255 lines
31 KiB
XML
255 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="9E5ECF9FDBBEAC600D1A9EA9BF54498C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.202696" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4c3bd0bb-b711-4cc4-9790-0e16d73cc5d8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="202696" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460312603747" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yang, Qiang, Makarkin, Vladimir N. & Ren, Dong" docDate="2011" docId="7B1D87A3FFFCFFE3E0CA176336E6B947" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02873p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2873" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Protokalligramma Yang, Makarkin & Ren, 2011, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="8724FFDBFFFDFFE1E05D13723624BC77" masterDocTitle="Two interesting new genera of Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, China" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="60" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1698254435404" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="526755D11C59617195FAA9F0941498FF">
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<mods:title id="C2D555112B5505C0B4D67D5C913C7E69">Two interesting new genera of Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, China</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="AF29A4D925FBB62B8C2E01AFC7C83010" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AB0CAFCA58CC13379466241C169DEF2A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E2409BBC871DCD7466C94103643DC8C8">Yang, Qiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="1D41BCF38B96271078DC301D94282E13">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FBF664CE6F29FA3619197F65B4CF8BE5">Makarkin, Vladimir N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="AF4739C8BBF2CC6441FD631F425C04B7" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7FE50D00D5C1AA11EA7597DE632E094A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D90FB3F8808E75149AC046F4EA9E4488">Ren, Dong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A69BDFEB11ACC0DAEF1BD82AAD7E5CDD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4E0AE70191A54CA95C8800D14AA0EF9D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="67D7A06C855322BDE0EDB3361BAF7D31">
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<mods:date id="4E22BB8CF6321267F97F719A478DB6CC">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="744567A81427AA47D76400191CC99AA7" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="0A27DB0F41F537BC9C02593D5BA0D4F3">2873</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F775EF8AE9D31DD78D31A60973BA2033" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.202696</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F0E5C79CE7A02254EED74527712C4CEA" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A9AFCEC276B8CB302F07C00F2B2DE39C" type="Zenodo-Dep">202696</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7B1D87A3FFFCFFE3E0CA176336E6B947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6194908" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119401039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6194908" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7B1D87A3FFFCFFE3E0CA176336E6B947" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1D87A3FFFCFFE3E0CA176336E6B947" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
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<subSubSection id="BBAE653EFFFCFFE0E0CA1763340AB85D" box="[151,558,1041,1066]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFCFFE0E0CA1763340AB85D" blockId="1.[151,558,1041,1066]" box="[151,558,1041,1066]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
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<heading id="A84381D9FFFCFFE0E0CA1763340AB85D" bold="true" box="[151,558,1041,1066]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E0CA1763340AB85D" bold="true" box="[151,558,1041,1066]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E0B71763379AB85D" ID-CoL="6XRZ" box="[234,446,1041,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Protokalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E0B71763379AB85D" bold="true" box="[234,446,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Protokalligramma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAF357DCFFFCFFE0E1991760340AB85D" box="[452,558,1042,1066]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BBAE653EFFFCFFE0E0CA17283562B805" box="[151,838,1113,1138]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFCFFE0E0CA17283562B805" blockId="1.[151,1436,1113,2037]" box="[151,838,1113,1138]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E0CA17283716B805" bold="true" box="[151,306,1113,1138]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
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<typeStatus id="2C0F8817FFFCFFE0E0CA172836F6B805" box="[151,210,1114,1138]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E164172B34B5B806" box="[313,657,1113,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Protokalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifasciatum">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E164172B34B5B806" box="[313,657,1113,1137]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Protokalligramma bifasciatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E2CA17283562B805" bold="true" box="[663,838,1114,1138]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BBAE653EFFFCFFE0E098170F340BB8AA" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFCFFE0E098170F340BB8AA" blockId="1.[151,1436,1113,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E098170F3768B8E2" bold="true" box="[197,332,1149,1173]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Etymology.</emphasis>
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Proto- (from the Greek
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E206170C3480B8E2" box="[603,676,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">protou</emphasis>
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, before) + -
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E375170F359CB8E2" box="[808,952,1149,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Kalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">kalligramma</taxonomicName>
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(from
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E458170F32BEB8E2" box="[1029,1178,1149,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Kalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E458170F32BEB8E2" box="[1029,1178,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Kalligramma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a genus-group name), in reference to the taxonomic affinity of the genus as an isolated (‘primitive’) taxon in
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E42D17D3331AB8CE" box="[1136,1342,1185,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kalligrammatidae</taxonomicName>
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. Gender neuter (
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<bibRefCitation id="97254B44FFFCFFE0E0B117B73407B8AA" author="ICZN" box="[236,547,1221,1245]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 305 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN, 1999: Article 30.1.2</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BBAE653EFFFCFFE0E098179B34B7B9C1" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFCFFE0E098179B34B7B9C1" blockId="1.[151,1436,1113,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E098179B371BB975" bold="true" box="[197,319,1257,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The new genus may be distinguished from other kalligrammatid genera by the following combination of forewing character states: costal space strongly narrowed towards apex; simply (generalised) constructed MP, not pectinately branched [pectinate anteriorly directed branches in most other genera], cross venation relatively scarce [dense in most other genera], eye-spot absent [shared with
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E3951627324FB91A" box="[968,1131,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Sophogramma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="97254B44FFFCFFE0E42E1624331AB91A" author="Ren" box="[1139,1342,1365,1389]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Ren, D. & Guo, Z. G. (1996) On the new fossil genera and species of Neuroptera (Insecta) from the Late Jurassic of northeast China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 21, 461 - 479." type="journal article" year="1996">
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Ren
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E4F516243298B91A" box="[1192,1212,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">et</emphasis>
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Guo, 1996
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</bibRefCitation>
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; present in other genera], CuP and 1A relatively short, not running parallel to hind margin [CuP, 1A long, running nearly parallel to hind margin in most other genera].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BBAE653EFFFCFFE3E09816B336DBBD13" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFCFFE0E09816B3325EBAA2" blockId="1.[151,1436,1113,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E09816B33769B9AD" bold="true" box="[197,333,1473,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Comments.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E10616B3340DB9AE" box="[347,553,1473,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Protokalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E10616B3340DB9AE" box="[347,553,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Protokalligramma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAF357DCFFFCFFE0E26516B0348DB9AD" box="[568,681,1474,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E26516B0348DB9AD" bold="true" box="[568,681,1474,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">gen. nov.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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is unusual among
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E3C416B33247B9AE" box="[921,1123,1473,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kalligrammatidae</taxonomicName>
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as the forewing venation strongly differs from those of most other known genera. Nonetheless, this genus may not be treated as a representative of a new family (or assigned to another family) because its venation is generally concordant with that of
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E507157B3709BA32" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kalligrammatidae</taxonomicName>
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. Moreover, it is similar to that of the specimen from the Late Jurassic of Karatau named ‘
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E0FD15233472BA1D" authority="Martynova" authorityName="Martynova" box="[160,598,1617,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Kalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turutanovae">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E0FD152337E3BA1E" box="[160,455,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Kalligramma turutanovae</emphasis>
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’ Martynova
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="97254B44FFFCFFE0E2DA152335CFBA1E" author="Ponomarenko" box="[647,1003,1617,1641]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Ponomarenko, A. G. (2002) Superorder Myrmeleontidea Latreille, 1802 (= Neuropteroidea Handlirsch, 1903). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P. & Quicke, D. L. J. (Eds.), History of Insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 176 - 192." type="book chapter" year="2002">Ponomarenko (2002: Fig. 254)</bibRefCitation>
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(which itself likely represents a new genus).
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E0B215073463BAFA" box="[239,583,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Protokalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifasciatum">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E0B215073463BAFA" box="[239,583,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Protokalligramma bifasciatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E213150734D9BAFA" bold="true" box="[590,765,1653,1677]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
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shares with ‘
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E3CE1504321FBAFA" box="[915,1083,1654,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Kalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turutanovae">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E3CE1504321FBAFA" box="[915,1083,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">K. turutanovae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’ a similar generalised structure of MP, CuA, CuP and 1A. In the latter, however, a well-developed eye-spot is present, cross venation is dense, CuA and CuP are longer, running almost parallel to the hind margin for considerable distance.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFCFFE3E0981593346ABCA3" blockId="1.[151,1436,1113,2037]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
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The presence of dense short hairs on the membrane found in the wing of
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E3B01593329FBA8E" box="[1005,1211,1761,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Protokalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E3B01593329FBA8E" box="[1005,1211,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Protokalligramma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAF357DCFFFCFFE0E49F1590330EBA8D" box="[1218,1322,1762,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E49F1590330EBA8D" bold="true" box="[1218,1322,1762,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">gen. nov.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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is characteristic of many
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E1061477340DBB6A" box="[347,553,1797,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kalligrammatidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="97254B44FFFCFFE0E265147734C9BB6A" author="Panfilov" box="[568,749,1797,1821]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Panfilov, D. V. (1968) Kalligrammatids (Neuroptera, Kalligrammatidae) from the Jurassic deposits of Karatau. In: Rohdendorf, B. B. (Ed.), Jurassic insects of Karatau. Nauka Press, Moscow, 166 - 174. (In Russian)." type="book chapter" year="1968">Panfilov (1968)</bibRefCitation>
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mentioned them to be present in the genera
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E55B14773715BB36" authority="Walker, 1904" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Kalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E55B147733BFBB6A" box="[1286,1435,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Kalligramma</emphasis>
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Walker, 1904
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E16014583484BB36" authority="Handlirsch, 1906" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1906" box="[317,672,1833,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Meioneurites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E160145837F5BB36" box="[317,465,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Meioneurites</emphasis>
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Handlirsch, 1906
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E283145B327CBB36" authority="Handlirsch, 1919" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1919" box="[734,1112,1833,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Kalligrammula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E283145B35ADBB36" box="[734,905,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Kalligrammula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="97254B44FFFCFFE0E3CF145B327CBB36" author="Handlirsch" box="[914,1112,1833,1857]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Handlirsch, A. (1919) Eine neue Kalligrammide (Neuroptera) aus dem Solnhofener Plattenkalke. Senckenbergiana, 1 (3), 61 - 63." type="journal article" year="1919">Handlirsch, 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the membrane of the wings of other genera (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E250143F35B2BB12" authority="Apochrysogramma" authorityName="Apochrysogramma" box="[525,918,1869,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Sophogramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E250143F3494BB12" box="[525,688,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Sophogramma</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E29C143F35B2BB12" box="[705,918,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Apochrysogramma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAF357DCFFFCFFE0E3FC143F3229BB12" box="[929,1037,1869,1893]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFCFFE0E3FC143F3229BB12" bold="true" box="[929,1037,1869,1893]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) lacks hairs. These hairs are most probably spinules (long ‘microtrichia’), i.e., non-cellular, non-innervated, non-socketed, and non-articulated cuticle processes, not true sensilla (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="97254B44FFFCFFE0E18D14E7353BBBDA" author="Vshivkova" box="[464,799,1941,1965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Vshivkova, T. S. & Makarkin, V. N. (2010) Ultrastructural morphology of leg cuticle derivatives useful for phylogenetic study of Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Neuroptera): preliminary report. In: Devetak, D., Lipovsek, S., Arnet, A. E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Neuropterology. Piran, Slovenia, 2008. University of Maribor, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Maribor, 287 - 300." type="journal article" year="2010">Vshivkova & Makarkin 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Minute true spinules (‘microtrichia’) occur on the wing membrane of some extant neuropteran families (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E35A14CB358DBBA6" box="[775,937,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hemerobiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E3EA14CB3200BBA6" box="[951,1060,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Ithonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ithonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFCFFE0E46F14CB32BBBBA6" box="[1074,1183,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Dilaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dilaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but they are usually invisible (or hardly visible) in fossils. The only exception is the presence of rather long hairs (probably spinules) on part of the hind wing membrane in the Early Eocene ithonid
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E32913EA32A3BCC7" box="[884,1159,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Palaeopsychops setosus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="97254B44FFFFFFE3E4CE13E537C0BCA3" author="Archibald" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Archibald, S. B. & Makarkin, V. N. (2006) Tertiary giant lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae): revision and description of new taxa from western North America and Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 4, 119 - 155. [Errata: 3, 307]." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Archibald
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E55213EB3307BCC7" box="[1295,1315,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">et</emphasis>
|
||
Makarkin (Archibald & Makarkin 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Fig. 17).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFFFFE3E0CA125536DBBD13" blockId="2.[151,601,295,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E0CA12553476BD37" bold="true" box="[151,594,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFFFFE3E0CA125537DCBD37" box="[151,504,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" genus="Protokalligramma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifasciatum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E0CA125537DCBD37" bold="true" box="[151,504,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Protokalligramma bifasciatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DAF357DCFFFFFFE3E25D125A3476BD37" box="[512,594,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation id="6B8F2A30FFFFFFE3E0CA123E36DBBD13" box="[151,255,332,356]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1" captionStart-1="FIGURES 2" captionStart-2="FIGURES 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,264,1097,1120]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,264,1843,1866]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,193,1915]" captionTargetBox-1="[196,1399,237,1047]" captionTargetBox-2="[174,1436,1200,1821]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1916]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1076]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[151,1436,1200,1823]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURES 1. Protokalligramma bifaciatum gen. et sp. nov. Holotype No. CNU-NEU-NN 2009026, general view of the specimen. A, part. B, counterpart. Scale bar = 10 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 2. Protokalligramma bifaciatum gen. et sp. nov. Holotype CNU-NEU- NN 2009026, composite drawing of the forewing venation. Scale bar = 10 mm." captionText-2="FIGURES 3. Protokalligramma bifaciatum gen. et sp. nov. Holotype CNU-NEU- NN 2009026 (part). A, basal portion of the costal space. B, the forewing anterior portion showing dense long spinules (‘ microtrichia’) on the membrane. hv, humeral vein; R, radius, Sc, subcosta, vs, unknown venal structure. Scale bar = 1 mm (for A, B)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/202697/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/202698/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/202699/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BBAE653EFFFFFFE3E0CA12E63724BDB8" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFFFFE3E0CA12E63724BDB8" blockId="2.[151,1437,404,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E0CA12E6373ABDDB" bold="true" box="[151,286,404,428]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
From the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E18212E637D1BDDB" box="[479,501,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">bi</emphasis>
|
||
, double, and
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E2C812E634DCBDDB" box="[661,760,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
, striped, in references to the forewing color pattern of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="2C0F8817FFFFFFE3E0CA12C536D9BDB8" box="[151,253,439,463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BBAE653EFFFFFFE3E09812AE34C8BE28" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFFFFE3E09812AE36F2BE60" blockId="2.[151,1437,404,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E09812AE371DBD83" bold="true" box="[197,313,476,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<typeStatus id="2C0F8817FFFFFFE3E09812AE3710BD83" box="[197,308,476,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen No. CNU-NEU-NN2009026, deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="95A5AE70FFFFFFE3E3FD12AE35D6BD83" box="[928,1010,476,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">CNUB</collectionCode>
|
||
. An incomplete, well-preserved forewing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFFFFE3E098115634C8BE28" blockId="2.[151,1437,404,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E098115637DEBE4B" bold="true" box="[197,506,547,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<typeStatus id="2C0F8817FFFFFFE3E09811563724BE4B" box="[197,256,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality and horizon.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8BA37625FFFFFFE3E48A11563363BE4B" box="[1239,1351,548,572]" name="Mongolia" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8BA37625FFFFFFE3E50C115633BCBE4B" box="[1361,1432,548,572]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Middle Jurassic (Bathonian, Jiulongshan Formation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BBAE653EFFFFFFE3E098111936E6B947" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="F30B36B5FFFFFFE3E098111936E6B947" blockId="2.[151,1437,404,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E09811193773BEF3" bold="true" box="[197,343,619,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Forewing broad, round-ovate,
|
||
<quantity id="344C9B50FFFFFFE3E2ED111E34DBBEF3" box="[688,767,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (as preserved; estimated complete length>
|
||
<quantity id="344C9B50FFFFFFE3E547111E3349BEF3" box="[1306,1389,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="344C9B50FFFFFFE3E5DD111E36E7BED0" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (as preserved; estimated complete width about
|
||
<quantity id="344C9B50FFFFFFE3E37011FD35A6BED0" box="[813,898,655,679]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Entire wing membrane densely covered with short hairs, longest in basal part of costal space (in region of humeral veinlet), long in anterior portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6B8F2A30FFFFFFE3E56811C6335DBEBB" box="[1333,1401,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1843,1866]" captionTargetBox="[174,1436,1200,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1200,1823]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3. Protokalligramma bifaciatum gen. et sp. nov. Holotype CNU-NEU- NN 2009026 (part). A, basal portion of the costal space. B, the forewing anterior portion showing dense long spinules (‘ microtrichia’) on the membrane. hv, humeral vein; R, radius, Sc, subcosta, vs, unknown venal structure. Scale bar = 1 mm (for A, B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/202699/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B), and short to very short in other regions. Trichiation on veins relatively short. Trichosors not visible due to dense, short trichiation on and near margins, probably absent. Costa stout. Costal space most dilated at 1/4 proximal length; slightly narrowed towards wing base, narrowed towards apex. All subcostal veinlets in proximal half dichotomously branched, connected by 2-4 crossveins forming 3-4 irregular costal series. Humeral veinlet welldeveloped, recurrent and branched; two unknown vein-like structures in antehumeral space (one shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="6B8F2A30FFFFFFE3E562101533A4BF08" box="[1343,1408,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1843,1866]" captionTargetBox="[174,1436,1200,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1200,1823]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3. Protokalligramma bifaciatum gen. et sp. nov. Holotype CNU-NEU- NN 2009026 (part). A, basal portion of the costal space. B, the forewing anterior portion showing dense long spinules (‘ microtrichia’) on the membrane. hv, humeral vein; R, radius, Sc, subcosta, vs, unknown venal structure. Scale bar = 1 mm (for A, B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/202699/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A, labeled
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C0EAA7FFFFFFE3E0AF10FF372DBFD3" box="[242,265,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">vs</emphasis>
|
||
). Subcostal space relatively narrow, with rather widely spaced crossveins. R1 space narrow; strongly narrowed basally. Rs originating close to base of wing, with seven preserved branches; origin of Rs1 close to origin of Rs, forked near its origin; Rs2-Rs4 profusely dichotomously forked. M and R clearly separated basally. Fork of M rather close to base of wing; MA and MP similarly constructed, both with few (dichotomous) branches distally. Cu divided into CuA and CuP very close to base of wing. CuA relatively short, with five distal pectinate branches, at least proximal-most branch deeply forked. CuP few-branched, forked twice in distal half. 1A profusely dichotomously branched. 2A pectinate, each branch dichotomously branched. 3A short, poorly preserved. Main area of wing posterior to R filled with regularly and widely spaced crossveins (compared with most other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34B44D36FFFFFFE3E4AD17FA36E6B8B3" class="Insecta" family="Kalligrammatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kalligrammatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); crossveins apparently rare in area of marginal twigging. Jugal lobe not detected, apparently absent. Wing membrane fuscous, blackish in costal space, paler in distal and posterior portion of wing, with color pattern consisting of two transverse blackish bands, and several small dark brown or blackish patches basally and near hind margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |