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<mods:title id="AB16BBD267DB09B4D3C82C1329EFB973">Taxonomy and anatomy of Amphiboloidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Archaeopulmonata)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2B78E0B48577EF0F2B81F7C6AFAD13A9">Golding, Rosemary E.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03F887BA9908543C118FC324FD1AFD30" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6240260" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119359982" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6240260" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887BA9908543C118FC324FD1AFD30" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887BA9908543C118FC324FD1AFD30" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36AC9908543D118FC324FDE2FA96" blockId="8.[151,517,1306,1332]" box="[151,517,1306,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0A681C09908543D118FC324FDE2FA96" bold="true" box="[151,517,1306,1332]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9908543D118FC324FDE2FA96" bold="true" box="[151,517,1306,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C514D2F9908543D11F6C324FDE2FA96" ID-CoL="7PG68" authority="Hedley, 1900" authorityName="Hedley" authorityYear="1900" box="[238,517,1306,1332]" class="Gastropoda" family="Amphibolidae" genus="Salinator" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9908543D11F6C324FEB8FA96" bold="true" box="[238,351,1306,1332]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Salinator</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B5D9908543D107DC324FDE2FA96" author="Hedley" box="[357,517,1306,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="28" refString="Hedley, C. (1900) Studies on Australian Mollusca part II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 25, 495 - 513." type="journal article" year="1900">Hedley, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B65279908543D118FC35BFB3EFADE" box="[151,1241,1381,1404]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36AC9908543D118FC35BFB3EFADE" blockId="8.[151,1241,1381,1404]" box="[151,1241,1381,1404]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4111829908543D118FC35BFB3EFADE" box="[151,1241,1381,1404]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D2F9908543D118FC35BFE21FADE" ID-CoL="7PG68" authority="Hedley, 1900: 511" authorityName="Hedley" authorityPageNumber="511" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,454,1381,1404]" class="Gastropoda" family="Amphibolidae" genus="Salinator" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9908543D118FC35BFF1DFADE" box="[151,250,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Salinator</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AF010BD9908543D1019C35BFE21FADE" author="Hedley" box="[257,454,1381,1404]" page="511" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B5D9908543D1019C35BFE75FADE" author="Hedley" box="[257,402,1381,1404]" pageId="8" pageNumber="28" refString="Hedley, C. (1900) Studies on Australian Mollusca part II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 25, 495 - 513." type="journal article" year="1900">Hedley, 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 511
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="54EA880E9908543D10C9C35BFDE1FADE" box="[465,518,1381,1404]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C514D2F9908543D1378C35BFC32FADE" authority="Lamarck, 1822" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1822" box="[608,981,1381,1404]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ampullariidae" genus="Ampullaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Melanosporales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9908543D1378C35BFCCAFADE" box="[608,813,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ampullaria fragilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B5D9908543D122CC35BFC32FADE" author="Lamarck" box="[820,981,1381,1404]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refString="Lamarck, J. B. (1822) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. Unknown publisher, Paris, 7 volumes." type="book chapter" year="1822">Lamarck, 1822</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by original designation.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B65279908543C118FC393FEB3FED8" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BEE36AC9908543C118FC393FEB3FED8" blockId="8.[151,1437,1453,1999]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,658]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9908543D118FC393FEFEFA65" bold="true" box="[151,281,1453,1479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Shell diameter to
<quantity id="4CA99B499908543D10E3C393FDB4FA65" box="[507,595,1453,1479]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
, fragile, pale grey to brown, unpatterned or with one to several spiral brown bands; sutures deeply impressed; whorls rounded, lacking square shoulder; spire short to very short, convex; umbilicus of narrow to moderate width, lacking umbilical fold; aperture lip thin, bearing flattened, indented sinus near suture. Operculum entirely corneous, thin, pale yellow, with narrowly rounded upper columellar edge; nucleus eccentric with paucispiral striae; form of nucleus on inner surface variable. Head, foot grey or red in fresh and formalin-preserved specimens, with various pigmentation patterns. Mantle cavity with opposed ciliary tracts either extending full length of mantle cavity or restricted to exhalant canal. Hypobranchial gland oval, yellow in fresh and formalin-preserved specimens, flattened against right anterior surface of mantle cavity roof. Radula with central tooth bearing nine or more cusps present in all taxa, multicuspid lateral teeth present in some taxa, approximately 25 elongate, narrow marginal teeth on each side of radula. Circumoesophageal nerve ring euthyneurous with cerebral and pleural ganglia fused; subcerebral and parapedal commissures confirmed present in some taxa; visceral loop variably concentrated, accessory ganglion absent. Monaulic reproductive system with seminal vesicle diverticulum from upper hermaphrodite duct; seminal receptacle pigmented, black, opening to carrefour. Spermovipositor short, bearing folds and projections around aperture of spermoviduct; microsculpture either short conical projections, curved spines or elongate papillae; spermovipositor sheath highly folded, moderately thick, with several small pockets or enlarged pouch forming accessory bursa. Prostatic gland blind-ending, tubular structure attached to proximal spermovipositor, uniform for entire length. Egg mass deposited on substrate in semi-circular string, circular in cross-section, lacking sand or mud inclusions but often covered externally with substratum material (for known species).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B65279909543C11DEC7B9FD1AFD30" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36AC9909543C11DEC7B9FD1AFD30" blockId="9.[151,1436,152,658]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9909543C11DEC7B9FEA5FE03" bold="true" box="[198,322,391,417]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks:</emphasis>
The majority of amphibolid species described to date have been placed in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C514D2F9909543C1431C7B6FA72FE03" box="[1321,1429,392,417]" class="Gastropoda" family="Amphibolidae" genus="Salinator" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9909543C1431C7B6FA72FE03" box="[1321,1429,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salinator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, presumably because of their shell characters which generally resemble those of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D2F9909543C1555C78EFB26FE6B" box="[1101,1217,432,457]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ampullariidae" genus="Ampullaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Melanosporales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9909543C1555C78EFB26FE6B" box="[1101,1217,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as a simple, globose shape with a flattened, indented sinus. Although primarily Australian,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D2F9909543C1555C7E6FB5DFE53" box="[1101,1210,472,497]" class="Gastropoda" family="Amphibolidae" genus="Salinator" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9909543C1555C7E6FB5DFE53" box="[1101,1210,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Salinator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have been described from other regions including
<taxonomicName id="4C514D2F9909543C1371C43EFC59FDB8" authority="Blanford, 1867" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1867" box="[617,958,512,538]" class="Gastropoda" family="Amphibolidae" genus="Salinator" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="burmana">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9909543C1371C43EFD16FDBB" box="[617,753,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. burmana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B5D9909543C1219C43EFC51FDB8" author="Blanford" box="[769,950,512,538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" refString="Blanford, W. T. (1867) Contributions to Indian Malacology, No. VII. List of estuary shells collected in the delta of the Irawady, in Pegu, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 36, 52 - 72." type="journal article" year="1867">Blanford, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F346763C9909543C12D6C43EFBA5FDB8" box="[974,1090,512,538]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F346763C9909543C1570C43EFB4EFDB8" box="[1128,1193,512,538]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C514D2F9909543C15A6C43EFDB3FDE0" authority="(Quadras &amp; Mollendorf, 1894) (Philippines)" authorityName="Quadras &amp; Mollendorf" authorityYear="1894" baseAuthorityName="Quadras &amp; Mollendorf" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Gastropoda" family="Amphibolidae" genus="Salinator" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sanchezi">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9909543C15A6C43EFAA6FDBB" box="[1214,1345,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. sanchezi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B5D9909543C1449C43EFE4AFDE0" author="Quadras" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" refString="Quadras, J. F. &amp; Moellendorff, O. F. von (1894) Diagnoses specierum novarum ex insulis Philippinis. Nachrichtenblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 26, 113 - 130." type="journal article" year="1894">Quadras &amp; Möllendorf, 1894</bibRefCitation>
) (
<collectingCountry id="F346763C9909543C10DCC416FDABFDE0" box="[452,588,552,578]" name="Philippines" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Philippines</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C514D2F9909543C1394C416FCEAFDE3" box="[652,781,552,577]" class="Gastropoda" family="Amphibolidae" genus="Salinator" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sanchezi">
<emphasis id="B925EABE9909543C1394C416FCEAFDE3" box="[652,781,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. sanchezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subsp.
<emphasis id="B925EABE9909543C127DC416FC53FDE3" box="[869,948,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">spurca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B5D9909543C12A3C416FBD5FDE0" author="Yen" box="[955,1074,552,578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" refString="Yen, T. C. (1939) Die Chinesischen Land- und Sußwasser-Gastropoden des Natur-Museums Senckenberg. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 444, 1 - 234." type="journal article" year="1939">Yen, 1939</bibRefCitation>
(Hainan, southern
<collectingCountry id="F346763C9909543C1408C416FABCFDE0" box="[1296,1371,552,578]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">China</collectingCountry>
). The status of these non-Australian taxa and their generic affiliations remain unknown as we have not been able to examine authentic material (see also
<emphasis id="B925EABE9909543C1350C446FD0BFD33" box="[584,748,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Incertae sedis</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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