704 lines
90 KiB
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704 lines
90 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1371/journal. pone.0213314" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c3128d24-5293-4125-bc85-0678753fc483" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154520570" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2614083" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:237AA825-4612-4591-9CC8-764DAD646B48" checkinTime="1553770082828" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Scherz, Mark D., Hutter, Carl R., Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Riemann, Jana C., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ndriantsoa, Serge H., Glos, Julian, Roberts, Sam Hyde, Crottini, Angelica, Vences, Miguel & Glaw, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03F887F6FF9E0A59FD8B0501DE896AC8" docLanguage="en" docName="journal.pone.0213314.pdf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE 213314" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Mini mum Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="237AA825-4612-4591-9CC8-764DAD646B48" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FFC1FF8EFF930A48FF9E0658DC6D6955" masterDocTitle="Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera" masterLastPageNumber="45" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1636536996458" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Scherz, Mark D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hutter, Carl R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Rakotoarison, Andolalao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Riemann, Jana C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Rödel, Mark-Oliver</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ndriantsoa, Serge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Glos, Julian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Roberts, Sam Hyde</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Crottini, Angelica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Vences, Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Glaw, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>PLoS ONE</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2019-03-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number>213314</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154520570" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:237AA825-4612-4591-9CC8-764DAD646B48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887F6FF9E0A59FD8B0501DE896AC8" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[533,673,857,886]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,673,857,886]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mini mum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[680,782,857,885]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<subSubSection box="[565,836,941,965]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[533,1528,906,1866]" box="[565,836,941,965]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[572,663,941,965]" captionStart-0="Fig 1" captionStart-1="Fig 2" captionStart-2="Fig 3" captionStart-3="Fig 4" captionStart-4="Fig 5" captionStart-5="Fig 6" captionStartId-0="2.[192,220,1354,1373]" captionStartId-1="7.[192,220,1818,1837]" captionStartId-2="8.[461,489,1766,1785]" captionStartId-3="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" captionStartId-4="10.[200,228,1285,1304]" captionStartId-5="11.[96,124,1263,1282]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetBox-1="[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetBox-2="[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetBox-3="[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetBox-4="[200,1536,208,1263]" captionTargetBox-5="[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetId-3="figure@9.[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetId-4="figure@10.[200,1536,208,1263]" captionTargetId-5="figure@11.[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionTargetPageId-4="10" captionTargetPageId-5="11" captionText-0="Fig 1. Stylised representation of the latest phylogeny of the microhylid subfamily Cophylinae. Based on the phylogenetic tree of Tu et al. [20] (reconstructed from a concatenated multi-gene DNA sequence data set) with numerous nomenclatural updates. See that paper for support values and phylogenetic context. The sister species of Rhombophryne proportionalis sp. nov. is an undescribed candidate species (R. sp. Ca7) that is not included in this phylogeny; its taxonomy will be treated elsewhere. Taxa highlighted in red are those described herein. Inset photos show a selection of the new species described herein, and representatives of the other small-bodied genera, Stumpffia and Anilany. Inset photos are not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g001" captionText-1="Fig 2. Holotypes of the new species described in this paper and their hands. Whole specimens in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. Hand images not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g002" captionText-2="Fig 3. Currently known localities of the new taxa described in this paper. The base map is USGS SRTM 1-Arc second digital elevation model. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g003" captionText-3="Fig 4. Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve. (a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g004" captionText-4="Fig 5. One-second spectrograms and oscillograms of the calls of the new species described here. Insets represent the respective species but not the calling specimens. (a) Mini mum gen. et sp. nov., paratype ZMB 81993 from Manombo, (b) Mini scule gen. et sp. nov., ZSM 265/2018 from Sainte Luce, (c) Rhombophryne proportionalis sp. nov., part of a call (note series) of a specimen from Bepia campsite, Tsaratanana (not collected), (d) Anodonthyla eximia sp. nov., specimen not collected, from Maharira (Ranomafana). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g005" captionText-5="Fig 6. Osteology of Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 861/2014). (a-c) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral view. (d-g) Skull in (d) lateral, (e) ventral, (f) anterior, and (g) dorsal view. (h) Foot in ventral view. (i) Hand in ventral view. Abbreviations for all osteological figures: angspl, angulosplenial; col.pip, pars interna plectra of columella; col.pmp, pars media plectra of columella; cpl(s), carpal(s); den, dentary; exoc, exoccipital; exoc.occ, occipital condyle of exoccipital; fpar, frontoparietal; max, maxilla; max.fp, facial process of maxilla; mmk, mentomeckelian; n, nasal; n.mp, maxillary process of nasal; npl, neopalatine; oc, otic capsule; prsph. ap, parasphenoid alary process; prsph.cp, parasphenoid cultriform process; prsph.pmp, parasphenoid posteromedial process; pmx, premaxilla; pmx.ap, premaxilla ascending process; pmx.lp, premaxilla lateral process; pmx.pp, premaxilla palatine process; povom, postchoanal portion of vomer; pro, prootic; prvom, prechoanal portion of vomer; pt.ar, pterygoid anterior ramus; pt.mr, pterygoid medial ramus; pt.vr, pterygoid ventral ramus; qj, quadratojugal; smx, septomaxilla; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq. or, squamosal otic ramus; sq.vr, squamosal ventral ramus; sq.zr, squamosal zygomatic ramus; tsl(s), tarsals; vt, vomerine teeth. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g006" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2614085/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2614087/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2614089/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/2614093/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/2614095/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation box="[675,762,941,965]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="12.[96,146,518,537]" captionText="Table 1. Morphological measurements (in mm) of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Measurement abbreviations are listed in the Materials and Methods. A = Adult, M = Male, F = Female (lowercase indicates probable subadult), p = paratype, h = holotype (holotypes are also bolded), na = not available." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tables 1</tableCitation>
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and
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<tableCitation box="[814,827,941,965]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[533,583,194,213]" captionTargetBox="[533,1512,335,774]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[533,1536,323,778]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Bioacoustic parameters of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Data on S. miery from Rakotoarison et al. [14], provided for comparison with the sympatric A. eximia. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, with range in brackets. na = not applicable. In all species except R. proportionalis calls consist of a single note according to the definition herein, and in these species call duration is therefore synonymous with note duration." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E">2</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[533,1528,906,1866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,659,976,1000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remark.</emphasis>
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This species was previously listed as
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<taxonomicName box="[1050,1153,976,1000]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1050,1153,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Stumpffia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. 10 [
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<bibRefCitation author="Wollenberg KC & Vieites DR & van der Meijden A & Glaw F & Cannatella DC & Vences M." box="[1234,1259,976,1000]" journalOrPublisher="Evolution." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1890 - 907" part="62" refId="ref24053" refString="17. Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, van der Meijden A, Glaw F, Cannatella DC, Vences M. Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation. Evolution. 2008; 62 (8): 1890 - 907. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2008.00420. x PMID: 18485110" title="Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation" type="journal article" year="2008">17</bibRefCitation>
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];
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<taxonomicName box="[1280,1383,976,1000]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1280,1383,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Stumpffia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. 15/Ca15 [
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<bibRefCitation author="Scherz MD & Vences M & Rakotoarison A & Andreone F & Kohler J & Glaw F" box="[542,567,1010,1034]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="372 - 81" part="100" refId="ref23908" refString="15. Scherz MD, Vences M, Rakotoarison A, Andreone F, Kohler J, Glaw F, et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2016; 100: 372 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 20 16.04. 0 19 PMID: 270856 71" title="et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">15</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Vieites DR & Wollenberg KC & Andreone F & Kohler J & Glaw F & Vences M." box="[580,605,1010,1034]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="8267 - 72" part="106" refId="ref25409" refString="40. Vieites DR, Wollenberg KC, Andreone F, Kohler J, Glaw F, Vences M. Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2009; 106 (20): 8267 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 08 10821106 PMID: 194168 18" title="Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory" type="journal article" year="2009">40</bibRefCitation>
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];
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<taxonomicName box="[626,729,1010,1034]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[626,729,1010,1034]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Stumpffia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. aff.
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<emphasis box="[809,934,1010,1034]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">tetradactyla</emphasis>
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“Southeast” [
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<bibRefCitation author="Glaw F & Vences M." bookContentInfo="496 p." box="[1078,1103,1010,1034]" journalOrPublisher="Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref25480" refString="41. Glaw F, Vences M. A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3 rd Edition. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR; 2007. 496 p." title="A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3 rd Edition" type="book" year="2007">41</bibRefCitation>
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]; and
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<taxonomicName box="[1171,1274,1010,1034]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1171,1274,1010,1034]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Stumpffia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. 10 KCW-2008 (
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<accessionNumber box="[540,656,1045,1069]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/EU341082" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">EU341082</accessionNumber>
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) [
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<bibRefCitation author="Tu N & Yang M & Liang D & Zhang P." box="[677,702,1045,1069]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="85 - 91" part="126" refId="ref24267" refString="20. Tu N, Yang M, Liang D, Zhang P. A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2018; 126: 85 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 201 8.03. 0 36 PMID: 2964958 1" title="A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa" type="journal article" year="2018">20</bibRefCitation>
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].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[533,1528,906,1866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090017567" collectingDate="2014-11-30" collectionCode="ZSM, ZCMV" collectorName="A. Rakotoarison & E. Rajeriarison." country="Madagascar" elevation="7" location="Manombo Special Reserve" municipality="Atsimo-Atsinanana Region" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="ZSM 861, ZCMV 14788" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,857,1080,1104]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<typeStatus box="[565,668,1080,1104]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Holotype</typeStatus>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[682,748,1080,1104]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="7.[192,220,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig 2. Holotypes of the new species described in this paper and their hands. Whole specimens in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. Hand images not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614087/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[761,774,1080,1104]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 4. Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve. (a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[828,841,1080,1104]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="11.[96,124,1263,1282]" captionTargetBox="[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 6. Osteology of Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 861/2014). (a-c) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral view. (d-g) Skull in (d) lateral, (e) ventral, (f) anterior, and (g) dorsal view. (h) Foot in ventral view. (i) Hand in ventral view. Abbreviations for all osteological figures: angspl, angulosplenial; col.pip, pars interna plectra of columella; col.pmp, pars media plectra of columella; cpl(s), carpal(s); den, dentary; exoc, exoccipital; exoc.occ, occipital condyle of exoccipital; fpar, frontoparietal; max, maxilla; max.fp, facial process of maxilla; mmk, mentomeckelian; n, nasal; n.mp, maxillary process of nasal; npl, neopalatine; oc, otic capsule; prsph. ap, parasphenoid alary process; prsph.cp, parasphenoid cultriform process; prsph.pmp, parasphenoid posteromedial process; pmx, premaxilla; pmx.ap, premaxilla ascending process; pmx.lp, premaxilla lateral process; pmx.pp, premaxilla palatine process; povom, postchoanal portion of vomer; pro, prootic; prvom, prechoanal portion of vomer; pt.ar, pterygoid anterior ramus; pt.mr, pterygoid medial ramus; pt.vr, pterygoid ventral ramus; qj, quadratojugal; smx, septomaxilla; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq. or, squamosal otic ramus; sq.vr, squamosal ventral ramus; sq.zr, squamosal zygomatic ramus; tsl(s), tarsals; vt, vomerine teeth. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614095/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[863,957,1080,1104]" collectionCode="ZSM" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="Museum">ZSM 861</specimenCode>
|
||
/2014 (
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1032,1183,1080,1104]" collectionCode="ZCMV" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZCMV 14788</specimenCode>
|
||
), an adult presumed male specimen collected in
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887F6FF9E0A59FD8B0501DE896AC8:8E8E603BFF9E0A45FD540202DF8E6D27" box="[714,995,1114,1138]" country="Madagascar" municipality="Atsimo-Atsinanana Region" name="Manombo Special Reserve" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Manombo Special Reserve</location>
|
||
(23.0294˚S, 47.7312˚E,
|
||
<elevation box="[1247,1339,1114,1138]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="7.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[1247,1287,1114,1138]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingMunicipality pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Atsimo-Atsinanana Region</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, former
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[759,999,1149,1173]" country="Madagascar" name="Fianarantsoa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fianarantsoa province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1150,1277,1149,1173]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingDate box="[1317,1518,1149,1173]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2014-11-30">
|
||
<date box="[1317,1518,1149,1173]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2014-11-30">30 November 2014</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName box="[565,738,1183,1207]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. Rakotoarison</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName box="[790,953,1183,1207]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E. Rajeriarison.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[533,1528,906,1866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090017570" collectingDate="2014-11-30" collectionCode="ZSM, ZCMV" collectorName="A. Rakotoarison & E. Rajeriarison." country="Madagascar" elevation="7" location="Manombo Special Reserve" municipality="Atsimo-Atsinanana Region" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="ZSM 862, ZCMV 14789" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,760,1218,1242]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[565,674,1218,1242]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[690,744,1218,1242]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 4. Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve. (a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[766,863,1218,1242]" collectionCode="ZSM" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="Museum">ZSM 862</specimenCode>
|
||
/2014 (
|
||
<specimenCode box="[935,1086,1218,1242]" collectionCode="ZCMV" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZCMV 14789</specimenCode>
|
||
), an adult presumed male specimen with the same collection data as the holotype
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090005810" collectingDate="2004-02-02" collectionCode="ZMA, EU341082" collectorName="D. R. Vieites & C. Woodhead" country="Madagascar" elevation="44" latitude="-23.0284" location="Manombo Special Reserve" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.7316" municipality="Manombo Special Reserve" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="20172, ZCMV 557, 20191, ZCMV 558" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[964,1091,1253,1277]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMA20172" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[964,1022,1253,1277]" collectionName="ZMA" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZMA</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1028,1091,1253,1277]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20172</specimenCode>
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1105,1230,1253,1277]" collectionCode="ZCMV" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZCMV 557</specimenCode>
|
||
), an adult presumed male specimen, and
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[692,819,1287,1311]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMA20191" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[692,750,1287,1311]" collectionName="ZMA" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZMA</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[756,819,1287,1311]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20191</specimenCode>
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[832,956,1287,1311]" collectionCode="ZCMV" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ZCMV 558</specimenCode>
|
||
, GenBank accession number
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1269,1380,1287,1311]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1269,1380,1287,1311]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/EU341082" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">EU341082</accessionNumber>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis box="[1423,1528,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene,
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,701,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">tRNA-Val</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[759,865,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene), an unsexed specimen collected in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Manombo Special Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[629,738,1357,1381]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-23.0284">23.0284˚S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[747,857,1357,1381]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="47.7316">47.7316˚E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation box="[867,972,1357,1381]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="44.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[867,920,1357,1381]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="44.0">44 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
) on
|
||
<collectingDate box="[1021,1193,1357,1381]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2004-02-02">
|
||
<date box="[1021,1193,1357,1381]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2004-02-02">2 February 2004</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName box="[1230,1357,1357,1381]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D.R. Vieites</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C. Woodhead</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2090017572" collectingDate="2012-03-28" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="J. C. Riemann & S. H. Ndriantsoa & A. Rakotoarison & J. Glos & M. - O. Rödel" country="Madagascar" elevation="20" latitude="-23.0249" location="Manombo Special Reserve" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.7311" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="81993, NSH 2584, 83194, NSH 2583" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-femaile="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[596,720,1391,1415]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB81993" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[596,651,1391,1415]" collectionName="Germany, Berlin, Museum fuer Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitaet" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[657,720,1391,1415]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">81993</specimenCode>
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[734,847,1391,1415]" collectionCode="NSH" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">NSH 2584</specimenCode>
|
||
) and
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[906,1030,1391,1415]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB83194" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[906,961,1391,1415]" collectionName="Germany, Berlin, Museum fuer Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitaet" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[967,1030,1391,1415]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">83194</specimenCode>
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1044,1158,1391,1415]" collectionCode="NSH" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">NSH 2583</specimenCode>
|
||
), adult
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1236,1287,1391,1415]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1339,1409,1391,1415]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">female</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens (respectively) collected in
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887F6FF9E0A59FD8B0501DE896AC8:8E8E603BFF9E0A45FCB703CAD82C6CFF" box="[809,1089,1426,1450]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-23.0249" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.7311" name="Manombo Special Reserve" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Manombo Special Reserve</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1103,1212,1426,1450]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-23.0249">23.0249˚S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1222,1331,1426,1450]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="47.7311">47.7311˚E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ca.
|
||
<elevation box="[1376,1481,1426,1450]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[1376,1429,1426,1450]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
)
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[533,1528,906,1866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingDate box="[567,726,1461,1485]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2012-03-28">
|
||
<date box="[567,726,1461,1485]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2012-03-28">28 March 2012</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName box="[763,908,1461,1485]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">J.C. Riemann</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[917,1089,1461,1485]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S.H. Ndriantsoa</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[1100,1275,1461,1485]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. Rakotoarison</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[1284,1354,1461,1485]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">J. Glos</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M.-O. Rödel</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[533,1528,906,1866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,682,1530,1554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
An extremely miniaturised frog assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[1152,1204,1531,1554]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1152,1204,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1210,1307,1530,1554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
on the basis of its small size, curved clavicles, laterally displaced and reduced nasals, and fusion or loss of carpal 2. This assignment is supported by its genetic affinities (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1125,1177,1599,1623]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="2.[192,220,1354,1373]" captionTargetBox="[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[192,1536,208,1332]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig 1. Stylised representation of the latest phylogeny of the microhylid subfamily Cophylinae. Based on the phylogenetic tree of Tu et al. [20] (reconstructed from a concatenated multi-gene DNA sequence data set) with numerous nomenclatural updates. See that paper for support values and phylogenetic context. The sister species of Rhombophryne proportionalis sp. nov. is an undescribed candidate species (R. sp. Ca7) that is not included in this phylogeny; its taxonomy will be treated elsewhere. Taxa highlighted in red are those described herein. Inset photos show a selection of the new species described herein, and representatives of the other small-bodied genera, Stumpffia and Anilany. Inset photos are not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614085/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
; [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Scherz MD & Vences M & Rakotoarison A & Andreone F & Kohler J & Glaw F" box="[1198,1223,1599,1623]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="372 - 81" part="100" refId="ref23908" refString="15. Scherz MD, Vences M, Rakotoarison A, Andreone F, Kohler J, Glaw F, et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2016; 100: 372 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 20 16.04. 0 19 PMID: 270856 71" title="et al. Reconciling molecular phylogeny, morphological divergence and classification of Madagascan narrow-mouthed frogs (Amphibia: Microhylidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">15</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wollenberg KC & Vieites DR & van der Meijden A & Glaw F & Cannatella DC & Vences M." box="[1235,1260,1599,1623]" journalOrPublisher="Evolution." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1890 - 907" part="62" refId="ref24053" refString="17. Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, van der Meijden A, Glaw F, Cannatella DC, Vences M. Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation. Evolution. 2008; 62 (8): 1890 - 907. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2008.00420. x PMID: 18485110" title="Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation" type="journal article" year="2008">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tu N & Yang M & Liang D & Zhang P." box="[1272,1297,1599,1623]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="85 - 91" part="126" refId="ref24267" refString="20. Tu N, Yang M, Liang D, Zhang P. A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2018; 126: 85 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 201 8.03. 0 36 PMID: 2964958 1" title="A large-scale phylogeny of Microhylidae inferred from a combined dataset of 121 genes and 427 taxa" type="journal article" year="2018">20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]). It is separated by uncorrected p-distances of 10.0–11.2% in the analysed 3’ fragment of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1308,1413,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
gene from other members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[835,887,1670,1693]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[835,887,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[893,992,1669,1693]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and 8.3–12.4% from all members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[533,704,1704,1728]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Plethodontohyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,704,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plethodontohyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[533,1528,906,1866]" lastBlockId="14.[533,1535,208,1896]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[565,679,1739,1762]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="mum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[565,679,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mini mum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[685,767,1738,1762]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is characterised by the unique combination of the following characters (n =
|
||
<specimenCount box="[584,654,1773,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="male">4 male</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens,
|
||
<specimenCount box="[782,871,1773,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
specimen): (1) male SVL
|
||
<quantity box="[1144,1273,1773,1797]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.95" metricValueMax="9.7" metricValueMin="8.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="8.95" valueMax="9.7" valueMin="8.2">8.2–9.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, female SVL
|
||
<quantity box="[1410,1506,1773,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="11.3">11.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
; (2) ED/HL 0.38–0.56; (3) HW/SVL 0.28–0.37; (4)
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1062,1126,1807,1831]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FARL</collectionCode>
|
||
/SVL 0.30–0.38; (5) TIBL/SVL 0.39– 0.50; (6) HIL/SVL 1.47–1.72; (7) fingers 1, 2, and 4 strongly reduced; (8) toe 1 absent, toes 2 and 5 quite reduced; (9) maxillary and premaxillary teeth absent; (10) vomerine teeth absent; (11) strong lateral colour border present; (12) black inguinal spots absent; (13) postchoanal vomer present, spatulate, medially fused to parasphenoid; (14) nasal cultriform and laterally displaced; (15) quadratojugal-maxilla contact weak; (16) zygomatic ramus of squamosal short, narrow, and horizontal; (17) clavicles present, curving with simple lateral articulations, medially not bulbous; (18) prepollex small or absent; (19) carpal 2 absent or fused to post-axial carpal 3–5 element; (20) finger phalangeal formula 1-2-3-2; (21) toe phalangeal formula 1-2-3-4- 3; (22) single-note, unpulsed calls, not emitted in series; (23) frequency modulated calls; (24) call dominant frequency 8089 ± 140 Hz (n = 35); (25) call duration 74.8 ± 7.0 ms (n = 35); (26) inter-call interval 4299.8 ± 1604.9 ms (n = 34).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw, 2019" authorityName="Scherz & Hutter & Rakotoarison & Riemann & Rödel & Ndriantsoa & Glos & Roberts & Crottini & Vences & Glaw" authorityYear="2019" box="[755,807,555,578]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Mini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[755,807,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[812,911,554,578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the new species is unique in lacking teeth, and possessing a strong lateral colour border. See other species described below for respective diagnoses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
This species is particularly similar to some extremely miniaturised
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1271,1374,624,648]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1271,1374,624,648]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, but it can be distinguished from all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[846,949,659,683]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[846,949,659,683]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the condition of the carpals, and all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1432,1535,659,683]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Stumpffia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1432,1535,659,683]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Stumpffia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
except
|
||
<emphasis box="[607,619,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[631,732,693,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[744,756,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[768,885,693,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">contumelia</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[943,955,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[967,1061,693,717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">obscoena</emphasis>
|
||
by the extent of reduction of its fingers and toes. It differs from all of these in possessing curved clavicles (vs absent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1316,1328,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1340,1457,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">contumelia</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1509,1521,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,627,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">obscoena</emphasis>
|
||
and straight or absent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[897,909,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[922,1023,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
; unpublished data), and presence of neopalatine and divided vomer (vs absence of neopalatine and non-divided vomer in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1309,1321,798,821]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1333,1427,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">obscoena</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1439,1451,798,821]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[631,643,832,855]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[655,772,832,856]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">contumelia</emphasis>
|
||
; unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Calls resemble those of
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,826,867,890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[838,898,867,890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">miery</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[910,922,867,890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[934,1035,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1047,1059,867,890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1071,1188,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">contumelia</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1246,1258,867,890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1270,1364,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">obscoena</emphasis>
|
||
, but are shorter in duration and lower in frequency than
|
||
<emphasis box="[965,977,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[989,1083,901,925]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">obscoena</emphasis>
|
||
(duration 74.8 ± 7.0 ms vs 144 ± 8 ms; frequency 8089 ± 140 Hz vs 8361 ± 69 Hz); longer in duration and higher in frequency than
|
||
<emphasis box="[1479,1491,936,959]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,650,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">contumelia</emphasis>
|
||
(duration 74.8 ± 7.0 ms vs 42 ± 4 ms; frequency 8089 ± 140 Hz vs 7493 ± 50 Hz); shorter in duration and higher in frequency than
|
||
<emphasis box="[1056,1068,1006,1029]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1080,1181,1005,1029]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">tridactyla</emphasis>
|
||
(duration 74.8 ± 7.0 ms vs
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
132 ± 23 ms; frequency 8089 ± 140 Hz vs 7244 ± 200 Hz); and slightly longer inter-call interval than
|
||
<emphasis box="[587,599,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[612,672,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">miery</emphasis>
|
||
(4299.8 ± 1604.9 ms vs 3102 ± 456 ms).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,808,1109,1133]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[565,668,1109,1133]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
description.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen in a good state of preservation, a piece of the left thigh removed as a tissue sample. Body oblong; head wider than long, narrower than body width; snout rounded in dorsal view, pointed in lateral view; nostrils directed laterally, not protuberant, slightly further from tip of snout than from eye; canthus rostralis indistinct, straight; loreal region flat, vertical; tympanum indistinct, round, about 49% of eye diameter; round pupil; supratympanic fold absent; tongue long, broadening slightly posteriorly, attached anteriorly, not notched; maxillary teeth absent; vomerine teeth absent; choanae small and round. Forelimbs slender; subarticular tubercles single, indistinct except on third finger; outer metacarpal tubercle rounded; inner metacarpal tubercle indistinguishable from reduced first finger; hand without webbing; first, second, and fourth fingers strongly reduced, third finger basally broadened; relative length of fingers 1
|
||
<emphasis box="[871,892,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"><</emphasis>
|
||
4
|
||
<emphasis box="[904,925,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"><</emphasis>
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis box="[938,959,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"><</emphasis>
|
||
3, fourth finger slightly more reduced than second; finger tips not expanded into discs. Hindlimbs slender; TIBL 50% of SVL; lateral metatarsalia strongly connected; inner metatarsal tubercle indistinguishable from completely reduced first toe; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; no webbing between toes; first toe absent, second and fifth toes extremely reduced; relative length of toes 2
|
||
<emphasis box="[1085,1106,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"><</emphasis>
|
||
5
|
||
<emphasis box="[1118,1139,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"><</emphasis>
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis box="[1151,1172,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"><</emphasis>
|
||
4; fifth toe distinctly shorter than third. Skin on dorsum smooth, without distinct dorsolateral folds. Ventral skin smooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[533,1535,208,1896]" lastBlockId="15.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
After four years in 70% ethanol, the dorsum is metallic silver centrally on the trunk, bluish silver on the head, and laterally light silver, with dark oblong markings in the inguinal region (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[542,595,1733,1757]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="7.[192,220,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1536,851,1796]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig 2. Holotypes of the new species described in this paper and their hands. Whole specimens in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. Hand images not to scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614087/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is a strong dorsolateral colour border to the ebony lateral colouration, extending from the side of the head to the legs. The lateral colouration fades to the more burnt umber ventral colouration, especially dark anteriorly, flecked with beige, fading posteriorly through larger fleck sizes to beige at the posterior abdomen. Dorsally, the legs are mottled cream and grey brown with a dark cloacal region. Ventrally the legs are brown flecked with beige. The arms are silvery dorsally and ebony laterally and ventrally. Colour in life (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1308,1360,208,232]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 4. Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve. (a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A–4C) as in preservative but browner in every aspect and less obviously iridescent, with a red iris.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,680,277,301]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
For variation in measurements among specimens, see
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1259,1337,277,301]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="12.[96,146,518,537]" captionText="Table 1. Morphological measurements (in mm) of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Measurement abbreviations are listed in the Materials and Methods. A = Adult, M = Male, F = Female (lowercase indicates probable subadult), p = paratype, h = holotype (holotypes are also bolded), na = not available." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. Non-ovigerous specimens with darkened throats are presumed to be males, in keeping with the one call voucher,
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[631,759,346,370]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB81993" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[631,686,346,370]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
81993
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
. In general, all examined specimens agree with the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1299,1392,346,370]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in morphology, but female
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[701,825,381,405]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB83194" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[701,756,381,405]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
83194
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
is more rotund in body shape in preservative, but had a longer, depressed body profile in life (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[854,1004,416,440]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 4. Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve. (a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 4F and 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1025,1149,416,440]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB83194" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1025,1080,416,440]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
83194
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
and 83193 varied in life from smooth to slightly granular skin, with a very faintly bulging vertebral line. The colouration in life varied rather strongly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[816,869,485,509]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 4. Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve. (a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lateral and ventral colouration was more or less consistently dark brown with light flecks, but
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[884,1008,520,544]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB81993" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[884,939,520,544]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
81993
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
had bright bluish-white flecks laterally. The strength of the flank colour border varied from stark in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1122,1174,554,578]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
862/2014 to weak in
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1399,1526,554,578]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB83194" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1399,1454,554,578]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
83194
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
. Dorsal colouration varied from solid tan in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[995,1047,589,613]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
862/2014 to mottled beige and dark brown in
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[533,660,624,648]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB83194" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[533,588,624,648]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
83194
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
. Iris colouration was consistently red to reddish copper. In preservative,
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1428,1529,624,648]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are less iridescent than the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[818,913,658,682]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[969,1093,658,682]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB81993" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[969,1024,658,682]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
81993
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
and 83914 are faded to light brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,710,693,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Bioacoustics.</emphasis>
|
||
Calls recorded from specimen
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1041,1165,693,717]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB81993" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1041,1096,693,717]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
81993
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1181,1251,693,717]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="10.[200,228,1285,1304]" captionTargetBox="[200,1536,208,1263]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[200,1536,208,1263]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig 5. One-second spectrograms and oscillograms of the calls of the new species described here. Insets represent the respective species but not the calling specimens. (a) Mini mum gen. et sp. nov., paratype ZMB 81993 from Manombo, (b) Mini scule gen. et sp. nov., ZSM 265/2018 from Sainte Luce, (c) Rhombophryne proportionalis sp. nov., part of a call (note series) of a specimen from Bepia campsite, Tsaratanana (not collected), (d) Anodonthyla eximia sp. nov., specimen not collected, from Maharira (Ranomafana). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614093/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1263,1341,693,717]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[533,583,194,213]" captionTargetBox="[533,1512,335,774]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[533,1536,323,778]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Bioacoustic parameters of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Data on S. miery from Rakotoarison et al. [14], provided for comparison with the sympatric A. eximia. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, with range in brackets. na = not applicable. In all species except R. proportionalis calls consist of a single note according to the definition herein, and in these species call duration is therefore synonymous with note duration." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) during the day on
|
||
<date box="[567,726,728,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2012-03-28">28 March 2012</date>
|
||
(see
|
||
<typeStatus box="[779,871,728,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
section for locality data). Air temperature was 21.7˚C. The specimen was calling under dense leaf litter. Estimated call parameters were as follows (n =
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="in" value="35.0">35 in</quantity>
|
||
all cases except inter-call and call intervals, where n = 34): Calls consisting of a single note were emitted at regular intervals without defined call series. Calls had linear upward frequency modulation with a downward hooked tail, with an initial dominant frequency around 7000 Hz, rising gradually to ca. 8250 Hz, and with a tail-end dropping down to ca. 7500 Hz again. For detailed parameters, see
|
||
<tableCitation box="[835,913,936,960]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[533,583,194,213]" captionTargetBox="[533,1512,335,774]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[533,1536,323,778]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Bioacoustic parameters of new species of miniaturised cophyline microhylids. Data on S. miery from Rakotoarison et al. [14], provided for comparison with the sympatric A. eximia. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, with range in brackets. na = not applicable. In all species except R. proportionalis calls consist of a single note according to the definition herein, and in these species call duration is therefore synonymous with note duration." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF2E6668FF9E0A45FD8B069ADEFD686E">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,762,970,994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Osteology (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[692,746,970,994]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="11.[96,124,1263,1282]" captionTargetBox="[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 6. Osteology of Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 861/2014). (a-c) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral view. (d-g) Skull in (d) lateral, (e) ventral, (f) anterior, and (g) dorsal view. (h) Foot in ventral view. (i) Hand in ventral view. Abbreviations for all osteological figures: angspl, angulosplenial; col.pip, pars interna plectra of columella; col.pmp, pars media plectra of columella; cpl(s), carpal(s); den, dentary; exoc, exoccipital; exoc.occ, occipital condyle of exoccipital; fpar, frontoparietal; max, maxilla; max.fp, facial process of maxilla; mmk, mentomeckelian; n, nasal; n.mp, maxillary process of nasal; npl, neopalatine; oc, otic capsule; prsph. ap, parasphenoid alary process; prsph.cp, parasphenoid cultriform process; prsph.pmp, parasphenoid posteromedial process; pmx, premaxilla; pmx.ap, premaxilla ascending process; pmx.lp, premaxilla lateral process; pmx.pp, premaxilla palatine process; povom, postchoanal portion of vomer; pro, prootic; prvom, prechoanal portion of vomer; pt.ar, pterygoid anterior ramus; pt.mr, pterygoid medial ramus; pt.vr, pterygoid ventral ramus; qj, quadratojugal; smx, septomaxilla; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq. or, squamosal otic ramus; sq.vr, squamosal ventral ramus; sq.zr, squamosal zygomatic ramus; tsl(s), tarsals; vt, vomerine teeth. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614095/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Based on
|
||
<collectionCode box="[870,922,970,994]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
861/2014 (figured), and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1185,1237,970,994]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
862/2014,
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1353,1483,970,994]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMA20172" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1353,1411,970,994]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ZMA</collectionCode>
|
||
20172
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
,
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[533,657,1005,1029]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB81993" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[533,588,1005,1029]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
81993
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
and
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[710,834,1005,1029]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB83194" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[710,765,1005,1029]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
83194
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
(not figured). Note that the skulls of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1226,1278,1005,1029]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
861–862/2014 are somewhat distorted in fixation, especially with respect to the maxillary arcade and mandible. The skull and pectoral girdle of
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[868,992,1074,1098]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB81993" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[868,923,1074,1098]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
81993
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
are quite badly damaged, and both of its hindlimbs are fractured, as are the coracoids and left ilium of
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1069,1197,1109,1133]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB83194" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1069,1124,1109,1133]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
83194
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,818,1144,1168]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Cranium (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[681,735,1144,1168]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="11.[96,124,1263,1282]" captionTargetBox="[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 6. Osteology of Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 861/2014). (a-c) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral view. (d-g) Skull in (d) lateral, (e) ventral, (f) anterior, and (g) dorsal view. (h) Foot in ventral view. (i) Hand in ventral view. Abbreviations for all osteological figures: angspl, angulosplenial; col.pip, pars interna plectra of columella; col.pmp, pars media plectra of columella; cpl(s), carpal(s); den, dentary; exoc, exoccipital; exoc.occ, occipital condyle of exoccipital; fpar, frontoparietal; max, maxilla; max.fp, facial process of maxilla; mmk, mentomeckelian; n, nasal; n.mp, maxillary process of nasal; npl, neopalatine; oc, otic capsule; prsph. ap, parasphenoid alary process; prsph.cp, parasphenoid cultriform process; prsph.pmp, parasphenoid posteromedial process; pmx, premaxilla; pmx.ap, premaxilla ascending process; pmx.lp, premaxilla lateral process; pmx.pp, premaxilla palatine process; povom, postchoanal portion of vomer; pro, prootic; prvom, prechoanal portion of vomer; pt.ar, pterygoid anterior ramus; pt.mr, pterygoid medial ramus; pt.vr, pterygoid ventral ramus; qj, quadratojugal; smx, septomaxilla; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq. or, squamosal otic ramus; sq.vr, squamosal ventral ramus; sq.zr, squamosal zygomatic ramus; tsl(s), tarsals; vt, vomerine teeth. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614095/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D–6G).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Shape and proportions. Skull short and rounded, longer than wide, widest at the bowing of the quadratojugal roughly in line with the anterior face of the prootic. Braincase proportionally broad, with an extremely short rostrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,736,1248,1272]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Neurocranium.</emphasis>
|
||
Ossification generally high, lower in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1130,1182,1248,1272]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
862/2014 than other specimens. Anterior cone of sphenethmoid ossified and in contact with the frontoparietals in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1401,1453,1282,1306]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
861/ 2014 and
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[636,760,1317,1341]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB83194" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[636,691,1317,1341]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
83194
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
and 81993, but no sphenethmoid ossification in the other specimens. Prootic in dorsal contact with lateral flange of frontoparietal, ventral contact with parasphenoid alae, not approaching contralateral ventrally. Septomaxilla miniscule, very tightly curled, not further discussed due to low ossification and insufficient resolution. Columella (stapes) well ossified, pars media plectra (stylus) long and nearly straight, broadening distally, posteriorly and dorsally oriented toward the dorsally elongated pars interna plectra (baseplate). Nasal narrow and cultriform, laterally displaced (in line with anterior end of frontoparietal), curved downward laterally, the acuminate maxillary process not distinct and not closely approaching maxillary pars facialis, broadly separated from contralateral. Frontoparietal with rounded anterior edge, laterally rather straight-edged, with short lateral flange covering prootic, posteriorly strongly connected to exoccipital, anteroventrally contacting sphenethmoid in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1367,1419,1664,1688]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
861/2014, lacking any dorsal process, separated from contralateral by a narrow gap with a small rhomboid facet at the level of the prootics, possibly constituting the pineal foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastBlockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parasphenoid with narrow, rather straight-edged cultriform process and slightly broader perpendicular alae, considerably shorter than frontoparietals, in contact with exoccipitals posterodorsally, prootics dorsally along the edges of the alae, anteroventrally in contact with postchoanal vomer and not in contact with neopalatine; posteromedial process not participating in foramen magnum. Vomer divided into pre- and postchoanal portions; prechoanal portion narrow, simple, sickle-shaped, without a lateral ramus; postchoanal portion spatulate and edentate, narrowly separated from its contralateral on the midline, in dorsal contact with the parasphenoid proximally and the neopalatine distally, lacking an anterior projection. Neopalatine simple, straight, almost indistinguishable from lateral postchoanal portion of vomer, laterally broadly separated from the maxilla, not exceeding the lateral-most point of the postchoanal vomer.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Maxillary arcade gracile, maxilla and premaxilla edentate, anterior extension of maxilla not exceeding lateral extent of premaxilla. Premaxilla with a narrow acuminate dorsal alary process rising laterally, pars palatina shallowly divided into a narrow palatine process and broad, squared lateral process. Maxilla with a low triangular pars facialis and a narrow pars palatina, its posterior tip acuminate and barely contacting the quadratojugal, the lingual surface of the pars palatina followed by but not contacting the anterior ramus of the pterygoid, presumably separated by the pterygoid cartilage. Pterygoid with an exceptionally short medial ramus, long anterior ramus, and broad posterior ramus, posteriorly weakly calcified to the quadratojugal complex. Quadratojugal bowed laterally, broadly connected to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, bearing a small posteroventral knob, weakly anteriorly connected to the maxilla; the articulation of the mandible is apparently somewhat fortified by the mineralisation of the posterior ramus of the pterygoid+squamosal+quadratojugal posteroventral knob. Squamosal with a slender, rather straight ventral ramus, broadened, nearly vertical otic ramus, and short, thin, horizontal zygomatic ramus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mandible slim and edentate, largely unremarkable, with a weakly raised coronoid process on the angulosplenial. Mentomeckelians separated from the dentary, with small hooked ventrolateral projections.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" box="[565,1425,1040,1064]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Posteromedial processes of hyoid proximally rounded with a broad medial crista.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,1064,1074,1098]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Postcranial Skeleton (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[807,862,1074,1098]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="11.[96,124,1263,1282]" captionTargetBox="[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[96,1536,211,1242]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 6. Osteology of Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. holotype (ZSM 861/2014). (a-c) Whole skeleton in (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, and (c) ventral view. (d-g) Skull in (d) lateral, (e) ventral, (f) anterior, and (g) dorsal view. (h) Foot in ventral view. (i) Hand in ventral view. Abbreviations for all osteological figures: angspl, angulosplenial; col.pip, pars interna plectra of columella; col.pmp, pars media plectra of columella; cpl(s), carpal(s); den, dentary; exoc, exoccipital; exoc.occ, occipital condyle of exoccipital; fpar, frontoparietal; max, maxilla; max.fp, facial process of maxilla; mmk, mentomeckelian; n, nasal; n.mp, maxillary process of nasal; npl, neopalatine; oc, otic capsule; prsph. ap, parasphenoid alary process; prsph.cp, parasphenoid cultriform process; prsph.pmp, parasphenoid posteromedial process; pmx, premaxilla; pmx.ap, premaxilla ascending process; pmx.lp, premaxilla lateral process; pmx.pp, premaxilla palatine process; povom, postchoanal portion of vomer; pro, prootic; prvom, prechoanal portion of vomer; pt.ar, pterygoid anterior ramus; pt.mr, pterygoid medial ramus; pt.vr, pterygoid ventral ramus; qj, quadratojugal; smx, septomaxilla; spheth, sphenethmoid; sq. or, squamosal otic ramus; sq.vr, squamosal ventral ramus; sq.zr, squamosal zygomatic ramus; tsl(s), tarsals; vt, vomerine teeth. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614095/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–6C, 6H and
|
||
<date box="[1025,1048,1074,1098]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">6I</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Eight procoelous presacrals, all much broader than long, lacking neural spines, with round posterior articular processes, presacral I with a complete neural arch, presacrals II–IV with thicker and longer transverse processes than V–VIII. Sacrum with expanded diapophyses, the leading and trailing edges roughly equally angled, the articulation
|
||
<typeStatus box="[866,911,1213,1237]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
IIB
|
||
<emphasis box="[956,1013,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Emerson [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emerson SB" box="[1129,1154,1213,1237]" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="153 - 68" part="11" refId="ref25518" refString="42. Emerson SB. The ilio-sacral articulation in frogs: form and function. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1979; 11: 153 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1979. tb 00032. x" title="The ilio-sacral articulation in frogs: form and function" type="journal article" year="1979">42</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Urostyle bicondylar, long, broadening posteriorly, with a somewhat flared head and a low dorsal ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pectoral girdle without ossified prezonal or postzonal elements, with ossified clavicles. Clavicle thin and weakly curved, with a simple lateral junction, slightly shorter than the coracoid. Coracoid fairly narrow, weakly flared laterally, strongly flared medially with a straight medial articular surface with the contralateral. Scapula slender, with a thin pars acromialis, the cleitheral border straight. Cleithrum ossified for half the width of the scapular border, thickened anteriorly. Suprascapula unossified.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Humerus with a well-developed crista ventralis and no medial or lateral cristae. Radioulna slender with a distinct sulcus intermedius. Carpals apparently reduced, composed of radiale, ulnare, element Y, prepollex, and a large post-axial element formed by carpals 3–5. Carpal 2 has either been lost or fused to the latter element. Finger phalangeal formula is reduced (1-2-3-2), and the terminal phalanges of the first, second and fourth fingers are small, round elements.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pubis ossified; iliac shafts passing ventral to and beyond sacrum, oblong in cross-section, with a weak dorsal crest, without a dorsal prominence and with a shallow oblique groove. Femur weakly sigmoid, lacking a posterior crest. Tibiofibula slightly longer than femur in length, with a sulcus intermedius. Tibiale and fibulare fused proximally and distally. T1 and T2 +3 tarsals present, T1 considerably smaller than T2+3. Centrale present, slightly smaller than T2+3. Prehallux small. Phalangeal formula reduced (1-2-3-4-3). Terminal phalanges of toes 3 and 4 with knobs, those of other toes small, round elements.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1535,208,925]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,1165,208,232]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is known only from Manombo Special Reserve, southeast
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[931,1058,242,266]" name="Madagascar" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1074,1126,242,266]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="8.[461,489,1766,1785]" captionTargetBox="[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[461,1535,208,1744]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig 3. Currently known localities of the new taxa described in this paper. The base map is USGS SRTM 1-Arc second digital elevation model. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614089/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The habitat consists of low, comparatively open forest with small trees, many lianas and a very thick layer of dead leaves (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1436,1497,277,301]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="9.[533,561,1275,1294]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[533,1493,208,1254]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig 4. Mini mum gen. et sp. nov. in life and its habitat in Manombo Special Reserve. (a-c) ZSM 861/2014, holotype, in (a) anterolateral view on a thumbnail, (b) dorsolateral view on a leaf, (c) ventral view. (d, e) ZSM 862/2014, paratype, in (d) ventral view, and (e) lateral view on a thumbnail. (f, g) ZMB 83194, paratype, in (f) dorsolateral view, and (g) ventral view. (h) ZMB 81993, paratype, in dorsolateral view. (i) ZMA 20172 in posterodorsolateral view. (j) Habitat of the new species in Manombo Special Reserve. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213314.g004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2614091/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig 4J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Calls were emitted by males during the day, hiding within the leaf litter or between roots, separated from other calling males by several metres. The female
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1175,1267,346,370]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[1273,1397,346,370]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ZMB83194" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1273,1328,346,370]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
83194
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
contains four eggs (visualised by micro-CT scan, not extracted for physical examination). Manombo Special Reserve covers an area of
|
||
<quantity box="[884,982,416,440]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.266" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="52.66">52.66 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[982,991,410,426]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2</superScript>
|
||
. We estimate that this species occurs from
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">0–100 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. within lowland forests in and around this reserve. Although lowland species from areas with low topographical complexity tend not to be extreme micro-endemics [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rodriguez A & Borner M & Pabijan M & Gehara M & Haddad CFB & Vences M." box="[1342,1367,485,509]" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Ecology." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="765 - 85" part="29" refId="ref25567" refString="43. Rodriguez A, Borner M, Pabijan M, Gehara M, Haddad CFB, Vences M. Genetic divergence in tropical anurans: deeper phylogeographic structure in forest specialists and in topographically complex regions. Evolutionary Ecology. 2015; 29: 765 - 85." title="Genetic divergence in tropical anurans: deeper phylogeographic structure in forest specialists and in topographically complex regions" type="journal article" year="2015">43</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], extremely miniaturized frogs in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[764,891,520,544]" name="Madagascar" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
almost always are [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rakotoarison A & Scherz MD & Glaw F & Kohler J & Andreone F & Franzen M" box="[1097,1122,520,544]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="271 - 398" part="67" refId="ref23849" refString="14. Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Glaw F, Kohler J, Andreone F, Franzen M, et al. Describing the smaller majority: Integrative taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagascar. Vertebrate Zoology. 2017; 67 (3): 271 - 398." title="et al. Describing the smaller majority: Integrative taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2017">14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wollenberg KC & Vieites DR & van der Meijden A & Glaw F & Cannatella DC & Vences M." box="[1134,1159,520,544]" journalOrPublisher="Evolution." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1890 - 907" part="62" refId="ref24053" refString="17. Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, van der Meijden A, Glaw F, Cannatella DC, Vences M. Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation. Evolution. 2008; 62 (8): 1890 - 907. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2008.00420. x PMID: 18485110" title="Patterns of endemism and species richness in Malagasy cophyline frogs support a key role of mountainous areas for speciation" type="journal article" year="2008">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], so the full extent of this species’ range is not likely to be large. Littoral forest in the area where the species occurs is extremely reduced, so other sites outside the Special Reserve are likely to be small and under high pressure. We therefore recommend this species be listed as Critically Endangered according to the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[533,599,658,682]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
Red List Criterion CR B1ab(iii) [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" box="[951,976,658,682]" journalOrPublisher="Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref25616" refString="44. IUCN. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition ed. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN; 2012." title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition ed" type="book" year="2012">44</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], in line with other endemics from Manombo Special Reserve (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis box="[714,951,693,717]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dubois" authorityYear="1992" box="[714,849,693,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Guibemantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guibemantis</taxonomicName>
|
||
diphonus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group" box="[966,991,693,717]" journalOrPublisher="The IUCN" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="3" refId="ref25647" refString="45. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. Guibemantis diphonus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016; 2016: e. T 88219153 A 3 12479. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 1. RLTS. T 88219153 A 88312479. en Downloaded on 29 October 2018." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Guibemantis diphonus" year="2016">45</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1535,208,925]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The gut of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[680,732,728,752]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
861/2014 contains four or five arthropods visible from micro-CT scans, tentatively identified as oribatid mites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1535,208,925]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,692,797,821]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
We use the specific epithet ‘mum’ as an arbitrary combination of letters, in order to form a pun on ‘minimum’ from the name in apposition, in reference to the fact that this is among the smallest known frogs from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1009,1136,866,890]" name="Madagascar" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the world. It is to be regarded as an invariable noun.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |