580 lines
83 KiB
XML
580 lines
83 KiB
XML
<document id="C1D0419D5974ABFA83AE1E6F122103BF" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.191088" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5a169008-e3e8-4f54-9bfa-4618612942b9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="191088" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461123532220" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cárdenas, Paco, Menegola, Carla, Rapp, Hans Tore & Díaz, Maria Cristina" docDate="2009" docId="03FD6D27AA513200FF4B289FBDA1E85B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02276p039.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2276" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Geodia gibberosa Lamarck 1815" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FFC4155FAA4A321FFFDC2C1EBE47EB47" masterDocTitle="Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1698596348993" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="BE6D999C8C66A05721F337F5B4A19BB0">Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D601CE2806D00DCBD35DFFCED41935BC">Cárdenas, Paco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ED8400DE5C1BDAEACA889E726CD54D18">Menegola, Carla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0433D673731EBF64058DAED3547F2CC8">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9F4BC6C49B3039D0DD36D49330EC1942">Díaz, Maria Cristina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="24253060312CCA15E49A7B8A091D8A60">2009</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03FD6D27AA513200FF4B289FBDA1E85B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689934" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119626239" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689934" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD6D27AA513200FF4B289FBDA1E85B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD6D27AA513200FF4B289FBDA1E85B" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA513204FF4B289FBF14EFF9" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B289FBC6AEFDD" blockId="27.[151,557,1152,1214]" box="[151,557,1152,1179]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<heading id="D0A36B5DAA513204FF4B289FBC6AEFDD" bold="true" box="[151,557,1152,1179]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B289FBC6AEFDD" authority="Lamarck, 1815" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,557,1152,1179]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B289FBC6AEFDD" bold="true" box="[151,557,1152,1179]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B289FBF2DEFDC" bold="true" box="[151,362,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia gibberosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FEAD289EBC6AEFDD" author="Lamarck" box="[369,557,1152,1178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1815) Suite des polypiers empates. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1, 69 - 80, 162 - 168, 331 - 340." type="journal article" year="1815">Lamarck, 1815</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B28BABF14EFF9" blockId="27.[151,557,1152,1214]" box="[151,339,1188,1214]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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(
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<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA513204FF4328BABF0DEFF9" box="[159,330,1188,1214]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 14" captionStart-1="FIGURE 15" captionStartId-0="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionStartId-1="29.[151,257,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1414,197,1835]" captionTargetId-0="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetId-1="figure@29.[168,1429,197,1836]" captionTargetPageId-0="28" captionTargetPageId-1="29" captionText-0="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 15. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 [ZMBN 81780]: A. Plagiotriaene and sterrasters. Scale: 200 µm; B. Anatriaene cladome. Scale: 20 µm; C. Sterraster. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star – shaped smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 2 µm; G. Acanthoxyasters III. Scale: 2 µm; G. gibberosa [MNHN DT – 608, holotype]: H. Smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/191103/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figures 14–15</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA513204FF4B28EFBC1CEE4F" box="[151,603,1265,1288]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B28EFBC1CEE4F" blockId="27.[151,1183,1265,1640]" box="[151,603,1265,1288]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B28EFBF45EE4F" box="[151,258,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Synonyms</emphasis>
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(modified from da Silva, 2002).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA513204FF4B290FBCB5ED2F" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B290FBC7CEE6F" blockId="27.[151,1183,1265,1640]" box="[151,571,1297,1320]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB44FB1FAA513204FF4B290FBC7CEE6F" box="[151,571,1297,1320]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B290FBC70EE6F" authority="Lamarck, 1815: 334" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityPageNumber="334" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,567,1297,1320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B290FBF11EE6F" box="[151,342,1297,1320]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia gibberosa</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA513204FE80290FBC70EE6F" author="Lamarck" box="[348,567,1297,1320]" page="334" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1815">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FE80290FBC45EE6F" author="Lamarck" box="[348,514,1297,1320]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1815) Suite des polypiers empates. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1, 69 - 80, 162 - 168, 331 - 340." type="journal article" year="1815">Lamarck, 1815</bibRefCitation>
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: 334
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B292FBC8DEE0F" blockId="27.[151,1183,1265,1640]" box="[151,714,1329,1352]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB44FB1FAA513204FF4B292FBC8DEE0F" box="[151,714,1329,1352]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B292FBFBCEE0F" ID-CoL="4QYLD" authority="Lamarck, 1815" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,507,1329,1352]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pyxitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B292FBF17EE0F" box="[151,336,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pyxitis gibberosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FE8A292FBFBCEE0F" author="Lamarck" box="[342,507,1329,1352]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1815) Suite des polypiers empates. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1, 69 - 80, 162 - 168, 331 - 340." type="journal article" year="1815">Lamarck, 1815</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA513204FDDA292FBC81EE0F" author="Schmidt" box="[518,710,1329,1352]" page="70" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1870">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FDDA292FBCD9EE0F" author="Schmidt" box="[518,670,1329,1352]" pageId="27" pageNumber="38" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), iii - iv, 1 - 88, pls I - VI." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt 1870</bibRefCitation>
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: 70
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B294FBC82EEEF" blockId="27.[151,1183,1265,1640]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB44FB1FAA513204FF4B294FBC82EEEF" bridged="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B294FBC2FEE2F" authority="Lamarck, 1815" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,616,1361,1384]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa" subGenus="Geodia">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B294FBEA1EE2F" box="[151,230,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF29294FBF04EE2F" box="[245,323,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FE8F294FBFFBEE2F" box="[339,444,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">gibberosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FE1F294FBC2FEE2F" author="Lamarck" box="[451,616,1361,1384]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1815) Suite des polypiers empates. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1, 69 - 80, 162 - 168, 331 - 340." type="journal article" year="1815">Lamarck, 1815</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA513204FDAF294FBD6BEE2F" author="Hechtel" box="[627,812,1361,1384]" page="68" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1965">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FDAF294FBD42EE2F" author="Hechtel" box="[627,773,1361,1384]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1965) A Systematic Study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 103." type="journal article" year="1965">Hechtel 1965</bibRefCitation>
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: 68
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. VIII, fig. 2.
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<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B296FBF9EEECF" authority="Duchassaing" authorityName="Duchassaing" box="[151,473,1393,1416]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cariboea">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B296FBF0CEECF" box="[151,331,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia cariboea</emphasis>
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Duchassaing
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</taxonomicName>
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de
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FDDC296FBD1DEECF" author="Fonbressin" box="[512,858,1393,1416]" pageId="27" pageNumber="36" refString="Duchassaing de Fonbressin, P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124, pls I - XXV." type="journal article" year="1864">Fonbressin and Michelotti, 1864</bibRefCitation>
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(in part): 105, pl. XXV, fig. 8.
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<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B298FBC0DEEEF" authority="Bowerbank, 1872: 628" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityPageNumber="628" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,586,1425,1448]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tumulosa">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B298FBF09EEEF" box="[151,334,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia tumulosa</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA513204FE88298FBC0DEEEF" author="Bowerbank" box="[340,586,1425,1448]" page="628" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1872">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FE88298FBC52EEEF" author="Bowerbank" box="[340,533,1425,1448]" pageId="27" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1872) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part III. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1872, 626 - 635, pls XLVI - XLIX." type="proceedings paper" year="1872">Bowerbank, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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: 628
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. XLVII.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B29AFBC37EEAF" blockId="27.[151,1183,1265,1640]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB44FB1FAA513204FF4B29AFBC37EEAF" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B29AFBFB6EE8F" authority="Bowerbank, 1873" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,497,1457,1480]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="media">
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||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B29AFBF6AEE8F" box="[151,301,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia media</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FEE829AFBFB6EE8F" author="Bowerbank" box="[308,497,1457,1480]" pageId="27" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1873) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part IV. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1873, 3 - 25, pls I - IV." type="proceedings paper" year="1873">Bowerbank, 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
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||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FDDD29AFBCCDEE8F" box="[513,650,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">non G. m e d ia</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FD4829AFBD12EE8F" author="Lendenfeld" box="[660,853,1457,1480]" pageId="27" pageNumber="38" refString="von Lendenfeld, R. (1910) The Sponges. 1. The Geodidae. In: Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer ' Albatross', from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., Commanding, and of other Expeditions of the Albatross, 1888 - 1904. (21). Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 41, 1 - 259, pls 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1910">Lendenfeld, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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||
): 13, pl. II.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B29CFBC66EEAF" authority="Bowerbank, 1873: 14" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityPageNumber="14" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,545,1489,1512]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dysoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B29CFBF75EEAF" box="[151,306,1489,1512]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia dysoni</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA513204FEE429CFBC66EEAF" author="Bowerbank" box="[312,545,1489,1512]" page="14" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1873">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FEE429CFBFBEEEAF" author="Bowerbank" box="[312,505,1489,1512]" pageId="27" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1873) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part IV. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1873, 3 - 25, pls I - IV." type="proceedings paper" year="1873">Bowerbank, 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 14
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pl. III.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B29EFBCB5ED2F" blockId="27.[151,1183,1265,1640]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB44FB1FAA513204FF4B29EFBCB5ED2F" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B29EFBC17ED4F" authority="Bowerbank, 1874: 300" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityPageNumber="300" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,592,1521,1544]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B29EFBF15ED4F" box="[151,338,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA513204FE8529EFBC17ED4F" author="Bowerbank" box="[345,592,1521,1544]" page="300" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1874">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FE8529EFBC5CED4F" author="Bowerbank" box="[345,539,1521,1544]" pageId="27" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VI. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1874, 298 - 305, pls XLVI - XLVII." type="proceedings paper" year="1874">Bowerbank, 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 300
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pl. XLVI, figs. 14–20.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B2A0FBC0FED6F" authority="Uliczka, 1929: 54" authorityName="Uliczka" authorityPageNumber="54" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,584,1553,1576]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Sidonops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stromatodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B2A0FBFC6ED6F" box="[151,385,1553,1576]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Sidonops stromatodes</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA513204FE5B2A0FBC0FED6F" author="Uliczka" box="[391,584,1553,1576]" page="54" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1929">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FE5B2A0FBC67ED6F" author="Uliczka" box="[391,544,1553,1576]" pageId="27" pageNumber="39" refString="Uliczka, E. (1929) Die tetraxonen Schwamme Westindiens (auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Reise Kukenthal-Hartmeyer). Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, supplement 16, 35 - 62, pl I." type="journal article" year="1929">Uliczka, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 54
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figs. 51–56, pl. I, fig. 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B2A2FBF6AED0F" box="[151,301,1585,1608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="media">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B2A2FBF6AED0F" box="[151,301,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia media</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FEE82A2FBCE0ED0F" authority="Uliczka, 1929: 56" authorityName="Uliczka" authorityPageNumber="56" authorityYear="1929" box="[308,679,1585,1608]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="variety" variety="leptoraphes">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FEBE2A2FBFA7ED0F" box="[354,480,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">leptoraphes</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA513204FE3A2A2FBCE0ED0F" author="Uliczka" box="[486,679,1585,1608]" page="56" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1929">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FE3A2A2FBCC7ED0F" author="Uliczka" box="[486,640,1585,1608]" pageId="27" pageNumber="39" refString="Uliczka, E. (1929) Die tetraxonen Schwamme Westindiens (auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Reise Kukenthal-Hartmeyer). Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, supplement 16, 35 - 62, pl I." type="journal article" year="1929">Uliczka, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 56
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figs. 57–67, pl. I, fig. 11.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FF4B2A4FBC2EED2F" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1986: 76" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityPageNumber="76" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,617,1617,1640]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="flexisclera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B2A4FBF1CED2F" box="[151,347,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geodia flexisclera</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF5FA20AA513204FEBE2A4FBC2EED2F" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[354,617,1617,1640]" page="76" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1986">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FEBE2A4FBC06ED2F" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[354,577,1617,1640]" pageId="27" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 76
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figs. 10–11.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA513201FF4B2A86BDF9E91C" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF4B2A86BC8CEDF5" blockId="27.[151,1436,1688,1946]" box="[151,715,1688,1714]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF4B2A86BF4DEDF6" box="[151,266,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF6293AA513204FF4B2A86BF41EDF6" box="[151,262,1688,1713]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA513204FECD2A86BF2CEDF5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[273,363,1688,1714]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA513204FEAE2A86BFDCEDF5" box="[370,411,1688,1714]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">DT</collectionCode>
|
||
–608, dry,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FDCA2A86BC80EDF5" box="[534,711,1688,1714]" name="French Guiana" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF1A2AA1BD46EDB8" blockId="27.[151,1436,1688,1946]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF1A2AA1BF6AED9F" box="[198,301,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Material</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5217B8AA513204FEE72AA0BF89ED9F" box="[315,462,1726,1752]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, all collected in Solarte lagoon, on mangrove roots,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA513204FBEC2AA0BAD7ED9F" box="[1072,1168,1726,1752]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 m</quantity>
|
||
depth. Two specimens (fragments) are deposited:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA513204FE0D2AFBBC61EDB8" box="[465,550,1765,1791]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">ZMBN</collectionCode>
|
||
77928 and 81780.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA513204FF1A2B12BDF8ECDD" blockId="27.[151,1436,1688,1946]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA513204FF1A2B12BD44EC62" box="[198,771,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Additional material examined.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA513204FDEE2B12BD44EC62" box="[562,771,1804,1829]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">Geodia gibberosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA513204FCCD2B12BD2CEC61" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[785,875,1804,1830]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA513204FCAE2B12BDDCEC61" box="[882,923,1804,1830]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">DT</collectionCode>
|
||
–608,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF6293AA513204FC3E2B12BA0BEC61" box="[994,1100,1804,1830]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FB8B2B12BB40EC61" box="[1111,1287,1804,1830]" name="French Guiana" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA513204FACF2B12BB14EC61" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" box="[1299,1363,1804,1830]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">YPM</collectionCode>
|
||
5302, 5304, 5311, mangrove boat channel, Port Royal,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FD302B2CBD0AEC0B" box="[748,845,1842,1868]" name="Jamaica" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA513204FC7E2B2CBA16EC0B" author="Hechtel" box="[930,1105,1842,1868]" pageId="27" pageNumber="37" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1965) A Systematic Study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 103." type="journal article" year="1965">Hechtel, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA513204FBBB2B2CBAFAEC0B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1127,1213,1842,1868]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
4997, off Florida,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FF4B2B47BE92EC34" box="[151,213,1881,1907]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA513204FF3D2B47BF67EC34" box="[225,288,1881,1907]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
|
||
; ZMAPOR 03772b, Plaja Kalkie, Westpunt,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FCE82B47BDDEEC34" box="[820,921,1881,1907]" name="Curaçao" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
; UFBA-POR 207, Barra do Pote, Veracruz, Bahia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA513204FF362B9EBF73ECDD" box="[234,308,1920,1946]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE60BAF6AA513204FE9C2B9EBF8CECDD" box="[320,459,1920,1946]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="-12.983334">12°59'00" S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
/
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE60BAF6AA513204FE002B9EBC33ECDD" box="[476,628,1920,1946]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="-38.6">38°36'00" W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, V. Almeida coll., intertidal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2B8CB9AA563203FF4B2B00BB4BECA3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA563203FF4B2B00BB4BECA3" blockId="28.[151,1437,1822,2020]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA563203FF4B2B00BF77EC71" bold="true" box="[151,304,1822,1846]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA563203FEE42B01BC87EC71" authority="Lamarck, 1815" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[312,704,1823,1846]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA563203FEE42B01BFCBEC71" box="[312,396,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Geodia</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA563203FE482B01BC41EC71" box="[404,518,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
Lamarck, 1815
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA563203FDD82B5CBC89EC1E" box="[516,718,1858,1881]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molibta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA563203FDD82B5CBC89EC1E" box="[516,718,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Chalinula molibta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA563203FC7A2B7BBDA0EC3B" box="[934,999,1893,1916]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA563203FA592B7BBF44ECD8" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA563203FA592B7BBF44ECD8" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross–section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross–section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2B8CB9AA573202FF4B2B56BF59ECB6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191103/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[168,1414,197,1835]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA573202FF4B2B56BF59ECB6" blockId="29.[151,1437,1864,2033]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA573202FF4B2B56BF6DEC27" bold="true" box="[151,298,1864,1888]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA573202FEEE2B57BCE1EC27" authority="Lamarck, 1815" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[306,678,1865,1888]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA573202FEEE2B57BFC4EC27" box="[306,387,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Geodia</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA573202FE572B57BFBFEC27" box="[395,504,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
Lamarck, 1815
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[ZMBN 81780]: A. Plagiotriaene and sterrasters. Scale: 200 µm; B. Anatriaene cladome. Scale: 20 µm; C. Sterraster. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star–shaped smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 2 µm; G. Acanthoxyasters III. Scale: 2 µm;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA573202FE8B2BABBFA4EC8B" box="[343,483,1973,1996]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA573202FE8B2BABBFA4EC8B" box="[343,483,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[MNHN DT–608, holotype]: H. Smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA543201FF1A2C86BDF9E91C" blockId="30.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FF1A2C86BFEAEBF6" box="[198,429,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Outer morphology</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FE172C86BC6BEBF5" box="[459,556,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). Massive, irregularly lobate large sponge (‘gibberosa’ means ‘hunchbacked’) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FE832CA0BFF3EB9F" box="[351,436,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B). Size can be up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA543201FD0B2CA0BD66EB9F" box="[727,801,190,216]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. Color alive is dark–green to light–brown when exposed to light, otherwise whitish. Color in ethanol is whitish, except the oscule area that stays dark brown. Choanosome color, alive and in ethanol, is whitish. However, in live green specimens, the choanosome just below the cortex can also be greenish. It is a slightly compressible sponge with a dense choanosome, and a tough cortex, difficult to break. Surface is usually smooth, but can be hispid in some areas. Often overgrown by other sponges (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA543201FD5E2D9EBD69EADE" box="[642,814,384,409]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="actinia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FD5E2D9EBD69EADE" box="[642,814,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Tethya actinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
de Laubenfels,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA543201FC2D2D9EBA8AEADE" box="[1009,1229,384,409]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FC2D2D9EBA8AEADE" box="[1009,1229,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Chalinula molitba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(de Laubenfels),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA543201FF4B2DB9BF4AEA87" box="[151,269,423,448]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FF4B2DB9BF4AEA87" box="[151,269,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Haliclona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.), ascidians, polychaetes, clams and algae. Oscules are uniporal (
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA543201FBE92DB8BA84EA87" box="[1077,1219,422,448]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter), each with a sphincter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FEB82DD3BFFDEAA0" box="[356,442,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
F), grouped in circular slightly depressed areas (
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA543201FC2E2DD3BA0BEAA0" box="[1010,1100,461,487]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="cm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FB092DD3BB6CEAA0" box="[1237,1323,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
C). These oscular plates can be situated at the end of lobate projections or not; they are never covered by ectosymbionts. These plates usually are of darker color, brownish. Pores (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FC9A2E04BDDDE973" box="[838,922,538,564]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
D) are cribriporal (diameter of a pore plate:
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA543201FF4B2E5FBF55E91C" box="[151,274,577,603]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 mm</quantity>
|
||
), numerous and evenly distributed over the whole surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA543201FF1A2E76BA3DEE7D" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA543201FF1A2E76BFB1E82D" blockId="30.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FF1A2E76BF6DE9C6" box="[198,298,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Skeleton</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FEE62E76BFC8E9C5" box="[314,399,616,642]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F). The cortex is
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA543201FDA22E76BD4BE9C5" box="[638,780,616,642]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick and is subdivided between a very thin ectocortex of acanthoxyasters III (ca 20 µm) and a thicker endocortex of sterrasters (ca 500 µm). Oxeas I and plagiotriaenes are radially positioned under the cortex with cladomes supporting the endocortex. Under this layer of plagiotriaenes the radial arrangement is less obvious. Most acanthoxyasters II are present right under the cortex while acanthoxyasters I and III are quite abundant throughout the choanosome, as well as developing sterrasters. Oxeas II can be found in the choanosome but are especially placed on the cortex around the oscules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FE5D2F4EBF90E82D" box="[385,471,848,874]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA543201FF1A2F69BE82EE54" blockId="30.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FF1A2F69BF6FE8D7" box="[198,296,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Spicules</emphasis>
|
||
(measurements from ZMBN 77928, except for the rosette diameter measured in ZMBN 81780) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FF432F83BEB1E8F0" box="[159,246,925,951]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,257,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[168,1414,197,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[168,1429,197,1836]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 [ZMBN 81780]: A. Plagiotriaene and sterrasters. Scale: 200 µm; B. Anatriaene cladome. Scale: 20 µm; C. Sterraster. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star – shaped smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 2 µm; G. Acanthoxyasters III. Scale: 2 µm; G. gibberosa [MNHN DT – 608, holotype]: H. Smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191103/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FED72F83BFD9E8F1" box="[267,414,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Megascleres</emphasis>
|
||
: (a) oxeas I, stout, straight or very slightly bent, length: 1044–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FBA52F83BA8DE8F1" box="[1145,1226,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">1342.1</emphasis>
|
||
–1824 µm; width: 16–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FF192FDABEBBE89A" box="[197,252,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">31.2</emphasis>
|
||
–42 µm. (b) oxeas II, usually straight, length: 157–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FC5E2FDABD8FE89A" box="[898,968,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">201.5</emphasis>
|
||
–238 µm; width: 3.6–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FB052FDABB47E89A" box="[1241,1280,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">4.3</emphasis>
|
||
–7.2 µm. (c) plagiotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FE8F2FF4BFECEF43" box="[339,427,1002,1028]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,257,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[168,1414,197,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[168,1429,197,1836]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 [ZMBN 81780]: A. Plagiotriaene and sterrasters. Scale: 200 µm; B. Anatriaene cladome. Scale: 20 µm; C. Sterraster. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star – shaped smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 2 µm; G. Acanthoxyasters III. Scale: 2 µm; G. gibberosa [MNHN DT – 608, holotype]: H. Smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191103/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
A), rhabdome length: 792–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FD2A2FF4BD75EF44" box="[758,818,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<date id="FFEAFAF1AA543201FD2A2FF4BD75EF44" box="[758,818,1002,1027]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1266" valueMax="1620">1266</date>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
–1620 µm; rhabdome width: 35–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FB192FF4BABDEF44" box="[1221,1274,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">48.1</emphasis>
|
||
–70 µm; clad length: 98–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FEFE280FBF23EF6D" box="[290,356,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">211.4</emphasis>
|
||
–308 µm. (d) anatriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FD76280FBD43EF6C" box="[682,772,1041,1067]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,257,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[168,1414,197,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[168,1429,197,1836]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 [ZMBN 81780]: A. Plagiotriaene and sterrasters. Scale: 200 µm; B. Anatriaene cladome. Scale: 20 µm; C. Sterraster. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star – shaped smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 2 µm; G. Acanthoxyasters III. Scale: 2 µm; G. gibberosa [MNHN DT – 608, holotype]: H. Smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191103/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
B), rare, rhabdome length: 1433 µm (N=1); rhabdome width: 6–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FED52826BF69EF16" box="[265,302,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">7.9</emphasis>
|
||
–11 µm (N=3); clad length: 23–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FD712826BCA6EF16" box="[685,737,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">26.5</emphasis>
|
||
–33 µm (N=3).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FC432826BA7FEF16" box="[927,1080,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Microscleres</emphasis>
|
||
: (e) sterrasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FB202826BB16EF15" box="[1276,1361,1080,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,257,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[168,1414,197,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[168,1429,197,1836]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 [ZMBN 81780]: A. Plagiotriaene and sterrasters. Scale: 200 µm; B. Anatriaene cladome. Scale: 20 µm; C. Sterraster. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star – shaped smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 2 µm; G. Acanthoxyasters III. Scale: 2 µm; G. gibberosa [MNHN DT – 608, holotype]: H. Smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191103/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D), oval, with smooth 3–5 branched rosettes at their surface (diameter: ca. 4 µm), length: 75–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FB352841BB59EF3F" box="[1257,1310,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">84.1</emphasis>
|
||
–93.1 µm; width: 54–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FECB289BBF0CEFD9" box="[279,331,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">79.5</emphasis>
|
||
–93.1 µm. (f) acanthoxyasters I (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FD09289BBD6BEFD8" box="[725,812,1157,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,257,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[168,1414,197,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[168,1429,197,1836]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 [ZMBN 81780]: A. Plagiotriaene and sterrasters. Scale: 200 µm; B. Anatriaene cladome. Scale: 20 µm; C. Sterraster. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star – shaped smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 2 µm; G. Acanthoxyasters III. Scale: 2 µm; G. gibberosa [MNHN DT – 608, holotype]: H. Smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191103/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
E), 6–12 thin actines, diameter: 16–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FB05289BBB4AEFD9" box="[1241,1293,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">21.3</emphasis>
|
||
–34 µm. (g) acanthoxyasters II (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FE5E28B2BF9FEF81" box="[386,472,1196,1222]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,257,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[168,1414,197,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[168,1429,197,1836]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 [ZMBN 81780]: A. Plagiotriaene and sterrasters. Scale: 200 µm; B. Anatriaene cladome. Scale: 20 µm; C. Sterraster. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star – shaped smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 2 µm; G. Acanthoxyasters III. Scale: 2 µm; G. gibberosa [MNHN DT – 608, holotype]: H. Smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191103/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
F), large centrum, with thicker and shorter actines than acanthoxyasters I, 14–20 actines, diameter: 9.7–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FE7E28CDBF92EFAB" box="[418,469,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">13.4</emphasis>
|
||
–16.2 µm. (h) acanthoxyasters III (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FCAF28CDBD80EFAA" box="[883,967,1235,1261]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,257,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[168,1414,197,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[168,1429,197,1836]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 [ZMBN 81780]: A. Plagiotriaene and sterrasters. Scale: 200 µm; B. Anatriaene cladome. Scale: 20 µm; C. Sterraster. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star – shaped smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 2 µm; G. Acanthoxyasters III. Scale: 2 µm; G. gibberosa [MNHN DT – 608, holotype]: H. Smooth rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191103/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
G), 9–17 actines, diameter: 4.3–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FA9828CDBB2EEFAB" box="[1348,1385,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">6.5</emphasis>
|
||
–7.6 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA543201FF1A293EBA3DEE7D" blockId="30.[151,1437,152,2034]" box="[198,1146,1312,1338]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FF1A293EBC3DEE7E" box="[198,634,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Habitat in the Bocas del Toro region.</emphasis>
|
||
Common on mangrove roots,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA543201FC3C293EBA6DEE7D" box="[992,1066,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA543201FF1A2959BAE5ED28" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA543201FF1A2959BAE5ED28" blockId="30.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FF1A2959BF12EE27" box="[198,341,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FEB42958BF8EEE27" box="[360,457,1350,1376]" name="Georgia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Florida, Texas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FD4B2958BCAFEE27" box="[663,744,1350,1376]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
(de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FCF92958BA47EE27" author="Laubenfels" box="[805,1024,1350,1376]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1936 b) A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera. Papers from Tortugas Laboratory, 30, 1 - 225, pls 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="b">Laubenfels 1936b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FBD92958BA05EE27" author="Laubenfels" box="[1029,1090,1350,1376]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1953) Sponges from the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 2, 511 - 557." type="journal article" year="1953">1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FB8E2958BA9CEE27" author="Little" box="[1106,1243,1350,1376]" pageId="30" pageNumber="38" refString="Little, F. J. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's sound, Apalachee Bay, and Panama city regions of the Florida gulf coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11, 31 - 71." type="journal article" year="1963">Little 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FB372958BE91EEC0" author="Freeman" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="Freeman, C. J., Gleason, D. F., Ruzicka, R., van Soest, R. W. M., Harvey, A. W. & McFall, G. (2007) A biogeographic comparison of sponge fauna from Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary and other hard-bottom reefs of coastal Georgia, U. S. A. In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.) Porifera research: biodiversity, innovation and sustainability. Serie Livros 28, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Freeman
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FA812959BBDBEE27" box="[1373,1436,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FF362973BF26EEC0" box="[234,353,1389,1415]" name="Bermuda" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Bermudas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FE492973BC1AEEC0" author="Laubenfels" box="[405,605,1389,1415]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1950) The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 27, 1 - 154, pls I - II." type="journal article" year="1950">Laubenfels 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FDAE2973BC99EEC0" box="[626,734,1389,1415]" name="Bahamas" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FCCD2973BD9FEEC0" author="Laubenfels" box="[785,984,1389,1415]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1949) Sponges of the western Bahamas. American Museum novitates, 1431, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1949">Laubenfels 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FC382973BA8AEEC0" author="Wiedenmayer" box="[996,1229,1389,1415]" pageId="30" pageNumber="39" refString="Wiedenmayer, F. (1977) Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum 28, 1 - 287, pls 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1977">Wiedenmayer 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FB3E2973BB67EEC0" box="[1250,1312,1389,1415]" name="Cuba" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FAF32973BE9AEEE9" author="Alcolado" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72." type="journal article" year="2002">Alcolado 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FF28298ABF1CEEE9" box="[244,347,1428,1454]" name="Jamaica" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FEB2298ABC17EEE9" author="Bowerbank" box="[366,592,1428,1454]" pageId="30" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1872) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part III. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1872, 626 - 635, pls XLVI - XLIX." type="proceedings paper" year="1872">Bowerbank 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FD83298ABD57EEE9" author="Hechtel" box="[607,784,1428,1454]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1965) A Systematic Study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 103." type="journal article" year="1965">Hechtel 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lehnert & van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FC39298ABA3EEEE9" author="Soest" box="[997,1145,1428,1454]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="Lehnert, H. & van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) Shallow water sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48, 71 - 103." type="journal article" year="1998">Soest 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FB4E298ABBDAEEE9" box="[1170,1437,1428,1454]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FF4329A5BF29EE92" author="Bowerbank" box="[159,366,1467,1493]" pageId="30" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1873) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part IV. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1873, 3 - 25, pls I - IV." type="proceedings paper" year="1873">Bowerbank 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FE5E29A5BC4AEE92" box="[386,525,1467,1493]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FDC029A5BD54EE92" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[540,787,1467,1493]" pageId="30" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); St. Thomas (Duchassaing de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FBA029A5BE91EEBC" author="Fonbressin" pageId="30" pageNumber="36" refString="Duchassaing de Fonbressin, P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124, pls I - XXV." type="journal article" year="1864">Fonbressin & Michelotti 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FF3629FFBF00EEBC" box="[234,327,1505,1531]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">St. John</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FE8A29FFBFBEEEBC" author="Uliczka" box="[342,505,1505,1531]" pageId="30" pageNumber="39" refString="Uliczka, E. (1929) Die tetraxonen Schwamme Westindiens (auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Reise Kukenthal-Hartmeyer). Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, supplement 16, 35 - 62, pl I." type="journal article" year="1929">Uliczka 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FDD129FFBC3CEEBC" box="[525,635,1505,1531]" name="Barbados" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FD5729FFBD6BEEBC" author="Uliczka" box="[651,812,1505,1531]" pageId="30" pageNumber="39" refString="Uliczka, E. (1929) Die tetraxonen Schwamme Westindiens (auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Reise Kukenthal-Hartmeyer). Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, supplement 16, 35 - 62, pl I." type="journal article" year="1929">Uliczka 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FCB529FFBA28EEBC" author="Soest" box="[873,1135,1505,1531]" pageId="30" pageNumber="39" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.) Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, No. 122., Amsterdam, pp. 1 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1988">Soest & Stentoft 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FB5829FFBA9AEEBC" box="[1156,1245,1505,1531]" name="Mexico" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FB3029FFBBC9EEBC" author="Lehnert" box="[1260,1422,1505,1531]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="Lehnert, H. (1993) The sponges from Cozumel (Mexico). Inventory, critical comparison of taxonomic characters and description of a new species. Acta Biologica Benrodis, 5, 35 - 127." type="journal article" year="1993">Lehnert 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FF4B2A16BF4EED65" box="[151,265,1544,1570]" name="Honduras" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FECB2A16BFA0ED65" author="Bowerbank" box="[279,487,1544,1570]" pageId="30" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1872) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part III. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1872, 626 - 635, pls XLVI - XLIX." type="proceedings paper" year="1872">Bowerbank 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FE272A16BC01ED65" box="[507,582,1544,1570]" name="Belize" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FD892A16BD72ED65" author="Rutzler" box="[597,821,1544,1570]" pageId="30" pageNumber="38" refString="Rutzler, K., Diaz, M. C., van Soest, R. W. M., Zea, S., Smith, K. P., Alvarez, B. & Wulff, J. (2000) Diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds, Pelican Cays, Belize. Atoll Research Bulletin, 476," type="book chapter" year="2000">
|
||
Rützler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FD682A16BCA9ED66" box="[692,750,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Costa–Rica (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FC032A16BAB7ED65" author="Loaiza" box="[991,1264,1544,1570]" pageId="30" pageNumber="38" refString="Loaiza Coronado, B. (1991) Estudio taxonomico de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Cahuita, sector Punta Vargas e Isla Uvita, Limon, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 36, 21 - 62." type="journal article" year="1991">Loaiza Coronado 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FB202A16BBC9ED65" author="Cortes" box="[1276,1422,1544,1570]" pageId="30" pageNumber="36" refString="Cortes, J. (1996) Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: filo Porifera. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44, 911 - 914." type="journal article" year="1996">Cortés 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FF4B2A30BEB1ED0F" box="[151,246,1582,1608]" name="Panama" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FEF02A30BC40ED0F" author="Laubenfels" box="[300,519,1582,1608]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1936 a) A comparison of the shallow-water sponges near the Pacific end of the Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 83, 441 - 466." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels 1936a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wulff 2000);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FD642A30BD69ED0F" box="[696,814,1582,1608]" name="Colombia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Díaz 2007);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FC042A30BA7BED0F" box="[984,1084,1582,1608]" name="Curaçao" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
(van Soest 1981);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FAFD2A30BBDBED0F" box="[1313,1436,1582,1608]" name="Venezuela" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FF422A4BBF68ED28" author="Carter" box="[158,303,1621,1647]" pageId="30" pageNumber="36" refString="Carter, H. J. (1882) Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory Remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5), 266 - 301, 346 - 368, pls XI - XII." type="journal article" year="1882">Carter 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FEE72A4BBC47ED28" author="Sutherland" box="[315,512,1621,1647]" pageId="30" pageNumber="39" refString="Sutherland, J. P. (1980) Dynamics of the epibenthic community on roots of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle, at Bahia de Buche, Venezuela. Marine Biology, 58, 75 - 84." type="journal article" year="1980">Sutherland 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FDC92A4BBC85ED28" box="[533,706,1621,1647]" name="French Guiana" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FD0E2A4BBDC5ED28" author="Lamarck" box="[722,898,1621,1647]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. (1815) Suite des polypiers empates. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1, 69 - 80, 162 - 168, 331 - 340." type="journal article" year="1815">Lamarck 1815</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FC4B2A4BBD99ED28" box="[919,990,1621,1647]" name="Brazil" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(da Silva 2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA543200FF1A2A62BDA1E85B" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA543200FF1A2A62BDA1E85B" blockId="30.[151,1437,152,2034]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,152,796]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FF1A2A62BFAEEDD2" box="[198,489,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Remarks and discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
After the Galeta and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FD3A2A62BD04EDD1" box="[742,835,1660,1686]" name="Panama" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
Canal locality records, this is the third record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA543201FA5F2A62BF49EDFB" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FA5F2A62BF49EDFB" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FEEA2ABDBFDEEDFA" box="[310,409,1699,1725]" name="Panama" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In fact,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA543201FDDF2ABDBCDBEDFB" box="[515,668,1699,1724]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FDDF2ABDBCDBEDFB" box="[515,668,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the sponge species that have been able to cross to the Pacific side using the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA543201FE762AD7BC4CEDA4" box="[426,523,1737,1763]" name="Panama" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
Canal (de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FD482AD7BD31EDA4" author="Laubenfels" box="[660,886,1737,1763]" pageId="30" pageNumber="37" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1936 a) A comparison of the shallow-water sponges near the Pacific end of the Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 83, 441 - 466." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels 1936a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The spicule sizes and morphologies of our specimens fitted previous descriptions (da Silva 2002) and the comparative material, except for the Florida specimen (USNM 4997) which had a more regular gross morphology and smaller sterrasters with a different rosette pattern (data not shown). We suggest that the status of Florida populations should be tested in the future. This is the first observation of anatriaenes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA543201FD252B7ABDCAEC3A" box="[761,909,1892,1917]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FD252B7ABDCAEC3A" box="[761,909,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but due to their rarity, they could have easily been overlooked in previous observations. It is also the first time that oxeas II are observed in high density around the oscules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FE5D2BAFBF90EC8C" box="[385,471,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
F). The lobate morphology of our specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA543201FC2C2BAFBA02EC8C" box="[1008,1093,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,260,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[151,1420,197,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,197,1796]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross – section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191102/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B) was very similar to that of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EF6293AA543201FF1E2BC6BF6EECB5" box="[194,297,2008,2034]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA543201FE8C2BC6BC5EECB6" box="[336,537,2008,2033]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tumulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FE8C2BC6BC5EECB6" box="[336,537,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Geodia tumulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543201FDF42BC6BD3EECB5" author="Bowerbank" box="[552,889,2008,2034]" pageId="30" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1872) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part III. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1872, 626 - 635, pls XLVI - XLIX." type="proceedings paper" year="1872">Bowerbank 1872, pl. XLVII</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), later synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA543201FB7B2BC6BB7CECB6" box="[1191,1339,2008,2033]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA543201FB7B2BC6BB7CECB6" box="[1191,1339,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA543200FA962BC6BE9FEBF5" author="Carter" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="36" refString="Carter, H. J. (1882) Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory Remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5), 266 - 301, 346 - 368, pls XI - XII." type="journal article" year="1882">Carter, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; da Silva, 2002).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA553200FE692C86BC14EBF6" box="[437,595,152,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA553200FE692C86BC14EBF6" box="[437,595,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a common wide-spread Tropical western Atlantic species. In the literature it appears that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA553200FE672CA1BC16EB9F" box="[443,593,191,216]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA553200FE672CA1BC16EB9F" box="[443,593,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very polymorphic when it comes to its gross morphology (lobate to flat, massive to encrusting) and its color (white, brown, green and black). A pattern emerges when one considers its two habitats (reef and mangrove). Reef specimens tend to be smaller in size with common encrusting forms, and are usually white to brown. On the other hand, mangrove specimens like ours tend to be large, massive, lobate, and darker colored. Ecology studies have shown that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA553200FBCA2D47BAEDEA35" box="[1046,1194,345,370]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA553200FBCA2D47BAEDEA35" box="[1046,1194,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very palatable for reef fishes and has no chemical defenses (Pawlik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA553200FD282D9EBD75EADE" box="[756,818,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995). Therefore, it uses secondary metabolites to promote overgrowth of other species better equipped to defend themselves from fish predation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA553200FAE82DB8BF68EAA0" author="Engel" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="31" pageNumber="36" refString="Engel, S. & Pawlik, J. R. (2005) Interactions among Florida sponges. II. Mangrove habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 303, 145 - 152." type="journal article" year="2005">Engel & Pawlik 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All the specimens we observed in Bocas del Toro were indeed covered with numerous sponges, ascidians, algae, etc. Fish predation being lower in mangroves (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA553200FC402DEABAFCE949" author="Dunlap" box="[924,1211,500,526]" pageId="31" pageNumber="36" refString="Dunlap, M. & Pawlik, J. R. (1996) Video monitored predation by Caribbean reef fishes on an array of mangrove and reef sponges. Marine Biology, 126, 117 - 123." type="journal article" year="1996">Dunlap & Pawlik 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA553200FB0D2DEABB2CE94A" box="[1233,1387,500,525]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA553200FB0D2DEABB2CE94A" box="[1233,1387,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can reach bigger sizes and grow in more open habitats thereby receiving more sunlight and having darker colors. Conversely, predation pressure in reefs being higher,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA553200FCF12E5FBD8EE91D" box="[813,969,577,602]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Geodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA553200FCF12E5FBD8EE91D" box="[813,969,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is usually smaller and prefers cryptic habitats (under rocks or other sponges, crevices). When not exposed to light it is of lighter color, often white. Seemingly, two other mangrove sponges (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA553200FD5B2E91BDD9E9EF" box="[647,926,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tedaniidae" genus="Tedania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ignis" subGenus="Tedania">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA553200FD5B2E91BDD9E9EF" box="[647,926,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Tedania (Tedania) ignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA553200FF172EABBF1EE989" box="[203,345,693,718]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrosiidae" genus="Chondrosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA553200FF172EABBF1EE989" box="[203,345,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chondrosia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.) were found in cryptic habitats when collected on reefs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA553200FB9C2EABBB25E988" author="Dunlap" box="[1088,1378,693,719]" pageId="31" pageNumber="36" refString="Dunlap, M. & Pawlik, J. R. (1996) Video monitored predation by Caribbean reef fishes on an array of mangrove and reef sponges. Marine Biology, 126, 117 - 123." type="journal article" year="1996">Dunlap & Pawlik 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An alternative to the polymorphism hypothesis is that we simply have two (or more) cryptic species. Both hypotheses should be tested combining morphology and molecular data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |