391 lines
54 KiB
XML
391 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="D2D40F8AFC94AD4B83B9ADD9747273B5" ID-CLB-Dataset="5798" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3780.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="db0408ae-59dc-4341-9f1b-cd701efe666d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910530" ID-ZooBank="E8B88941-65A4-44F8-8D93-D2F7B541152D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623120898561" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ryland, John S., Holt, Rohan, Loxton, Jennifer, Spencer Jones, Mary E. & Porter, Joanne S." docDate="2014" docId="03FBC909687AFFE250F9F8F3FEAFA8B1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03780p502.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3780 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Schizoporella Hincks 1877" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="496" masterDocId="FFC2B1716874FFED506EFFA9FFA3AF22" masterDocTitle="First occurrence of the non-native bryozoan Schizoporella japonica Ortmann (1890) in Western Europe" masterLastPageNumber="502" masterPageNumber="481" pageNumber="495" updateTime="1699004003636" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="17A75233B9A7F0B0B2573163F7CB91C3">First occurrence of the non-native bryozoan Schizoporella japonica Ortmann (1890) in Western Europe</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A94203597AE5B252D342D225CB54B618" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="71FD91B7E3A04F9E7CB46BA246F62E6C">Ryland, John S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BC736A7E13E72ECFA49E4787CCA7CD84">Department of Biosciences, Wallace Building, Swansea University, Swansea SA 2 8 PP, Wales UK. E-mail: j. s. ryland @ swansea. ac. uk Natural Resources Wales, Maes Y Ffynnon, Bangor LL 57 2 DW, Wales UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="5630E4A93ECE4767A3B334987B4F38DC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="751B8D891DFA79568EE1EF27FF09E926">Holt, Rohan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="BC9AA141199D604AF49F8CF2904EDCDC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7ECEB2DB8325A8D82212B50367EB3D85">Loxton, Jennifer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C3C9346F1A3BEC934A7B89A951C5A77E">School of Life Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, James Muir Building, Gait 1, Edinburgh EH 14 4 AS, Scotland UK & Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, England UK & University Marine Biological Station Millport, Isle of Cumbrae KA 28 0 EG, Scotland UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="2CAF87FA3B179D37BCA33E50C69A1F30" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="CB89D533CACA376EF6280E4A32FB4DEC">Spencer Jones, Mary E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D03FE39279B33ED4F9F1EB0BEE320102">Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, England UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9FE0B5D74A37DF1F275C5E7FD56DF305">Porter, Joanne S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7AD1C6453353E9DAB47866BCC8E8CAC9">School of Life Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, James Muir Building, Gait 1, Edinburgh EH 14 4 AS, Scotland UK & Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, England UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="033C42E3897CB5BF5689C35648CCDB49">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0956CFE4F49791CB135F872C13EF320B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="74E3FC5B50B0ECD34670455154A1C285">
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<mods:date id="BEC7A8B77981DC4D55888D8F5214CD10">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F7031B8016DCAF63A9073FDE5CB6A1A4">2014-03-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4FCBB730895256FE13665A30E3C25CA7">3780</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F4EE68F0BADCADBEF89F27462036ECB5" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3780.3.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FBC909687AFFE250F9F8F3FEAFA8B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5062297" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183237451" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5062297" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBC909687AFFE250F9F8F3FEAFA8B1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FBC909687AFFE250F9F8F3FEAFA8B1" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="496" pageId="14" pageNumber="495">
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<subSubSection id="C3482B94687AFFE350F9F8F3FCB4A857" box="[151,791,1882,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="495" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BED781F687AFFE350F9F8F3FCB4A857" blockId="14.[151,791,1882,1909]" box="[151,791,1882,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="495">
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<heading id="D0A5CF73687AFFE350F9F8F3FCB4A857" bold="true" box="[151,791,1882,1909]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="495" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B926A40D687AFFE350F9F8F3FCB4A857" bold="true" box="[151,791,1882,1909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="495">
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<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687AFFE350F9F8F3FE98A856" ID-CoL="84TGQ" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,315,1882,1908]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="495" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B926A40D687AFFE350F9F8F3FE98A856" bold="true" box="[151,315,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="495">Schizoporella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the Pacific coast of North America
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3482B94687AFFE250F9F80BFE0DA99F" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="496" pageId="14" pageNumber="495" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BED781F687AFFE250F9F80BFA8AADA7" blockId="14.[151,1436,1953,2014]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="496" pageId="14" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis id="B926A40D687AFFE350F9F80BFE0AA89B" box="[151,425,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="495">
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<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687AFFE350F9F80BFE06A89B" ID-CoL="4VCFN" authorityName="(Johnston in Wood)" box="[151,421,1954,1978]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="495" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">Schizoporella unicornis</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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a Recent bryozoan originally described in a work on the Coralline Crag by Johnston (
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<emphasis id="B926A40D687AFFE355E8F80BFA3FA89B" box="[1414,1436,1954,1977]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="495">in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687AFFE350F9F86CFEBFA8FC" author="Wood, S. V." box="[151,284,1989,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="495" pagination="10 - 21" refId="ref13155" refString="Wood, S. V. (1844) Descriptive catalogue of the zoophytes of the Crag. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 13, 10 - 21. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484409442561" type="journal article" year="1844">Wood 1844</bibRefCitation>
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; see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687AFFE3513DF86FFD99A8FC" author="Tompsett, S. & Porter, J. S. & Taylor, P. D." box="[339,570,1989,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="495" pagination="2227 - 2243" refId="ref12932" refString="Tompsett, S., Porter, J. S. & Taylor, P. D. (2009) Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and S. errata (Waters). Journal of Natural History, 43, 2227 - 2243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903090140" type="journal article" year="2009">
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Tompsett
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<emphasis id="B926A40D687AFFE351ACF86FFE57A8FF" box="[450,500,1989,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="495">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
for details) is a well-known European species (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687AFFE3543FF86CFB5AA8FC" author="Johnston, G." box="[1105,1273,1989,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="495" refId="ref11505" refString="Johnston, G. (1847) A History of the British Zoophytes. J. van Voorst, London, 488 pp., 74 pls." type="book" year="1847">Johnston 1847</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687AFFE35568F86CFA34A8FC" author="Hincks, T." box="[1286,1431,1989,2014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="495" refId="ref11482" refString="Hincks, T. (1880) A History of the British Marine Polyzoa. van Voorst, London, 772 pp." type="book" year="1880">Hincks 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE250F9FF3EFE8BAF92" author="Ryland, J. S." box="[151,296,151,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref12357" refString="Ryland, J. S. (1965) Polyzoa. Catalogue of Main Marine Fouling Organisms, 2, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1965">Ryland 1965</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE2515DFF3EFDEEAF92" author="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S." box="[307,589,151,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="37 - 47" refId="ref11378" refString="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1995) The British species of Schizoporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida). Journal of Zoology (London), 237, 37 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1995. tb 02744. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Hayward & Ryland 1995</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25239FF3EFD31AF92" author="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S." box="[599,658,151,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 416" refId="ref11439" refString="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2, Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna, n. s., 14, 1 - 416." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
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; but not
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE2529CFF31FC27AF92" author="Marcus, E." box="[754,900,151,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref11723" refString="Marcus, E. (1940) Mosdyr (Bryozoer eller Polyzoer). Danmarks Fauna, 46, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1940">Marcus 1940</bibRefCitation>
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(=
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE253C4FF31FBA8AF92" ID-CoL="6XX9B" baseAuthorityName="Waters" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[938,1035,152,176]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">
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<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE253C4FF31FBA8AF92" box="[938,1035,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. errata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, absent from northern Europe)) that is unknown on the Pacific coast of North America. Because of undue reliance on European literature, generally inappropriate for the Pacific coast (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25209FF76FCCEAFDA" author="Ryland, J. S. & Porter, J. S." box="[615,877,223,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="289 - 302" refId="ref12553" refString="Ryland, J. S. & Porter, J. S. (2012) Species of Alcyonidium (Ctenostomatida) from the Pacific coast of North America: a preliminary account. In: Ernst, A., Schaefer, P. & Scholz, J. (Eds.), Bryozoan studies 2010. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 289 - 302." type="book chapter" year="2012">Ryland & Porter 2012</bibRefCitation>
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), the characteristics of this species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE2557DFF76FE8AAE3F" author="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S." pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="37 - 47" refId="ref11378" refString="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1995) The British species of Schizoporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida). Journal of Zoology (London), 237, 37 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1995. tb 02744. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Hayward & Ryland 1995</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25158FEADFED2AE3F" author="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S." box="[310,369,260,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 416" refId="ref11439" refString="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2, Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna, n. s., 14, 1 - 416." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25110FEADFDCFAE3F" author="Tompsett, S. & Porter, J. S. & Taylor, P. D." box="[382,620,260,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="2227 - 2243" refId="ref12932" refString="Tompsett, S., Porter, J. S. & Taylor, P. D. (2009) Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and S. errata (Waters). Journal of Natural History, 43, 2227 - 2243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903090140" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Tompsett
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25180FEACFD82AE3E" box="[494,545,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2009
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
), especially the marginally fluted but virtually non-porous ovicell, were missed by authors or deliberately ignored (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE252C6FE81FC3EAE62" author="Ross, J. & McCain, K." box="[680,925,295,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="160 - 171" refId="ref12321" refString="Ross, J. & McCain, K. (1976) Schizoporella unicornis (Ectoprocta) in coastal waters of northwestern United States and Canada. Northwest Science, 50, 160 - 171." type="journal article" year="1976">Ross & McCain 1976</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and the name
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||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25427FE81FB10AE1D" box="[1097,1203,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">unicornis</emphasis>
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||
has been incorrectly applied to at least two quite different species.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE252D4FEE5FCFDAE47" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[698,862,332,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 611" refId="ref12099" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata-Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14 (2), 1 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn (1952)</bibRefCitation>
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||
—before
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<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE253BFFEE5FBF7AE46" ID-CoL="79WZK" authorityName="Ortmann " box="[977,1108,332,356]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
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||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE253BFFEE5FBF7AE46" box="[977,1108,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. japonica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had been recognized in the northwest—included only one nominate species that would now be included in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE254E3FED9FA85AEAA" ID-CoL="84TGQ" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1877" box="[1165,1318,368,392]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE254E3FED9FA85AEAA" box="[1165,1318,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Schizoporella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, using the name
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<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE250B2FE3DFEC0AE8E" ID-CoL="4VCFN" authorityName="(Johnston in Wood)" box="[220,355,404,428]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">
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<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE250B2FE3DFEC0AE8E" box="[220,355,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. unicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, from various localities in
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<collectingRegion id="4996B6FD687BFFE252F8FE3DFCA8AE8F" box="[662,779,404,429]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">California</collectingRegion>
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||
. Osburn’s account is now known to have been based on a mixture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25174FE11FE38AEED" ID-CoL="79WZK" authorityName="Ortmann" box="[282,411,440,463]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25174FE11FE38AEED" box="[282,411,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE251B7FE11FD48AEF2" ID-CoL="6XX9B" authority="(Powell 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[473,747,439,464]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE251B7FE11FD9DAEF2" box="[473,574,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. errata</emphasis>
|
||
(Powell 1970)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25347FE11FC7EAEF2" ID-CoL="6XWZP" authorityName="Soule, Soule and Chaney" box="[809,989,440,464]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="pseudoerrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25347FE11FC7EAEF2" box="[809,989,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. pseudoerrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE254E3FE1EFAFAAEF2" author="Soule, D. F. & Soule, J. D. & Chaney, H. W." box="[1165,1369,439,464]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 344" refId="ref12742" refString="Soule, D. F., Soule, J. D. & Chaney, H. W. (1995) Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and western Santa Barbara Channel: The Bryozoa. Irene McCulloch Foundation Monograph Series, 2, 1 - 344." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Soule
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE254B6FE10FAAFAEF2" box="[1240,1292,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The current distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE251FBFE75FE54AED6" ID-CoL="6XX9B" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[405,503,476,500]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE251FBFE75FE54AED6" box="[405,503,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. errata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unclear since the species is not discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE2547FFE75FB78AED7" author="Soule, D. F. & Soule, J. D. & Chaney, H. W." box="[1041,1243,476,501]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 344" refId="ref12742" refString="Soule, D. F., Soule, J. D. & Chaney, H. W. (1995) Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and western Santa Barbara Channel: The Bryozoa. Irene McCulloch Foundation Monograph Series, 2, 1 - 344." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Soule
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25436FE74FB2AAED6" box="[1112,1161,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25489FE75FA80AED7" author="Soule, D. F. & Soule, J. D. & Morris, P. A. & Chaney, H. W." box="[1255,1315,476,501]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="866 - 904" refId="ref12797" refString="Soule, D. F., Soule, J. D., Morris, P. A. & Chaney, H. W. (2007) Bryozoa. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.) The Light and Smith Manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp. 866 - 904." type="book chapter" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though it is certainly common in San Francisco Bay (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE252EAFE56FCEFAD3A" author="Zabin, C. & Obernolte, R. & Mackie, J. & Gentry, J. & Harris, L. & Geller, J." box="[644,844,511,536]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="129 - 139" refId="ref13267" refString="Zabin, C., Obernolte, R., Mackie, J., Gentry, J., Harris, L. & Geller, J. (2010) A non-native bryozoan creates novel substrate on the mudflats in San Francisco Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 412, 129 - 139. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 08664" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Zabin
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE252A1FDA8FCA2AD3A" box="[719,769,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25415FDA9FAA2AD35" ID-CoL="4VCFN" authorityName="(Johnston in Wood)" box="[1147,1281,512,535]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25415FDA9FAA2AD35" box="[1147,1281,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. unicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25557FDA9FA3FAD3A" ID-CoL="6XX9B" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1337,1436,512,536]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25557FDA9FA3FAD3A" box="[1337,1436,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. errata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are in fact numerous and considerable (this paper and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE2537AFD8DFC09AD1F" author="Ryland, J. S." box="[788,938,548,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref12357" refString="Ryland, J. S. (1965) Polyzoa. Catalogue of Main Marine Fouling Organisms, 2, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1965">Ryland 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE253D7FD8DFBC1AD1F" author="Hastings, A. B." box="[953,1122,548,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="355 - 364" refId="ref11226" refString="Hastings, A. B. (1968) Some type and other specimens of species involved in the problem of Stylopoma Levinsen (Polyzoa). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 16, 355 - 364." type="journal article" year="1968">Hastings 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE2541EFD8DFA34AD1F" author="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S." box="[1136,1431,548,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 416" refId="ref11439" refString="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2, Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna, n. s., 14, 1 - 416." type="journal article" year="1999">Hayward & Ryland 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE250F9FDEEFE42AD42" author="Hayward, P. J. & McKinney, F. K." box="[151,481,583,608]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref11271" refString="Hayward, P. J. & McKinney, F. K. (2002) Northern Adriatic Bryozoa from the vicinity of Rovinj, Croatia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 270, 1 - 139. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2002) 270 <0001: nabftv> 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Hayward & McKinney 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25181FDE1FD43AD42" author="Tompsett, S. & Porter, J. S. & Taylor, P. D." box="[495,736,583,608]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="2227 - 2243" refId="ref12932" refString="Tompsett, S., Porter, J. S. & Taylor, P. D. (2009) Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and S. errata (Waters). Journal of Natural History, 43, 2227 - 2243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903090140" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Tompsett
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2520EFDE0FD31AD42" box="[608,658,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25333FDE1FC61AD42" ID-CoL="6XX9B" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[861,962,584,608]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25333FDE1FC61AD42" box="[861,962,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. errata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be regarded as a single species, a complex, or several species is another issue (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE252E3FDC5FC19ADA7" author="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J." box="[653,954,620,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13108" refString="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Memoirs of the Virginia Museum of Natural History, 11, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2012">Winston & Hayward 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which cannot be resolved here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F687BFFE250A9FD26FC98AA29" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">
|
||
While
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE2517AFD39FE58AD8A" ID-CoL="6XX9B" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[276,507,656,680]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2517AFD39FE58AD8A" box="[276,507,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Schizoporella errata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being a well-known fouling species, seems likely to have been introduced to the Pacific coast well before its first recorded occurrences (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25326FD1DFC72ADEE" ID-CoL="4VCFN" authorityName="(Johnston in Wood)" box="[840,977,692,716]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25326FD1DFC72ADEE" box="[840,977,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. unicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25465FD1DFB07ADEF" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[1035,1188,692,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 611" refId="ref12099" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata-Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14 (2), 1 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE254D5FD1DFA9EADEE" ID-CoL="79WZK" authorityName="Ortmann" box="[1211,1341,692,716]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE254D5FD1DFA9EADEE" box="[1211,1341,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most certainly a recent alien. However, Powell (1970) established that it (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE253D2FD71FBE0ADCD" ID-CoL="4VCFN" authorityName="(Johnston in Wood)" box="[956,1091,728,751]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE253D2FD71FBE0ADCD" box="[956,1091,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. unicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), as opposed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25490FD71FAC2ADD2" ID-CoL="6XX9B" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1278,1377,728,752]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25490FD71FAC2ADD2" box="[1278,1377,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. errata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was present in Newport Bay, Los Angeles, as long ago as 1938 (material collected by G. E. MacGinitie); he assumed that it had arrived with Pacific oysters,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE2520FFC89FC8DAC15" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[609,814,800,823]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2520FFC89FC8DAC15" box="[609,814,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Crassostrea gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which had been imported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F687BFFE254C2FC89FB4FAC15" box="[1196,1260,800,823]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(first to Morro Bay) since 1932. This is the earliest record for this species on the west coast of North America. Powell (1970) referred to additional material in USNM from Newport, collected 1943, and Morro Bay, collected 1968. Powell (1970) himself found it (still using the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE252E4FC25FCACAC86" ID-CoL="4VCFN" authorityName="(Johnston in Wood)" box="[650,783,908,932]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE252E4FC25FCACAC86" box="[650,783,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. unicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from the Strait of Georgia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F687BFFE25422FC25FB07AC87" box="[1100,1188,908,933]" name="Canada" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It had not been found earlier by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25167FC06FD3FACEA" author="O'Donoghue, C. & O'Donoghue, E." box="[265,668,943,968]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="143 - 201" refId="ref11852" refString="O'Donoghue, C. & O'Donoghue, E. (1923) A preliminary list of Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the Vancouver Island region. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, n. s., 1, 143 - 201. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 22 - 010" type="journal article" year="1923">O’Donoghue & O’Donoghue (1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE252C6FC06FD40ACEA" author="O'Donoghue, C. H. & O'Donoghue, E." box="[680,739,943,968]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref11911" refString="O'Donoghue, C. H. & O'Donoghue, E. (1925) Notes on certain Bryozoa in the collection of the University of Washington. Washington University Puget Sound Biological Station Publications, 5, 15 - 23." type="journal article" year="1925">1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25280FC06FC84ACEA" author="O'Donoghue, C. H. & O'Donoghue, E." box="[750,807,943,968]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="47 - 131" refId="ref11952" refString="O'Donoghue, C. H. & O'Donoghue, E. (1926) A second list of the Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the Vancouver Island region. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, N. S., 3, 47 - 131. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 26 - 003" type="journal article" year="1926">1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but was found by Powell during 1966–69 from several stations in the San Juan Islands, on Vancouver Island, and from as far north as Pendrell Sound (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE661ED8687BFFE2549CFC7DFA9FACCF" box="[1266,1340,980,1005]" degrees="50" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" precision="55555" value="50.0">50° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
). As for California, he attributed its arrival to the extensive importation of Pacific oysters from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F687BFFE2541BFC51FB16AB2D" box="[1141,1205,1016,1039]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the period 1926– 1935. Its recorded range was extended to further localities in Washington State by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25421FBB5FAFDAB17" author="Ross, J. & McCain, K." box="[1103,1374,1052,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="160 - 171" refId="ref12321" refString="Ross, J. & McCain, K. (1976) Schizoporella unicornis (Ectoprocta) in coastal waters of northwestern United States and Canada. Northwest Science, 50, 160 - 171." type="journal article" year="1976">Ross & McCain (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who conducted a thorough study of zooidal shape [the variability noted earlier that arises from the growth pattern of circular colonies, a topic also investigated in this species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25352FBCDFBFBAB5F" author="Thorpe, J. P. & Ryland, J. S." box="[828,1112,1124,1149]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="277 - 283" refId="ref12871" refString="Thorpe, J. P. & Ryland, J. S. (1987) Some theoretical limitations on the arrangement of zooids in encrusting Bryozoa. In: Ross, J. R. P. (Ed.), Bryozoa: present and past. Western Washington University, Bellingham, pp. 277 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1987">Thorpe & Ryland (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. It was also collected in San Francisco Bay during 1977 (NHMUK 1978.1.4.2). Whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25339FB21FC1FAB82" ID-CoL="6XX9B" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[855,956,1160,1184]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25339FB21FC1FAB82" box="[855,956,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. errata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as a warm-water species, is likely to be commonest south of San Francisco, the converse is true for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25350FB05FC1EABE6" ID-CoL="79WZK" authorityName="Ortmann" box="[830,957,1196,1220]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25350FB05FC1EABE6" box="[830,957,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It has spread northwards through
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F687BFFE25526FB05FA3FABE7" box="[1352,1436,1196,1221]" name="Canada" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
to southern Alaska (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25117FB66FD97ABCA" author="Dick, M. H. & Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, F. S." box="[377,564,1231,1256]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="3687 - 3784" refId="ref11022" refString="Dick, M. H., Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, F. S. (2005) Intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) of Ketchikan, Alaska. Journal of Natural History, 39, 3687 - 3784." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dick
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE251D7FB78FE48ABCA" box="[441,491,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but, as already noted, it extends southwards beyond San Francisco to Morro Bay (#14) and (historically at least) to the Los Angeles area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F687BFFE250A9FABEFE0DA99F" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">
|
||
Thus it now appears that three distinct species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25292FAB1FC36AA12" ID-CoL="84TGQ" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1877" box="[764,917,1304,1328]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25292FAB1FC36AA12" box="[764,917,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Schizoporella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4996B6FD687BFFE25438FABEFB64AA12" box="[1110,1223,1303,1328]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(i.e. the Monterey Bay area),
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2517EFA95FE5DAA76" box="[272,510,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE2517EFA95FED6AA76" ID-CoL="6XX9B" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[272,373,1340,1364]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">S. errata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE251EEFA95FE5DAA76" ID-CoL="79WZK" authorityName="Ortmann" box="[384,510,1340,1364]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">S. japonica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25255FA95FD48AA76" ID-CoL="6XWZP" authorityName="Soule, Soule and Chaney" box="[571,747,1340,1364]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="pseudoerrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25255FA95FD48AA76" box="[571,747,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. pseudoerrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first two, at least, being introductions.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE254BFFA95FA3FAA77" author="Sorte, C. & Fuller, A. & Bracken, E." box="[1233,1436,1340,1365]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1901 - 1918" refId="ref12705" refString="Sorte, C., Fuller, A. & Bracken, E. (2010) Impacts of a simulated heatwave on composition of a marine community. Oikos, 119, 1901 - 1918." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Sorte
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2557DFA94FAE0AA76" box="[1299,1347,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE251E2FAC9FD86AA5A" ID-CoL="84TGQ" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1877" box="[396,549,1376,1400]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE251E2FAC9FD86AA5A" box="[396,549,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Schizoporella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Bodega Harbor, most likely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE253C5FAC9FB89AA55" ID-CoL="79WZK" authorityName="Ortmann" box="[939,1066,1376,1399]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE253C5FAC9FB89AA55" box="[939,1066,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see #21) but possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE2555CFAC9FA36AA5A" ID-CoL="6XX9B" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1330,1429,1376,1400]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="errata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2555CFAC9FA36AA5A" box="[1330,1429,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">S. errata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE250A1FA2DFE1EAABF" author="Zabin, C. & Danner, E. & Baumgartner, E. & Spafford, D. & Miller, K. & Pearse, J." box="[207,445,1412,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref13198" refString="Zabin, C., Danner, E., Baumgartner, E., Spafford, D., Miller, K. & Pearse, J. (2012) A comparison of intertidal species richness and composition between Central California and Oahu, Hawaii. Marine Ecology, 1 - 26. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12007" type="book chapter" year="2012">
|
||
Zabin
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2514FFA2CFEF9AABE" box="[289,346,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE252B9FA2DFCD3AABE" ID-CoL="84TGQ" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1877" box="[727,880,1412,1436]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE252B9FA2DFCD3AABE" box="[727,880,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Schizoporella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from two sites at Santa Cruz.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE2556DFA2DFE8FAAE2" ID-CoL="6XWZP" authorityName="Soule, Soule and Chaney" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="pseudoerrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2556DFA2DFE8FAAE2" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Schizoporella pseudoerrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at present has a very localized confirmed distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE253E1FA0EFBEEAAE2" author="Soule, D. F. & Soule, J. D. & Chaney, H. W." box="[911,1101,1447,1472]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 344" refId="ref12742" refString="Soule, D. F., Soule, J. D. & Chaney, H. W. (1995) Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and western Santa Barbara Channel: The Bryozoa. Irene McCulloch Foundation Monograph Series, 2, 1 - 344." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Soule
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE253B9FA00FBA4AAE2" box="[983,1031,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) although it has been listed as present at two sites in the northern part of San Francisco Bay—Richmond Marina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE2542CFA65FAA7AAC7" author="Blum, J. C. & Chang, A. L. & Liljesthrom, M. & Schenk, M. E. & Steinberg, M. K. & Ruiz, G. M." box="[1090,1284,1484,1509]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="5 - 14" refId="ref10875" refString="Blum, J. C., Chang, A. L., Liljesthrom, M., Schenk, M. E., Steinberg, M. K. & Ruiz, G. M. (2007) The non-native solitary ascidian Ciona intestinalis (L.) depresses species richness. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 342, 5 - 14. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2006.10.010" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Blum
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE254E7FA64FB18AAC6" box="[1161,1211,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Tiburon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE250F0FA46FED2A92A" author="Crooks, J. A. & Chang, A. L. & Ruiz, G. M." box="[158,369,1519,1544]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="165 - 176" refId="ref10961" refString="Crooks, J. A., Chang, A. L. & Ruiz, G. M. (2011) Aquatic pollution increases the relative success of invasive species. Biological Invasions, 13, 165 - 176. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 010 - 9799 - 3" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Crooks
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25099FA58FE8BA92A" box="[247,296,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is possible that these records are based on misidentifications and might be either of the other two species. With all three species now recognized and described, it should be possible to correctly identify
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE250F9F991FE93A972" ID-CoL="84TGQ" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,304,1592,1616]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE250F9F991FE93A972" box="[151,304,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Schizoporella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens from the Pacific coast. The characteristics of the three Californian species are summarised in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D04DA4687BFFE250DBF9F5FEA9A951" box="[181,266,1628,1653]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="17.[151,241,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 7. The characters of Schizoporella species occurring on the Pacific coast of North America. Note that mandible" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2D28976865FFFC50F9FF31FF4EAE2D" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" tableUuid="DF2D28976865FFFC50F9FF31FF4EAE2D">Table 7</tableCitation>
|
||
(particularly note the distinctive condyles, observation of which requires the preparation of specimens with a hypochlorite bleach such as Clorox: see Material and Methods above), which should be used in conjunction with
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A687BFFE250BEF90DFEF6A99F" box="[208,341,1700,1725]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,249,1766,1788]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,249,1869,1891]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetBox-1="[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetBox-2="[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetId-0="figure-92@5.[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetId-1="figure-109@6.[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetId-2="figure-143@7.[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Schizoporella japonica. A, Colonies on fenders, Holyhead marina, June 2011; B, closer view of encrustations on the centre fender in A; C, Close-up of same encrustation (photos A–C, RH); D, macro-photograph of expanded zooids on flat substratum, Friday Harbor, WA, July 1986; E, balsam preparation of decalcified material stained with borax carmine and picric acid to show opercula, Holyhead marina, February 2011; F, enlarged view of operculum in E (photos D-F, JSR)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Schizoporella japonica. A, SEM of part of cleaned colony, Holyhead marina, February 2011; B, SEM at higher magnification; C, close-up of ovicell; D, close-up of non-ovicellate orifice, condyles and avicularium lateral to orifice. (A–D, SEMs at NHMUK by P. D. Taylor); E, balsam mount seen with transmitted light from same material showing variation in zooid width caused by row division; F, orifice from E at high magnification to show details of condyles (photos E–F, JSR). Scalebars: A, 500 µm; B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 50 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Schizoporella japonica. A, Ancestrula and early astogeny (one distal and symmetrical distolateral zooids); B, C, ancestrulae; (A–C from young colonies on a settlement plate immersed at 0.5 m in Stromness marina, Orkney Islands, December 2012); D, established colonies on a prototype tidal turbine following a two-year sea trial in the Orkney Islands (photo Andrew Want, EMEC,) January 2013; E, type specimen of S. japonica (MZS Bry001 in the Strasbourg Museum; photo Marie Meister); F, young colonies, Jakle’s Lagoon, San Juan Island WA, collected by the late C. G. Reed and photographed by JSR in July 1986 (at the present time this lagoon is cut off from the sea by a shingle barrier); G, heavy settlement on hull of beached vessel, Orkney Islands (photo JSP)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910534" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910536" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910538" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4910534/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4910536/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4910538/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Figures 2–4</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A687BFFE251E5F90DFE09A99F" box="[395,426,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[207,1347,189,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-138@16.[207,1347,189,1824]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Schizoporella errata (A–C) and S. pseudoerrata (D–G). A, S. errata colony showing typically massive structure produced by repeated frontal budding (Coyote Point, San Francisco Bay, coll. J. T. Carlton, 11 October 2009); B, S. errata, orifice and condyles, transmitted light (Pearl Harbor, HI, coll. J. T. Carlton 7 June 2011), scale bar 50 µm; C, S. errata, SEM (photo MSJ), NHMUK 2009.1.26.2 (Nisida Harbour, Nisida Island, Naples, 1 m depth, coll. S Tompsett, 11/9/2008); D–E, S. pseudoerrata, SEM, parts of colonies (Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, CA, coll. J. D. and D. F. Soule, 1995; SEMs H. Chaney), inset (F) shows orifice with paired suboral avicularia; G, S. pseudoerrata, SEM, detail (same provenance as D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910550" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910550/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">10</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3482B94687BFFE250A9F961FEAFA8B1" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F687BFFE250A9F961FEAFA8B1" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">
|
||
In addition to morphometric methods, genetic techniques have recently been applied in two non-native fouling bryozoan species-groups. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE2518DF945FCBEA827" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[483,797,1772,1797]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bugulidae" genus="Bugula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="neritina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2518DF945FD34A826" box="[483,663,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Bugula neritina</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, three biological species were identified. One of these, haplotype S, was globally distributed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE2523DF8A6FCD0A80A" author="Fehlauer-Ale, K. H. & Mackie, J. A. & Lim-Fing, G. E. & Ale, E. & Pie, M. R. & Waeschenbach, A" box="[595,883,1807,1832]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="193 - 205" refId="ref11084" refString="Fehlauer-Ale, K. H., Mackie, J. A., Lim-Fing, G. E., Ale, E., Pie, M. R. & Waeschenbach, A (2013) Cryptic species in the cosmopolitan Bugula neritina complex (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zoologica Scripta, 43 (2), 193 - 205. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12042" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Fehlauer-Ale
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE2529CF8B8FC85A80A" box="[754,806,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE253C4F8B9FB60A80A" box="[938,1219,1808,1832]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="subtorquata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE253C4F8B9FB60A80A" box="[938,1219,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Watersipora subtorquata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, three clades were identified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687BFFE25142F89DFDB7A86F" author="Mackie, J. A. & Darling, J. & Geller, J. B." box="[300,532,1844,1869]" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref11662" refString="Mackie, J. A., Darling, J. A & Geller, J. B. (2012) Ecology of cryptic invasions: latitudinal segregation among Watersipora (Bryozoa) species. Scientific Reports, 2 (871), 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 00871" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Mackie
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE251E9F89CFE1BA86E" box="[391,440,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. These studies provide evidence for cryptic speciation in the fouling community. Genetic studies on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687BFFE25103F8F1FDCCA84D" box="[365,623,1880,1904]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="496" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687BFFE25103F8F1FDCCA84D" box="[365,623,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="496">Schizoporella japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are currently underway to investigate the potential for cryptic species in this taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |