="67">rankini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having fewer testes (23–34 vs. 82–142 and 50–55, respectively).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>