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<document id="C9A0E107B393139476A2CDC80DF458A7" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2023.2168571" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883656" ID-ZooBank="0B458336-EFCF-46D0-98D0-CE5AD371D7AF" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1711485928434" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Andrews, James V., Schein, Jason P. &amp; Friedman, Matt" docDate="2023" docId="5C2A241CC825FF91A5A3675FD8AC595D" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.21.1.2168571.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (2168571) 21 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2023.2168571" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Iridopristis parrisi Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="A0135C64C820FF84A64B605ADB6C5F35" masterDocTitle="An earliest Paleocene squirrelfish (Teleostei: Beryciformes: Holocentroidea) and its bearing on the timescale of holocentroid evolution" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1711486283414" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F731BC0D785A3D3EC372F5200D5E3AD0">An earliest Paleocene squirrelfish (Teleostei: Beryciformes: Holocentroidea) and its bearing on the timescale of holocentroid evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9FD8BBCE4368F5654EEF7399F4F33FF7">Andrews, James V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F10578AC16971FC4F528DFE5AD4061C5">Department of Earth &amp; Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 - 1382, USA; &amp; Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 3102 Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 - 1382, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F2303A712FCD18FC8B23C084F3EEB98C">Schein, Jason P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="07A79DC991382343FF32AE8414BBFE2E">Elevation Science Institute for Natural History Exploration, PO Box 672, Red Lodge, Montana 59068, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="03006CC56D1E5D4762EBAE41F95420F8">Friedman, Matt</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5A34262EA6CD744DD4D17CFAAEC94C98">Department of Earth &amp; Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 - 1382, USA; &amp; Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 3102 Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 - 1382, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:number id="B12BFB205633FE24D27D35DFAADCAF8D">2023-03-03</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="9C99C681C825FF81A5A3675FDE4C5828" box="[1000,1312,1797,1821]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC825FF81A5A3675FDE4C5828" blockId="5.[1000,1312,1797,1856]" box="[1000,1312,1797,1821]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="8F742266C825FF81A5A3675FDE4C5828" box="[1000,1312,1797,1821]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" reason="8">
†
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C825FF81A5BE675FDFAD5828" authority="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman, 2023" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[1013,1217,1797,1821]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C825FF81A5BE675FDFAD5828" bold="true" box="[1013,1217,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FDC4F463C825FF81A282675CDE4C5828" box="[1225,1312,1798,1821]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="9C99C681C825FF81A20F6772DFAF580A" box="[1092,1219,1832,1856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC825FF81A20F6772DFAF580A" blockId="5.[1000,1312,1797,1856]" box="[1092,1219,1832,1856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
(
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC825FF81A2066772DFD6580A" box="[1101,1210,1832,1856]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStart-10="Figure 12" captionStart-11="Figure 13" captionStart-12="Figure 14" captionStart-13="Figure 15" captionStart-2="Figure 4" captionStart-3="Figure 5" captionStart-4="Figure 6" captionStart-5="Figure 7" captionStart-6="Figure 8" captionStart-7="Figure 9" captionStart-8="Figure 10" captionStart-9="Figure 11" captionStartId-0="6.[159,226,1511,1532]" captionStartId-1="7.[159,226,1794,1815]" captionStartId-10="19.[159,226,1391,1412]" captionStartId-11="21.[159,226,1114,1135]" captionStartId-12="22.[159,226,914,935]" captionStartId-13="22.[159,226,1827,1848]" captionStartId-2="8.[159,226,1827,1848]" captionStartId-3="9.[159,226,1415,1436]" captionStartId-4="11.[159,226,1415,1436]" captionStartId-5="12.[159,226,1403,1424]" captionStartId-6="14.[159,226,862,883]" captionStartId-7="15.[159,226,1791,1812]" captionStartId-8="17.[159,226,1050,1071]" captionStartId-9="18.[159,226,1171,1192]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1461,191,1473]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1442,202,1769]" captionTargetBox-10="[166,1459,188,1370]" captionTargetBox-11="[179,1444,188,1093]" captionTargetBox-12="[159,1467,190,891]" captionTargetBox-13="[175,1450,1073,1805]" captionTargetBox-2="[174,1438,192,1803]" captionTargetBox-3="[161,1463,200,1384]" captionTargetBox-4="[202,1424,194,1389]" captionTargetBox-5="[160,1466,188,1382]" captionTargetBox-6="[163,1456,191,837]" captionTargetBox-7="[160,1457,1103,1767]" captionTargetBox-8="[159,1467,188,1025]" captionTargetBox-9="[189,1435,188,1150]" captionTargetId-0="figure-121@6.[162,1462,188,1490]" captionTargetId-1="figure-1@7.[159,1467,188,1773]" captionTargetId-10="figure-157@19.[166,1459,188,1370]" captionTargetId-11="figure-321@21.[179,1445,188,1093]" captionTargetId-12="figure-1@22.[159,1467,188,893]" captionTargetId-13="figure-40@22.[174,1451,1072,1805]" captionTargetId-2="figure-1@8.[159,1467,188,1806]" captionTargetId-3="figure-141@9.[159,1467,188,1394]" captionTargetId-4="figure-168@11.[201,1425,188,1394]" captionTargetId-5="figure-130@12.[159,1467,188,1382]" captionTargetId-6="figure-458@14.[159,1467,188,841]" captionTargetId-7="figure-427@15.[159,1467,1096,1770]" captionTargetId-8="figure-353@17.[159,1467,188,1029]" captionTargetId-9="figure-282@18.[189,1436,188,1150]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-10="19" captionTargetPageId-11="21" captionTargetPageId-12="22" captionTargetPageId-13="22" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionTargetPageId-5="12" captionTargetPageId-6="14" captionTargetPageId-7="15" captionTargetPageId-8="17" captionTargetPageId-9="18" captionText-0="Figure 2. Photogrammetric model of the skull of †Iridopristis parrisi, gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA." captionText-1="Figure 3. Skull and abdomen of †Iridopristis parrisi in left lateral view. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. A, specimen photograph and B, rendered MCT model. Skeletal regions highlighted as follows: neurocranium (pink), suspensorium (purple), circumorbitals (coral), jaws (light blue), opercles (light orange), ventral hyoid (light green), gill skeleton (dark green), pectoral girdle (yellow), abdominal scales (dark orange), vertebral column (red). Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-10="Figure 12. Gill skeleton of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models of A, complete gill skeleton in lateral view, including the dorsal and ventral gill skeleton and associated gill rakers, B, ventral gill skeleton in dorsal view, C, dorsal gill skeleton in ventral view. Ventral gill skeleton in green, dorsal gill skeleton in olive, gill rakers in lime. Abbreviations: bb, basibranchials; cb, ceratobranchials; eb, epibranchials; hb, hypobranchials; pb, pharyngobranchials; rk, gill rakers. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5cm." captionText-11="Figure 13. Pectoral girdle of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, left lateral and B, right lateral views. Abbreviations: cl, cleithrum; co, coracoid; pcl, postcleithrum; scl, supracleithrum. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-12="Figure 14. Squamation of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Photographs of the A, cheek and B, abdominal squamation. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bars represent 1cm." captionText-13="Figure 15. Axial skeleton of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Shown in left lateral view. Abbreviations: c, centra; en, epineural; hs, haemal spines; r, ribs. Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-2="Figure 4. Skull and abdomen of †Iridopristis parrisi in right lateral view. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. A, specimen photograph and B, rendered MCT model. Skeletal regions highlighted as follows: neurocranium (pink), suspensorium (purple), circumorbitals (coral), jaws (light blue), opercles (light orange), ventral hyoid (light green), gill skeleton (dark green), pectoral girdle (yellow), scales (dark orange), vertebral column (red). Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-3="Figure 5. Referred specimens of †Iridopristis parrisi. NJSM GP12381, Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA, comprising remains of two individuals preserving portions of neurocrania, pectoral girdle, opercular series and vertebral column. Upper row depicts the left side of specimens, lower row depicts the right side of specimens. A, individual preserving neurocranium including intact supraoccipital crest, fragments of left hyomandibula, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra; and B, specimen preserving neurocranium including fragmentary supraoccipital crest, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra. Abbreviations: c, centra; fr, frontal; n, neurocranium; op, opercular; pas, parasphenoid; pt, posttemporal; soc, supraoccipital. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-4="Figure 6. Neurocranium of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, right lateral, B, posterior, C, dorsal and D, ventral views. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-5="Figure 7. Neurocranium of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Line drawings of rendered MCT models in A, right lateral, B, posterior, C, dorsal and D, ventral views. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; epo, epioccipital; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; hyfa, anterior facet for hyomandibula; hyfd, dorsal facet for hyomandibula; let, lateral ethmoid; met, mesethmoid; pa, parietal; pas, parasphenoid; pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; pts, pterosphenoid; soc, supraoccipital; v, vomer. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-6="Figure 8. Right upper and lower jaws of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models of A, upper jaw in lateral view (maxilla in light blue, premaxilla in dark blue), B, upper jaw in mesial view, C, lower jaw in lateral view, and D, lower jaw in mesial view. Abbreviations: a, anguloarticular; d, dentary; m, maxilla; mpf, posterior facet of maxilla; pm, premaxilla; ra, retroarticular; smf, facet for supramaxillae. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-7="Figure 9. Suspensorium of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, lateral and B, mesial views. Abbreviations: ecp, ectopterygoid; enp, endopterygoid; h, hyomandibula; mpt, metapterygoid; pal, palatine; q, quadrate; sym, symplectic. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-8="Figure 10. Left preopercle and interopercle of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, lateral and B, mesial views. Photographs of operculum in C, lateral and D, mesial views. Abbreviations: iop, interopercle; pop, preopercle. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm for panels A and B, and 1 cm for panels C and D." captionText-9="Figure 11. Left ventral hyoid apparatus of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models showing the A, lateral and B, mesial views of the hypohyals, ceratohyals, interhyal, and branchiostegals, and the C, urohyal in lateral and D, ventral view. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegals; cha, anterior ceratohyal; chp, posterior ceratohyal; hhd, dorsal hypohyal; hhv, ventral hypohyal; ih, interhyal; uh, urohyal. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883660" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883662" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883680" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883682" figureDoi-12="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883684" figureDoi-13="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883686" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883664" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883666" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883668" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883670" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883672" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883674" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883676" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883678" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10883660/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10883662/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/10883680/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/10883682/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/10883684/files/figure.png" httpUri-13="https://zenodo.org/record/10883686/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10883664/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10883666/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/10883668/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/10883670/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/10883672/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/10883674/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/10883676/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/10883678/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Figs 2–15</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="80FCC582C826FF82A6D465BDD9AA5923" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883660" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883660/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" startId="6.[159,226,1511,1532]" targetBox="[179,1461,191,1473]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC826FF82A6D465BDD9AA5923" blockId="6.[159,1466,1510,1558]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C826FF82A6D465BDDB935AC9" bold="true" box="[159,255,1511,1532]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Photogrammetric model of the skull of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C826FF82A4E165BDD8335AC9" authority="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman, 2023" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[682,863,1511,1532]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C826FF82A4E165BDD8335AC9" box="[682,863,1511,1532]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FDC4F463C826FF82A53B65BDDF7D5AC9" box="[880,1041,1511,1532]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="9C99C681C826FF8EA6D4662BD98E5EE2" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC826FF8DA6D4662BD9AD5858" blockId="6.[159,781,1649,1901]" lastBlockId="9.[159,781,1647,1901]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C826FF82A6D4662BDA7859BD" bold="true" box="[159,276,1649,1672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Holocentroid with the unique combination of the following characters: orbital branch of the supraorbital sensory canal with a separate opening from the main channel of the canal; large supraoccipital crest which is triangular in lateral aspect and borders the foramen magnum; parasphenoid with ventrolateral wings; lack of a berycimorph foramen in the anterior ceratohyal; deeply notched ventral surface of the anterior ceratohyal to accommodate branchiostegals; elongate postmaxillary process of the premaxilla; maxillary shaft approximately cylindrical in cross-section and elongate; presence of an alveolar platform expanded outwardly at the symphyseal area of the dentary; distinct edentulous concavity along the mesial margin of the premaxilla; unornamented triangular facet present on the posterolateral surface of the maxilla; edentulous ectopterygoid; head of quadrate posterior to orbital margin; an unexpanded otic bulla; an otolith morphology more similar to that found in holocentrine squirrelfishes (heterosulcoid) than the specialized phenotype of myripristine soldierfishes; lack of a dorsally projecting lamina directly anterior to the anguloarticular-quadrate joint on the lateral surface of the anguloarticular; eleven abdominal centra; cycloid scales with spinoid posterior edge.
</paragraph>
<caption id="80FCC582C827FF83A6D46758D90858B4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883662" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883662/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" startId="7.[159,226,1794,1815]" targetBox="[168,1442,202,1769]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC827FF83A6D46758D90858B4" blockId="7.[159,1468,1793,1921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C827FF83A6D46758DB915822" bold="true" box="[159,253,1794,1815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Skull and abdomen of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C827FF83A7BD6758D9C65822" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[502,682,1794,1815]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C827FF83A7BD6758D9C65822" box="[502,682,1794,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in left lateral view. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C827FF83A46E6746D9505804" bold="true" box="[549,572,1820,1841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">A,</emphasis>
specimen photograph and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C827FF83A50F6746D8365804" bold="true" box="[836,858,1820,1841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">B,</emphasis>
rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C827FF83A5F66746D8A65807" bold="true" box="[957,970,1820,1842]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
CT model. Skeletal regions highlighted as follows: neurocranium (pink), suspensorium (purple), circumorbitals (coral), jaws (light blue), opercles (light orange), ventral hyoid (light green), gill skeleton (dark green), pectoral girdle (yellow), abdominal scales (dark orange), vertebral column (red). Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="80FCC582C828FF8CA6D46779D9085896" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883664" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883664/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" startId="8.[159,226,1827,1848]" targetBox="[174,1438,192,1803]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC828FF8CA6D46779D9085896" blockId="8.[159,1467,1826,1955]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C828FF8CA6D46779DA6C580D" bold="true" box="[159,256,1827,1848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Skull and abdomen of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C828FF8CA44E6779D9D0580D" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[517,700,1827,1848]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C828FF8CA44E6779D9D0580D" box="[517,700,1827,1848]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in right lateral view. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C828FF8CA42C6764D9135866" bold="true" box="[615,639,1854,1875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">A,</emphasis>
specimen photograph and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C828FF8CA5C56764D8C85866" bold="true" box="[910,932,1854,1875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">B,</emphasis>
rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C828FF8CA2416767DF7B5866" bold="true" box="[1034,1047,1853,1875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">M</emphasis>
CT model. Skeletal regions highlighted as follows: neurocranium (pink), suspensorium (purple), circumorbitals (coral), jaws (light blue), opercles (light orange), ventral hyoid (light green), gill skeleton (dark green), pectoral girdle (yellow), scales (dark orange), vertebral column (red). Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="80FCC582C829FF8DA6D465DDDE6C5909" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883666" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883666/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" startId="9.[159,226,1415,1436]" targetBox="[161,1463,200,1384]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC829FF8DA6D465DDDE6C5909" blockId="9.[159,1466,1414,1596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA6D465DDDA6C5AA9" bold="true" box="[159,256,1415,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Referred specimens of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C829FF8DA44E65DDD9D15AA9" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[517,701,1415,1436]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA44E65DDD9D15AA9" box="[517,701,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. NJSM GP12381, Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA, comprising remains of two individuals preserving portions of neurocrania, pectoral girdle, opercular series and vertebral column. Upper row depicts the left side of specimens, lower row depicts the right side of specimens.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA28C65E6DFB25AE4" bold="true" box="[1223,1246,1468,1489]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">A,</emphasis>
individual preserving neurocranium including intact supraoccipital crest, fragments of left hyomandibula, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra; and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA7FB65ABDAAA5933" bold="true" box="[432,454,1521,1542]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">B,</emphasis>
specimen preserving neurocranium including fragmentary supraoccipital crest, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA4F86656D80F5914" bold="true" box="[691,867,1548,1569]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Abbreviations: c</emphasis>
, centra;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA58E6656D8BB5914" bold="true" box="[965,983,1548,1569]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">fr</emphasis>
, frontal;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA2756656DF275914" bold="true" box="[1086,1099,1548,1569]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">n</emphasis>
, neurocranium;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA2BC6656DE7C5914" bold="true" box="[1271,1296,1548,1569]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">op</emphasis>
, opercular;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA3D96656DED85914" bold="true" box="[1426,1460,1548,1569]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">pas</emphasis>
, parasphenoid;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA767667DDA2D5909" bold="true" box="[300,321,1575,1596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">pt</emphasis>
, posttemporal;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA792667DDA955909" bold="true" box="[473,505,1575,1596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">soc</emphasis>
, supraoccipital. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC829FF8EA5076635D9185E00" blockId="9.[844,1467,1647,1901]" lastBlockId="10.[159,781,188,471]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA5076635DF5259B3" bold="true" box="[844,1086,1647,1670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Derivation of name.</emphasis>
The prefix of the generic name (
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA51E66CAD8E65992" box="[853,906,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Irido</emphasis>
-) from the Greek genitive declension of
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA33066CADEDF5992" box="[1403,1459,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">iridis</emphasis>
, meaning ‘rainbow’, and serving as the etymological root for the element iridium. This refers dually to the mosaic nature of characters present in the specimen, and for its occurrence close to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary, known for its famous iridium anomaly (
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC829FF8DA32F676FD8B95858" author="Alvarez, L. W. &amp; Alvarez, W. &amp; Asaro, F. &amp; Michel, H. V." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1095 - 1108" refId="ref18852" refString="Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., &amp; Michel, H. V. (1980). Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous - Tertiary extinction. Science, 208, 1095 - 1108. https: // doi. org / 10. 1126 / science. 208.4448.1095" type="journal article" year="1980">Alvarez et al., 1980</bibRefCitation>
). The suffix
<emphasis id="E6F74918C829FF8DA230670CDFAB5858" box="[1147,1223,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">-pristis</emphasis>
from the Greek for ‘saw’ (entering zoological usage in this context via
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82AFF8EA6D46087DA5F5FC1" author="Cuvier, G." box="[159,307,221,244]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19902" refString="Cuvier, G. (1829). Le r`egne animal distribu´e d'apr`es son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie compar´ee, Vol. 2. Chez D´eterville." type="book" year="1829">Cuvier, 1829</bibRefCitation>
), used in the extant holocentrid genera
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C82AFF8EA6D460A4DA7A5E20" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[159,278,254,277]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Myripristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82AFF8EA6D460A4DA7A5E20" box="[159,278,254,277]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Myripristis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C82AFF8EA71B60A4DAD25E20" authorityName="Randall, Shimizu &amp; Yamakawa" authorityYear="1982" box="[336,446,254,277]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Pristilepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82AFF8EA71B60A4DAD25E20" box="[336,446,254,277]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Pristilepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and referring to the holocentrid affinity for bearing coarse squamation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA6F26164D98E5EE2" blockId="10.[159,781,188,471]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
<materialsCitation id="64EB9F57C82AFF8EA6F26164D9B25EE2" location="North American" municipality="Curator Emeritus of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New Jersey">
The specific name is in honour of David Parris,
<collectingMunicipality id="34580F70C82AFF8EA6D46105D9595E43" box="[159,565,351,374]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Curator Emeritus of Natural History</collectingMunicipality>
at the
<collectingRegion id="16475BE8C82AFF8EA4C76105DBB85EA3" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">New Jersey State</collectingRegion>
Museum, for his discovery of the specimens described here, and in appreciation of his life-long devotion to the study of the
<location id="D15CC3D1C82AFF8EA7EF619AD9385EE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C2A241CC825FF91A5A3675FD8AC595D:D15CC3D1C82AFF8EA7EF619AD9385EE2" box="[420,596,448,471]" municipality="Curator Emeritus of Natural History" name="North American" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" stateProvince="New Jersey">North American</location>
fossil fauna
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9C99C681C82AFF8EA6D461AAD9875C0E" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA6D461AADA1A5DDE" blockId="10.[159,781,496,747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82AFF8EA6D461AADA655D32" bold="true" box="[159,265,496,519]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="64EB9F57C82AFF8EA75161AADA1A5DDE" collectionCode="NJSM" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="GP12145, GP12381" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="0B382BA8C82AFF8EA75161AADAED5D32" box="[282,385,496,519]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="B2920DCFC82AFF8EA7DD61AADAB65D32" box="[406,474,496,519]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fe4d-5yka" name="New Jersey State Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">NJSM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="84253D71C82AFF8EA7A761AAD93D5D32" box="[492,593,496,519]" collectionCode="GP" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Geociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">GP12145</specimenCode>
(
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82AFF8EA42061AAD9BE5D32" box="[619,722,496,520]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStart-2="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="6.[159,226,1511,1532]" captionStartId-1="7.[159,226,1794,1815]" captionStartId-2="8.[159,226,1827,1848]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1461,191,1473]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1442,202,1769]" captionTargetBox-2="[174,1438,192,1803]" captionTargetId-0="figure-121@6.[162,1462,188,1490]" captionTargetId-1="figure-1@7.[159,1467,188,1773]" captionTargetId-2="figure-1@8.[159,1467,188,1806]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="Figure 2. Photogrammetric model of the skull of †Iridopristis parrisi, gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA." captionText-1="Figure 3. Skull and abdomen of †Iridopristis parrisi in left lateral view. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. A, specimen photograph and B, rendered MCT model. Skeletal regions highlighted as follows: neurocranium (pink), suspensorium (purple), circumorbitals (coral), jaws (light blue), opercles (light orange), ventral hyoid (light green), gill skeleton (dark green), pectoral girdle (yellow), abdominal scales (dark orange), vertebral column (red). Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-2="Figure 4. Skull and abdomen of †Iridopristis parrisi in right lateral view. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. A, specimen photograph and B, rendered MCT model. Skeletal regions highlighted as follows: neurocranium (pink), suspensorium (purple), circumorbitals (coral), jaws (light blue), opercles (light orange), ventral hyoid (light green), gill skeleton (dark green), pectoral girdle (yellow), scales (dark orange), vertebral column (red). Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883660" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883662" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883664" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10883660/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10883662/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10883664/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Figs 2–4</figureCitation>
), an articulated skull preserved in three dimensions plus incomplete postcranium. Referred specimens:
<collectionCode id="B2920DCFC82AFF8EA482626BD8615D7D" box="[713,781,561,584]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fe4d-5yka" name="New Jersey State Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">NJSM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="84253D71C82AFF8EA6D46208DA6A5D5C" box="[159,262,594,617]" collectionCode="GP" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Geociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">GP12381</specimenCode>
, two isolated neurocrania with associated opercular elements and vertebrae (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82AFF8EA7BE6228D9545DBC" box="[501,568,626,649]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[159,226,1415,1436]" captionTargetBox="[161,1463,200,1384]" captionTargetId="figure-141@9.[159,1467,188,1394]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Referred specimens of †Iridopristis parrisi. NJSM GP12381, Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA, comprising remains of two individuals preserving portions of neurocrania, pectoral girdle, opercular series and vertebral column. Upper row depicts the left side of specimens, lower row depicts the right side of specimens. A, individual preserving neurocranium including intact supraoccipital crest, fragments of left hyomandibula, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra; and B, specimen preserving neurocranium including fragmentary supraoccipital crest, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra. Abbreviations: c, centra; fr, frontal; n, neurocranium; op, opercular; pas, parasphenoid; pt, posttemporal; soc, supraoccipital. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883666/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Photogrammetric models of the incomplete postcranium and two referred neurocrania can be accessed via Figshare (10.6084/m9. figshare.21754541).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA6D4635ED9875C0E" blockId="10.[159,781,771,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82AFF8EA6D4635EDA475C2E" bold="true" box="[159,299,772,795]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Occurrence.</emphasis>
‘Main Fossiliferous Layer’ of the Hornerstown Formation in Sewell,
<collectingRegion id="16475BE8C82AFF8EA46A637ED9CD5C0E" box="[545,673,804,827]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="AC94D59AC82AFF8EA4E5637ED98B5C0E" box="[686,743,804,827]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9C99C681C82AFF8EA6D4630ED9E05B7A" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA6D4630ED9E05B7A" blockId="10.[159,781,852,1103]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82AFF8EA6D4630EDA615C5E" bold="true" box="[159,269,852,875]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Remarks.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="B2920DCFC82AFF8EA76C630EDA055C5E" box="[295,361,852,875]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fe4d-5yka" name="New Jersey State Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">NJSM</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="B2920DCFC82AFF8EA7C9630EDAC85C5E" box="[386,420,852,875]" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Geociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">GP</collectionCode>
12145 is mentioned, but not described, by
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82AFF8EA77C632FDABA5CB9" author="Stewart, J. D." box="[311,470,885,908]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="383 - 394" refId="ref25563" refString="Stewart, J. D. (1996). Cretaceous acanthomorphs of North America. In G. Arratia &amp; G. Viohl (Eds.), Mesozoic fishes: Systematics and paleoecology (pp. 383 - 394). Friedrich Pfeil." type="book chapter" year="1996">Stewart (1996)</bibRefCitation>
, who considered it an intermediate between Cretaceous and Cenozoic taxa. The void space of the saccular otoliths of
<collectionCode id="B2920DCFC82AFF8EA44F63ECD92A5CF8" box="[516,582,950,973]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fe4d-5yka" name="New Jersey State Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">NJSM</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="B2920DCFC82AFF8EA41A63ECD91F5CF8" box="[593,627,950,973]" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Geociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">GP</collectionCode>
12145 are figured and described by
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82AFF8EA7E3638CD9A05CD8" author="Schwarzhans, W. &amp; Beckett, H. T. &amp; Schein, J. D. &amp; Friedman, M." box="[424,716,982,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="511 - 541" refId="ref24884" refString="Schwarzhans, W., Beckett, H. T., Schein, J. D., &amp; Friedman, M. (2018). Computed tomography scanning as a tool for linking the skeletal and otolith-based fossil records of teleost fishes. Palaeontology, 61, 511 - 541. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / pala. 12349" type="journal article" year="2018">Schwarzhans et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
, who aligned the specimen with holocentrine squirrelfishes due to an absence of the specialized myripristine otolith morphology described by
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82AFF8EA7FA6462D9EB5B7A" author="Schwarzhans, W." box="[433,647,1080,1103]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref24850" refString="Schwarzhans, W. (2010). Otolithen aus den Gerhartsreiter Schichten (Oberkreide: Maastricht) des Gerhartsreiter Grabens (Oberbayern). Palaeo Ichthyologica, 4, 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="2010">Schwarzhans (2010)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9C99C681C82AFF91A6D464D0D8AC595D" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA6D464D0DA5C5B91" blockId="10.[159,781,1162,1901]" box="[159,304,1162,1188]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82AFF8EA6D464D0DA5C5B91" bold="true" box="[159,304,1162,1188]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA6D464F6D9FE5AD2" blockId="10.[159,781,1162,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82AFF8EA6D464F6DA215BF6" bold="true" box="[159,333,1196,1219]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Neurocranium.</emphasis>
The neurocranium of the
<typeStatus id="0B382BA8C82AFF8EA4C064F6D9845BF6" box="[651,744,1196,1219]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C82AFF8EA6E76496DA105BD6" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[172,380,1228,1251]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82AFF8EA6E76496DA105BD6" box="[172,380,1228,1251]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broken in two, but remains in association. The anterior portion preserves the mesethmoid, lateral ethmoids, vomer, and part of the parasphenoid, and the posterior portion preserves the frontals, pterosphenoid, parietals, sphenotics, pterotics, epioccipitals, prootics, exoccipitals, basioccipitals, and the remainder of the parasphenoid (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82AFF8EA44A65D5D92A5A93" box="[513,582,1423,1446]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[159,226,1415,1436]" captionTargetBox="[202,1424,194,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-168@11.[201,1425,188,1394]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Neurocranium of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, right lateral, B, posterior, C, dorsal and D, ventral views. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883668" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883668/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Figs 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82AFF8EA41C65D5D9085A93" box="[599,612,1423,1446]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[159,226,1403,1424]" captionTargetBox="[160,1466,188,1382]" captionTargetId="figure-130@12.[159,1467,188,1382]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 7. Neurocranium of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Line drawings of rendered MCT models in A, right lateral, B, posterior, C, dorsal and D, ventral views. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; epo, epioccipital; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; hyfa, anterior facet for hyomandibula; hyfd, dorsal facet for hyomandibula; let, lateral ethmoid; met, mesethmoid; pa, parietal; pas, parasphenoid; pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; pts, pterosphenoid; soc, supraoccipital; v, vomer. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883670/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">7</figureCitation>
). The supraoccipital crest, nasals, basisphenoid, and the most lateral portions of the left pterotic are not preserved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA6F265AADED55D57" blockId="10.[159,781,1162,1901]" lastBlockId="10.[844,1467,189,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
<materialsCitation id="64EB9F57C82AFF8EA6F265AADED95D57" collectionCode="NJSM" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="GP12381" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
The bones making up the ethmoid region are largely disarticulated, and the nasals are not preserved with the specimen. The mesethmoid is shattered dorsally and is disarticulated from the vomer, while the articulations with the lateral ethmoids are broken but remain in close physical association. The parasphenoid and vomer are articulated, although the vomer is displaced left-laterally. Anterior portions of the frontals that would contribute to the dorsal margin of the orbit are entirely absent. The left frontal is broken anterolaterally where it would contact the supraorbital shelf in life. The left pterosphenoid is broken and displaced mesially. A break separates the anterior and posterior half of the parasphenoid at the level of the myodome. The posterior portion of the parasphenoid remains tightly bound to the prootic and basioccipital, while the anterior section of the element has been shifted dorsally and to the right. There is no definitive supraoccipital crest preserved in life position on the
<typeStatus id="0B382BA8C82AFF8EA24B61DEDF315EAE" box="[1024,1117,388,411]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
neurocranium. The midline between the epioccipitals bears a jagged surface and suggests that a laminar, bony extension was broken away at this site. Fragments have been reattached in this area during preparation, but they are incomplete. Instead, description of the supraoccipital crest is based on two referred neurocrania designated
<collectionCode id="B2920DCFC82AFF8EA34B6211DE285D57" box="[1280,1348,587,610]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fe4d-5yka" name="New Jersey State Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">NJSM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="84253D71C82AFF8EA3066211DED95D57" box="[1357,1461,587,610]" collectionCode="GP" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Geociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">GP12381</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA52C6231DE0E5C7F" blockId="10.[844,1467,189,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">The mesethmoid is best-preserved ventrally, though dorsal pieces are still preserved near the margins of the lateral ethmoids. The mesethmoid is more posterior relative to the vomer than would be expected in life, suggesting taphonomical displacement. The ventral process of the mesethmoid is triangular in ventral view, and would have articulated with the vomer ventrally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA52C6309DFE15B25" blockId="10.[844,1467,189,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">The lateral ethmoids have a broadly triangular aspect in anterior view, and are best-preserved along their lateral margins. The lateral ethmoids are smooth along the orbital margin, with the foramen of the olfactory nerve visible in posterior view, but obscured in anterior view by the shattered mesethmoid.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA52C6443DFE75BC2" blockId="10.[844,1467,189,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">The vomer is firmly attached to the anteroventral surface of the parasphenoid. A triangular knob emerges from its ventral surface. The dorsal surface of the vomer bears a large lateral flange on either side. Each curves mesially towards its counterpart and the anterior margin of the vomer, forming the notch into which the mesethmoid would have articulated.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82AFF8EA52C655ADE7A5858" blockId="10.[844,1467,189,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
The frontals dominate the dorsal surface of the neurocranium. They are ornamented by protuberances arranged in linear series that extend the length of the frontal. These show a radiating pattern, diverging from one another as they approach the posterior margin of the bone. Comparable ornamentation is visible on the referred specimens (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82AFF8EA239659DDFD05AEB" box="[1138,1212,1479,1502]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[159,226,1415,1436]" captionTargetBox="[161,1463,200,1384]" captionTargetId="figure-141@9.[159,1467,188,1394]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Referred specimens of †Iridopristis parrisi. NJSM GP12381, Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA, comprising remains of two individuals preserving portions of neurocrania, pectoral girdle, opercular series and vertebral column. Upper row depicts the left side of specimens, lower row depicts the right side of specimens. A, individual preserving neurocranium including intact supraoccipital crest, fragments of left hyomandibula, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra; and B, specimen preserving neurocranium including fragmentary supraoccipital crest, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra. Abbreviations: c, centra; fr, frontal; n, neurocranium; op, opercular; pas, parasphenoid; pt, posttemporal; soc, supraoccipital. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883666/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82AFF8EA29C659DDE435AEB" box="[1239,1327,1479,1502]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[159,226,1050,1071]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,188,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-353@17.[159,1467,188,1029]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Left preopercle and interopercle of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, lateral and B, mesial views. Photographs of operculum in C, lateral and D, mesial views. Abbreviations: iop, interopercle; pop, preopercle. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm for panels A and B, and 1 cm for panels C and D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883676/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">10.6084</figureCitation>
/m9.figshare. 21754541), representing key evidence supporting their attribution to †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C82AFF8EA5B96650DF065914" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[1010,1130,1546,1569]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82AFF8EA5B96650DF065914" box="[1010,1130,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Iridopristis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The frontals are triangular in dorsal view, with a deep canal separating them along the midline. The right frontal bears a supraorbital shelf laterally which is ornamented with the same protuberances as the remainder of the frontal. A deep supraorbital canal divides this shelf from the main body of the frontal. Each frontal is divided medially by a canal. The posterior margin of the frontals comprises a ledge that overhangs the most anterior portion of the parietal. The parietals are triangular in dorsal view, and their posterior extremities overhang the epioccipitals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="80FCC582C82BFF8FA6D465DDDA985AE4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883668" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883668" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883668/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" startId="11.[159,226,1415,1436]" targetBox="[202,1424,194,1389]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82BFF8FA6D465DDDA985AE4" blockId="11.[159,1467,1414,1489]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82BFF8FA6D465DDDA6C5AA9" bold="true" box="[159,256,1415,1436]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Neurocranium of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C82BFF8FA78765DDD9EE5AA9" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[460,642,1415,1436]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82BFF8FA78765DDD9EE5AA9" box="[460,642,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82BFF8FA7F465FBDAA05A82" bold="true" box="[447,460,1441,1463]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">M</emphasis>
CT model in
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82BFF8FA41865FBD9065A83" bold="true" box="[595,618,1441,1462]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">A,</emphasis>
right lateral,
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82BFF8FA4BA65FBD86B5A83" bold="true" box="[753,775,1441,1462]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">B,</emphasis>
posterior,
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82BFF8FA53965FBD8E55A83" bold="true" box="[882,905,1441,1462]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">C,</emphasis>
dorsal and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82BFF8FA5B465FBDF7B5A83" bold="true" box="[1023,1047,1441,1462]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">D,</emphasis>
ventral views. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82BFF8FA6F26655D8A759BD" blockId="11.[159,782,1551,1901]" lastBlockId="11.[844,1467,1551,1901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">The sphenotic is anterodorsal to the prootic, posteroventral to the frontal, lateral to the pterosphenoid, and anteroventral to the pterotic. It is bounded dorsally by a large lateral flange extending posterolaterally from the margin of the supraorbital shelf towards the exoccipitals. This extension obscures the anterior facet of the hyomandibular head in lateral view. The hyomandibular facet extends across portions of the sphenotic, prootic and pterotic. The pterosphenoid forms the dorsomesial border of the orbit, is bounded dorsomesially by the frontal, dorsolaterally by the sphenotic, the prootic ventrally, and the other pterosphenoid mesially. The left pterosphenoid appears to be broken away from the remainder of the braincase, but remains in close association.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82BFF88A52C66CBDA5159B0" blockId="11.[844,1467,1551,1901]" lastBlockId="12.[159,781,1613,1901]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">The pterotic articulates with the epioccipitals posteromesially, the frontal anteromesially, the sphenotic anteromesially, and the prootic ventrally. The posterior margin of the pterotic comprises the prominent dorsolateral crests on the lateral margins of the skull. The ventrolateral surface of the pterotic bears an articular surface accommodating the posterior head of the hyomandibula, with the dilatator fossa present on the dorsal surface.</paragraph>
<caption id="80FCC582C82CFF88A6D46521DFAC5ACE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883670" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883670/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" startId="12.[159,226,1403,1424]" targetBox="[160,1466,188,1382]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82CFF88A6D46521DFAC5ACE" blockId="12.[159,1468,1403,1531]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A6D46521DA6C5AA5" bold="true" box="[159,256,1403,1424]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Neurocranium of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C82CFF88A7876521D9EE5AA5" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[460,642,1403,1424]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A7876521D9EE5AA5" box="[460,642,1403,1424]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Line drawings of rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A4C165CFD9FB5A9E" bold="true" box="[650,663,1429,1451]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">M</emphasis>
CT models in
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A57E65CCD8215A9E" bold="true" box="[821,845,1430,1451]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">A,</emphasis>
right lateral,
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A5A965CCD8945A9E" bold="true" box="[994,1016,1430,1451]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">B,</emphasis>
posterior,
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A22665CCDFE95A9E" bold="true" box="[1133,1157,1430,1451]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">C,</emphasis>
dorsal and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A34265CCDE4D5A9E" bold="true" box="[1289,1313,1430,1451]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">D,</emphasis>
ventral views.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A6D465EBDA435AF3" bold="true" box="[159,303,1457,1478]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Abbreviations</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A77565EBDA0E5AF3" bold="true" box="[318,354,1457,1478]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">boc</emphasis>
, basioccipital;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A7B365EBD9705AF3" bold="true" box="[504,540,1457,1478]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">epo</emphasis>
, epioccipital;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A4E265EBD9A75AF3" bold="true" box="[681,715,1457,1478]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">exo</emphasis>
, exoccipital;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A51A65EBD80F5AF3" bold="true" box="[849,867,1457,1478]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">fr</emphasis>
, frontal;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A58965EBD8835AF3" bold="true" box="[962,1007,1457,1478]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">hyfa</emphasis>
, anterior facet for hyomandibula;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A30865EBDE1D5AF3" bold="true" box="[1347,1393,1457,1478]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">hyfd</emphasis>
, dorsal facet for hyomandibula;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A7D76591DAD95AD5" bold="true" box="[412,437,1483,1504]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">let</emphasis>
, lateral ethmoid;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A43B6591D9FA5AD5" bold="true" box="[624,662,1483,1504]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">met</emphasis>
, mesethmoid;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A57B6591D8255AD5" bold="true" box="[816,841,1483,1504]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">pa</emphasis>
, parietal;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A5FE6591D8BB5AD5" bold="true" box="[949,983,1483,1504]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">pas</emphasis>
, parasphenoid;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A2306591DFF35AD5" bold="true" box="[1147,1183,1483,1504]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">pro</emphasis>
, prootic;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A34C6591DE445AD5" bold="true" box="[1287,1320,1483,1504]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">pto</emphasis>
, pterotic;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A3DD6591DED85AD5" bold="true" box="[1430,1460,1483,1504]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">pts</emphasis>
, pterosphenoid;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A77865BCDA3F5ACE" bold="true" box="[307,339,1510,1531]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">soc</emphasis>
, supraoccipital;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82CFF88A7BF65BCD96C5ACE" bold="true" box="[500,512,1510,1531]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">v</emphasis>
, vomer. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82CFF88A6F266D4DF8E59B0" blockId="12.[159,781,1613,1901]" lastBlockId="12.[844,1467,1613,1901]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">The prootic is bounded by the pterosphenoid anteromesially, the sphenotic anterodorsally, the pterotic dorsally, the exoccipital posterodorsally, the basioccipital posteroventrally, and the parasphenoid ventrally. The prootic carries a dorsoventrally oriented flange lateral to the pars jugularis and posteroventral to the facet for the anterior head of the hyomandibula. The mesial margin of the prootic is flanged anterolaterally, and forms the dorsolateral margin of the myodome.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82CFF88A52C66D4DF915858" blockId="12.[844,1467,1613,1901]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">The epioccipitals articulate with the pterotic anterolaterally, the parietals and frontals anterodorsally, and the exoccipitals posteroventrally. A buttress along each of the lateral margins of the epioccipital continues ventrally onto the exoccipital. A trough bearing a raised midline extends between these buttresses, marking the presumptive position of the supraoccipital crest.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF89A6F260E7D9A15DD2" blockId="13.[159,782,189,1901]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
The referred neurocrania preserve the supraoccipital crest to varying degrees (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82DFF89A7866084D97F5FC0" box="[461,531,222,245]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[159,226,1415,1436]" captionTargetBox="[161,1463,200,1384]" captionTargetId="figure-141@9.[159,1467,188,1394]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Referred specimens of †Iridopristis parrisi. NJSM GP12381, Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA, comprising remains of two individuals preserving portions of neurocrania, pectoral girdle, opercular series and vertebral column. Upper row depicts the left side of specimens, lower row depicts the right side of specimens. A, individual preserving neurocranium including intact supraoccipital crest, fragments of left hyomandibula, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra; and B, specimen preserving neurocranium including fragmentary supraoccipital crest, right operculum, both posttemporals, and the first three vertebral centra. Abbreviations: c, centra; fr, frontal; n, neurocranium; op, opercular; pas, parasphenoid; pt, posttemporal; soc, supraoccipital. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883666/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82DFF89A4626084D9ED5FC0" box="[553,641,222,245]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[159,226,1050,1071]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,188,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-353@17.[159,1467,188,1029]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Left preopercle and interopercle of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, lateral and B, mesial views. Photographs of operculum in C, lateral and D, mesial views. Abbreviations: iop, interopercle; pop, preopercle. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm for panels A and B, and 1 cm for panels C and D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883676/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">10.6084</figureCitation>
/m9.figshare. 21754541). Together, they suggest that the crest was large and triangular in lateral aspect, being overall more similar to the condition found in myripristines than holocentrines. The supraoccipital is continuous with the dorsal margin of the braincase, extending posteriorly and curving ventrally to form a perpendicular angle with the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum. The dorsal margin of the supraoccipital crest is laterally expanded where it meets the posterior of the braincase; it is not clear if this is a remnant of a transverse crest or if it represents the shape of the supraoccipital itself. The ventral margin of the supraoccipital appears to be in contact with the foramen magnum – a state that has been referred to by other authors as a spina occipitalis (
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82DFF89A6ED628ADAEB5DD2" author="Davesne, D. &amp; Gallut, C. &amp; Barriel, V. &amp; Janvier, P. &amp; Lecointre, G. &amp; Otero, O." box="[166,391,720,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="129" refId="ref20129" refString="Davesne, D., Gallut, C., Barriel, V., Janvier, P., Lecointre, G., &amp; Otero, O. (2016). The phylogenetic intrarelationships of spiny-rayed fishes (Acanthomorpha, Teleostei, Actinopterygii): Fossil taxa increase the congruence of morphology with molecular data. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 129. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fevo. 2016.00129" type="journal article" year="2016">Davesne et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82DFF89A7D3628AD9D15DD2" author="Johnson, D. G. &amp; Patterson, C." box="[408,701,720,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="554 - 626" refId="ref22506" refString="Johnson, D. G., &amp; Patterson, C. (1993). Percomorph phylogeny: a survey of acanthomorphs and a new proposal. Bulletin of Marine Science, 52, 554 - 626." type="journal article" year="1993">Johnson &amp; Patterson, 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF89A6F262AADAEF5A2F" blockId="13.[159,782,189,1901]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
The exoccipital is bounded ventrally by the basioccipital, anteriorly by the prootic and pterotic, dorsally by the epioccipital, and mesially by its counterpart. The dorsal portion of the exoccipital bears the ventral continuation of the buttress and trough present on the epioccipital. The lateral margin of the exoccipital forms a prominent shelf that meets the pterotic anteriorly. The most posterior portion of the exoccipital bears a large condyle bounding its counterpart mesially and the basioccipital condyle ventromesially; collectively these form the occipital condyle. Each exoccipital bears three foramina dorsal to the exoccipital condyle, presumably for passage of the occipital nerves (see
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82DFF89A4176424D86A5BA0" author="Patterson, C." box="[604,774,1150,1173]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="213 - 482" refId="ref23828" refString="Patterson, C. (1964). A review of Mesozoic acanthopterygian fishes, with special reference to those of the English Chalk. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 247, 213 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1964. 0003" type="journal article" year="1964">Patterson, 1964</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 48 for homologous foramina in the Cretaceous acanthomorph †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C82DFF89A76C649BD95B5BED" baseAuthorityName="Mantell" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[295,567,1217,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Hoplopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lewesiensis">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82DFF89A76C649BD95B5BED" box="[295,567,1217,1240]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Hoplopteryx lewesiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82DFF89A41B649BD9985BED" author="Mantell, G. A." box="[592,756,1217,1240]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" refId="ref23002" refString="Mantell, G. A. (1822). The fossils of the South Downs or illustrations of the geology of Sussex. Lupton Relfe." type="book" year="1822">Mantell, 1822</bibRefCitation>
]). The semicircular foramen magnum lies dorsal to the exoccipital condyles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF89A6F26579D91259B3" blockId="13.[159,782,189,1901]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
The basioccipital is bounded dorsally by both exoccipitals, anteriorly by both prootics, and ventrally by the parasphenoid. The basioccipital condyle spans nearly the entire width of both exoccipital condyles. The basioccipital condyle is convex, the margins gently curving dorsally. Along the ventral midline of the occipital condyle is a shallow fossa. Anterior to this fossa is a shallow trough that continues to the boundary of the parasphenoid. These features likely accommodated the soft tissue anatomy of the dorsal aorta in life (see
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82DFF89A4D36614DA4B59B3" author="Grande, L. &amp; Bemis, W. E." pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 696" refId="ref21669" refString="Grande, L., &amp; Bemis, W. E. (1998). A comprehensive phylogenetic study of amiid fishes (Amiidae) based on comparative skeletal anatomy. An empirical search for interconnected patterns of natural history. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18 (Suppl. 1), 1 - 696. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1998.10011114" type="journal article" year="1998">Grande &amp; Bemis, 1998</bibRefCitation>
for examples in fossil amiids).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF89A6F266D5D9AA5858" blockId="13.[159,782,189,1901]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
The lateral wall of the otic chamber is flat, presenting no lateral expansion. Portions of the prootic, exoccipital and basioccipital make roughly equal contributions to this lateral wall. No clear openings in the otic wall are present in the
<typeStatus id="0B382BA8C82DFF89A777674EDAF5581E" box="[316,409,1812,1835]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen, but the referred neurocrania appear to bear an opening more reminiscent of that piercing the otic bullae of living holocentrids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF89A52C60E7DF8B5D0F" blockId="13.[844,1467,189,570]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">The parasphenoid is elongate and contacts the basioccipital posteriorly, the prootic posterodorsally, and the vomer anteriorly. The parasphenoid is approximately triangular in axial cross-section, bearing laterally expanded flanges along the ventral margin posteriorly. There is no mesial ascending process at the level of the myodome that would articulate with the descending process of a basisphenoid. This is interpreted as taphonomical loss rather than genuine absence. The posterior margin of the parasphenoid interdigitates with the ventral surface of the basioccipital, forming small ridges along the posteroventral portion of the neurocranium.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF89A5076209DFB75C18" blockId="13.[844,1467,595,1496]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82DFF89A5076209DF9D5D5F" bold="true" box="[844,1265,595,618]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Infraorbitals and sclerotic ossicles.</emphasis>
The infraorbitals comprise the paired lachrymals (
<collectionCode id="B2920DCFC82DFF89A2FF6229DFBA5DBF" box="[1204,1238,627,650]" country="Portugal" name="Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade de Lisboa" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">IO</collectionCode>
1), preserved on both sides of the fossil, and fragments of subocular shelf that are broken away from more posterior infraorbital fragments. No definitive sclerotic ossicles are evident in tomograms. Overall, the infraorbital series is poorly preserved and disarticulated (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82DFF89A227634CDFA65C18" box="[1132,1226,789,813]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStart-2="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="6.[159,226,1511,1532]" captionStartId-1="7.[159,226,1794,1815]" captionStartId-2="8.[159,226,1827,1848]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1461,191,1473]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1442,202,1769]" captionTargetBox-2="[174,1438,192,1803]" captionTargetId-0="figure-121@6.[162,1462,188,1490]" captionTargetId-1="figure-1@7.[159,1467,188,1773]" captionTargetId-2="figure-1@8.[159,1467,188,1806]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="Figure 2. Photogrammetric model of the skull of †Iridopristis parrisi, gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA." captionText-1="Figure 3. Skull and abdomen of †Iridopristis parrisi in left lateral view. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. A, specimen photograph and B, rendered MCT model. Skeletal regions highlighted as follows: neurocranium (pink), suspensorium (purple), circumorbitals (coral), jaws (light blue), opercles (light orange), ventral hyoid (light green), gill skeleton (dark green), pectoral girdle (yellow), abdominal scales (dark orange), vertebral column (red). Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." captionText-2="Figure 4. Skull and abdomen of †Iridopristis parrisi in right lateral view. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. A, specimen photograph and B, rendered MCT model. Skeletal regions highlighted as follows: neurocranium (pink), suspensorium (purple), circumorbitals (coral), jaws (light blue), opercles (light orange), ventral hyoid (light green), gill skeleton (dark green), pectoral girdle (yellow), scales (dark orange), vertebral column (red). Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883660" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883662" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883664" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10883660/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10883662/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10883664/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Figs 2–4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF89A52C636CDEE25BC1" blockId="13.[844,1467,595,1496]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">The left lachrymal is approximately rhomboidal in lateral view, and bears numerous protuberances on the lateral face. Two grooves extend anteroventrally along the lateral surface and are connected to one another beneath a bony bridge. The anteroventral groove spans approximately one-fourth of the total length of the lachrymal, and curves dorsally to meet the more posterior groove. The posterior groove becomes enclosed within the lachrymal at three-fourths the total length of the element, and then re-emerges at the posterodorsal margin. The mesial surface of the lachrymal possesses a posteromesially directed shelf anteriorly emarginated by a dorsoventrally flattened flange. The lachrymal is considerably longer anteroposteriorly than it is tall dorsoventrally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF89A52C64A7D8D65AED" blockId="13.[844,1467,595,1496]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">The more posterior fragments of the infraorbitals are large, approximately square in shape and bear rugose ornamentation on their lateral surfaces. The more mesial fragments of subocular shelf associated with the laterally facing infraorbitals are relatively thick and concave on the orbital margin. Individual bones cannot be identified.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF89A50765ABD8975818" blockId="13.[844,1467,1521,1901]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82DFF89A50765ABD8E0593D" bold="true" box="[844,908,1521,1544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Jaws.</emphasis>
The upper and lower jaws are preserved in tight association, but are described and figured separately for clarity. The upper jaws consist of the maxillae and premaxillae (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82DFF89A5F76608DF5A595C" box="[956,1078,1618,1641]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[159,226,862,883]" captionTargetBox="[163,1456,191,837]" captionTargetId="figure-458@14.[159,1467,188,841]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Right upper and lower jaws of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models of A, upper jaw in lateral view (maxilla in light blue, premaxilla in dark blue), B, upper jaw in mesial view, C, lower jaw in lateral view, and D, lower jaw in mesial view. Abbreviations: a, anguloarticular; d, dentary; m, maxilla; mpf, posterior facet of maxilla; pm, premaxilla; ra, retroarticular; smf, facet for supramaxillae. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883672/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
). With the exception of the anterior-most quarter of the left example, the supramaxillae are not preserved with the specimen. The ascending process of the premaxillae are not preserved. The shaft of the left maxilla is shattered at multiple points but remains articulated. The descriptions are based on the right upper jaw.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82DFF8AA52C676CD95E5818" blockId="13.[844,1467,1521,1901]" lastBlockId="14.[159,781,1033,1901]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">The premaxilla is anteroposteriorly elongate, approximately three-fourths the total length of the maxilla, and tightly associated with the maxilla dorsally. The premaxilla comprises an anterior, dorsally projecting articular process closely associated with the head of the maxilla and a more posterior alveolar process that contributes to the oral margin and bears small, rounded teeth. The premaxillary articular process is rounded and oblong in lateral view. What remains of the ascending process is a mesially protruding flange capped dorsally by an irregular surface. As such, the articular process spuriously appears as the dominant feature at the anterior end of the premaxilla. The ventral margin of the ascending process lacks teeth and curves dorsomesially away from the alveolar process, forming an edentulous concavity along the ventromesial margin of the premaxilla. The most anterolateral portion of the alveolar process of the premaxilla is laterally expanded to form a tooth-bearing shelf. The anterior teeth along this shelf are larger and more rounded than those located posteriorly. The alveolar process is deeply grooved dorsally and accommodates the maxilla. The postmaxillary process is approximately twice the height of the underlying alveolar process and elliptical in mesial view, the posterior margin gently sloping down to the rest of the posterior arm. The remainder of the premaxilla is slender and terminates at a point posteriorly.</paragraph>
<caption id="80FCC582C82EFF8AA6D46304D9085CE8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883672" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883672/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" startId="14.[159,226,862,883]" targetBox="[163,1456,191,837]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82EFF8AA6D46304D9085CE8" blockId="14.[159,1467,861,989]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA6D46304DB915C46" bold="true" box="[159,253,862,883]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Right upper and lower jaws of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C82EFF8AA4006304D9925C46" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[587,766,862,883]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA4006304D9925C46" box="[587,766,862,883]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA46E6322D95E5CBB" bold="true" box="[549,562,888,910]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
CT models of
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA48F6322D9B05CB8" bold="true" box="[708,732,888,909]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">A,</emphasis>
upper jaw in lateral view (maxilla in light blue, premaxilla in dark blue),
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA6D463C9DBD95C9D" bold="true" box="[159,181,915,936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">B,</emphasis>
upper jaw in mesial view,
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA78163C9DA8D5C9D" bold="true" box="[458,481,915,936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">C,</emphasis>
lower jaw in lateral view, and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA56B63C9D85B5C9D" bold="true" box="[800,823,915,936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">D,</emphasis>
lower jaw in mesial view.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA20663C9DFB15C9D" bold="true" box="[1101,1245,915,936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Abbreviations</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA2A663C9DF955C9D" bold="true" box="[1261,1273,915,936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">a</emphasis>
, anguloarticular;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA3EC63C9DED85C9D" bold="true" box="[1447,1460,915,936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">d</emphasis>
, dentary;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA6BE63F4DA655CF6" bold="true" box="[245,265,942,963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">m</emphasis>
, maxilla;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA72663F4DAFA5CF6" bold="true" box="[365,406,942,963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">mpf</emphasis>
, posterior facet of maxilla;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA4E063F4D9A05CF6" bold="true" box="[683,716,942,963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">pm</emphasis>
, premaxilla;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA50463F4D8095CF6" bold="true" box="[847,869,942,963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">ra</emphasis>
, retroarticular;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82EFF8AA5B563F4DF4F5CF6" bold="true" box="[1022,1059,942,963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">smf</emphasis>
, facet for supramaxillae. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82EFF8AA6F2676CDF0459FE" blockId="14.[159,781,1033,1901]" lastBlockId="14.[844,1467,1033,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
The maxilla is oar-shaped in lateral view. It lies dorsal to the premaxilla and lateral to the dentary and angular. The slender anterior portion of the maxilla bears a broad, omega-shaped head. This head covers the posterodorsal margin of the articular process of the premaxilla. A notch posterior to the maxillary head accommodates the anterior process of the palatine. A small rectangular process extends ventrolateral to this groove. The body of the bone posterior to the maxillary head consists of an elongate shaft with an approximately cylindrical cross-section. Small, unorganized protuberances ornament the lateral surface of this shaft. Posterior to the shaft the maxilla becomes laterally compressed and dorsoventrally expanded. This posterior portion is approximately circular in lateral view and bears ornamentation arranged in anteroposteriorly directed rows. A wedge-like facet at the dorsal interface between the maxillary shaft and the posterior expansion marks the articulation area for the supramaxilla(e) (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82EFF8AA355664BDE1A591D" box="[1310,1398,1553,1576]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[159,226,862,883]" captionTargetBox="[163,1456,191,837]" captionTargetId="figure-458@14.[159,1467,188,841]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Right upper and lower jaws of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models of A, upper jaw in lateral view (maxilla in light blue, premaxilla in dark blue), B, upper jaw in mesial view, C, lower jaw in lateral view, and D, lower jaw in mesial view. Abbreviations: a, anguloarticular; d, dentary; m, maxilla; mpf, posterior facet of maxilla; pm, premaxilla; ra, retroarticular; smf, facet for supramaxillae. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883672/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
). The posterior portion of the maxilla bears a triangular, anteriorly directed facet (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82EFF8AA22F6608DFD4595C" box="[1124,1208,1618,1641]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[159,226,862,883]" captionTargetBox="[163,1456,191,837]" captionTargetId="figure-458@14.[159,1467,188,841]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Right upper and lower jaws of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models of A, upper jaw in lateral view (maxilla in light blue, premaxilla in dark blue), B, upper jaw in mesial view, C, lower jaw in lateral view, and D, lower jaw in mesial view. Abbreviations: a, anguloarticular; d, dentary; m, maxilla; mpf, posterior facet of maxilla; pm, premaxilla; ra, retroarticular; smf, facet for supramaxillae. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883672/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
, labelled ‘mpf’) on the ventrolateral margin. This facet aligns with the ventral lamina of the maxilla that articulates with the alveolar process of the premaxilla.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82EFF8BA52C668ED96B5E00" blockId="14.[844,1467,1033,1901]" lastBlockId="15.[159,781,189,1053]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
The mandible comprises the dentary, anguloarticular, and retroarticular (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82EFF8AA25566AFDFF55839" box="[1054,1177,1781,1804]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[159,226,862,883]" captionTargetBox="[163,1456,191,837]" captionTargetId="figure-458@14.[159,1467,188,841]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Right upper and lower jaws of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models of A, upper jaw in lateral view (maxilla in light blue, premaxilla in dark blue), B, upper jaw in mesial view, C, lower jaw in lateral view, and D, lower jaw in mesial view. Abbreviations: a, anguloarticular; d, dentary; m, maxilla; mpf, posterior facet of maxilla; pm, premaxilla; ra, retroarticular; smf, facet for supramaxillae. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883672/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8C, D</figureCitation>
). The left anguloarticular is shattered approximately midway along the length, in line with the breaks on the maxillary shaft. Likewise, the posteroventral portions of the left dentary have been broken and disrupted. Approximately one-quarter of the alveolar platform has broken away midway along the length of the right dentary. Descriptions below are based primarily on the right lower jaw.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82FFF8BA6F26164DE575E6D" blockId="15.[159,781,189,1053]" lastBlockId="15.[844,1468,189,874]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
In lateral view, the anterior portion of the dentary is rectangular. It bifurcates posteriorly into two tapering processes. The dentary bears larger, more blunt, conical teeth anteriorly than along the remainder of the alveolar platform. These anterior teeth sit on a bulbous region overhanging the most anterolateral margin of the dentary, and align with the mesial edentulous concavity of the premaxilla. Posteriorly, smaller teeth continue along approximately half the length of the dentary. The alveolar platform is broken, but remains articulated in both dentaries. The midlength section of the dentary alveolar platform is bounded ventrally by a deep fossa. A posterodorsally oriented coronoid process lies behind the alveolar platform. This process slopes upwards at approximately 140
<superScript id="23F63842C82FFF8BA72762A4DA195C3A" attach="left" box="[364,373,766,783]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Ǫ</superScript>
and constitutes half the total length of the dentary. The coronoid process rises above the premaxillary alveolar arm, and is mesial to the posterior portion of the maxillary arm. The complementary ventral arm of the dentary and the coronoid process together form a deep posterior socket that accommodates the anterior point of the anguloarticular. The entirety of the ventrolateral surface of the dentary is ornamented by small, anteroposteriorly aligned protuberances reminiscent of those found on the frontals. Two oblong pores for the mandibular canal are present along this surface, one closer to the anterior margin of the dentary, and another more elongate one at approximately the mid-length of the element.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82FFF8BA52C613BDF2B5C5F" blockId="15.[844,1468,189,874]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
The anguloarticular inserts into the posterior socket of the dentary, coming to a point anteriorly. The angular bears well-developed condylar and coronoid processes. The latter is laminar and is sinusoidal in transverse cross-section, presumably having accommodated the adductor mandibulae pars rictalis in life (
<bibRefCitation id="B012E8FBC82FFF8BA2F3625DDEC75D2B" author="Datovo, A. &amp; Vari, R. P." box="[1208,1451,519,542]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="60846" refId="ref19991" refString="Datovo, A., &amp; Vari, R. P. (2013). The jaw adductor muscle complex in Teleostean fishes: Evolution, homologies and revised nomenclature (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii). PLoS ONE, 8, e 60846. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0060846" type="journal article" year="2013">Datovo &amp; Vari, 2013</bibRefCitation>
). The ventrolateral surface of the angular is ornamented by the same small, anteroposteriorly directed protuberances found on the dentary and frontals. This ornamentation does not continue onto the retroarticular. The right retroarticular is loosely bound to the right anguloarticular, directly beneath the condylar process. It is approximately triangular in lateral view and, while it is difficult to discern ornamentation on the right retroarticular, the left retroarticular exhibits a reticulated, maze-like pattern not evident on other bones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82FFF8BA50763D9DE1E5CE9" blockId="15.[844,1467,899,1053]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA50763D9D8995CAF" bold="true" box="[844,1013,899,922]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Suspensorium.</emphasis>
The suspensorium comprises the hyomandibula, symplectic, metapterygoid, quadrate, endopterygoid, ectopterygoid, and palatine (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC82FFF8BA2A6639FDE0E5CE9" box="[1261,1378,965,988]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="15.[159,226,1791,1812]" captionTargetBox="[160,1457,1103,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-427@15.[159,1467,1096,1770]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 9. Suspensorium of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, lateral and B, mesial views. Abbreviations: ecp, ectopterygoid; enp, endopterygoid; h, hyomandibula; mpt, metapterygoid; pal, palatine; q, quadrate; sym, symplectic. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883674/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82FFF8BA52C63BFDF0E5B28" blockId="15.[844,1467,899,1053]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Descriptions below are based on the better-preserved left side of the specimen.</paragraph>
<caption id="80FCC582C82FFF8BA6D466A5DA575851" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883674" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883674/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" startId="15.[159,226,1791,1812]" targetBox="[160,1457,1103,1767]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC82FFF8BA6D466A5DA575851" blockId="15.[159,1467,1791,1892]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA6D466A5DA6C5821" bold="true" box="[159,256,1791,1812]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Suspensorium of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C82FFF8BA78166A5D9EE5821" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[458,642,1791,1812]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA78166A5D9EE5821" box="[458,642,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA7896740DAA35805" bold="true" box="[450,463,1818,1840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">M</emphasis>
CT model in
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA41C6740D902581A" bold="true" box="[599,622,1818,1839]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">A,</emphasis>
lateral and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA4AC6740D991581A" bold="true" box="[743,765,1818,1839]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">B,</emphasis>
mesial views.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA5DF6740DF48581A" bold="true" box="[916,1060,1818,1839]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Abbreviations</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA2786740DF39581A" bold="true" box="[1075,1109,1818,1839]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">ecp</emphasis>
, ectopterygoid;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA2BC6740DE70581A" bold="true" box="[1271,1308,1818,1839]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">enp</emphasis>
, endopterygoid;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA6D4676FDBC0587F" bold="true" box="[159,172,1845,1866]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">h</emphasis>
, hyomandibula;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA71D676FDA13587F" bold="true" box="[342,383,1845,1866]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">mpt</emphasis>
, metapterygoid;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA461676FD926587F" bold="true" box="[554,586,1845,1866]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">pal</emphasis>
, palatine;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA4FC676FD9A8587F" bold="true" box="[695,708,1845,1866]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">q</emphasis>
, quadrate;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C82FFF8BA573676FD80D587F" bold="true" box="[824,865,1845,1866]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">sym</emphasis>
, symplectic. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC830FF94A6F260E7D9B15CC5" blockId="16.[159,782,189,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">The left hyomandibula is broken at approximately mid-height but remains in life position. The hyomandibula is approximately trapezial in lateral view. It is broader dorsally and tapers to a ventral shaft that articulates with the metapterygoid anteriorly and the symplectic and interhyal ventrally. The mesial surface is smooth, but the lateral surface bears a pronounced ridge. This ridge begins one-quarter of the length from the symplectic and interhyal articulation and continues to the height of the opercular process, where it turns anteriorly to meet the rounded dorsal head that joins the suspensorium with the neurocranium. The opercular process of the hyomandibula lies along the same anteroposterior axis as the anterior dorsal head. A dorsally projecting, triangular lamina extends between the dorsal head and the opercular process of the hyomandibula, and is interpreted as a secondary dorsal head. This presumably articulated with the ventral surface of the pterotic in life. Another lamina is present along the ventral margin of the dorsal head of the hyomandibula, bounded dorsally and posteriorly by the pronounced ridge along the dorsoventral midline. The hyomandibular arm terminates ventrally at a head. This ventral head bears an articular surface, two-thirds of which is occupied by the interhyal, with the remainder joining the symplectic.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC830FF94A6F263A3DA6F5A0E" blockId="16.[159,782,189,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">The left metapterygoid is approximately square in lateral view, with the posterior boundary tightly linked with the ventral arm of the hyomandibula and the symplectic. Ventrally, it joins the dorsal lamina of the quadrate. The most posterodorsal portion of the metapterygoid obscures the hyomandibular shaft in lateral view. The anterodorsal margin of the metapterygoid is bifurcated, bearing a mesially protruding flange anteriorly that is approximately half the total height of the bone.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC830FF94A6F2651EDA7E5917" blockId="16.[159,782,189,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">The quadrate is triangular in lateral view. The posterior margin bears flanges directed posteromesially and posterolaterally, forming a notch on the mesial surface that accommodates the symplectic. A two-headed condyle at the ventral corner of the quadrate articulates with the condylar process of the anguloarticular of the lower jaw.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC830FF94A6F26671DA1A5858" blockId="16.[159,782,189,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
The symplectic is rod-like and lies in a notch on the inner face of the quadrate. Nearly half the total length of the symplectic extends beyond the dorsal margin of the quadrate, where the bones curves at an angle of approximately 120
<superScript id="23F63842C830FF94A72466F1DA145989" attach="left" box="[367,376,1707,1724]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Ǫ</superScript>
to follow the posterior margin of the metapterygoid. The dorsal end of the symplectic articulates with the ventral arm of the hyomandibula. The more ventral portion of the symplectic is thin and tapers to a point, while the dorsal portion is robust with a blunt termination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC830FF94A52C60E7DF915EE0" blockId="16.[844,1467,189,1145]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
The ectopterygoid includes two arms: one that extends anteroposteriorly and one that extends dorsoventrally. The two arms meet at a gentle angle of approximately 100
<superScript id="23F63842C830FF94A58C6142D8BC5E1C" attach="none" box="[967,976,280,297]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Ǫ</superScript>
. The posterodorsal margin comes to a point where the margins of the endopterygoid, quadrate, and metapterygoid meet. The dorsal arm is fractured anteriorly and near the ventral arm, but remains in place. Tomograms show no obvious signs of dentition along the mesial margin of the entopterygoid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC830FF94A52C6184DFF85DE3" blockId="16.[844,1467,189,1145]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">The left endopterygoid is shattered and ventrally displaced. However, it remains in close association with the metapterygoid posteriorly, the palatine anteriorly, and the ectopterygoid ventrally. The lateral surface of the endopterygoid contacts the dorsal surface of the ectopterygoid, and curves mesially to form the thin lamina that defines the floor of the orbital cavity. Dentition is not apparent in tomograms.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC830FF94A52C62BADFE95B4C" blockId="16.[844,1467,189,1145]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
The palatine is approximately triangular in coronal cross-section. Its ventral margin bears a laterally protruding, dorsoventrally compressed shelf that extends the length of the bone. The ventrolateral margin of this shelf bears a field of small teeth. A dorsoventrally compressed anterior palatine process attaches to the main body of the palatine at the anterior midline of the bone. The anterior palatine process is strongly turned 45
<superScript id="23F63842C830FF94A33963E6DE175CF8" attach="left" box="[1394,1403,956,973]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Ǫ</superScript>
anterolaterally, wrapping around the dorsal surface of the maxilla and fitting into the groove posterior to the omega-shaped maxillary head. The anterior palatine process is broken from the body of each palatine, but remains in close association.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC830FF94A50764C8DF68591E" blockId="16.[844,1467,1170,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C830FF94A50764C8DF745B9C" bold="true" box="[844,1048,1170,1193]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Opercular series.</emphasis>
The opercular series comprises the preopercle, interopercle (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC830FF94A22B64E8DF885BFC" box="[1120,1252,1202,1225]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[159,226,1050,1071]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,188,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-353@17.[159,1467,188,1029]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Left preopercle and interopercle of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, lateral and B, mesial views. Photographs of operculum in C, lateral and D, mesial views. Abbreviations: iop, interopercle; pop, preopercle. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm for panels A and B, and 1 cm for panels C and D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883676/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
), and a dissociated operculum separate from the skull portion of the specimen (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC830FF94A5C464A8DF7A5A3C" box="[911,1046,1266,1289]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[159,226,1050,1071]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,188,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-353@17.[159,1467,188,1029]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Left preopercle and interopercle of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, lateral and B, mesial views. Photographs of operculum in C, lateral and D, mesial views. Abbreviations: iop, interopercle; pop, preopercle. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm for panels A and B, and 1 cm for panels C and D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883676/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10C, D</figureCitation>
). No subopercles are associated with the specimen. The right preopercle is not preserved with the specimen, while the left preopercle is broken anteroventrally and shattered posterodorsally, with fragments out of life position. The opercle is only partially intact, with one large fragment, a smaller fragment glued onto the primary fragment, and another small loose piece that is not affixed to the remainder of the element. Descriptions of the opercular series are based on the left side of the skull.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC830FF95A52C666ED9E45BD6" blockId="16.[844,1467,1170,1901]" lastBlockId="17.[159,781,1194,1748]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
The preopercle is boomerang-shaped in lateral view, with its two arms joining at approximately a 50
<superScript id="23F63842C830FF94A32E660ADE025954" attach="left" box="[1381,1390,1616,1633]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Ǫ</superScript>
angle. The mesial surface bears no notching or ornamentation. The anterior margin of the lateral surface of the preopercle bears a smooth, deep groove that accommodates the ventral arm of the hyomandibula. A ridge located posterior to this smooth surface bears ornament consisting of small protuberances. A broad groove, spanning approximately half the width of the preopercle and floored with smooth bone, lies posterior to this ridge. Ornamentation posterior to this groove matches the pattern at the anterior margin of the preopercle.
</paragraph>
<caption id="80FCC582C831FF95A6D46440D84A5B4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883676" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883676/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" startId="17.[159,226,1050,1071]" targetBox="[159,1467,188,1025]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC831FF95A6D46440D84A5B4A" blockId="17.[159,1467,1049,1151]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A6D46440DA615B1A" bold="true" box="[159,269,1050,1071]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Left preopercle and interopercle of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C831FF95A4DC6440D8235B1A" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[663,847,1050,1071]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A4DC6440D8235B1A" box="[663,847,1050,1071]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A4D3646ED9C95B7F" bold="true" box="[664,677,1076,1098]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">M</emphasis>
CT model in
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A57A646FD8245B7F" bold="true" box="[817,840,1077,1098]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">A,</emphasis>
lateral and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A58E646FD8B75B7F" bold="true" box="[965,987,1077,1098]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">B,</emphasis>
mesial views. Photographs of operculum in
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A3E8646FDED65B7F" bold="true" box="[1443,1466,1077,1098]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">C,</emphasis>
lateral and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A75C6415DA425B51" bold="true" box="[279,302,1103,1124]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">D,</emphasis>
mesial views.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A79A6415D90D5B51" bold="true" box="[465,609,1103,1124]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Abbreviations</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A43F6415D9F85B51" bold="true" box="[628,660,1103,1124]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">iop</emphasis>
, interopercle;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A5676415D83E5B51" bold="true" box="[812,850,1103,1124]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">pop</emphasis>
, preopercle. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm for panels A and B, and 1 cm for panels C and D.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC831FF95A6F264B6D94F5AFE" blockId="17.[159,781,1194,1748]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">The interopercle is rhomboidal in lateral view. The mesial surface is smooth. The anterior and dorsal margins bear a smooth surface marking the area of overlap for the preopercle. The ventral portion of the anterior margin, in close association with the anguloarticular, is deeply indented. The remainder of the lateral surface is ornamented in small protuberances.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC831FF95A6F2658ED8615986" blockId="17.[159,781,1194,1748]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
The operculum bears the opercular facet anteriorly, where it would have met the hyomandibula. The lateral surface bears a lineated rugose ornamentation that is more comparable to the surface texture on the jaws than on other bones of the opercular series (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC831FF95A43D6603D9B75945" box="[630,731,1625,1648]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[159,226,1050,1071]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,188,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-353@17.[159,1467,188,1029]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Left preopercle and interopercle of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, lateral and B, mesial views. Photographs of operculum in C, lateral and D, mesial views. Abbreviations: iop, interopercle; pop, preopercle. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm for panels A and B, and 1 cm for panels C and D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883676/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
). A prominent ridge lies along the mesial surface, along the same anteroposterior axis as the opercular facet
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC831FF95A6D466E7DA7559E1" blockId="17.[159,781,1194,1748]" box="[159,281,1725,1748]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
(
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC831FF95A6E366E7DA6559E1" box="[168,265,1725,1748]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[159,226,1050,1071]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,188,1025]" captionTargetId="figure-353@17.[159,1467,188,1029]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Left preopercle and interopercle of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, lateral and B, mesial views. Photographs of operculum in C, lateral and D, mesial views. Abbreviations: iop, interopercle; pop, preopercle. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm for panels A and B, and 1 cm for panels C and D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883676/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC831FF95A6D466A8DF365AB0" blockId="17.[159,781,1778,1901]" lastBlockId="17.[845,1467,1194,1901]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C831FF95A6D466A8DAE4583C" bold="true" box="[159,392,1778,1801]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Ventral hyoid arch.</emphasis>
The ventral hyoid arch comprises the dorsal and ventral hypohyals, the anterior and posterior ceratohyals, the branchiostegals, the interhyal, and the urohyal (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC831FF95A779670CDAEF5858" box="[306,387,1878,1901]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1171,1192]" captionTargetBox="[189,1435,188,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-282@18.[189,1436,188,1150]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Left ventral hyoid apparatus of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models showing the A, lateral and B, mesial views of the hypohyals, ceratohyals, interhyal, and branchiostegals, and the C, urohyal in lateral and D, ventral view. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegals; cha, anterior ceratohyal; chp, posterior ceratohyal; hhd, dorsal hypohyal; hhv, ventral hypohyal; ih, interhyal; uh, urohyal. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883678/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
); it is intact and mostly preserved in articulation on both sides of the specimen. The urohyal has been displaced away from the basihyal, and the right interhyal is not preserved with the specimen. Many branchiostegals are broken posteriorly, although they remain in association with the ceratohyals anteriorly. Descriptions of the ventral hyoid arch are based on the left side of the skull.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC831FF95A52C65D4DF8E59BC" blockId="17.[845,1467,1194,1901]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">The dorsal hypohyal is approximately rectangular in lateral view, apart from a notch-like canal at the middle of its ventral margin. The ventral hypohyal has a rounded anterior margin and bears a posteroventral facet that articulates with the anterior head of the anterior ceratohyal. The remainder of the posterior margin of the ventral hypohyal curves posterodorsally with the articular surface of the anterior ceratohyal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC831FF96A52C66C8D9835AD2" blockId="17.[845,1467,1194,1901]" lastBlockId="18.[159,781,1358,1901]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">The anterior ceratohyal is laterally compressed and approximately trapezial in lateral dimension. Its anterior margin slopes down to an anterior head that meets the ventral hypohyal. The ventral margin bears four notches marking articulations for branchiostegals. The posteroventral corner of the anterior ceratohyal is broken and displaced mesially. The posterior margin of the anterior ceratohyal is flush with the posterior ceratohyal, and bears no evidence of fusion to the latter. The anterior ceratohyal is imperforate, instead bearing a deep groove on the lateral surface extending two-thirds the length of the bone and continuing onto the posterior ceratohyal.</paragraph>
<caption id="80FCC582C832FF96A6D464C9D9DB5A26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" startId="18.[159,226,1171,1192]" targetBox="[189,1435,188,1150]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC832FF96A6D464C9D9DB5A26" blockId="18.[159,1467,1171,1299]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A6D464C9DA7C5B9D" bold="true" box="[159,272,1171,1192]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Left ventral hyoid apparatus of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C832FF96A4C864C9D8525B9D" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[643,830,1171,1192]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A4C864C9D8525B9D" box="[643,830,1171,1192]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A4EC64F4D9D85BF1" bold="true" box="[679,692,1198,1220]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">M</emphasis>
CT models showing the
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A5F264F4D8BC5BF6" bold="true" box="[953,976,1198,1219]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">A,</emphasis>
lateral and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A21E64F4DF075BF6" bold="true" box="[1109,1131,1198,1219]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">B,</emphasis>
mesial views of the hypohyals, ceratohyals, interhyal, and branchiostegals, and the
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A4EE6493D9D15BEB" bold="true" box="[677,701,1225,1246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">C,</emphasis>
urohyal in lateral and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A5E16493D8AE5BEB" bold="true" box="[938,962,1225,1246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">D,</emphasis>
ventral view.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A21C6493DF8B5BEB" bold="true" box="[1111,1255,1225,1246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Abbreviations</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A2B36493DE7C5BEB" bold="true" box="[1272,1296,1225,1246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">br</emphasis>
, branchiostegals;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A6D464BEDBAF5BCC" bold="true" box="[159,195,1252,1273]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">cha</emphasis>
, anterior ceratohyal;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A7D364BEDAD15BCC" bold="true" box="[408,445,1252,1273]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">chp</emphasis>
, posterior ceratohyal;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A4D664BED9A95BCC" bold="true" box="[669,709,1252,1273]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">hhd</emphasis>
, dorsal hypohyal;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A5CB64BED8CA5BCC" bold="true" box="[896,934,1252,1273]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">hhv</emphasis>
, ventral hypohyal;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A22164BEDF125BCC" bold="true" box="[1130,1150,1252,1273]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">ih</emphasis>
, interhyal;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C832FF96A2BA64BEDE675BCC" bold="true" box="[1265,1291,1252,1273]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">uh</emphasis>
, urohyal. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC832FF96A6F265AAD9CB5839" blockId="18.[159,781,1358,1901]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">The posterior ceratohyal is triangular in lateral view and laterally compressed. The anterior margin is straight and meets the anterior ceratohyal. A thickened knob at the posterior tip of the posterior ceratohyal marks the articular surface for the interhyal. The interhyal is an oblong rectangle in lateral view. Its ventral tip contacts the posterior ceratohyal. The interhyal bears a deep fossa along the ventrolateral margin that is directed anterodorsally from the articulation with the ventral facet.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC832FF96A6F2674FDE6E59BF" blockId="18.[159,781,1358,1901]" lastBlockId="18.[844,1467,1358,1901]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Four branchiostegals articulate with the ventral margin of the anterior ceratohyal, while an additional three branchiostegals lie lateral to the anterior ceratohyal and another two lie lateral to the posterior ceratohyal. The four branchiostegals that articulate with the ventral margin of anterior ceratohyal bear pronounced hook-like processes at their proximal ends. More posterior branchiostegals bear weaker hooks. The branchiostegals protrude laterally along the midline of the anteroposterior axis, a feature mirrored by a shallow groove along the mesial surface, defining a chevron-like shape in transverse cross-section. The ventral margin of the branchiostegals do not bear any visible spination.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC832FF96A52C66C9DED65878" blockId="18.[844,1467,1358,1901]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
The urohyal is shattered posteriorly. It is approximately triangular in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC832FF96A2F566E9DE7259FF" box="[1214,1310,1715,1738]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1171,1192]" captionTargetBox="[189,1435,188,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-282@18.[189,1436,188,1150]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Left ventral hyoid apparatus of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models showing the A, lateral and B, mesial views of the hypohyals, ceratohyals, interhyal, and branchiostegals, and the C, urohyal in lateral and D, ventral view. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegals; cha, anterior ceratohyal; chp, posterior ceratohyal; hhd, dorsal hypohyal; hhv, ventral hypohyal; ih, interhyal; uh, urohyal. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
) and bears an anteriorly directed dorsal ramus. Lateral flanges extend from the ventral margin of the urohyal, and taper posteriorly. These flanges form a ventrally directed midline pocket, the inside of which bears four visible notches
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC832FF96A507670CD8AA5858" blockId="18.[844,1467,1358,1901]" box="[844,966,1878,1901]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
(
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC832FF96A51E670CD8DA5858" box="[853,950,1878,1901]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[159,226,1171,1192]" captionTargetBox="[189,1435,188,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-282@18.[189,1436,188,1150]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Left ventral hyoid apparatus of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models showing the A, lateral and B, mesial views of the hypohyals, ceratohyals, interhyal, and branchiostegals, and the C, urohyal in lateral and D, ventral view. Abbreviations: br, branchiostegals; cha, anterior ceratohyal; chp, posterior ceratohyal; hhd, dorsal hypohyal; hhv, ventral hypohyal; ih, interhyal; uh, urohyal. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="80FCC582C833FF97A6D46535DE405ADA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883680/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" startId="19.[159,226,1391,1412]" targetBox="[166,1459,188,1370]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC833FF97A6D46535DE405ADA" blockId="19.[159,1467,1391,1519]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A6D46535DA605AB1" bold="true" box="[159,268,1391,1412]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Gill skeleton of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C833FF97A7856535D9E85AB1" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[462,644,1391,1412]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A7856535D9E85AB1" box="[462,644,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A78965D3DAA35AAA" bold="true" box="[450,463,1417,1439]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
CT models of
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A42965D0D9155AAA" bold="true" box="[610,633,1418,1439]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">A,</emphasis>
complete gill skeleton in lateral view, including the dorsal and ventral gill skeleton and associated gill rakers,
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A7E665FEDAAF5A8C" bold="true" box="[429,451,1444,1465]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">B,</emphasis>
ventral gill skeleton in dorsal view,
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A57465FED83A5A8C" bold="true" box="[831,854,1444,1465]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">C,</emphasis>
dorsal gill skeleton in ventral view. Ventral gill skeleton in green, dorsal gill skeleton in olive, gill rakers in lime.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A4F265E5D8255AE1" bold="true" box="[697,841,1471,1492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Abbreviations</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A51365E5D81E5AE1" bold="true" box="[856,882,1471,1492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">bb</emphasis>
, basibranchials;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A25C65E5DF435AE1" bold="true" box="[1047,1071,1471,1492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">cb</emphasis>
, ceratobranchials;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A2AC65E5DF935AE1" bold="true" box="[1255,1279,1471,1492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">eb</emphasis>
, epibranchials;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A3D165E5DED85AE1" bold="true" box="[1434,1460,1471,1492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">hb</emphasis>
, hypobranchials;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A7756580DA345ADA" bold="true" box="[318,344,1498,1519]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">pb</emphasis>
, pharyngobranchials;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A47B6580D9245ADA" bold="true" box="[560,584,1498,1519]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">rk</emphasis>
, gill rakers. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC833FF97A6D4666FDE755959" blockId="19.[159,782,1589,1868]" lastBlockId="19.[844,1467,1589,1868]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C833FF97A6D4666FDAF05979" bold="true" box="[159,412,1589,1612]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Ventral gill skeleton.</emphasis>
The ventral gill skeleton comprises basibranchials 1–3, hypobranchials 1–3 and ceratobranchials 1–5 (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC833FF97A72E662FDA8459B9" box="[357,488,1653,1676]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1391,1412]" captionTargetBox="[166,1459,188,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-157@19.[166,1459,188,1370]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Gill skeleton of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models of A, complete gill skeleton in lateral view, including the dorsal and ventral gill skeleton and associated gill rakers, B, ventral gill skeleton in dorsal view, C, dorsal gill skeleton in ventral view. Ventral gill skeleton in green, dorsal gill skeleton in olive, gill rakers in lime. Abbreviations: bb, basibranchials; cb, ceratobranchials; eb, epibranchials; hb, hypobranchials; pb, pharyngobranchials; rk, gill rakers. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883680/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12A, B</figureCitation>
). The ventral gill skeleton is articulated anteriorly and laterally, while the more posterior and mesial portions are more disrupted. There is no evidence of the basihyal in tomogram slices; similarly, basibranchial 4 and hypobranchial 4 cannot be seen or are not readily identifiable in the specimen. Descriptions of the ventral gill skeleton are based on whichever branchial bones are most identifiable rather than those from one side of the specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC833FF90A52C662FDA345FC1" blockId="19.[844,1467,1589,1868]" lastBlockId="20.[159,781,189,823]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Basibranchial 1 is short and knob-like, rounded and thicker anteriorly, tapering posteriorly where it meets basibranchial 2 and hypobranchial 1. Basibranchial 2 is more elongate than basibranchial 1, and bears an anteroventral arm that is associated with the posterior margin of basibranchial 1. Basibranchial 3 is taphonomically shifted ventrally and to the right, and is thickened anteriorly where it meets basibranchial 2. Posteriorly it tapers to a point.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A6F260A7D9C85EC0" blockId="20.[159,781,189,823]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Hypobranchial 1 is elongate and linear, with an anterior head thinner in transverse cross-section than the remainder of hypobranchial 1 and curving ventromedially to meet the basibranchials. Hypobranchial 2 is shorter than hypobranchial 1 and similarly possesses an enlarged anterior head that curves mesially towards the interface of basibranchial 2 and basibranchial 3. The ventral surface of hypobranchial 2 is hollowed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A6F261A4DAB15DC2" blockId="20.[159,781,189,823]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
Ceratobranchial 1 is rod-like. Its dorsal surface is smooth, while its ventral surface is hollowed out, bearing lateral laminae that enclose a longitudinal trough which would have accommodated the gill filaments in life. Ceratobranchials 2–4 are broadly similar to
<collectionCode id="B2920DCFC834FF90A49E6225D9935DA3" box="[725,767,639,662]" country="Australia" name="The CB Rhizobium Collection" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">CB</collectionCode>
1. The right ceratobranchial 5 is rod-like, bearing a diamond-shaped platform on the dorsal surface that spans three fourths the total length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A6F2635ADBB65C02" blockId="20.[159,781,189,823]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Tomograms do not reveal any visible pharyngeal teeth.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A6D4630ADA505B7D" blockId="20.[159,781,848,1901]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C834FF90A6D4630ADAEB5C52" bold="true" box="[159,391,848,871]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Dorsal gill skeleton.</emphasis>
The dorsal gill skeleton comprises epibranchials 1–4 and pharyngobranchial 3 as a toothplate (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC834FF90A6A363CADA1D5C92" box="[232,369,912,935]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1391,1412]" captionTargetBox="[166,1459,188,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-157@19.[166,1459,188,1370]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Gill skeleton of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models of A, complete gill skeleton in lateral view, including the dorsal and ventral gill skeleton and associated gill rakers, B, ventral gill skeleton in dorsal view, C, dorsal gill skeleton in ventral view. Ventral gill skeleton in green, dorsal gill skeleton in olive, gill rakers in lime. Abbreviations: bb, basibranchials; cb, ceratobranchials; eb, epibranchials; hb, hypobranchials; pb, pharyngobranchials; rk, gill rakers. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883680/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Fig. 12A, C</figureCitation>
). The dorsal gill skeleton is greatly disrupted from life position on the right side of the skull. The left side is more intact, remaining in partial association with the ventral gill skeleton. All descriptions of the dorsal gill skeleton are based on the left side members.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A6F2640BD9CD5838" blockId="20.[159,781,848,1901]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Epibranchial 1 is elongate and bears a dorsal groove beginning at the posterior margin and spanning half of the total length. This groove terminates at an anterodorsally facing uncinate process approximately one-third the total length of epibranchial 1. Epibranchial 2 is approximately the same length of epibranchial 1 and bears a dorsal groove that terminates posteriorly, extending approximately three-fourths the total length of the element. The mesial margin of this groove bears a lamina that forms part of a broad anterior head that would articulate with the pharyngobranchials in life. Epibranchial 3 is approximately two-thirds the lengths of epibranchials 1 and 2. Epibranchial 3 is elongate and bears a dorsal groove extending two-thirds the length of the surface. A large uncinate process approximately one-third the overall length of the bone projects dorsally from the middle of the mesial face of epibranchial 3. The posterior margin of the uncinate process of epibranchial 3 bears a thin lamina that extends half the length to the posterior margin. Epibranchial 4 is more expanded at its proximal and distal ends than at its midlength, where it bears a large uncinate process.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A6F2674CDE575E63" blockId="20.[159,781,848,1901]" lastBlockId="20.[845,1467,189,342]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Pharyngobranchial 3 is roughly triangular in ventral view, and forms a continuous pharyngeal tooth plate ventrally, though a small taphonomical break separates the anterior and posterior portions of the element. There is a posterodorsally directed process on the dorsal surface approximately midlength along the lateral margin of pharyngobranchial 3. As in extant holocentrids, there does not appear to be a pharyngobranchial 4.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A5066135DE0B5D1C" blockId="20.[845,1467,367,553]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C834FF90A5066135D8BE5EB3" bold="true" box="[845,978,367,390]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Gill rakers.</emphasis>
Approximately six gill rakers are preserved in association with the first gill arch (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC834FF90A2B761D5DE335E93" box="[1276,1375,399,422]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1391,1412]" captionTargetBox="[166,1459,188,1370]" captionTargetId="figure-157@19.[166,1459,188,1370]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Gill skeleton of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT models of A, complete gill skeleton in lateral view, including the dorsal and ventral gill skeleton and associated gill rakers, B, ventral gill skeleton in dorsal view, C, dorsal gill skeleton in ventral view. Ventral gill skeleton in green, dorsal gill skeleton in olive, gill rakers in lime. Abbreviations: bb, basibranchials; cb, ceratobranchials; eb, epibranchials; hb, hypobranchials; pb, pharyngobranchials; rk, gill rakers. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883680/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
). These are elongate, roughly one-third of the total length of ceratobranchial 1. They are cruciform, with a small head proximally, two points branching perpendicular to the main axis, and converging to a point distally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A5066218DFCD5C6B" blockId="20.[845,1467,578,1414]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C834FF90A5066218D8935D6C" bold="true" box="[845,1023,578,601]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Pectoral girdle.</emphasis>
Preserved portions of the pectoral girdle include the most dorsal portions of the left supracleithrum and cleithrum, the ventral portion of postcleithrum 1, the dorsal portion of postcleithrum 2, fragmentary portions of the right cleithrum, and the most ventral portions of the cleithrum on both sides of the specimen (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC834FF90A36D62BFDE1A5DC9" box="[1318,1398,741,764]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[159,226,1114,1135]" captionTargetBox="[179,1444,188,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-321@21.[179,1445,188,1093]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Pectoral girdle of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered MCT model in A, left lateral and B, right lateral views. Abbreviations: cl, cleithrum; co, coracoid; pcl, postcleithrum; scl, supracleithrum. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883682/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). The entirety of the pectoral girdle is fragmentary. Descriptions of the supracleithrum, cleithrum and postcleithrum are based on the left-side members.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A52C633CDF935B96" blockId="20.[845,1467,578,1414]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">The fragment of the supracleithrum is lateral to the most dorsal piece of the cleithrum, and is approximately triangular in shape. The anterior margin of the cleithrum is nearly vertical, while the posterior margin is approximately semicircular. The postcleithrum lies mesial and ventral to the cleithrum. Postcleithrum 1 is broken dorsally, appearing almost rectangular in lateral aspect. The anterior margin is roughly straight, while the posterior margin is rounded off. The fragmentary piece of postcleithrum 2 is approximately triangular.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A52C64F6D89C5AB3" blockId="20.[845,1467,578,1414]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">The ventral portion of the cleithrum is shattered but individual fragments remain in close association. It is weakly sinusoidal in dorsoventral cross-section, and follows the posterior margin of the skull from the edge of the opercles to the midline. Mesially, the ventral portion of the cleithrum is curved posteriorly to associate with its counterpart.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF90A50665C5DE2A5AE2" blockId="20.[845,1466,1439,1495]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C834FF90A50665C5D88B5A83" bold="true" box="[845,999,1439,1462]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Pelvic girdle.</emphasis>
There are no fragments of pelvic girdle preserved in the
<typeStatus id="0B382BA8C834FF90A24F659ADF0D5AE2" box="[1028,1121,1472,1495]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
or referred material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC834FF91A50665AAD9325906" blockId="20.[845,1467,1520,1901]" lastBlockId="21.[159,781,1232,1587]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C834FF90A50665AAD8B15932" bold="true" box="[845,989,1520,1543]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Squamation.</emphasis>
Cycloid scales with a spinoid posterior margin are present along the entirety of the
<typeStatus id="0B382BA8C834FF90A316664ADED65912" box="[1373,1466,1552,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC834FF90A587666BDF4F597D" box="[972,1059,1585,1608]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="22.[159,226,914,935]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,190,891]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[159,1467,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 14. Squamation of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Photographs of the A, cheek and B, abdominal squamation. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bars represent 1cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883684/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). These scales are ovoid, with a height greater than their width. On the skull, scales can be found lateral to the quadrate and metapterygoid, between the posterior margin of the maxilla and the anterior margin of the preopercle, and along the ventral surface between the angular and subopercle (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC834FF90A303668EDEC659DE" box="[1352,1450,1748,1771]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="22.[159,226,914,935]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,190,891]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[159,1467,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 14. Squamation of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Photographs of the A, cheek and B, abdominal squamation. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bars represent 1cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883684/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
). The scales on the cheek have approximately 20 pronounced, anteroposteriorly-aligned ridges. Anteriorly, the ridges of the cheek scales coalesce to form a reticulated pattern. The scales on the ventral surface of the skull specimen bear fewer spines at the posterior margin than those on the cheek. The abdomen is covered in scales larger than those on the head (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC835FF91A4DA6549D9915A1F" box="[657,765,1299,1322]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="22.[159,226,914,935]" captionTargetBox="[159,1467,190,891]" captionTargetId="figure-1@22.[159,1467,188,893]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 14. Squamation of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Photographs of the A, cheek and B, abdominal squamation. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bars represent 1cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883684/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
). Spination is numerous, with greater than 25 ridges along the posterior margins of each scale, though these ridges are less well developed than those of the cheek scales. Each scale along the lateral line bears a large anteroposteriorly aligned crest, with a pore at the posterior margin of the anterior overlapping scale. The lateral line aligns approximately with the height of the vertebral column for the length of the preserved abdomen.
</paragraph>
<caption id="80FCC582C835FF91A6D46400DF375B91" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883682" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883682/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" startId="21.[159,226,1114,1135]" targetBox="[179,1444,188,1093]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="D43C950AC835FF91A6D46400DF375B91" blockId="21.[159,1467,1113,1188]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A6D46400DA675B5A" bold="true" box="[159,267,1114,1135]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Pectoral girdle of †
<taxonomicName id="1383EE89C835FF91A7916400D9E25B5A" authorityName="Andrews &amp; Schein &amp; Friedman" authorityYear="2023" box="[474,654,1114,1135]" family="Holocentridae" genus="Iridopristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parrisi">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A7916400D9E25B5A" box="[474,654,1114,1135]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Iridopristis parrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Rendered
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A78B642EDAA15BBF" bold="true" box="[448,461,1140,1162]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">M</emphasis>
CT model in
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A418642FD9075BBF" bold="true" box="[595,619,1141,1162]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">A,</emphasis>
left lateral and
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A541642FD84C5BBF" bold="true" box="[778,800,1141,1162]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">B,</emphasis>
right lateral views.
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A5A3642FDF145BBF" bold="true" box="[1000,1144,1141,1162]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Abbreviations</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A2CC642FDFF45BBF" bold="true" box="[1159,1176,1141,1162]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">cl</emphasis>
, cleithrum;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A35B642FDE4B5BBF" bold="true" box="[1296,1319,1141,1162]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">co</emphasis>
, coracoid;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A3DD642FDED75BBF" bold="true" box="[1430,1467,1141,1162]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">pcl,</emphasis>
postcleithrum;
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A77B64D5DA265B91" bold="true" box="[304,330,1167,1188]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">scl</emphasis>
, supracleithrum. Arrows indicate anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D43C950AC835FF91A6D46616D8AC595D" blockId="21.[159,782,1612,1901]" lastBlockId="21.[844,1467,1232,1640]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="E6F74918C835FF91A6D46616DA205956" bold="true" box="[159,332,1612,1635]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Axial skeleton.</emphasis>
The articulated postcranium of the
<typeStatus id="0B382BA8C835FF91A49C6616DBA759B0" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
preserves 13 vertebrae in total: a complete series of 11 abdominal vertebrae plus the two anterior-most caudal vertebrae (
<figureCitation id="4CB8898FC835FF91A75866EADA0E59F2" box="[275,354,1712,1735]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[159,226,1827,1848]" captionTargetBox="[175,1450,1073,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-40@22.[174,1451,1072,1805]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Axial skeleton of †Iridopristis parrisi. Holotype (NJSM GP12145), Hornerstown Formation, early Paleocene (Danian), New Jersey, USA. Shown in left lateral view. Abbreviations: c, centra; en, epineural; hs, haemal spines; r, ribs. Arrow indicates anatomical anterior. Scale bar represents 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883686" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883686/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). The first centrum lacks a preserved neural arch or evidence of a broken neural arch, and it is interpreted as being autogenous as in extant holocentrids. The remaining neural arches are broken and not diagnostic. Two small, rod-like epineurals are present anteriorly. The first three centra bear strongly developed transverse processes, while the transverse processes of centra 4 and 5 are weakly developed. The remaining centra do not appear to bear transverse processes. Ribs begin on the third centrum, and appear to be taphonomically absent from centra 8–10. The 11th centrum bears a fragment of the final rib that may be antero-posteriorly expanded as in extant berycids and holocentrids. Centra 7–11 bear ventrally directed parapophyses to which ribs would have articulated; these processes increase conspicuously in length along the series. A bridge between parapophyses on centrum 9 encloses an aortic canal, and subsequent centra bear the canal. Haemal spines begin on the 12th centrum, and are inclined posteriorly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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