470 lines
55 KiB
XML
470 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="D20779CACA6466DC007BD6065AA1FE47" ID-CLB-Dataset="46758" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.277716" ID-GBIF-Dataset="94a14b9e-3b84-4ee9-92b0-8fb1556931b3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="277716" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460363841848" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bernal, Moisés A. & Rocha, Luiz A." docDate="2011" docId="03C3FF7AFFBAFFF5E48BC95AF0D12895" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02905p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2905" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Acanthurus tractus Poey 1860" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FFFA8702FFBBFFF1E41CCD40F1452F4D" masterDocTitle="Acanthurus tractus Poey, 1860, a valid western Atlantic species of surgeonfish (Teleostei, Acanthuridae), distinct from Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau, 1855" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1698294966359" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="006E29940C5E9CD3E604266D8D540638">Acanthurus tractus Poey, 1860, a valid western Atlantic species of surgeonfish (Teleostei, Acanthuridae), distinct from Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau, 1855</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AABBC124F8979B6009397D84D8E5FD73">Bernal, Moisés A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CFAC25C57E021E3AFC6374D3D7799067">Rocha, Luiz A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E9021C1B83BEE20B78701F729CCEE031">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F40A5062A89204F9B8AE5BD11725FDDF">
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<mods:date id="AB88C9AD7EEE23AEEBFDE367DE82371C">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C3FF7AFFBAFFF5E48BC95AF0D12895" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190278" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119410306" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6190278" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C3FF7AFFBAFFF5E48BC95AF0D12895" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3FF7AFFBAFFF5E48BC95AF0D12895" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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<subSubSection id="C3701DE7FFBAFFF0E48BC95AF0742BD3" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBAFFF0E48BC95AF0BE2B7E" blockId="1.[151,507,1050,1182]" box="[151,507,1050,1075]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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<heading id="D09DF900FFBAFFF0E48BC95AF0BE2B7E" bold="true" box="[151,507,1050,1075]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBAFFF0E48BC95AF0BE2B7E" authority="Poey, 1860" authorityName="Poey" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,507,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E48BC95AF0BE2B7E" bold="true" box="[151,507,1050,1075]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E48BC95AF0332B7F" bold="true" box="[151,374,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Acanthurus tractus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFBAFFF0E561C95BF0BE2B7E" author="Poey" box="[381,507,1050,1075]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" refString="Poey, F. (1860) Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba, acompanadas de sumarios Latinos y extractos en Frances, Vo l um e n 2. Barcina y Compania, Havana, pp 337 - 442." type="journal article" year="1860">Poey, 1860</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBAFFF0E48BC97EF0292B1B" blockId="1.[151,507,1050,1182]" box="[151,364,1086,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Ocean Surgeonfish</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBAFFF0E48BC922F0042B37" blockId="1.[151,507,1050,1182]" box="[151,321,1122,1146]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Cirujano Pardo</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBAFFF0E48BC9C6F0742BD3" blockId="1.[151,507,1050,1182]" box="[151,305,1158,1182]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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<figureCitation id="135152E9FFBAFFF0E48BC9C6F1B02BD3" box="[151,245,1158,1182]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1729,1752]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,591,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[217,1369,591,1705]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Underwater photographs of Acanthurus tractus (A to C) and Acanthurus bahianus (D to F). Note the clear and consistent difference in the coloration of the margin of the caudal and dorsal fins. Photographs by J. Randall (1 A), D. Snyder (1 B, 1 C), O. Luiz-Junior (1 D, 1 E) and G. Allen (1 F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277717/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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A–C
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3701DE7FFBAFFF0E48BC98FF42E2A0D" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBAFFF0E48BC98FF29F2A4E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1230,1345]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBAFFF0E48BC98FF0B62BA9" authority="Poey, 1875" authorityName="Poey" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,499,1230,1253]" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acronurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigriculus">
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E48BC98FF0372BA8" box="[151,370,1231,1253]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Acronurus nigriculus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFBAFFF0E560C98FF0B62BA9" author="Poey" box="[380,499,1230,1252]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" refString="Poey, F. (1875) Enumeratio piscium cubensium. Imprenta T. Fortanet, Madrid, 224 pp." type="book" year="1875">Poey, 1875</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54D1F0CEFFBAFFF0E61DC98FF3762BA9" box="[513,563,1231,1252]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBAFFF0E686C98EF3962BA9" box="[666,723,1230,1252]" name="Cuba" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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. Recognized as junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBAFFF0E052C98FF58E2BA8" box="[1102,1227,1231,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E052C98FF58E2BA8" box="[1102,1227,1231,1253]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">A. bahianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFBAFFF0E0E5C98EF4DC2BA9" author="Randall" box="[1273,1433,1230,1252]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" refString="Randall, J. E. (1956) A revision of the surgeonfish genus Acanthurus. Pacific Science, 10, 159 - 235." type="journal article" year="1956">Randall (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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. Should now be considered a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBAFFF0E675C9AEF38E2A4E" box="[617,715,1262,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E675C9AEF38E2A4E" box="[617,715,1262,1283]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">A. tractus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on the
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<typeStatus id="54D1F0CEFFBAFFF0E74BC9AEF2C62A4E" box="[855,899,1262,1283]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBAFFF0E48BC84CF42E2A0D" blockId="1.[151,1437,1230,1345]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBAFFF0E48BC84CF3CE2A6C" authority="Briggs and Caldwell, 1957" authorityName="Briggs and Caldwell" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,651,1291,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="randalii">
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E48BC84CF0222A6F" box="[151,359,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Acanthurus randalii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFBAFFF0E56CC84BF3CE2A6C" author="Briggs" box="[368,651,1291,1313]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" refString="Briggs, J. C. & Caldwell, D. K. (1957) Acanthurus randalli, a new surgeon fish from the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum of Biological Sciences, 2, 43 - 51." type="journal article" year="1957">Briggs and Caldwell, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54D1F0CEFFBAFFF0E684C84DF38F2A6F" box="[664,714,1293,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBAFFF0E72CC84DF2C52A6F" box="[816,896,1293,1314]" name="Panama" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Panama</collectingCountry>
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City, Florida. Recognized as junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBAFFF0E19AC84CF0612A0D" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E19AC84CF0612A0D" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">A. bahianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFBAFFF0E556C86AF30B2A0C" box="[330,590,1322,1345]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" refString="Smith-Vaniz, W. F., Jelks, H. L. & Randall, J. E. (2002) The Gulf surgeon, Acanthurus randalli, a junior synonym of the ocean surgeon, Acanthurus bahianus (Teleostei: Acanthuridae). Gulf of Mexico Science, 20, 98 - 105." type="journal article">
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Smith-Vaniz
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E5D2C86BF3472A0D" box="[462,514,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
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(2002)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Should now be considered a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBAFFF0E7E6C86BF5192A0D" box="[1018,1116,1323,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E7E6C86BF5192A0D" box="[1018,1116,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">A. tractus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on the
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<typeStatus id="54D1F0CEFFBAFFF0E0FBC86BF4562A0D" box="[1255,1299,1323,1344]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3701DE7FFBAFFF3E48BC82DF36A2D5A" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBAFFF0E48BC82DF50F29E8" blockId="1.[151,1437,1389,2026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E48BC82DF0542ACB" bold="true" box="[151,273,1389,1414]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The Ocean Surgeonfish is distinguished from all of its Atlantic congeners by the following combination of characters: Dorsal fin IX, 23 to 26; anal fin III, 21-23; pectoral rays 15-17; gill rakers 18-24; very small ctenoid scales; spatulate teeth with denticulate edges,
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<quantity id="4C92E389FFBAFFF0E682C8F5F39D2A80" box="[670,728,1461,1485]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.556" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="14.0">14 in</quantity>
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upper jaw and
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<quantity id="4C92E389FFBAFFF0E79BC8F5F2842A80" box="[903,961,1461,1485]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.064" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="16.0">16 in</quantity>
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lower jaw. Body depth about two in standard length; concavity of caudal fin from five to
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<quantity id="4C92E389FFBAFFF0E6D6C899F2402ABC" box="[714,773,1497,1521]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
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standard length, more concave in adults; length of caudal spine between 3 and
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<quantity id="4C92E389FFBAFFF0E590C8BDF08A2958" box="[396,463,1533,1557]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="3.5">3.5 in</quantity>
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||
standard length; diameter of eye
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||
<quantity id="4C92E389FFBAFFF0E749C8BDF28A2958" box="[853,975,1533,1557]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.255" metricValueMax="8.89" metricValueMin="7.62" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="3.25" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.0">3 to 3.5 in</quantity>
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head length. Body yellowish to grayish brown, with no dark vertical bars; yellow lines radiating from posterior margin of eye; translucent pectoral fin with yellow tints; white or pale spot on base of caudal fin; caudal fin lunate and caudal concavity between five and
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||
<quantity id="4C92E389FFBAFFF0E178CB05F4D92910" box="[1380,1436,1605,1629]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
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||
standard length; posterior margin of caudal, anal and dorsal fins with light blue or white margin. Maximum reported length
|
||
<quantity id="4C92E389FFBAFFF0E554CBCDF0E729E8" box="[328,418,1677,1701]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" unit="cm" value="38.1">38.1 cm</quantity>
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SL, but most usually individuals not exceeding 25.0 cm TL.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBAFFF0E4DBCBF1F1B62814" blockId="1.[151,1437,1389,2026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E4DBCBF1F01A2984" bold="true" box="[199,351,1713,1738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Color in life.</emphasis>
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||
Overall coloration varies from tones of yellowish brown and grayish to olive-brown; short blue lines radiating from posterior margin of eye; dorsal and anal fins with a blue margin and alternating bands of dull white and bluish green (fewer and less conspicuous in anal fin); caudal fin olive-brown to bluish, with the base often abruptly white or at least paler than the rest of the body and the posterior margin bright blue to white (
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<figureCitation id="135152E9FFBAFFF0E14DCA5DF1E42814" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1729,1752]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,591,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[217,1369,591,1705]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Underwater photographs of Acanthurus tractus (A to C) and Acanthurus bahianus (D to F). Note the clear and consistent difference in the coloration of the margin of the caudal and dorsal fins. Photographs by J. Randall (1 A), D. Snyder (1 B, 1 C), O. Luiz-Junior (1 D, 1 E) and G. Allen (1 F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277717/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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||
A-1C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBAFFF0E4DBCA25F4D928A4" blockId="1.[151,1437,1389,2026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E4DBCA25F3932830" bold="true" box="[199,726,1893,1918]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Comparisons to western-Atlantic congeners.</emphasis>
|
||
Among its congeners, the Ocean Surgeonfish is most similar to the Barber Surgeonfish,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBAFFF0E5B0CAC9F3D828EC" box="[428,669,1929,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBAFFF0E5B0CAC9F3D828EC" box="[428,669,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Acanthurus bahianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, having the same body proportions and counts. However these two species differ in the coloration of the margin of the caudal and dorsal fins. This coloration is white to bright blue in the Ocean surgeonfish (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135152E9FFBAFFF0E583CA91F34028A4" box="[415,517,2001,2025]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1729,1752]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,591,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[217,1369,591,1705]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Underwater photographs of Acanthurus tractus (A to C) and Acanthurus bahianus (D to F). Note the clear and consistent difference in the coloration of the margin of the caudal and dorsal fins. Photographs by J. Randall (1 A), D. Snyder (1 B, 1 C), O. Luiz-Junior (1 D, 1 E) and G. Allen (1 F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277717/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
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A to 1C) and orange to bright yellow in the Barber surgeonfish (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135152E9FFBAFFF0E0CBCA91F47628A4" box="[1239,1331,2001,2025]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1729,1752]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,591,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[217,1369,591,1705]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Underwater photographs of Acanthurus tractus (A to C) and Acanthurus bahianus (D to F). Note the clear and consistent difference in the coloration of the margin of the caudal and dorsal fins. Photographs by J. Randall (1 A), D. Snyder (1 B, 1 C), O. Luiz-Junior (1 D, 1 E) and G. Allen (1 F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277717/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D to 1F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFB9FFF3E48BCDD7F36A2D5A" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
|
||
These color differences have previously been noticed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB9FFF3E70BCDD7F2B72FE2" box="[791,1010,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Rocha, L. A., Bass, A. L., Robertson, D. R. & Bowen, B. W. (2002) Adult habitat preference, larval dispersal and the comparative phylogeography of three Atlantic surgeonfishes (Teleostei: Acanthuridae). Molecular Ecology, 11, 243 - 252." type="journal article">
|
||
Rocha
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E779CDD9F2DB2FFD" box="[869,926,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but did not result in the separation of these two species until now. This color pattern is consistent through the entire range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E07ECDFCF5AD2F99" box="[1122,1256,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E07ECDFCF5AD2F99" box="[1122,1256,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. bahianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including Central Atlantic islands (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E59ECDA1F0EF2FB5" box="[386,426,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB9FFF3E5A5CD9FF31B2FBA" author="Edwards" box="[441,606,223,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" refString="Edwards, A. (1990) Fish and fisheries of Saint Helena Island. University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 152 pp." type="book" year="1990">Edwards 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E66DCDA0F39B2FB5" box="[625,734,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E66DCDA0F39B2FB5" box="[625,734,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also shares fin-ray counts with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E05DCDA0F5892FB5" box="[1089,1228,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chirurgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E05DCDA0F5892FB5" box="[1089,1228,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. chirurgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however the later is characterized by the presence of 10 narrow dark bars on side of body that are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E065CC44F5A02E51" box="[1145,1253,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E065CC44F5A02E51" box="[1145,1253,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition, the caudal fin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E52ACC68F0802E0D" box="[310,453,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chirurgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E52ACC68F0802E0D" box="[310,453,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. chirurgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the distinct pale posterior margin that is present in
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E071CC68F5A02E0D" box="[1133,1253,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E071CC68F5A42E0D" box="[1133,1249,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">A. tractus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E4E0CC0CF0CD2E29" box="[252,392,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeruleus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E4E0CC0CF0CD2E29" box="[252,392,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. coeruleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E5DCCC0CF3682E29" box="[448,557,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E5DCCC0CF3682E29" box="[448,557,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more evident as they do not share fin-ray counts.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E062CC0CF44E2E29" box="[1150,1291,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeruleus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E062CC0CF44E2E29" box="[1150,1291,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. coeruleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 24 to 26 anal-fin rays and 26 to 28 dorsal-fin rays, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E6C0CC30F20E2EC5" box="[732,843,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E6C0CC30F20E2EC5" box="[732,843,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
counts are 21 to 23 and 23 to 26 respectively. They also differ in color pattern, as adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E634CCD4F3F12EE1" box="[552,692,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeruleus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E634CCD4F3F12EE1" box="[552,692,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. coeruleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are blue to purplish- grey and juveniles are bright yellow. Finally, the eastern Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E56BCCF8F3492E9D" box="[375,524,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monroviae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E56BCCF8F3492E9D" box="[375,524,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. monroviae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has similar counts to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E71CCCF8F2292E9D" box="[768,876,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E71CCCF8F2292E9D" box="[768,876,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">A. tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the former is characterized by having numerous horizontal lines on the side of the body, a very distinctive bright orange-yellow spot surrounding the peduncular spine and black to dark blue fins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF151EE4FFB9FFF3E48BCB81F3EB2858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277717/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[217,1369,591,1705]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFB9FFF3E48BCB81F3EB2858" blockId="2.[151,1436,1729,1813]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E48BCB81F050299A" bold="true" box="[151,277,1729,1752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Underwater photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E623CB81F2472995" box="[575,770,1729,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E623CB81F2472995" box="[575,770,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Acanthurus tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A to C) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB9FFF3E78BCB81F534299A" box="[919,1137,1729,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E78BCB81F534299A" box="[919,1137,1729,1751]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Acanthurus bahianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D to F). Note the clear and consistent difference in the coloration of the margin of the caudal and dorsal fins. Photographs by J. Randall (1A), D. Snyder (1B, 1C), O. Luiz-Junior (1D, 1E) and G. Allen (1F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3701DE7FFB9FFF5E4DBCA01F0EA2A39" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFB9FFF3E4DBCA01F01C2888" blockId="2.[151,1436,1857,1990]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB9FFF3E4DBCA01F0B12817" bold="true" box="[199,500,1857,1882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
From Massachusetts and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFB9FFF3E703CA01F2C32814" box="[799,902,1857,1881]" name="Bermuda" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFB9FFF3E7B2CA01F5DB2814" box="[942,1182,1857,1881]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFB9FFF3E48BCA25F1A92830" box="[151,236,1893,1917]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the islands of the Caribbean. This species inhabits mainly shallow rocky and coral reefs but can also be found around inshore rocky areas with patches of sand, feeding primarily on benthic algae and occasionally grazing on seagrass beds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFB8FFF2E4DBCDD7F29E2E2A" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,359]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E4DBCDD7F0712FE2" bold="true" box="[199,308,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Genetics.</emphasis>
|
||
The split between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB8FFF2E60DCDD8F3DD2FFD" box="[529,664,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E60DCDD8F3DD2FFD" box="[529,664,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A. bahianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB8FFF2E6CECDD8F2042FFD" box="[722,833,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E6CECDD8F2042FFD" box="[722,833,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A. tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is evident from the results of the Bayesian tree. The sister species form a clade supported by 100% Bayesian posterior probability in the tree and are separated from each other by an average pairwise distance of 2.4% (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135152E9FFB8FFF2E6FACD9FF20C2FBA" box="[742,841,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1186,1209]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,457,1150]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,412,1166]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Relationships among Atlantic Acanthurus based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial CytB sequences. Numbers above branches correspond to posterior probabilities and those below branches are bootstrap support. Since our analysis did not include Pacific or Indian Ocean surgeonfishes, relationships in this tree (especially the position of long branches) may change with the addition of other taxa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277718/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E742CD9FF5722FBA" box="[862,1079,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Rocha, L. A., Bass, A. L., Robertson, D. R. & Bowen, B. W. (2002) Adult habitat preference, larval dispersal and the comparative phylogeography of three Atlantic surgeonfishes (Teleostei: Acanthuridae). Molecular Ecology, 11, 243 - 252." type="journal article">
|
||
Rocha
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E7B1CDA1F2A02FB5" box="[941,997,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had already observed that samples from the North and South Atlantic share no haplotypes and are separated by 11 mutations with Φ ST between 0.805–0.836 (P<0.001) in the same gene. Meanwhile, comparisons within the northwestern and southwestern Atlantic biogeographic regions showed no differences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E71ECC0FF28A2E2A" author="Rocha" box="[770,975,335,359]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Rocha, L. A., Bass, A. L., Robertson, D. R. & Bowen, B. W. (2002) Adult habitat preference, larval dispersal and the comparative phylogeography of three Atlantic surgeonfishes (Teleostei: Acanthuridae). Molecular Ecology, 11, 243 - 252." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Rocha
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E74FCC10F2CE2E2A" box="[851,907,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF151EE4FFB8FFF2E48BC9E2F0952A58" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277718/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[186,1405,457,1150]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFB8FFF2E48BC9E2F0952A58" blockId="3.[151,1436,1186,1301]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E48BC9E2F0562BF5" bold="true" box="[151,275,1186,1209]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Relationships among Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB8FFF2E650C9E3F3842BF4" box="[588,705,1187,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E650C9E3F3842BF4" box="[588,705,1187,1209]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Acanthurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E08FC9E4F5832BF4" box="[1171,1222,1188,1209]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">CytB</emphasis>
|
||
sequences. Numbers above branches correspond to posterior probabilities and those below branches are bootstrap support. Since our analysis did not include Pacific or Indian Ocean surgeonfishes, relationships in this tree (especially the position of long branches) may change with the addition of other taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFB8FFF2E4DBC802F0D32AA7" blockId="3.[151,1437,1346,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
The divergence found between these two species is comparable to that found among other recognized closely related species. For example, in a survey of 81 fish genera,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E72EC826F57F2A33" author="Johns" box="[818,1082,1382,1406]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Johns, G. C. & Avise, J. (1998) A comparative summary of genetic distances in the vertebrates from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 15, 1481 - 1490." type="journal article" year="1998">Johns and Avise (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found 39 pairs of sister species in which the pair-wise divergence was below 2.5% for the mitochondrial marker
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E003C8CBF5182AEF" box="[1055,1117,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Cyt B</emphasis>
|
||
. More recent examples with comparable divergence in reef fishes include grunts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E6EBC8EEF28C2A8B" author="Rocha" box="[759,969,1454,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Rocha, L. A., Lindeman, K. Y., Rocha, C. R. & Lessios, H. A. (2008) Historical biogeography and speciation in the reef fish genus Haemulon (Teleostei: Haemulidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 918 - 928." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Rocha
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E756C8EFF2C12A8B" box="[842,900,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), angelfishes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E071C8EEF4262A8B" author="Bellwood" box="[1133,1379,1454,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Bellwood, D. R., van Herwerden, L. & Konow, N. (2004) Evolution and biogeography of marine angelfishes (Pisces: Pomacanthidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 140 - 155." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Bellwood
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E0F9C8EFF4652A8B" box="[1253,1312,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and wrasses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E4E0C892F0CF2AA7" author="Rocha" box="[252,394,1490,1514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Rocha, L. A. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA and color pattern variation in three western Atlantic Halichoeres (Labridae), with the revalidation of two species. Copeia, 4, 770 - 782." type="journal article" year="2004">Rocha 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFB8FFF2E4D9C8B6F293298F" blockId="3.[151,1437,1346,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
The separation between the two clades can be explained by the freshwater outflows of the Orinoco and Amazon basins. These rivers change the conditions from clear waters with shallow coral reefs, to murky low salinity waters along the northeast coast of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFB8FFF2E675CB7EF38C291B" box="[617,713,1598,1622]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E6CBCB7EF221291B" author="Rocha" box="[727,868,1598,1622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Rocha, L. A. (2003) Patterns of distribution and processes of speciation in Brazilian reef fishes. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 1161 - 1171." type="journal article" year="2003">Rocha 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this particular case,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB8FFF2E068CB7EF5BC291B" box="[1140,1273,1598,1622]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E068CB7EF5BC291B" box="[1140,1273,1598,1622]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A. bahianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB8FFF2E133CB7EF4D9291B" box="[1327,1436,1598,1622]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E133CB7EF4D9291B" box="[1327,1436,1598,1622]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A. tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are restricted to shallow reefs, so individuals are unable to cross this barrier. Similar cases of sister species on both sides of the freshwater plume have been described for cardinalfishes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E7ABCBC6F50929D3" author="Gilbert" box="[951,1100,1670,1694]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Gilbert, C. R. (1977) Status of the western south Atlantic Apogonid fish Apogon americanus, with remarks on other Brazilian Apogonidae. Copeia, 1, 25 - 32." type="journal article" year="1977">Gilbert 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), damselfishes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E118CBC6F062298F" author="Greenfield" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Greenfield, D. W. & Woods, L. P. (1974) Eupomacentrus diencaeus Jordan and Rutter, a valid species of damselfish from the western tropical Atlantic. Fieldiana Zoology, 65, 9 - 20." type="journal article" year="1974">Greenfield & Woods 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), parrotfishes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E5D1CBEAF3DD298F" author="Moura" box="[461,664,1706,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Moura, R. L., Figueiredo, J. L. & Sazima, I. (2001) A new parrotfish from Brazil and revalidation of Sparisoma amplum (Ranzani, 1842), Sparisoma frondosum (Agassiz 1831), Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner 1878) and Scarus trispinosus (Valenciennes 1840). Bulletin of Marine Science, 68, 505 - 524." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Moura
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E63CCBEBF31C298F" box="[544,601,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and wrasses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E721CBEAF28F298F" author="Rocha" box="[829,970,1706,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Rocha, L. A. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA and color pattern variation in three western Atlantic Halichoeres (Labridae), with the revalidation of two species. Copeia, 4, 770 - 782." type="journal article" year="2004">Rocha 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFB8FFF2E4D9CB8EF5E1283B" blockId="3.[151,1437,1346,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
With the revalidation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB8FFF2E5C6CB8EF3F429AB" box="[474,689,1742,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E5C6CB8EF3F429AB" box="[474,689,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Acanthurus tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the number of surgeonfish species present in the western Atlantic increases from three to four. The history of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB8FFF2E6E5CBB2F23F2847" box="[761,890,1778,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E6E5CBB2F23F2847" box="[761,890,1778,1802]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Acanthurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is filled with changes in nomenclature and misidentifications (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E559CA56F0982863" author="Randall" box="[325,477,1814,1838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Randall, J. E. (1956) A revision of the surgeonfish genus Acanthurus. Pacific Science, 10, 159 - 235." type="journal article" year="1956">Randall 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
& 2002), probably caused by the wide distribution, ability of many species to change color and similarity between closely related species. However, to the knowledge of the authors, there are no other lineages in this group that could potentially warrant species level recognition in the Atlantic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFB8FFF5E4DBCAC2F0C72E51" blockId="3.[151,1437,1346,2019]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,284]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E4DBCAC2F24D28D7" bold="true" box="[199,776,1921,1947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Notes on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB8FFF2E529CAC2F24428D7" authority="Castelnau 1855" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1855" box="[309,769,1921,1947]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E529CAC2F37528D6" bold="true" box="[309,560,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Acanthurus bahianus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB339DFFB8FFF2E623CAC1F3BD28D7" author="Castelnau" box="[575,760,1921,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Castelnau, F. L. (1855) Poissons In: Animaux nouveaux or rares recueillis pendant l'expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para; executee par ordre du gouvernement Francais pendant les annees 1843 a 1847. Bertrand, Paris, pp. xii - 112." type="journal article" year="1855">Castelnau 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The common name “Ocean Surgeonfish” has been historically used for the Caribbean species, and we propose that this common name be kept for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFB8FFF2E08ACAE6F44128F3" box="[1174,1284,1958,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFB8FFF2E08ACAE6F44128F3" box="[1174,1284,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A. tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because the bulk of the southern species distribution is the Brazilian coast, we suggest the adoption of the Brazilian common name of Barber Surgeonfish (“Cirurgião Barbeiro” in Portuguese) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBFFFF5E7B7CDD8F5742FFD" box="[939,1073,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBFFFF5E7B7CDD8F5742FFD" box="[939,1073,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">A. bahianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Barber Surgeonfish is thus found in tropical and subtropical waters of the coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E71BCDFCF20B2F99" box="[775,846,188,212]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from Parcel Manuel Luiz to Santa Catarina, including the Oceanic Islands of Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Trindade,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E7F6CD9FF51A2FBA" box="[1002,1119,223,247]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ascension</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E088CD9FF44E2FBA" box="[1172,1291,223,247]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in the South and Central Atlantic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBFFFF5E48BC859F0EA2A39" blockId="4.[151,1436,1303,1396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBFFFF5E48BC859F0572A62" bold="true" box="[151,274,1305,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Geographical distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBFFFF5E623C85BF2672A7D" box="[575,802,1307,1328]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Acanthuridae" genus="Acanturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBFFFF5E623C85BF3B62A7D" box="[575,755,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Acanturus tractus</emphasis>
|
||
()
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBFFFF5E74FC85BF2892A7D" box="[851,972,1306,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBFFFF5E74FC85BF2892A7D" box="[851,972,1306,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">A. bahianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Δ) in the tropical western and central Atlantic. Neither species is present between the Amazon and Orinoco rivers in the northern coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E079C87DF5E62A1E" box="[1125,1187,1341,1363]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
as an effect of the fresh water influx of these rivers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3701DE7FFBFFFF5E4DBC8E3F0D12895" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBFFFF5E4DBC8E3F3F7296A" blockId="4.[151,1436,1443,1575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBFFFF5E4DBC8E3F0F02AF1" bold="true" box="[199,437,1443,1468]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Institutional abbreviations are as listed at http://www.asih.org/codons.pdf, except for CIUFES (Colecao Ictiologica da Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E7CDC887F5522A92" box="[977,1047,1479,1503]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E049C888F5DE2A92" box="[1109,1179,1480,1503]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">UFPB</collectionCode>
|
||
(Universidade Federal da Paraiba,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E505C8ACF0272949" box="[281,354,1516,1540]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Materials are listed alphabetically by locality, and number of specimens examined in each lot is given in parenthesis after the collection number.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBFFFF5E48BCB18F028293D" blockId="4.[151,1436,1624,1792]" box="[151,365,1624,1648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBFFFF5E48BCB18F028293D" box="[151,365,1624,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tractus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBFFFF5E48BCB18F028293D" box="[151,365,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Acanthurus tractus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBFFFF5E4D9CB3CF0B429B2" blockId="4.[151,1436,1624,1792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E4D9CB3CF07529D9" box="[197,304,1660,1684]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
: UF 171552 (10),
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E5E1CB3CF37629D9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[509,563,1660,1684]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">CAS</collectionCode>
|
||
23800 (2).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E6AACB3CF24729D9" box="[694,770,1660,1684]" name="Belize" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
: UF 209809 (3).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E7DDCB3CF53F29D9" box="[961,1146,1660,1684]" name="Cayman Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Cayman Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
: UF 28781 (7), UF 32490 (11).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E4CFCBDFF00329FA" box="[211,326,1695,1719]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
: UF 224106 (5).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E614CBE1F32029F5" box="[520,613,1697,1720]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E66DCBDFF3E229FA" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[625,679,1695,1719]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">CAS</collectionCode>
|
||
31730 (7).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E730CBE1F29E29FA" box="[812,987,1695,1720]" name="Navassa Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Navassa Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E7FACBDFF57229FA" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[998,1079,1695,1719]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
360416 (2). Florida: UF 31235 (2), UF 67552 (28).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E562CB84F3282991" box="[382,621,1732,1756]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E664CB84F38C2991" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[632,713,1732,1756]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
319192 (7).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E740CB84F2C52991" box="[860,896,1732,1756]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E794CB84F56E2991" box="[904,1067,1732,1756]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
: UF 159194 (4), UF 159195 (4), UF 159196 (3), UF159197 (6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBFFFF5E48BCA70F0C32805" blockId="4.[151,1436,1840,2008]" box="[151,390,1840,1864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A35EFFFBFFFF5E48BCA70F0C32805" box="[151,390,1840,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acanthurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91E927EFFBFFFF5E48BCA70F0C32805" box="[151,390,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Acanthurus bahianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD54E6CFFBFFFF5E4D9CA14F0D12895" blockId="4.[151,1436,1840,2008]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E4D9CA14F07F2821" box="[197,314,1876,1900]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ascension</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E55FCA14F0C92821" box="[323,396,1876,1900]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E584CA14F0AC2821" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[408,489,1876,1900]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
381170 (9). Bahia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E6D3CA14F25D2821" box="[719,792,1876,1900]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E738CA14F2302821" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[804,885,1876,1900]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
43281 (2), CIUFES
|
||
<date id="FFD468ACFFBFFFF5E07BCA14F5FE2821" box="[1127,1211,1876,1900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" value="51-07-13">130751</date>
|
||
(3). Espírito Santo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E48BCA37F1A528C2" box="[151,224,1911,1935]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E4F7CA37F07128C2" box="[235,308,1911,1935]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9pz2-d68t" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">ZUEC</collectionCode>
|
||
2826 (1), CIUFES 130007 (5),
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E6BECA37F24328C2" box="[674,774,1911,1935]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fxd1-0prj" name="California Academy of Sciences, Stanford University Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">CAS-SU</collectionCode>
|
||
67767. Paraíba,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E7DACA37F54A28C2" box="[966,1039,1911,1935]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E006CA39F52528DD" box="[1050,1120,1913,1936]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">UFPB</collectionCode>
|
||
3505 (11),
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E0FACA39F46928DD" box="[1254,1324,1913,1936]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">UFPB</collectionCode>
|
||
5066 (3),
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E48BCADDF19828F9" box="[151,221,1949,1972]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pjvz-tkai" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">UFPB</collectionCode>
|
||
5342 (12). Pernambuco,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E5E4CADCF30428F9" box="[504,577,1948,1972]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E657CADCF3EA28F9" box="[587,687,1948,1972]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fxd1-0prj" name="California Academy of Sciences, Stanford University Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">CAS-SU</collectionCode>
|
||
67765 (2). Trindade
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E786CADCF2A428F9" box="[922,993,1948,1972]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D0EFCFFBFFFF5E7F1CADCF57328F9" box="[1005,1078,1948,1972]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BD6A9FFBFFFF5E05CCADCF5CC28F9" box="[1088,1161,1948,1972]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9pz2-d68t" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">ZUEC</collectionCode>
|
||
1530 (1), CIUFES 1538 (2), CIUFES 1714 (1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |