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<mods:title id="888132CE009E17C9FD7E33BD17DD0EA6">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AB050463836A5F7D5A6F4C74870AE9AC">Kirti, Jagbir Singh</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFF9800BFF7853C9FEB458CF" blockId="34.[151,334,1938,1965]" box="[151,334,1938,1965]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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2.7.
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF9800BFF2753C8FEB458CF" ID-CoL="93MYC" ID-ENA="299370" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[200,334,1938,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontiinae">Odontiinae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFF9800AFF785380FE585EEA" blockId="34.[151,1437,2010,2037]" lastBlockId="35.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF9800BFF785380FE2D5897" bold="true" box="[151,471,2010,2037]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
present on all continents and continental islands, with the exception of
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFF9800BFB105381FA635896" box="[1279,1433,2011,2037]" name="New Zealand" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
. In cold or dry environments, the imagines are often diurnal (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF8800AFCAF54CDFBC15FD2" author="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A." box="[832,1083,151,177]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe &amp; Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
). The subfamily comprises 388 species in 87 genera (Nuss
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFE2354E1FDFF5FB6" box="[460,517,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
20032022,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF8800AFD7654E1FCA55FB6" author="Leger, T. &amp; Mally, R. &amp; Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[665,863,187,213]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
Léger
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFD0D54E1FCE15FB6" box="[738,795,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). From
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFF8800AFC5954E1FC085FB6" box="[950,1010,187,213]" name="India" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">India</collectingCountry>
, 27 species in 19 genera are reported, representing 6.95 % of the global diversity of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFD5C5485FCC95F9A" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[691,819,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontiinae">Odontiinae</taxonomicName>
. Of the 19 genera reported from
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFF8800AFB595485FB085F9A" box="[1206,1266,223,249]" name="India" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">India</collectingCountry>
, 11 genera are known by single species, and the remaining eight genera are known by fewer than 10 species (
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFF8800AFB405559FAF95E7E" box="[1199,1283,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="35.[152,255,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,426,1435]" captionTargetId="figure-135@35.[151,1436,417,1445]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 23. Species diversity of Indian Odontiinae genera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252336/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFF8800AFADC5559FA955E7E" box="[1331,1391,259,285]" name="India" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">India</collectingCountry>
, the
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFF78557DFEE95E22" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,275,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontiinae">Odontiinae</taxonomicName>
are most diverse in North East, followed by the Gangetic plain, and Deccan Peninsula. The remaining biogeographic zones have fewer species. No
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFD7D5511FCF45E06" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[658,782,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontiinae">Odontiinae</taxonomicName>
are reported from the Desert and Trans-Himalaya biogeographic zones (
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFF8800AFEAE5535FE6C5EEA" box="[321,406,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="36.[152,255,1256,1280]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,190,1225]" captionTargetId="figure-18@36.[151,1436,181,1233]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 24. Species diversity of Indian Odontiinae in different biogeographic zones/zones." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252340/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFF7751E6FEDF5AB7" bold="true" box="[152,293,1468,1492]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
Species diversity of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFE1551E6FDC15AB7" box="[506,571,1468,1492]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFDAE51E6FD485AB7" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[577,690,1468,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontiinae">Odontiinae</taxonomicName>
genera.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFF8800AFF285258FB1659B2" blockId="35.[151,1437,1538,1961]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFF285258FE66597E" bold="true" box="[199,412,1538,1565]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Adult characters:</emphasis>
wings are pale with strong dark-grey brown borders. Dorsal angle of forewing is slightly falcate, sometimes with a tooth of scales, and 2A free or in a loop with 1A, like in
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFBCC527DFB535922" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[1059,1193,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
. In the male genitalia, the uncus is semimembranosus and bilobed, with lateral setae anteriorly directed. The gnathos with its spike-like median element is basally fused to the posterolateral tegumen margins. In the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFBDA5235FB4B59EA" box="[1077,1201,1647,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eurrhypini">Eurrhypini</taxonomicName>
, the vinculum exhibits a process at each ventrolateral angle bearing coremata. The valvae are more or less broadly rounded at the apex. The eighth abdominal sternite has specialized sclerites bearing androconia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF8800AFC0952EDFB2559B2" author="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A." box="[998,1247,1719,1745]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe &amp; Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFF8800AFF285281FBA5585E" blockId="35.[151,1437,1538,1961]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFF285281FE525996" bold="true" box="[199,424,1755,1781]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Larval characters:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFE5E5281FD8D5996" authorityName="Denis &amp; Schiffermuller" authorityYear="1775" box="[433,631,1755,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Cynaeda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentalis">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFE5E5281FD8D5996" box="[433,631,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cynaeda dentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
([Denis &amp; Schiffermüller]),
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFC2E5281FB3B5996" authority="(Hubner)" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" box="[961,1217,1755,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Cynaeda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulalis">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFC2E5281FBAB5996" box="[961,1105,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. pustulalis</emphasis>
(Hübner)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFB145281FE7E587A" authority="(Treitschke)" baseAuthorityName="Treitschke" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Atratala" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albofascialis">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFB145281FF0E587A" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Atratala albofascialis</emphasis>
(Treitschke)
</taxonomicName>
are leafminers and therefore have a very aberrant larval morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF8800AFB4B52A5FAA7587A" author="Hasenfuss, I." box="[1188,1373,1791,1817]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 263" refId="ref280672" refString="Hasenfuss, I. (1960) Die Larvalsystematik der Zunsler (Pyralidae). Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 5, 1 - 263." type="journal article" year="1960">Hasenfuss 1960</bibRefCitation>
). The larvae of these species and those of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFDC65379FD29585E" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[553,723,1827,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Titanio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFDC65379FD82585F" box="[553,632,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Titanio</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
are described in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF8800AFC7C5379FBA0585E" author="Hasenfuss, I." box="[915,1114,1827,1853]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 263" refId="ref280672" refString="Hasenfuss, I. (1960) Die Larvalsystematik der Zunsler (Pyralidae). Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 5, 1 - 263." type="journal article" year="1960">Hasenfuss (1960)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFF8800AFF28531DFDD358CA" blockId="35.[151,1437,1538,1961]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFF8800AFF28531DFEA65802" bold="true" box="[199,348,1863,1889]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Food plants:</emphasis>
larvae are generally leaf miners, whereas those of the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFF8800AFC04531DFB995802" box="[1003,1123,1863,1889]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="tribe" tribe="Eurhypiini">Eurhypiini</taxonomicName>
feed on folded leaves, flowers and buds, and bore in fruits and stems. The range of host plants is wide, but dicotyledones are the most common food plants (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFF8800AFECC53D5FDE658CA" author="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A." box="[291,540,1935,1961]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. &amp; Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe &amp; Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>