treatments-xml/data/C5/3B/04/C53B044AACAC280ED9CDC0FA1B98966C.xml

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<mods:title>A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from Laos</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Siriwut, Warut</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Edgecombe, Gregory D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Sutcharit, Chirasak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Tongkerd, Piyoros</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127864223" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C53B044AACAC280ED9CDC0FA1B98966C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C53B044AACAC280ED9CDC0FA1B98966C" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Taxon classification Animalia Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName authority="Koch, 1878" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1878" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica Koch, 1878</taxonomicName>
Figs 7D, 9C, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
Koch, 1878: 790. 
<bibRefCitation author="Daday, J" journalOrPublisher="Termeszentrajzi Fuezetek" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="115 - 156" title="A Magyar nemzeti muzeum indegenfoeldi Myriopodai - Myriapoda extranea Musaei Nationalis Hungarici." volume="12" year="1889">Daday 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 149. 
<bibRefCitation author="Haase, E" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koeniglichen zoologischen und anthropologisch-ethnographischen Museum zu Dresden" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 118" title="Die Indisch-Australischen Myriopoden. 1. Chilopoden." volume="4" year="1887">Haase 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 48, pl. 3, fig. 48. Takakuwa 1942: 41, 
<bibRefCitation author="Takakuwa, Y" journalOrPublisher="Nihon-Seibutsu-Chiri-Gakkai-kaiho / Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="147 - 213" title="Verbreitung der Chilopoden und Diplopoden in Japan." volume="13" year="1943">1943</bibRefCitation>
: 171, 
<bibRefCitation author="Takakuwa, Y" journalOrPublisher="Hokuryu-kan Publ., Tokyo" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="930 - 940" title="Encyclopedia of Animals of Japan" year="1947">1947</bibRefCitation>
: 938. 
<bibRefCitation author="Kronmueller, C" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="19 - 27" title="Review of the subspecies of Scolopendrasubspinipes Leach, 1815 with the new description of the South Chinese member of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 named Scolopendrahainanum spec. nov." volume="35" year="2012">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kronmüller">Kronmueller</normalizedToken>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
: 24, figs 3D, 4B.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subspinipes" subSpecies="japonica">Scolopendra subspinipes japonica</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation author="Kraepelin, K" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 276" title="Revision der Scolopendriden." volume="29" year="1903">Kraepelin 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 263. 
<bibRefCitation author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 84" title="Die Myriopoden der Vega-Expedition." url="10.5962/bhl.part.3495" volume="5" year="1909">Attems 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 10, 13, 1914: 107, 
<bibRefCitation author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter, Berlin" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" title="Myriapoda 2. Scolopendromorpha." year="1930 b">1930b</bibRefCitation>
: 30. 
<bibRefCitation author="Shinohara, K" journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="80 - 85" title="Notes on Centipedes by Mr. Fajiyama in Hachijo Island." url="10.2476/asjaa.11.80" volume="11" year="1949">Shinohara 1949</bibRefCitation>
: 81, 
<bibRefCitation author="Shinohara, K" journalOrPublisher="Science Report of the Yokosuka City Museum" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="75 - 82" title="Survey of the Chilopoda and Diplopoda of Manazuru Seashore, Kanagarwa Prefecture, Japan." volume="6" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
: 75. 
<bibRefCitation author="Takashima, H" journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="8 - 25" title="The General View of Japanese Myriapods." url="10.2476/asjaa.11.8" volume="11" year="1949">Takashima 1949</bibRefCitation>
: 11, 1952: 4. 
<bibRefCitation author="Chamberlin, RV" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="177 - 186" title="Some records and descriptions of chilopods from Japan and other oriental areas." volume="65" year="1952">Chamberlin and Wang 1952</bibRefCitation>
: 180. 
<bibRefCitation author="Miyosi, Y" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Reports of the Research Institute for Natural Resources, Tokyo" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="150 - 153" title="Chilopoda and Diplopoda from Aoga-shima, Izu Island." volume="38" year="1955">Miyosi 1955</bibRefCitation>
: 151. Wang 1955: 16. 
<bibRefCitation author="Takano, M" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Reports of the National Park for Nature Study" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="219 - 227" title="Myriapods of the Institute for Nature Study in Tokyo." volume="33" year="2001">Takano 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 211. 
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, JGE" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Myriapodology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="83 - 122" title="A key and annotated list of the Scolopendra species of the Old World with a reappraisal of Arthrorhabdus (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)." url="10.1163/187525410X12578602960380" volume="3" year="2010 b">Lewis 2010b</bibRefCitation>
: 114.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Otostigmus politoides" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politoides">Otostigmus politoides</taxonomicName>
Attems, 1953: 147. 
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, JGE" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Series B" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="27 - 33" title="Notes on the type specimens of three species of Otostigmus described from Indo-China by Carl Attems (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)." volume="105" year="2004">Lewis 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 32, Figs 14-17. 
<bibRefCitation author="Kronmueller, C" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="19 - 27" title="Review of the subspecies of Scolopendrasubspinipes Leach, 1815 with the new description of the South Chinese member of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 named Scolopendrahainanum spec. nov." volume="35" year="2012">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kronmüller">Kronmueller</normalizedToken>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
: 25.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Otostigmus puncticeps" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticeps">Otostigmus puncticeps</taxonomicName>
Attems, 1953: 146, figs 16-17. 
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, JGE" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Series B" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="27 - 33" title="Notes on the type specimens of three species of Otostigmus described from Indo-China by Carl Attems (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)." volume="105" year="2004">Lewis 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 30, figs 8-13. 
<bibRefCitation author="Kronmueller, C" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="19 - 27" title="Review of the subspecies of Scolopendrasubspinipes Leach, 1815 with the new description of the South Chinese member of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 named Scolopendrahainanum spec. nov." volume="35" year="2012">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kronmüller">Kronmueller</normalizedToken>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
: 25.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Japan.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Syntype: NHMW Inv. No. 5368, one female from Japan, leg. Roletz, don. Latzel, 1919, det. Attems C (Figs 38, 39). Probable syntypes: NHMW Inv. No. 762, seven spms., Japan, leg. Roletz, red (type) label in bottle.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Figure 36. 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
(CUMZ 00297, 00298): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1-3 B Tooth-plates C Forcipular segment 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Figure 37. 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
(CUMZ 00297, 00298): A Tergites 9-11 B Sternites 9-11 C Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing-segment and coxopleura D Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment E and F Variation in ventral spines on ultimate leg prefemora G Dorsal view of ultimate legs.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Figure 38. 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
(Syntype NHMW 5368): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1-3 B Tooth-plates C Forcipular segment 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively G Sternites 9-11H Tergites 8-11.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Figure 39. 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
(Syntype NHMW 5368): A Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura B Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
Ventral and dorsal views of ultimate leg prefemora 
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
Variation in ventral spines of ultimate leg prefemora.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Additional material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Laos - CUMZ 00297.1-3, two spms., Phu Fah Mountain, Phongsaly, Laos (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="21.688776">21°41'19.6&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="102.108444">102°06'30.4&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
). CUMZ 00298.1-5, five spms., Plain of Jar, Xiang Khouang, Laos (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="19.430971">19°25'51.5&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="103.15289">103°09'10.4&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Japan - CUMZ 00319, one spm., Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.22289">36°13'22.4&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="137.90971">137°54'35.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
). NHMUK 1893.1.15.3, one spm., Tokyo. NHMUK 1912.12.12.914, two spms., Izu Peninsula. NHMUK 1937.9.9.59, one spm., Japan, det. K.W. Verhoeff. NHMW Inv. No. 758, six spms., Yokohama. NHMW Inv. No. 755, seven spms., Japan. NHMW Inv. No. 757, one spm., Okayama, leg. H. Sauler. NHMW Inv. No. 759, one spm., Kioto [Kyoto] with anther label 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“344”">&quot;344&quot;</normalizedToken>
. NHMW Inv. No. 760, two spms., Kioto [Kyoto], leg. H. Sauler. NHMW Inv. No. 756, two spms., Kanagava [Kanagawa], leg. H. Sauler, 17/11/1905, bottle with labels, &quot;Hans Lauter 4122, Kanagawa 17/11/1905 Jan Haus&quot; and &quot;Hans Lauter 3236, Kanagawa 25/6/1905 Sichen&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Indonesia - NHMUK 1882.62, one spm., Sumatra.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">China - NHMUK, one spm., Loc. 273, Peak of Flat No. 2, Hong Kong. NHMUK 1904.7.23.5-8, two spms., Yunnan-Fu [Kunming], South China.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Undetermined - NHMW Inv. No. 761, 17 spms., Kuile? [Possibly referring to Korea?].</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis. 17-19 antennal articles, 6 basal articles glabrous dorsally. Each tooth-plate with 4-6 teeth. Tergites (3)4-20 with paramedian sutures. Complete margination from TT(10)12-21. Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment without depression or suture. Complete paramedian sutures on sternites 2-20. Coxopleural process with 3 apical spines. Ultimate leg prefemora with 2-3 VL, 1-2 M, 1-3 DM and prefemoral process with 0-5 spines. One tarsal spur on legs 1-19(20).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Composite description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Body length up to 12.9 cm. Two colour morphs; morph 1 with antenna and legs 1-20 yellowish, morph 2 with antenna and legs 1-20 reddish. All tergites greenish brown. Cephalic plate with median sulcus. Paramedian sulci or sutures absent on posterior part.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Antenna usually with 18 articles (atypically with 17 or 19), basal 6 subcylindrical and glabrous dorsally (Fig. 40A), the rest spherical. Antennae reach to tergite 2 (Fig. 36A). Forcipular trochanteroprefemoral process bearing denticles in two groups, one apical and 2-3 inner (Fig. 36 
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
). Tooth-plates wider than long, with 4-6 teeth (Figs 36B, 40 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
). Tooth-plate with straight, transverse basal suture. Coxosternite smooth without median suture (Figs 36C, 40C). Article 2 of second maxillary telopodite with spur.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Figure 40. 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
(CUMZ 00297): A Cephalic plate and basal antennal articles B Tergites 9-11 C Forcipular segment 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
Variation in teeth on tooth-plates and trochanteroprefemural process.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anterior margin of T1 underlying cephalic plate (Fig. 36A). Complete paramedian sutures from TT3-4; margination typically starting on T10. Tergite surface (Figs 37A, 40B and 41A) with median posterior sulci in TT10-20. Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment (Figs 37D, 41B) curved posteriorly, without median furrow or depression; ratio of width: length of tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment 0.82:1. Sternites (Figs 37B, 41C) with complete paramedian sutures, without depression or pit on surface. Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment (Fig. 37C) with sides converging posteriorly, surface with obscure depression on median part. Lateral part of coxopleuron with pore-field terminating beneath margin of tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Figure 41. 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
(CUMZ 00297, 00298): A Sternites 9-11 B Dorsal view of ultimate leg prefemora C Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ultimate legs.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">Coxopleural</pageBreakToken>
process moderately long, usually with three apical spines (Fig. 39A); pore-free area extending 70-90% length from distal part of coxopleural process to margin of sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
All legs without setae and tibial spur. One tarsal spur on legs 1-19 (on leg 20 in one spm.). Ultimate legs: moderately thick and long (Figs 37G, 41E), with ratios of lengths of prefemur and femur 1.1:1, femur and tibia 1.3:1, tibia and tarsus 2 1.4:1; tarsus 1 and tarsus 2 1.8:1. Prefemoral spines (Figs 37 
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
, 41 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
): 2-3(4) VL, 1-2 VM, 1-3 DM, prefemoral process with 0-5 spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Genital segments well developed, reaching longer than distance between posterior margin of sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and distal part of coxopleural process. Sternite of genital segment 1 round and convex posteriorly, with median suture (Fig. 7D). Tergites of genital segment without small setae. Gonopod present in male.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The validity of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
at the species level was defended by 
<bibRefCitation author="Kronmueller, C" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="19 - 27" title="Review of the subspecies of Scolopendrasubspinipes Leach, 1815 with the new description of the South Chinese member of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 named Scolopendrahainanum spec. nov." volume="35" year="2012">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kronmüller">Kronmueller</normalizedToken>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
from morphological surveys of former subspecies of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
. Diagnostic characters of this species by comparison to the other former subspecies are the number of apical spines on the coxopleural process (
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
s.str. having two apical spines versus 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
having three spines, including a subapical spine), and the number of ventral spines on the prefemur of the ultimate legs. With respect to the latter, 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
has three spines whereas 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
s.str. has only two, although in this study an asymmetrical number of spines in 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
was also found in syntypes (Fig. 39 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–F">C-F</normalizedToken>
). Four specimens among the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="japonica" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="japonica">japonica</taxonomicName>
syntypes have been recorded as presenting only two or three ventral spines on the prefemur of the ultimate leg either on only one side or on both (six spines is the observed maximum). This variability might represent ontogenetic variation more so than geographical variation. 
<bibRefCitation author="Chao, JL" journalOrPublisher="KG, Saarbruecken, Germany" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" title="Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda) of Taiwan. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller Aktiengesellschaft &amp; Co." year="2008">Chao (2008)</bibRefCitation>
cited the lack of a tarsal spur on leg 20 as an additional diagnostic character for this species but from our study one specimen of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
from the Izu Peninsula, Japan (NHMUK 1912.12.12.914), also exhibits a tarsal spur on leg 20. As such, the occurrence of a spur on leg 20 and number of ventral spines on the ultimate leg prefemur are not completely reliable for diagnosing 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The sympatric distribution of this species and former subspecies of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
as well as other Asian temperate 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scolopendra</taxonomicName>
complicates morphological delimitation of species boundaries except using the three phenotypic characters discussed above. In this paper, we compared taxonomic characters based on collections in the NHMUK and NHMW (Table 8). Additional characters of these two species that might be useful for species identification are the proportions of the ultimate leg podomeres and the number of spines on the prefemoral process on the ultimate leg. In 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
s.str., two spines are usually present on the prefemoral process whereas in 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
there are typically three. The length of the antenna also permits a distinction berween these two species; the antenna extends backwards only as far as TT2-3 in 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
whereas it can reach to TT4-5 in 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
(Figs 10A, 14B and 36A). Moreover, molecular analysis of three combined genes (COI, 16S and 28S) indicated a genetic distinction between 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 1), and the validity of these species has been corroborated herein. Ratios of ultimate leg podomeres have been 
<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">used</pageBreakToken>
as diagnostic characters of some putative species of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scolopendra</taxonomicName>
in Asia, such as 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra negrocapitis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negrocapitis">Scolopendra negrocapitis</taxonomicName>
Zhang and Wang, 1999 from Jingshan (northeast coastal area of China). The authors mentioned the close similarity between that species and 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
but the Chinese species can be distinguished from the latter only by the width:length ratio of the ultimate leg prefemur, which is twice as long as broad. The lack of further information from fresh material from the type locality and molecular data from 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra negrocapitis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negrocapitis">Scolopendra negrocapitis</taxonomicName>
renders the status of these two closely related species questionable.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Table 8. Morphological comparison of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
populations in the present study and the related species 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra cingulata" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulata">Scolopendra cingulata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<table pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<tr pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<th colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="2">Characters</th>
<th colspan="3" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="2">
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra cingulata" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulata">Scolopendra cingulata</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<th colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Japan (Syntypes)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Japan-China</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Laos</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">ULBS</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">APSAP</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">APSAP</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">AP</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">APSAP</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">VLMDMSP</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">VLMDMSP</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">VLMDMSP</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">VLMDMSP</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
In the current phylogenetic framework of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scolopendra</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
is resolved in the same clade as 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra cingulata" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulata">Scolopendra cingulata</taxonomicName>
Latreille, 1829. The two species are morphologically similar despite their markedly disjunct distributions, i.e., 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra cingulata" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulata">Scolopendra cingulata</taxonomicName>
in the Mediterranean versus 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
in East Asia (Table 8). However, exploration of micro-refugia of populations of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra cingulata" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulata">Scolopendra cingulata</taxonomicName>
during glacial maxima in Europe (
<bibRefCitation author="Simaiakis, SM" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="507 - 521" title="The evolutionary history of the Mediterranean centipede Scolopendracingulata (Latreille, 1829) (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae) across the Aegean Archipelago." url="10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01813.x" volume="105" year="2012">Simaiakis et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Oeyen, JP" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" title="The evolutionary history of rediscovered Austrian population of the giant centipede Scolopendracingulata Latreille, 1829 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha)." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0108650" volume="9" year="2014">Oeyen et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
) and a record of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
in the northern part of Laos could indicate that these two species may be more widespread than previously recognised. However, distributional data for 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
are patchy due to incomplete faunistic surveys in several parts in Asia. For these reasons, the relationship between these two species warrants further scrutiny in both morphological and molecular studies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Probably distributed throughout the temperate zone of East Asia including mainland and insular territory (Fig. 29). The distribution range is likely to be sympatric with several Asian species (
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra multidens" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multidens">Scolopendra multidens</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra dawydoffi" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dawydoffi">Scolopendra dawydoffi</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra dehaani" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dehaani">Scolopendra dehaani</taxonomicName>
). Previous study on the subspecies complex of 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
indicated that 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
might occur in northern Vietnam (Tonkin) and Cambodia, based on the type localities of &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Otostigmus politoides" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politoides">Otostigmus politoides</taxonomicName>
Attems, 1953&quot; and &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Otostigmus puncticeps" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticeps">Otostigmus puncticeps</taxonomicName>
Attems, 1938&quot; (= 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra subspinipes" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subspinipes">Scolopendra subspinipes</taxonomicName>
fide 
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, JGE" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Series B" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="27 - 33" title="Notes on the type specimens of three species of Otostigmus described from Indo-China by Carl Attems (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)." volume="105" year="2004">Lewis 2004</bibRefCitation>
), the types of both of which are adolescent stages (
<bibRefCitation author="Kronmueller, C" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="19 - 27" title="Review of the subspecies of Scolopendrasubspinipes Leach, 1815 with the new description of the South Chinese member of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 named Scolopendrahainanum spec. nov." volume="35" year="2012">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kronmüller">Kronmueller</normalizedToken>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) that are compatible with 
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra japonica" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">Scolopendra japonica</taxonomicName>
. The current distribution of this species gathered from previous literature and this study is as follows: Southeast Asia: Vietnam (Chapa, Tonkin [probably referring to Sa Pa, Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam]), Laos (Phongsaly and Xieng Khuang), Cambodia (Ream, Koh Kong Island and Sre Umbell [Sre Ambel]), Indonesia (Sumatra). East Asia: Japan (Yokohama, Enoshima, Murayama, Tokyo, Matsumoto, Kanakawa, Sendai, Kii, Hachijo island and Izu Peninsula), Taiwan and China (Hong Kong, Yunnan-Fu [Kunming] and Ningbo).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>