516 lines
103 KiB
XML
516 lines
103 KiB
XML
<document id="D5317F586A965BAC8D9ABA4A433B12AF" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.211012" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39c40e50-01d3-44b2-a27f-bdcbf51c151b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="211012" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460561019987" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Brito, Rosângela, Gonçalves, Gislene L., Vargas, Hector A. & Moreira, Gilson R. P." docDate="2012" docId="8B3727152D4CD265008CFE946091F84A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03582p016.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3582" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Phyllocnistis tethys Moreira & Vargas, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="770E5F6D2D4FD26C001BFFF9635CFFF2" masterDocTitle="A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species" masterLastPageNumber="16" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698320328192" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="EF73E15ADCC781A0A8DAA15F8373B464" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="ECAC050C567DF343207A0D9408F34865">
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<mods:title id="57F48BA92FA170A0AF0298EE777F1D93">A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="47C93CF3A762746C0DB7E0E4F571B293" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="8BBD4AA3675E02F19F21BF898BCA60E3">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AB3780546DEC1C6D11F72788BAA0432F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="134B31B261D5160E1DF57FEFC0FB6A26">Brito, Rosângela</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F2A2610E753C9EDE715748F62E5BD94D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B813A8BAB1C4BC56C207EEE28F4475F1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2C213EE6E70B44F5CAB28D6483661B50">Gonçalves, Gislene L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="DB05803E48845935CCBBCC381FB10A7F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="58CD812255CF338086AA377CE15D2FFA">Vargas, Hector A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="DE660D679D0DB59B262740111EF6C790" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3418DE32A5C5A1A7CF7C1301800BA419">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6E292B3552634470804E7C269115672B">Moreira, Gilson R. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FB99BE7E118D2BA54B490F00FD6E7226">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="39AA0DEB076D237764C75946F5A58091">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5B52A969D6FF5B2534C41715943C7E2F">
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<mods:date id="03C17E90E2BFFD80DC5C9993CFFB1B29">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="4C29AB34C10ECF69C962A9B702CCF8FC" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="707AC2223BA2BAA3E6B045E3A551E5FB">3582</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="339143DA846C80B929CF2C61DCD33DE3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="EAD430D94163E217ACD4E003A929289C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.211012</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="831E1CCFC8D894374CF926DD6D295188" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A8D17E4D1597A09793D365A95FA766EA" type="Zenodo-Dep">211012</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8B3727152D4CD265008CFE946091F84A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5667248" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119556935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5667248" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8B3727152D4CD265008CFE946091F84A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B3727152D4CD265008CFE946091F84A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="4B84C5882D4CD26F008CFE94624EFE55" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="032196032D4CD26F008CFE946184FE75" blockId="3.[151,728,365,423]" box="[151,728,365,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="5869216F2D4CD26F008CFE946184FE75" bold="true" box="[151,728,365,391]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F008CFE946184FE75" bold="true" box="[151,728,365,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4CD26F008CFE946132FE75" ID-CoL="8VLL7" authority="Moreira & Vargas" authorityName="Moreira & Vargas" box="[151,622,365,391]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F008CFE946223FE75" bold="true" box="[151,383,365,391]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
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Moreira & Vargas
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="2AD9F76A2D4CD26F0261FE946184FE75" box="[634,728,365,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="032196032D4CD26F008CFE76624EFE55" blockId="3.[151,728,365,423]" box="[151,274,399,423]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. (1–8)</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="4B84C5882D4CD26F008CFE2167F2FBC0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="032196032D4CD26F008CFE2160E8FD38" blockId="3.[151,1437,471,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F008CFE216213FE02" bold="true" box="[151,335,471,496]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<typeStatus id="DC2528A12D4CD26F008CFE21638EFE02" box="[151,210,472,496]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="7B89D6932D4CD26F017AFE216297FE02" box="[353,459,472,496]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
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: Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata (
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||
<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F04D5FE2E6645FE1D" box="[1230,1305,471,495]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CPCN</collectionCode>
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||
Pró-Mata; 29o28’36’S, 50º10’01’W;
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<quantity id="C4663BE62D4CD26F01A1FE06615FFDE5" box="[442,515,511,535]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
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), São Francisco de Paula Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State,
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<collectingCountry id="7B89D6932D4CD26F04C7FE066678FDE5" box="[1244,1316,511,535]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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. All adults were preserved dried and pinned, and reared by the senior author from larvae and pupae collected on
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<date id="7720B0C32D4CD26F051DFDDB66C0FDC8" box="[1286,1436,546,570]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2011-05-05" valueMax="2011-05-11" valueMin="2011-05-05">05-11.V.2011</date>
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by G.R.P. Moreira, R. Brito & K. Barão, on
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<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4CD26F02B5FDBE678DFDAD" authority="Gardner" authorityName="Gardner" box="[686,1233,583,607]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="organensis">
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<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F02B5FDBE60FBFDAD" box="[686,935,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Passiflora organensis</emphasis>
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Gardner (Passifloraceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="DC2528A12D4CD26F04C4FDBE662BFDAD" box="[1247,1399,583,607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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: 3 (
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F0085FD9363BAFD70" box="[158,230,618,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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155-58), deposited in
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F01EEFD926162FD70" box="[501,574,619,642]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DZUP</collectionCode>
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(22.623).
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<typeStatus id="DC2528A12D4CD26F02A6FD936000FD70" box="[701,860,618,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
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: 2 ƤƤ (
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F03DAFD936755FD70" box="[961,1033,618,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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155-41 and 155-43), deposited in
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F008CFD6963BCFD55" box="[151,224,656,679]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DZUP</collectionCode>
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(22.633 and 22.643); 1 3, 1 Ƥ (
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F0257FD7661C8FD55" box="[588,660,655,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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155-31 and 155-26), deposited in
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F0403FD766735FD55" box="[1048,1129,655,679]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MCNZ</collectionCode>
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(81901 and 81902); 1 3, 1 Ƥ (
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F00A1FD4B625EFD38" box="[186,258,690,714]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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155-35 and 155-30), deposited in
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F029FFD4B618CFD38" box="[644,720,690,714]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rq94-ajyg" name="Museu de Ciencias" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MCTP</collectionCode>
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||
(28635 and 28636
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<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F03BFFD4B60F1FD39" bold="true" box="[932,941,690,715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">)</emphasis>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="032196032D4CD26F00DCFD2F67F2FBC0" blockId="3.[151,1437,471,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F00DCFD2F614CFD1D" bold="true" box="[199,528,726,751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Other specimens examined</emphasis>
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||
. Adults, dried and pinned, 4 3, with the same collection data, deposited in
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F008CFD036381FCE0" box="[151,221,762,786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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||
(155-25, 27, 32, 33); 2 ƤƤ, fixed in Dietrich’s fluid and preserved in 70% ethanol, with the same collection data, deposited in
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F0176FCE662EFFCC5" box="[365,435,799,823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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(155-20). Genitalia preparations, mounted in
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<collectingCountry id="7B89D6932D4CD26F03D1FCE66742FCC5" box="[970,1054,799,823]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Canada</collectingCountry>
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balsam on slides, with the same collection data, deposited in
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F01C4FCBB6179FCA8" box="[479,549,834,858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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under the following accession numbers: 5 3 (
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F0457FCBB67C1FCA8" box="[1100,1181,834,858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">GRPM</collectionCode>
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50-10, 13, 14, 15 and 16); 4 ƤƤ (
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F0101FC9E6237FC8D" box="[282,363,871,895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">GRPM</collectionCode>
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50-8, 17, 18, and 19). Immature stages, fixed in Dietrich’s fluid and preserved in 70% ethanol, with the same collection data, deposited in
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F0264FC736199FC50" box="[639,709,906,930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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under the following accession numbers:
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<specimenCount id="15985D8A2D4CD26F048EFC736781FC51" box="[1173,1245,906,931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="egg">3 eggs</specimenCount>
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(
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F04F6FC736669FC50" box="[1261,1333,906,930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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155-14), 2 first-instar (sap-feeding) larvae (
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F020DFC566102FC35" box="[534,606,943,967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
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155-3 and 4), 5 third-instar (sap-feeding) larvae (
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<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F049CFC566793FC35" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34970" box="[1159,1231,943,967]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34970" name="Loyola College" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LCMI</collectionCode>
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155-12 and 13), 4 fourth-instar (spinning) larvae (
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||
<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F01E6FC2B6119FC18" box="[509,581,978,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
|
||
155-16), and
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||
<specimenCount id="15985D8A2D4CD26F02F2FC2B601FFC18" box="[745,835,978,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="pupa">8 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F0348FC2B60C7FC18" box="[851,923,978,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
|
||
155-18 and 19). Mature leaf mines (n = 24) containing exuvia of all instars, mounted in glycerin on slides and stained with rose bengal, with the same collection data,
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||
<date id="7720B0C32D4CD26F0152FBE36296FBC0" box="[329,458,1050,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2012-03-26">26.III.2012</date>
|
||
, deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F027FFBE361F1FBC0" box="[612,685,1050,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
|
||
, under accession numbers
|
||
<collectionCode id="658F0EC62D4CD26F03C3FBE36742FBC0" box="[984,1054,1050,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LMCI</collectionCode>
|
||
174-1 to 24.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4B84C5882D4CD26500DCFBC76288FD76" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D4CD26F00DCFBC761C0FAA0" blockId="3.[151,1437,471,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F00DCFBC7621DFBA5" bold="true" box="[199,321,1086,1111]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F01D3FBB9617BFBA5" box="[456,551,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. t e th ys</emphasis>
|
||
can be readily distinguished from all other known species of Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4CD26F008CFB9A6274FB89" box="[151,296,1123,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F008CFB9A6274FB89" box="[151,296,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Phyllocnistis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the forewing pattern, primarily by the absence of longitudinal and costal fasciae. Of the five species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4CD26F0109FB7E62FFFB6D" box="[274,419,1159,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F0109FB7E62FFFB6D" box="[274,419,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Phyllocnistis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known from neighboring
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7B89D6932D4CD26F02CAFB7E601CFB6D" box="[721,832,1159,1183]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7B89D6932D4CD26F0367FB7E60E5FB6D" box="[892,953,1159,1183]" name="Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="670FEBF22D4CD26F03D1FB7E67E3FB6D" author="Davis" box="[970,1215,1159,1183]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Davis, D. R. & Miller, S. E. (1984) Gracilliidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, Checklist: Part 1. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 25 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1984">Davis & Miller 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Davis 1994), only two (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4CD26F00CAFB5562CAFB30" authority="Hering" authorityName="Hering" box="[209,406,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abatiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F00CAFB55621CFB31" box="[209,320,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. abatiae</emphasis>
|
||
Hering
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4CD26F01D7FB5561E6FB30" authority="Davis" authorityName="Davis" box="[460,698,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puyehuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F01D7FB556133FB31" box="[460,623,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. puyehuensis</emphasis>
|
||
Davis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) lack the basal longitudinal fascia. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4CD26F04A1FB556675FB31" box="[1210,1321,1195,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abatiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F04A1FB556675FB31" box="[1210,1321,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. abatiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses a pair of small, isolated costal fasciae; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4CD26F029FFB296043FB15" box="[644,799,1231,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puyehuenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F029FFB296043FB15" box="[644,799,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. puyehuenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a single, broad, isolated pale-gold costal fascia that crosses the wing. In addition, in these species the presence of yellowish-orange scales on the subapical part of the forewing is restricted to a small circular area adjacent to the black spot. Also, in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4CD26F04CAFAE1666DFADD" box="[1233,1329,1303,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F04CAFAE1666DFADD" box="[1233,1329,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in these species the tornal fringes are uniform in color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D4CD26800DCFAA76137FDCE" blockId="3.[151,1437,471,2010]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,572]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F00DCFAA76257FA85" bold="true" box="[199,267,1374,1399]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Adult</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4CD26F0100FAA66235FA85" box="[283,361,1375,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1490,1513]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,625,1469]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[154,1434,625,1469]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phyllocnistis tethys adult: wings spread, pinned, dorsal view (A); wings folded, on Passiflora organensis leaf, in dorsal (B) and lateral (C) views. Scale bars = 0.5, 1.0 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211013/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4CD26F0163FAA662D5FA85" box="[376,393,1375,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,571,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1412,571,1869]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211014/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Male and female similar in size and color (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4CD26F039AFAA6609FFA85" box="[897,963,1375,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1490,1513]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,625,1469]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[154,1434,625,1469]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phyllocnistis tethys adult: wings spread, pinned, dorsal view (A); wings folded, on Passiflora organensis leaf, in dorsal (B) and lateral (C) views. Scale bars = 0.5, 1.0 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211013/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="C4663BE62D4CD26F0486FAA6661CFA85" box="[1181,1344,1375,1399]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.565" metricValueMax="2.72" metricValueMin="2.41" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="2.565" valueMax="2.72" valueMin="2.41">2.41–2.72 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 5).
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F008CFA7A6388FA69" box="[151,212,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head</emphasis>
|
||
: Vestiture moderately smooth, with a pair of latero-dorsal light-gray scale tufts that curve forward to the frons. Eyes medium in size (interocular index ranging from 0.51 to 0.72; n = 4). Antenna mostly dark gray, ~ equal to length of forewing, covered with lanceolate scales; a single row of scales encircling each flagellomere. Labial palpus slender, ~
|
||
<quantity id="C4663BE62D4CD26F017BFA1662EBF9F5" box="[352,439,1519,1543]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, covered with dark-gray scales. Proboscis without scales, slightly longer than labial palpus.
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F0128F9EA62D8F9D9" box="[307,388,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Forewing light gray; longitudinal and costal fasciae absent; transverse fascia C-shaped, with faint dark border filled in with sparse light-gray scales; apical to subapical area bright yellowish orange, medially interspersed on costal strigulae and transverse fascia, and with large black spot; three slender, dark costal strigulae, three slender dark apical strigulae, and one dark tornal strigula arising from the apical black spot; fringe along tornal margin light gray with a wide dark basal band of scales; ventral surface dark gray. Hindwing dark gray. Legs light gray; foretibia and tarsomeres mostly dark gray.
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F02EDF93E6036F92D" box="[758,874,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Length ~
|
||
<quantity id="C4663BE62D4CD26F03C5F93E6764F92D" box="[990,1080,1735,1759]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, covered with dark-gray scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4CD26F008CF912621BF8F1" box="[151,327,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Tergum VIII small, semicircular; sternum VIII reduced to a narrow transverse band. A pair of coremata present meso-laterally on segment VIII, consisting of inflatable tubular extensions bearing a terminal cluster of long, wide and flat scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4CD26F0223F8CB6120F8B8" box="[568,636,1842,1866]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,571,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1412,571,1869]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211014/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Tegumen formed by a basal, narrow transverse band that continues caudally up to approximately the length of the valvae, as an elongate, mostly membranous, basally spinose cylinder that encloses the anal tube (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4CD26F01D1F8836150F860" box="[458,524,1914,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,571,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1412,571,1869]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211014/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A); saccus well developed, ~ 0.3 length of valve, U- shaped with rounded anterior end and sinuous posterior margin having pronounced concavity medially; valvae digitiform, slightly curved medially and long, ~2.0 length of saccus, with moderately broad base formed by two wide dorsal and ventral projections that converge, reaching each other medially; setae of medium size are scattered found on median surface of valve, and short setae distally. Aedeagus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4BD26802F3FF456077FF26" box="[744,811,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,571,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1412,571,1869]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211014/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B) subcylindrical, weakly sclerotized, ~ equal to length of valva, having basal 2/3 portion slightly dilated and with subapical, dorsally located concave aperture. Vesica with several short spiniform cornuti (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4BD268025DFEFD61CAFEEE" box="[582,662,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,571,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1412,571,1869]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211014/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, E).
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4BD26802FFFEFD60FAFEEE" box="[740,934,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
: Sternum VII subrectangular, with concave anterior margin more heavily sclerotized, and posterior margin slightly concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4BD2680432FEDE6731FECD" box="[1065,1133,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,571,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1412,571,1869]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211014/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C); tergum VIII reduced to narrow transverse band, with large subtriangular, latero-ventral projections; anterior apophysis similar in length to subtriangular projections of sternum VIII; anal papillae connected dorsally, covered with long piliform setae and microtrichia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4BD268012BFE6D6222FE5E" box="[304,382,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,571,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1412,571,1869]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211014/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C, F); posterior apophyses similar in length to anterior ones; ostium bursae broad, located on posterior margin of sternum VII; ductus bursae membranous, broader at base and narrow distally; corpus bursae membranous, pear-shaped, ~ twice length of ductus bursae, with a conspicuous, proximal, diagonally oriented, and hook-shaped signum that is directed posteriorly into the lumen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4BD268038BFE0660BFFDE5" box="[912,995,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[165,1412,571,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1412,571,1869]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211014/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C, G); ductus seminalis membranous, narrow, inserted in apex of corpus bursae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="57E1C68B2D4BD268008CFA2B6030F9F5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211013/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[154,1433,625,1469]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D4BD268008CFA2B6030F9F5" blockId="4.[151,1436,1490,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4BD268008CFA2B6248FA1A" bold="true" box="[151,276,1490,1513]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4BD2680100FA2A62BCFA1B" box="[283,480,1491,1513]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4BD2680100FA2A62BCFA1B" box="[283,480,1491,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adult: wings spread, pinned, dorsal view (A); wings folded, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4BD268046BFA2A6611FA1B" box="[1136,1357,1491,1513]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="organensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4BD268046BFA2A6611FA1B" box="[1136,1357,1491,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Passiflora organensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf, in dorsal (B) and lateral (C) views. Scale bars = 0.5, 1.0 mm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D4BD26800DCF9D6617FF97D" blockId="4.[151,1436,1583,2002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4BD26800DCF9D662BDF9B5" bold="true" box="[199,481,1583,1607]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Immature stages. Egg</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4BD26801E0F9D66116F9B5" box="[507,586,1583,1607]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1491,1514]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys egg and third larval “ sap-feeding ” instar: (A) egg, on abaxial surface of a Passiflora organensis leaf; (B – D) head, lateral, anterior and dorsal views; (E) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; (F) antenna, anterior view; (G) head, ventral view; (H) labium, ventral view (arrow indicates the spinneret); (I) abdominal lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 20 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211016/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A; 7C). Flat, slightly ellipsoid; chorion translucent, without external ornamentation, and white at deposition; larva can be seen by transparency before emergence; aeropyles and micropylar area were not observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D4BD26900DCF9626230FF26" blockId="4.[151,1436,1583,2002]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4BD26800DCF962624CF941" bold="true" box="[199,272,1691,1715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D4BD2680104F9636237F940" box="[287,363,1690,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[176,1415,193,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[176,1415,193,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Larval and pupal morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light microscopy: (A) first larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (B) third larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (C) fourth larval (“ cocoon-spinning ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (D – F) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars = 100, 400, 400, 300 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211015/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C; 4B–I; 5; 7B, E, G). Leaf-miner, with hypermetamorphic development and four instars, all endophyllous. The first three instars are sap feeders, prognathous and apodous, with highly modified buccal apparatus and depressed body; maximum length of larvae examined
|
||
<quantity id="C4663BE62D4BD26803B3F91B674DF908" box="[936,1041,1762,1786]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.79" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="4.79">4.79 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The prothorax and mesothorax of first-instar larvae are somewhat longer than the metathorax, which is not the case in the following instars. However, we found no stable differences either in shape or coloration among the sap-feeding instars of
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4BD268052DF8D566CEF8B1" box="[1334,1426,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. te t hy s</emphasis>
|
||
. Instars can be correctly identified through measurements of the head capsule, since there is no overlap between the head-capsule size of succeeding instars (Table 2). For the three sap-feeding instars, the following exponential growth equation was adjusted for the head-capsule width: y =
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="66AAF0C42D4BD268037FF86E60EDF85D" box="[868,945,1943,1967]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="55" value="0.073">0.073e</geoCoordinate>
|
||
^0.504x; n = 45; r = 0.98; p <0.0001. The fourth instar (= non-feeding, “spinning”) is also prognathous and apodous, but has the mouth parts either reduced or absent, except for the functional spinneret; maximum length of larvae examined
|
||
<quantity id="C4663BE62D4AD2690423FF6E67C2FF5D" box="[1080,1182,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.17" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="4.17">4.17 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Body color uniformly white in all instars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D4AD269008CFEFF6141FEBC" blockId="5.[151,1309,261,502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4AD269008CFEFF6256FEE9" bold="true" box="[151,266,262,283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TABLE. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Variation in size among head capsules of sap-feeding instars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4AD269038FFEFF6705FEEE" box="[916,1113,262,284]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4AD269038FFEFF6705FEEE" box="[916,1113,262,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 15 per instar). Instar Head capsule width (mm)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D4AD269010DFE9A671CFE04" blockId="5.[151,1309,261,502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mean ± standard error Range Growth rate I 0.121 ± 0.003 0.116–0.158 - II 0.197 ± 0.005 0.179–0.242 1.63 III 0.333 ± 0.004 0.305–0.368 1.69</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="57E1C68B2D4AD269008CF89060DAF829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211014/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[165,1412,571,1868]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D4AD269008CF89060DAF829" blockId="5.[151,1436,1897,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4AD269008CF890624AF88C" bold="true" box="[151,278,1897,1920]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Genital morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D4AD269020CF8906183F88D" box="[535,735,1897,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D4AD269020CF8906183F88D" box="[535,735,1897,1919]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="57E1C68B2D49D26A008CF86C66C1F81A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211015/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[176,1415,193,1908]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D49D26A008CF86C66C1F81A" blockId="6.[151,1437,1941,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D49D26A008CF86C624EF858" bold="true" box="[151,274,1941,1964]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Larval and pupal morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D49D26A027FF86C607BF859" box="[612,807,1941,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D49D26A027FF86C607BF859" box="[612,807,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under light microscopy: (A) first larval (“sap-feeding”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (B) third larval (“sap-feeding”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (C) fourth larval (“cocoon-spinning”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (D–F) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars = 100, 400, 400, 300 µm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="57E1C68B2D48D26B008CFA2A6728F9B4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211016/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[153,1434,193,1470]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D48D26B008CFA2A6728F9B4" blockId="7.[151,1436,1491,1606]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D48D26B008CFA2A624BFA1B" bold="true" box="[151,279,1491,1514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D48D26B0294FA2D600BFA18" box="[655,855,1492,1514]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D48D26B0294FA2D600BFA18" box="[655,855,1492,1514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
egg and third larval “sap-feeding” instar: (A) egg, on abaxial surface of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D48D26B017BFA0A6160F9FB" box="[352,572,1523,1545]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="organensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D48D26B017BFA0A6160F9FB" box="[352,572,1523,1545]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Passiflora organensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf; (B–D) head, lateral, anterior and dorsal views; (E) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; (F) antenna, anterior view; (G) head, ventral view; (H) labium, ventral view (arrow indicates the spinneret); (I) abdominal lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 20 µm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D48D26B00DCF98B6137F83D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1650,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D48D26B00DCF98B62F0F979" bold="true" box="[199,428,1650,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sap-feeding instars</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D48D26B01A1F98B62A3F978" box="[442,511,1650,1674]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[176,1415,193,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[176,1415,193,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Larval and pupal morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light microscopy: (A) first larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (B) third larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (C) fourth larval (“ cocoon-spinning ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (D – F) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars = 100, 400, 400, 300 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211015/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B; 4B–I; 7B, E). Head prognathous, greatly depressed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D48D26B0492F98B678BF978" box="[1161,1239,1650,1674]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1491,1514]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys egg and third larval “ sap-feeding ” instar: (A) egg, on abaxial surface of a Passiflora organensis leaf; (B – D) head, lateral, anterior and dorsal views; (E) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; (F) antenna, anterior view; (G) head, ventral view; (H) labium, ventral view (arrow indicates the spinneret); (I) abdominal lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 20 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211016/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B–D, G); primary setae either lost or reduced; stemmata absent. Antenna 3-segmented (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D48D26B03B2F96E60B1F95D" box="[937,1005,1687,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1491,1514]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys egg and third larval “ sap-feeding ” instar: (A) egg, on abaxial surface of a Passiflora organensis leaf; (B – D) head, lateral, anterior and dorsal views; (E) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; (F) antenna, anterior view; (G) head, ventral view; (H) labium, ventral view (arrow indicates the spinneret); (I) abdominal lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 20 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211016/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
F); second segment more slender than first, with 2 moderately stout sensilla; third segment less than 1/3 the length of second, with 2 apical sensilla. Labrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D48D26B011EF9266206F905" box="[261,346,1759,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1491,1514]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys egg and third larval “ sap-feeding ” instar: (A) egg, on abaxial surface of a Passiflora organensis leaf; (B – D) head, lateral, anterior and dorsal views; (E) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; (F) antenna, anterior view; (G) head, ventral view; (H) labium, ventral view (arrow indicates the spinneret); (I) abdominal lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 20 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211016/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D, E) with well-developed lateral lobes; antero-lateral margins rounded; anterior submargin densely spinose; posterior margins slightly concave. Mandibles large, rounded, flattened plates; anterior surface smooth, lateral area with single tooth, and mesal area with minute serrations. Labium with well-developed lateral lobes, conspicuous rugose cuticular band extending across anterior margin, and cluster of short hypopharyngeal spines laterally. Spinneret rudimentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D48D26B0279F89661F5F875" box="[610,681,1903,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1491,1514]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys egg and third larval “ sap-feeding ” instar: (A) egg, on abaxial surface of a Passiflora organensis leaf; (B – D) head, lateral, anterior and dorsal views; (E) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; (F) antenna, anterior view; (G) head, ventral view; (H) labium, ventral view (arrow indicates the spinneret); (I) abdominal lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 20 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211016/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
H), without extension of cuticle covering aperture. Maxillary and labial palpi absent. Thorax and abdomen without setae. Legs and prolegs absent; one latero-dorsal pair of rounded lobes on each of terga A1–6 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D48D26B01FBF84E617FF83D" box="[480,547,1975,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[176,1415,193,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[176,1415,193,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Larval and pupal morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light microscopy: (A) first larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (B) third larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (C) fourth larval (“ cocoon-spinning ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (D – F) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars = 100, 400, 400, 300 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211015/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B,
|
||
<date id="7720B0C32D48D26B0258F84E6103F83D" box="[579,607,1975,1999]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4I</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D47D26400DCFF6E61AEFE5E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D47D26400DCFF6E62DFFF42" bold="true" box="[199,387,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Spinning instar</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D47D264018EFF6E62BAFF5D" box="[405,486,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[176,1415,193,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[176,1415,193,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Larval and pupal morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light microscopy: (A) first larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (B) third larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (C) fourth larval (“ cocoon-spinning ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (D – F) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars = 100, 400, 400, 300 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211015/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C; 5; 7G). Body cylindrical, with all appendages and setae greatly reduced. Head capsule weakly sclerotized, with anteriorly pronounced trophic lobe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D47D26403B6FF4560A7FF26" box="[941,1019,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys fourth larval (cocoon-spinning) instar: (A) head, general, dorsal view; (B – C) detail of head, dorsal and lateral views; (D) head, general, anterior view; (E) spinneret (indicated by arrow), anterior view; (F) antenna, lateral view; (G) invaginations of integument on abdominal sterna, ventral view; (H) caudal end of abdominal, ventral view; (I) dorsal view of fig. H (last segment retracted). Scale bars = 100, 50, 50, 50, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211017/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D); integument finely corrugated. Stemmata absent. Antenna short (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D47D2640202FF266101FF05" box="[537,605,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys fourth larval (cocoon-spinning) instar: (A) head, general, dorsal view; (B – C) detail of head, dorsal and lateral views; (D) head, general, anterior view; (E) spinneret (indicated by arrow), anterior view; (F) antenna, lateral view; (G) invaginations of integument on abdominal sterna, ventral view; (H) caudal end of abdominal, ventral view; (I) dorsal view of fig. H (last segment retracted). Scale bars = 100, 50, 50, 50, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211017/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
F), one-segmented, nearly flush with head capsule, with 4 short sensilla. Maxilla rudimentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D47D2640189FEFD628BFEEE" box="[402,471,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys fourth larval (cocoon-spinning) instar: (A) head, general, dorsal view; (B – C) detail of head, dorsal and lateral views; (D) head, general, anterior view; (E) spinneret (indicated by arrow), anterior view; (F) antenna, lateral view; (G) invaginations of integument on abdominal sterna, ventral view; (H) caudal end of abdominal, ventral view; (I) dorsal view of fig. H (last segment retracted). Scale bars = 100, 50, 50, 50, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211017/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
E), flush with head capsule, represented by one moderately long and a pair of short sensilla chaetica. Spinneret short, with simple terminal opening (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D47D2640361FEDE60E2FECD" box="[890,958,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys fourth larval (cocoon-spinning) instar: (A) head, general, dorsal view; (B – C) detail of head, dorsal and lateral views; (D) head, general, anterior view; (E) spinneret (indicated by arrow), anterior view; (F) antenna, lateral view; (G) invaginations of integument on abdominal sterna, ventral view; (H) caudal end of abdominal, ventral view; (I) dorsal view of fig. H (last segment retracted). Scale bars = 100, 50, 50, 50, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211017/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Legs and prolegs absent. Two pairs of weakly differentiated, ventral and dorsal callosities (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D47D26402E9FEB5606AFE96" box="[754,822,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys fourth larval (cocoon-spinning) instar: (A) head, general, dorsal view; (B – C) detail of head, dorsal and lateral views; (D) head, general, anterior view; (E) spinneret (indicated by arrow), anterior view; (F) antenna, lateral view; (G) invaginations of integument on abdominal sterna, ventral view; (H) caudal end of abdominal, ventral view; (I) dorsal view of fig. H (last segment retracted). Scale bars = 100, 50, 50, 50, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211017/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
G) on A1–8; pair of microsetae laterally between the ventral callosities; pair of ventral and dorsal lobes laterally on A4–8. Pleural region of body and last two abdominal segments partly covered by microtrichia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D47D2640272FE6D61EAFE5E" box="[617,694,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[153,1434,501,1778]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys fourth larval (cocoon-spinning) instar: (A) head, general, dorsal view; (B – C) detail of head, dorsal and lateral views; (D) head, general, anterior view; (E) spinneret (indicated by arrow), anterior view; (F) antenna, lateral view; (G) invaginations of integument on abdominal sterna, ventral view; (H) caudal end of abdominal, ventral view; (I) dorsal view of fig. H (last segment retracted). Scale bars = 100, 50, 50, 50, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211017/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
H, I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="57E1C68B2D47D264008CF8FE624BF86A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211017/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[153,1434,501,1778]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D47D264008CF8FE624BF86A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1799,1944]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D47D264008CF8FE6248F8EF" bold="true" box="[151,276,1799,1822]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D47D264029AF8F1601BF8EC" box="[641,839,1800,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D47D264029AF8F1601BF8EC" box="[641,839,1800,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fourth larval (cocoon-spinning) instar: (A) head, general, dorsal view; (B–C) detail of head, dorsal and lateral views; (D) head, general, anterior view; (E) spinneret (indicated by arrow), anterior view; (F) antenna, lateral view; (G) invaginations of integument on abdominal sterna, ventral view; (H) caudal end of abdominal, ventral view; (I) dorsal view of fig. H (last segment retracted). Scale bars = 100, 50, 50, 50, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50 µm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D46D26500DCFF616739FDE5" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26500DCFF616259FF42" bold="true" box="[199,261,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D265010DFF6E623FFF5D" box="[278,355,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[176,1415,193,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[176,1415,193,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Larval and pupal morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light microscopy: (A) first larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (B) third larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (C) fourth larval (“ cocoon-spinning ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (D – F) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars = 100, 400, 400, 300 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211015/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F; 6B–O; 7H–K). Maximum length of specimens examined ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="C4663BE62D46D26504CCFF6E66C5FF5D" box="[1239,1433,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.895" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.59" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="2.895" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.59">2.59 to 3.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Coloration changing from light yellowish during early stage of pupation to yellowish brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D26504F8FF456676FF26" box="[1251,1322,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
J) later in development. Vertex with large, subtriangular acute process (= cocoon cutter;
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D265040DFF26673FFF05" box="[1046,1123,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B–E) with serrated anterior edge. Frons with 2 pairs of short frontal setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D26502BEFEFD61B5FEEE" box="[677,745,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Antenna long and straight, extending almost to abdominal segment A7; forewing extending almost to A6 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D26502DEFEDE6049FECD" box="[709,789,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[176,1415,193,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[176,1415,193,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Larval and pupal morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light microscopy: (A) first larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (B) third larval (“ sap-feeding ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (C) fourth larval (“ cocoon-spinning ”) instar, dorsal and ventral views; (D – F) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars = 100, 400, 400, 300 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211015/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F). A pair of relatively long setae, latero-dorsally on meso-, metathorax and A1–8, those of A2–8 on chalaza (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D265033AFEB5603AFE96" box="[801,870,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
J); a second pair of micro-setae, meso-dorsally on anterior margin of A3–8; spiracles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650237FE966126FE75" box="[556,634,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
K, L) on prothorax and from A1–8, anterior to latero-dorsal setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650574FE9663FAFE5E" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
J). Six mid-dorsal spine clusters, arranged in V-shaped pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650393FE6D608BFE5E" box="[904,983,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
G–I) on anterior margin of A2–7; each cluster with row of similar, low, posteriorly curved spines. Tenth abdominal segment with two pairs of relatively short, stout, digitate caudal projections located latero-dorsally and latero-ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650424FE2567D1FE06" box="[1087,1165,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
M–O). Pleural region of body and last two abdominal segments partly covered by microtrichia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D26503A8FE06675EFDE5" box="[947,1026,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
J, M–O).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D46D26500DCFDDD6288FD76" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26500DCFDDD6234FDCE" bold="true" box="[199,360,548,572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pupal cocoon</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650162FDDD629BFDCE" box="[377,455,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A;
|
||
<date id="7720B0C32D46D26501F7FDDD615BFDCE" box="[492,519,548,572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7I</date>
|
||
). Endophyllous, constructed at the end of the mine; spherical, covered by sparse silk threads (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650130FDBE622CFDAD" box="[299,368,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1849,1872]" captionTargetBox="[179,1390,193,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[179,1391,193,1810]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A 5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A 3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A 8, lateral view; (M – O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A), and without external ornamentation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D265035DFDBE60D0FDAD" box="[838,908,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="7720B0C32D46D2650367FDBE60D0FDAD" box="[892,908,583,607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I). Spun by the non-feeding (spinning) fourthinstar larva prior to molting.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4B84C5882D46D26500DCFD696148FC35" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D46D26500DCFD6962FDFCE6" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26500DCFD69621AFD5A" bold="true" box="[199,326,656,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D265014DFD69616DFD5A" box="[342,561,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D265014DFD69616DFD5A" box="[342,561,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is named after
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D26502FDFD76606FFD55" box="[742,819,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">Tethys</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a Titan goddess in the Greek mythology; the wife of Oceanus, and the mother of rivers, springs, streams, fountains and clouds. Thus, the name also alludes to the cloudy and humid nature of the area of the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest where the new species was first found. Proposed as a noun in apposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D46D26500DCFCD96148FC35" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26500DCFCD96214FCCA" bold="true" box="[199,328,800,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Host plant</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650140FCE662FEFCC5" box="[347,418,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The only host plant known for the immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D265044CFCD867EBFCCA" box="[1111,1207,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D265044CFCD867EBFCCA" box="[1111,1207,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the passion vine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D265008CFCBD61F4FCAE" authority="Gardner" authorityName="Gardner" box="[151,680,836,860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="organensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D265008CFCBD62D0FCAE" box="[151,396,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Passiflora organensis</emphasis>
|
||
Gardner (Passifloraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D26502A3FCBD61A0FCAE" box="[696,764,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A). This passion vine is found mainly on forest edges in the coastal mountains of southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7B89D6932D46D26501F0FC9E616EFC8D" box="[491,562,871,895]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it is endemic, ranging in distribution from the states of Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul (details of the biology and distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D2650357FC7460BFFC56" box="[844,995,909,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="organensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D2650357FC7460BFFC56" box="[844,995,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. organensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were given by Mondin
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26504EFFC746679FC56" box="[1268,1317,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011 and Moreira
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26500E3FC486275FC3A" box="[248,297,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4B84C5882D46D26500DCFC2A6091F84A" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D46D26500DCFC2A629EFBC6" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26500DCFC2A6205FC1E" bold="true" box="[199,345,979,1004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D2650171FC2D611AFC1E" box="[362,582,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D2650171FC2D611AFC1E" box="[362,582,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DC2528A12D46D2650377FC2C60C0FC1F" box="[876,924,981,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, the Dense Umbrophilous Forest (= Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26501F6FC006126FBE2" box="[493,634,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
) portions of the CPCN Pró-Mata, São Francisco de Paula Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7B89D6932D46D265016DFBE562E2FBC6" box="[374,446,1052,1076]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D46D26500DCFBC66606F986" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26500DCFBC6620CFBAA" bold="true" box="[199,336,1087,1112]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Life history</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D2650145FBB9616BFBAA" box="[350,567,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D2650145FBB9616BFBAA" box="[350,567,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phyllocnistis tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D265029AFBC66193FBA5" box="[641,719,1087,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1491,1514]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[153,1434,193,1470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys egg and third larval “ sap-feeding ” instar: (A) egg, on abaxial surface of a Passiflora organensis leaf; (B – D) head, lateral, anterior and dorsal views; (E) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; (F) antenna, anterior view; (G) head, ventral view; (H) labium, ventral view (arrow indicates the spinneret); (I) abdominal lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 20 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211016/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 7C) are deposited mostly on the abaxial leaf surface, adhered by a cement substance, usually on the secondary veins. Eclosion occurs through the surface of the egg adhered to the leaf; the first-instar larva enters progressively into the leaf, loading frass to the outside, empty space covered by the chorion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650130FB55622DFB36" box="[299,369,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
D), since initially the posterior part of the body remains within the chorion. Larvae are sapfeeding leaf miners during the first three instars. By feeding in circles, they form a blotch mine that widens as the larvae develop (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650150FB0D62C5FAFE" box="[331,409,1268,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B, D). The feeding paths of a larva can be traced by following the dark-green, non-granular frass lines left and head capsule exuvia shed in the mine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650352FAE160C6FAC2" box="[841,922,1304,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
F, 8A, B). The three sap-feeding instars are specialized in the abaxial spongy parenchyma, leaving the two epidermis layers and generally the palisade parenchyma intact (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650168FA9962E3FA8A" box="[371,447,1376,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1750,1773]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,193,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[154,1434,193,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Diaphanized portion and histological sections of a Passiflora organensis leaf, showing by transparency the organization levels of a Phyllocnistis tethys mine in relation to larval ontogeny: (A) general aspect of the mine, containing a third-instar “ sap-feeding ” larva; asterisk indicates feeding area of the first instar; Roman numerals indicate larval instar numbers and corresponding positions of head capsules in the mine; open and closed arrows indicate the limit areas of nongranular frass lines left by second- and third-instar larvae, respectively; (B) detail of head capsule shed by the second-instar larva (bar indicates position for measurement of head-capsule width); C) transverse section of a mine; (D) transverse section of intact portion of leaf lamina (indicated by left arrow in C); (E) transverse section of mined portion of leaf lamina (indicated by right arrow in C). Ab, abaxial surface of epidermis; Ad, adaxial surface of epidermis; Lm, leaf mine; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Sp, spongy parenchyma. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 25, 50 µm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211020/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C–E). In conditions of low larval density, the adaxial palisade parenchyma may be partly used by later instars (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D265018FFA7D6286FA6E" box="[404,474,1412,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
F), and in this case the feeding damage appears as white scars visible through the transparent upper leaf surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D26501E3FA516161FA32" box="[504,573,1448,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A). However, if a leaf is intensively attacked, at the end of development the palisade parenchyma can be almost completely consumed; leaves then appear mostly deprived of green color (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650575FA3563F9F9FA" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
H, I). We could not find a distinct weaving pattern for the flimsy endophyllous cocoon constructed at the end of the mines by the last larval (spinning) instar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650289F9ED618AF9DE" box="[658,726,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="7720B0C32D46D26502DDF9ED618AF9DE" box="[710,726,1556,1580]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I). During adult emergence, the pupal cocoon is ruptured by the frontal process of the pupa (cocoon cutter). Generally after the adult emerges, the anterior half of the pupal exuvium (head and thorax) protrudes outside, while the posterior half remains in the pupal cocoon (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D26504E9F9A5666AF986" box="[1266,1334,1628,1652]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D46D26500DCF9796036F8F6" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
At the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DC2528A12D46D265010FF9786218F96B" box="[276,324,1665,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D26501B6F9786156F96A" box="[429,522,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26501B6F9786156F96A" box="[429,522,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mines are common in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D2650316F97860FFF96A" box="[781,931,1665,1688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="organensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D2650316F97860FFF96A" box="[781,931,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. organensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants. One to several mines may be present per leaf (up to 13 young mines have been found in a single leaf) and may cover almost the entire lamina later in development (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D2650123F93162DAF912" box="[312,390,1736,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1764,1787]" captionTargetBox="[216,1369,193,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[216,1370,193,1733]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211019/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A, H). Our field collection data indicate that the species may have more than one generation per year, with adults emerging primarily in summer and autumn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="032196032D46D26500DCF8E96091F84A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D26500DCF8E96299F8DA" bold="true" box="[199,453,1808,1832]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Molecular phylogeny</emphasis>
|
||
. A total of 639 nucleotide sites were analyzed, in which 231 were variable and 173 parsimony-informative. ML and MP analyses showed identical topology and similar bootstrap supports, and we therefore show only the former (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9BA58A862D46D265023DF8A1612DF882" box="[550,625,1880,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,864,887]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,843]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[153,1434,193,843]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Maximum-likelihood tree of Pyllocnistis species based on 639 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap support higher than 60 %; branch lengths are indicated below. Asterisks indicate bootstrap values <60 % and branch lengths <0.001. Species of Bucculatricidae (Bucculatrix canadensisella) and Gracillariidae (Acrocercops and Caloptilia) were used to root the tree, according to the phylogeny proposed by Kawahara et al. (2011); see Table 1 and text for further description." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211021/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). According to our phylogenetic hypothesis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D265048FF8A067A4F882" box="[1172,1272,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D265048FF8A067A4F882" box="[1172,1272,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. tethys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was strongly supported as a monophyletic clade, showing high branch length in relation to the other 11 species surveyed. Additionally, it was placed as the most basal lineage within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C49EED802D46D265032EF859609AF84A" box="[821,966,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllocnistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="31EA4A112D46D265032EF859609AF84A" box="[821,966,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phyllocnistis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |