treatments-xml/data/03/99/07/03990706B345FF969FEA31AFBF2E1BC1.xml

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<mods:title id="6773DEB76AF12A3F4DB288B9D097EC48">Three new species of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus from Japan (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9D515DD9DE9220C46E05D1221D8077E7">Yasunaga, Tomohide</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03990706B345FF969FEA31AFBF2E1BC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6053572" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120733438" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6053572" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03990706B345FF969FEA31AFBF2E1BC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03990706B345FF969FEA31AFBF2E1BC1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="1" pageNumber="173">
<subSubSection id="C32AE59BB345FF949FEA31AFBA911DC7" box="[151,449,1936,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="173" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8FB610B345FF949FEA31AFBA911DC7" blockId="1.[151,449,1936,1963]" box="[151,449,1936,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="173">
<heading id="D0C7017CB345FF949FEA31AFBA911DC7" bold="true" box="[151,449,1936,1963]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="173" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B345FF949FEA31AFBA911DC7" bold="true" box="[151,449,1936,1963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="173">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B345FF949F9331AEBA911DC7" ID-CoL="9CLPJ" authority="Hahn" authorityName="Hahn" box="[238,449,1936,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B345FF949F9331AEBA241DC6" bold="true" box="[238,372,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="173">Pilophorus</emphasis>
Hahn
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32AE59BB345FF979FEA31E9BADA1BE4" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="1" pageNumber="173" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8FB610B345FF979FEA31E9BADA1BE4" blockId="1.[151,1436,2007,2033]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="1" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B345FF949FEA31E9BA411D9C" bold="true" box="[151,273,2007,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="173">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Recognized by small to moderate size (
<quantity id="4CC81BF5B345FF949DAA31E6B8681D9C" box="[727,824,2008,2032]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2−4 mm</quantity>
in total length); usually antlike in overall appearance, elongate (rarely ovoid as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979E9D36A6B9491AC3" box="[480,537,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979E9D36A6B9491AC3" box="[480,537,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">tagoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979D2B36A6B99C1AC3" box="[598,716,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miyamotoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979D2B36A6B99C1AC3" box="[598,716,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">miyamotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
discussed below) and always macropterous body form; partly aggregated scalelike setae on scutellum and metepimeron (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979C0A3682BF5B1AB8" author="Schuh" box="[887,1035,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1984) Revision of the Phylinae (Hemiptera, Miridae) of the Indo - Pacific. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 177, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1984">Schuh, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 49); presence of anterior band of scalelike setae on corium (a posterior band variable, sometimes interrupted or scattered); often bowed metafemur; fleshy, apically convergent parempodia; usually splayed-out left paramere; ovoid to elongate-oval right paramere; and C- to J-shaped (rarely nearly straight) endosoma often bearing a median spine, flagellum or barb. See 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979A2B3719BB8B1B08" author="Schuh" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1984) Revision of the Phylinae (Hemiptera, Miridae) of the Indo - Pacific. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 177, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1984">Schuh (1984</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979F9A3772BA721B08" author="Schuh" box="[231,290,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1991) Phylogenetic, host and biogeographic analysis of the Pilophorini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Cladistics, 7, 157 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.1991. tb 00030. x" type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979E453772B9311B08" author="Schuh" box="[312,609,332,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Schuh, R. T. &amp; Schwartz, M. D. (1988) Revision of the New World Pilophorini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 187, 101 - 201." type="journal article" year="1988">Schuh &amp; Schwartz (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979D133773B8C91B08" author="Yasunaga" box="[622,921,332,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Yasunaga, T. &amp; Schuh, R. T. (2013) Morphologically novel members of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus Hahn found in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). American Museum Novitates, 3768, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 3768.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Yasunaga &amp; Schuh (2013)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979CAC3773BF811B08" box="[977,1233,332,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Yasunaga, T., Yamada, K. &amp; Artchawakom, T. (2014) Additional records and descriptions of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus from Thailand (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). Zootaxa, 3795 (1), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3795.1.1" type="journal article">
Yasunaga 
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979B383773BF271B08" box="[1093,1143,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
for more detailed diagnostic characters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32AE59BB346FF969FBA37ADBF2E1BC1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8FB610B346FF979FBA37ADBAF918E9" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979FBA37ADBA1C1BC0" bold="true" box="[199,332,403,428]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979E2937AABA801BC0" box="[340,464,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979E2937AABA801BC0" box="[340,464,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pilophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is composed of morphologically very diverse species. In SE Asia, some members are ‘strikingly’ antlike because of conspicuous modification of the pronotum (cf., 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979B493787BE171BBC" authority="Schuh, 1984" authorityName="Schuh" authorityYear="1984" box="[1076,1351,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pleiku">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979B493787BFC91BBC" box="[1076,1177,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. pleiku</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979BD13789BE6F1BBC" author="Schuh" box="[1196,1343,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1984) Revision of the Phylinae (Hemiptera, Miridae) of the Indo - Pacific. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 177, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1984">Schuh, 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979AFA3787B94A1B98" authority="Yasunaga &amp; Schuh, 2013" authorityName="Yasunaga &amp; Schuh" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbiger">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979AFA3787BBA91B98" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. barbiger</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979F8237E3B94A1B98" author="Yasunaga" box="[255,538,476,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Yasunaga, T. &amp; Schuh, R. T. (2013) Morphologically novel members of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus Hahn found in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). American Museum Novitates, 3768, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 3768.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Yasunaga &amp; Schuh, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Indochina) or the scutellum (cf., 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979C8937E3BB9F1874" authority="Nakatani &amp; Komatsu, 2013" authorityName="Nakatani &amp; Komatsu" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifasciatus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979C8937E3BFF11B98" box="[1012,1185,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. aurifasciatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979BD537E2BB9F1874" author="Nakatani" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Nakatani, Y., Komatsu T., Itino, T., Shimizu-kaya, U., Itioka, R., Hashim, R. &amp; Ueda, S. (2013) New Pilophorus species associated with myrmecophilous Macaranga trees from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 156, 113 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 00002024" type="journal article" year="2013">Nakatani &amp; Komatsu, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F327F680B346FF979E6937C1BAD01874" box="[276,384,511,536]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
). Most members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979D22343EB98C1874" box="[607,732,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979D22343EB98C1874" box="[607,732,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pilophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are assumed to have strong relationships to certain ant species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979FE3341ABADC1850" author="Nakatani" box="[158,396,548,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Nakatani, Y., Komatsu T., Itino, T., Shimizu-kaya, U., Itioka, R., Hashim, R. &amp; Ueda, S. (2013) New Pilophorus species associated with myrmecophilous Macaranga trees from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 156, 113 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 00002024" type="journal article" year="2013">
Nakatani 
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979E71341BBA6C1850" box="[268,316,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979EEA341BB9E41850" author="Yasunaga" box="[407,692,548,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Yasunaga, T. &amp; Schuh, R. T. (2013) Morphologically novel members of the ant-mimetic plant bug genus Pilophorus Hahn found in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Pilophorini). American Museum Novitates, 3768, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 3768.2" type="journal article" year="2013">Yasunaga &amp; Schuh, 2013</bibRefCitation>
), which presumably produced such myrmecomorphy. In 
<collectingCountry id="F327F680B346FF979A53341BBE3E1850" box="[1326,1390,549,572]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Japan</collectingCountry>
and temperate climate zones of Asia, no species as‘strikingly ant-mimetic’ as those from tropical and subtropical Asia has been discovered yet.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8FB610B346FF979FBA34AEBFE31F60" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">
On the other hand, a new species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979D3134AEB9D618CB" box="[588,646,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979D3134AEB9D618CB" box="[588,646,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">tagoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, uniquely has a rather ‘conventional’ mirid shape and does not reveal obvious myrmecomorphy as evidenced by its HCR (0.81−0.89). This new species is reminiscent of the eastern Palearctic genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979E2A34E6B948189C" authority="Kulik" authorityName="Kulik" box="[343,536,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979E2A34E6BA9F189C" box="[343,463,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pherolepis</emphasis>
Kulik
</taxonomicName>
and we at first wavered between 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979CE534E6BF44189C" box="[920,1044,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979CE534E6BF44189C" box="[920,1044,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pilophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979B3334E6BF96189C" box="[1102,1222,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979B3334E6BF96189C" box="[1102,1222,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pherolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Every member of 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979FEA34C2BA5F1978" box="[151,271,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979FEA34C2BA5F1978" box="[151,271,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pherolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf., 
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B346FF979E2E34C2BAF31978" box="[339,419,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,483,1927]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,483,1927]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Left lateral side of body (A, C, E, G) and frontal head (B, D, F, H) of Asian pilophorines. A − B. Pilophorus tagoi n. sp., paratype. C − D. Pherolepis fasciatus (Kerzhner) from Hokkaido, Japan. E − F. Pherolepis kiritshenkoi (Kerzhner) from Honshu, Japan. G − H. Hypseloecus katrinae Yasunaga, Yamada &amp; Artchawakom from Nakhon Nayok, Thailand." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262876/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
C −F, 5C) has the body larger, uniformly dark brown coloration, almost linear antennal segment II, less scalelike setae on the thoracic pleura and abdomen (
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B346FF979CE33521B8B21954" box="[926,994,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,483,1927]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,483,1927]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Left lateral side of body (A, C, E, G) and frontal head (B, D, F, H) of Asian pilophorines. A − B. Pilophorus tagoi n. sp., paratype. C − D. Pherolepis fasciatus (Kerzhner) from Hokkaido, Japan. E − F. Pherolepis kiritshenkoi (Kerzhner) from Honshu, Japan. G − H. Hypseloecus katrinae Yasunaga, Yamada &amp; Artchawakom from Nakhon Nayok, Thailand." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262876/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C, E), shiny hemelytron (with scalelike setae restricted or missing in some species), and shortened and broadened right paramere (not much longer than wide), in addition to being associated only with deciduous broadleaf trees unlike the conifers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979B9F3559BEC719EC" author="Kerzhner" box="[1250,1431,871,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Kerzhner, I. M. (1988) Infraorder Cimicomorpha. 21. Family Miridae (Capsidae). In: Ler, P. A. (Ed.), Opredelitel' nasekomykh Dal'nego Vostoka SSSR [Keys to the identification of insects of the Soviet Far East]. Vol. 2. Homoptera and Heteroptera. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 778 - 857. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1988">Kerzhner, 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979FEA35B3BA0019C8" author="Yasunaga" box="[151,336,908,933]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Yasunaga, T. (2001) Family Miridae Hahn, plant bugs. In: Yasunaga, T., Takai, M. &amp; Kawasawa, T. (Eds.), A Field Guide to Japanese Bugs. Vol. II. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1 - 96 &amp; 111 - 351. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="2001">Yasunaga, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979E2335B2B91619C8" author="Zhang" box="[350,582,908,933]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Zhang, X. &amp; Liu, G. Q. (2009) Revision of the pilophorine plant bug genus Pherolepis Kulik, 1968 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Zootaxa, 2281, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2009">Zhang &amp; Liu, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). In temperate and cold temperate climate zones in 
<collectingCountry id="F327F680B346FF979BDB35B3BFB919C8" box="[1190,1257,909,932]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Japan</collectingCountry>
, two pinaceous conifer inhabitants, 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979EFD358EB85819A4" authority="Linnavuori" authorityName="Linnavuori" box="[384,776,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miyamotoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979EFD358EB92F19AB" box="[384,639,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pilophorus miyamotoi</emphasis>
Linnavuori
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979C35358FBF3519A4" authority="Kerzhner" authorityName="Kerzhner" box="[840,1125,943,968]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varidicornis">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979C35358FB8A219A4" box="[840,1010,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. varidicornis</emphasis>
Kerzhner
</taxonomicName>
(see above checklist), are known to have the wide head and ovoid, not much antlike body (HCR&gt; 0.85) (
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B346FF979B4D35EABF251981" box="[1072,1141,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1661,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Old World pilophorines, habitus images of live individuals. A. Pilophorus miyamotoi Linnavuori from Honshu, Japan. B. P. typicus (Distant) from Kyushu, Japan. C. Pherolepis fasciatus (Kerzhner) from Hokkaido, Japan. D. Sthenaridea piceonigra (Motshulsky) from Yangon, Myanmar. E. Druthmalus sp. from Chitwan, Nepal. F. Aloea nairobi Schuh from Nairobi, Kenya." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262877/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A), as seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979A6135EABEC41980" box="[1308,1428,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979A6135EABEC41980" box="[1308,1428,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pherolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nonetheless, both species have typical pattern of the scalelike setae (aggregated on the metepimeron). The scalelike setae in 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979E263223BAC51E58" box="[347,405,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979E263223BAC51E58" box="[347,405,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">tagoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are uniformly distributed not only on the scutellum and hemelytron (
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B346FF979BE73222BF8A1E58" box="[1178,1242,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,195,1800]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus images of new Japanese Pilophorus spp. A. P. nakatanii, holotype male (AMNH _ PBI 00380410). B. Same, dry-preserved condition, right lateral view. C. P. tagoi, male. D. Same, female. E. P. maeharai, holotype male (00380411). F. Same, ventral view. G. Same, female." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262873/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C, D) but also on the thoracic pleurites and abdomen (
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B346FF979D413201B9D21E34" box="[572,642,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,483,1927]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,483,1927]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Left lateral side of body (A, C, E, G) and frontal head (B, D, F, H) of Asian pilophorines. A − B. Pilophorus tagoi n. sp., paratype. C − D. Pherolepis fasciatus (Kerzhner) from Hokkaido, Japan. E − F. Pherolepis kiritshenkoi (Kerzhner) from Honshu, Japan. G − H. Hypseloecus katrinae Yasunaga, Yamada &amp; Artchawakom from Nakhon Nayok, Thailand." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262876/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A), similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979C5B327EBF581E3B" authority="Reuter" authorityName="Reuter" box="[806,1032,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hypseloecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979C5B327EB8E31E34" box="[806,947,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Hypseloecus</emphasis>
Reuter
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B346FF979B673201BF0F1E34" box="[1050,1119,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,483,1927]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,483,1927]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Left lateral side of body (A, C, E, G) and frontal head (B, D, F, H) of Asian pilophorines. A − B. Pilophorus tagoi n. sp., paratype. C − D. Pherolepis fasciatus (Kerzhner) from Hokkaido, Japan. E − F. Pherolepis kiritshenkoi (Kerzhner) from Honshu, Japan. G − H. Hypseloecus katrinae Yasunaga, Yamada &amp; Artchawakom from Nakhon Nayok, Thailand." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262876/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
G) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979BC5327EBECC1E34" authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" box="[1208,1436,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Druthmarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979BC5327EBE111E34" box="[1208,1345,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Druthmarus</emphasis>
Distant
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B346FF979FE2325ABBB21E11" box="[159,226,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1661,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Old World pilophorines, habitus images of live individuals. A. Pilophorus miyamotoi Linnavuori from Honshu, Japan. B. P. typicus (Distant) from Kyushu, Japan. C. Pherolepis fasciatus (Kerzhner) from Hokkaido, Japan. D. Sthenaridea piceonigra (Motshulsky) from Yangon, Myanmar. E. Druthmalus sp. from Chitwan, Nepal. F. Aloea nairobi Schuh from Nairobi, Kenya." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262877/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
E), and the Nearctic 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979EB6325AB9F71E11" authority="Poppius" authorityName="Poppius" box="[459,679,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Alepidiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979EB6325AB9161E10" box="[459,582,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Alepidiella</emphasis>
Poppius
</taxonomicName>
as well; two Old World pilophorine genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979BE4325ABE0F1E11" authority="Linnavuori" authorityName="Linnavuori" box="[1177,1375,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Aloea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979BE4325ABF8A1E10" box="[1177,1242,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Aloea</emphasis>
Linnavuori
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B346FF979A13325ABBF41ECC" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1661,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Old World pilophorines, habitus images of live individuals. A. Pilophorus miyamotoi Linnavuori from Honshu, Japan. B. P. typicus (Distant) from Kyushu, Japan. C. Pherolepis fasciatus (Kerzhner) from Hokkaido, Japan. D. Sthenaridea piceonigra (Motshulsky) from Yangon, Myanmar. E. Druthmalus sp. from Chitwan, Nepal. F. Aloea nairobi Schuh from Nairobi, Kenya." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262877/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979F8832B6BA9E1ECC" authority="Reuter" authorityName="Reuter" box="[245,462,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Sthenaridea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979F8832B6BA2B1ECC" box="[245,379,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Sthenaridea</emphasis>
Reuter
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B346FF979EA032B9B94F1ECC" box="[477,543,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1661,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Old World pilophorines, habitus images of live individuals. A. Pilophorus miyamotoi Linnavuori from Honshu, Japan. B. P. typicus (Distant) from Kyushu, Japan. C. Pherolepis fasciatus (Kerzhner) from Hokkaido, Japan. D. Sthenaridea piceonigra (Motshulsky) from Yangon, Myanmar. E. Druthmalus sp. from Chitwan, Nepal. F. Aloea nairobi Schuh from Nairobi, Kenya." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262877/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D) composed of monocot inhabiting members have the rather scattered and not aggregated scalelike setae on the pleura and abdomen. Although the scalelike setae are not aggregated on the thoracic pleura and abdomen, 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979E9A32EEB9711E8B" box="[487,545,1232,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979E9A32EEB9711E8B" box="[487,545,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">tagoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the clavate antennal segment II and brown-matte hemelytron, which are not exhibited by any 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979E2532CABA801F60" box="[344,464,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979E2532CABA801F60" box="[344,464,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pherolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
member but shared by 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979DA532CAB8821F60" box="[728,978,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miyamotoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979DA532CAB8821F60" box="[728,978,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pilophorus miyamotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979B7532CBBFFD1F60" box="[1032,1197,1268,1292]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varidicornis">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979B7532CBBFFD1F60" box="[1032,1197,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. varidicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8FB610B346FF979FBA3329BFD51C18" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">
Comparison with 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979EEE3326B9A21F5C" authority="Schuh" authorityName="Schuh" box="[403,754,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunganensis">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979EEE3326B9F31F43" box="[403,675,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pilophorus yunganensis</emphasis>
Schuh
</taxonomicName>
which was described from Fujian (Fukien), 
<collectingCountry id="F327F680B346FF979B8F3329BE651F5C" box="[1266,1333,1303,1328]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">China</collectingCountry>
and also has an ovoid, non-antlike body like 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979D5A3302B9CF1F38" box="[551,671,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979D5A3302B9CF1F38" box="[551,671,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pherolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would merit careful consideration. This species is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979A3A3303BECC1F38" box="[1351,1436,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979A3A3303BECC1F38" box="[1351,1436,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. tagoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A277D779B346FF979FEA335FBB831F14" box="[151,211,1377,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in the general shape and diffused scalelike setae on the widely dull, yellow-brown hemelytron, but is distinct in having the significantly larger body, partly shiny fuscous hemelytron and totally different shape of the male genitalia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979E763399BAF11FAC" author="Schuh" box="[267,417,1447,1472]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Schuh, R. T. (1984) Revision of the Phylinae (Hemiptera, Miridae) of the Indo - Pacific. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 177, 1 - 476." type="journal article" year="1984">Schuh, 1984</bibRefCitation>
). Currently, we conclude that 
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979C753397B80E1FD3" box="[776,862,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. t a go i</emphasis>
is better to be placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979BEB3396BE431FAC" box="[1174,1299,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979BEB3396BE431FAC" box="[1174,1299,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pilophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979FEA33F2BA5F1F88" box="[151,271,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979FEA33F2BA5F1F88" box="[151,271,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pherolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on the following characters: Clavate antennal segment II; scalelike setae somewhat forming patches anterolaterally and apically on scutellum; wholly brown-matte, not shiny hemelytron, with appressed, scalelike setae weakly aggregated partly on corium and base of cuneus; and right paramere elongate, not significantly shortened. No species in 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979D213006B9841C3C" box="[604,724,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pherolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979D213006B9841C3C" box="[604,724,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pherolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor any pilophorine genus discussed above is known to be associated with conifers, which may further support the placement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979CD93063B88E1C18" box="[932,990,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979CD93063B88E1C18" box="[932,990,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">tagoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979B7F3062BF2E1C18" box="[1026,1150,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979B7F3062BF2E1C18" box="[1026,1150,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pilophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8FB610B346FF979FBA3041BA9E1DB0" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">
The Japanese fauna of 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979EB030BEB9191CF4" box="[461,585,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979EB030BEB9191CF4" box="[461,585,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Pilophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been known by 10 members thus far; one of these (misidentified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979AFA30BFBA2D1CD1" authority="Poppius" authorityName="Poppius" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979AFA30BFBA4A1CD0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. formosanus</emphasis>
Poppius
</taxonomicName>
) is now confirmed to represent an undescribed species (see below, 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979B04309BBFAF1CD0" box="[1145,1279,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nakatanii">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979B04309BBFAF1CD0" box="[1145,1279,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. nakatanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The present work reveals at least 12 species occur in 
<collectingCountry id="F327F680B346FF979DDF30F6B9B51CB3" box="[674,741,1736,1759]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Of these, 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979C0930F7BFD31C8C" authority="Josifov, P." authorityName="Josifov, P." box="[884,1155,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erraticus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979C0930F7B8AC1CB3" box="[884,1020,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. erraticus</emphasis>
Josifov, 
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979B0C30F7BFD31C8C" box="[1137,1155,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979BE830F6BFB21C8C" box="[1173,1250,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">l u c i d us</emphasis>
Linnavuori, 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979AFA30F7BAFB1D69" authority="Josifov" authorityName="Josifov" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoperplexus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979AFA30F7BA031D68" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. pseudoperplexus</emphasis>
Josifov
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979E9F30D3B99B1D69" authority="Horvath" authorityName="Horvath" box="[482,715,1772,1797]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setulosus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979E9F30D3B9351D68" box="[482,613,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. setulosus</emphasis>
Horváth
</taxonomicName>
, are associated with deciduous broad-leaved trees; 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979A7730D3BA461D44" authority="Linnavuori" authorityName="Linnavuori" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miyamotoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979A7730D3BECC1D68" box="[1290,1436,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. miyamotoi</emphasis>
Linnavuori
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979E5B312FBAE01D44" box="[294,432,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nakatanii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979E5B312FBAE01D44" box="[294,432,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. nakatanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A277D779B346FF979EC6312EBAAD1D4B" box="[443,509,1808,1831]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979D73312FB9381D4B" box="[526,616,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tagoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979D73312FB9381D4B" box="[526,616,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. tagoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A277D779B346FF979D09312EB9E51D4B" box="[628,693,1808,1831]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979D86312FBF471D44" authority="Kerzhner" authorityName="Kerzhner" box="[763,1047,1807,1832]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="varidicornis">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979D86312FB8F41D44" box="[763,932,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. varidicornis</emphasis>
Kerzhner
</taxonomicName>
are restricted to conifers; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979AFA312FBA8A1D20" authority="Miyamoto &amp; Lee" authorityName="Miyamoto &amp; Lee" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="okamotoi">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979AFA312FBBAF1D20" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. okamotoi</emphasis>
Miyamoto &amp; Lee
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979D60310BB9DA1D20" box="[541,650,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. t y p i c us</emphasis>
(Distant) are found from various herbs or shrubs. Although host associations of two Japanese species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979D3E3167B9AD1D1C" authority="Poppius" authorityName="Poppius" box="[579,765,1879,1904]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979D3E3167B9CB1D03" box="[579,667,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. niger</emphasis>
Poppius
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979C4B3167B8EE1D1C" box="[822,958,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maeharai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979C4B3167B8EE1D1C" box="[822,958,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">P. maeharai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A277D779B346FF979CBB3166BF541D03" box="[966,1028,1880,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, remain unclear, a few adults of the former were observed to have preyed on a coccid on bark of 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979C443142BA4D1DD4" authority="(Makino) Sugim. ex H.Hara" authorityName="(Makino) Sugim. ex H.Hara" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Cinnamomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuifolium">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979C443142BF0C1DF8" box="[825,1116,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Cinnamomum tenuifolium</emphasis>
(Makino) Sugim. ex H.Hara (Lauraceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B346FF979E50319EBAB71DD4" author="Yasunaga" box="[301,487,1952,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" refString="Yasunaga, T. (2001) Family Miridae Hahn, plant bugs. In: Yasunaga, T., Takai, M. &amp; Kawasawa, T. (Eds.), A Field Guide to Japanese Bugs. Vol. II. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 1 - 96 &amp; 111 - 351. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="2001">Yasunaga, 2001</bibRefCitation>
), and those of the latter was found moving quickly on bark of 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B346FF979BC0319FBA9B1DB0" authority="Sieb. ex Koidz." authorityName="Sieb. ex Koidz." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="174" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jamasakura">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B346FF979BC0319FBECC1DD4" box="[1213,1436,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="174">Prunus jamasakura</emphasis>
Sieb. ex Koidz. (Rosaceae)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8FB610B347FF969FBA36A9BF2E1BC1" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">
Pilophorine host plant associations are presumed to be influenced by the presence of acceptable prey organisms (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B347FF969E653682B9651AB8" author="Schuh" box="[280,565,188,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" refString="Schuh, R. T. &amp; Schwartz, M. D. (1988) Revision of the New World Pilophorini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 187, 101 - 201." type="journal article" year="1988">Schuh &amp; Schwartz, 1988</bibRefCitation>
). Some members, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B347FF969C213683B88F1AB8" box="[860,991,188,212]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setulosus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B347FF969C213683B88F1AB8" box="[860,991,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">P. setulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B347FF969B683683BF2F1AB8" box="[1045,1151,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typicus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B347FF969B683683BF2F1AB8" box="[1045,1151,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">P. typicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130BAA95B347FF969BF23682BF811AB9" box="[1167,1233,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1661,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,195,1639]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Old World pilophorines, habitus images of live individuals. A. Pilophorus miyamotoi Linnavuori from Honshu, Japan. B. P. typicus (Distant) from Kyushu, Japan. C. Pherolepis fasciatus (Kerzhner) from Hokkaido, Japan. D. Sthenaridea piceonigra (Motshulsky) from Yangon, Myanmar. E. Druthmalus sp. from Chitwan, Nepal. F. Aloea nairobi Schuh from Nairobi, Kenya." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262877/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B), are found on a variety of plant taxa. We assume such species may be predominantly predaceous, as evidenced by a series of observations on 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B347FF969E2B373BBA921B70" box="[342,450,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typicus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B347FF969E2B373BBA921B70" box="[342,450,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">P. typicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, now considered to be a potential candidate for biological control programs against economically important pests (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B347FF969E923716B9C81B2C" author="Ito" box="[495,664,296,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" refString="Ito, K., Nishikawa, H., Shimada, T., Ogawa, K., Minamiya, Y., Hayakawa, H., Fukuda, T. &amp; Arakawa, R. (2009) Molecular identification of genotypes of Pilophorus typicus (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Japan using PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Environment Control in Biology, 47 (4), 191 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2525 / ecb. 47.191" type="journal article" year="2009">
Ito 
<emphasis id="B9446A02B347FF969D6B3717B9171B2C" box="[534,583,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B347FF969DDE3716B98E1B2C" author="Ito" box="[675,734,296,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" refString="Ito, K., Nishikawa, H., Shimada, T., Ogawa, K., Minamiya, T., Tomoda, M., Nakahira, K., Kodama, R., Fukuda, T. &amp; Arakawa, R. (2011) Analysis of genetic variation and phylogeny of the predatory bug, Pilophorus typicus, in Japan using mitochondrial gene sequences. Journal of Insect Science, 2 (18), 1 - 13. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1673 / 031.011.0118" type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
). However, the Japanese population of 
<taxonomicName id="4C30CD93B347FF969BE93717BFAE1B53" box="[1172,1278,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Pilophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typicus">
<emphasis id="B9446A02B347FF969BE93717BFAE1B53" box="[1172,1278,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">P. typicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is assumed to comprise two sibling species based on two genotypes detected by DNA sequence data; these different races currently cannot be determined morphologically (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA1CBE1B347FF969DA6374EB8C31BE4" author="Ito" box="[731,915,368,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="175" refString="Ito, K., Nishikawa, H., Shimada, T., Ogawa, K., Minamiya, T., Tomoda, M., Nakahira, K., Kodama, R., Fukuda, T. &amp; Arakawa, R. (2011) Analysis of genetic variation and phylogeny of the predatory bug, Pilophorus typicus, in Japan using mitochondrial gene sequences. Journal of Insect Science, 2 (18), 1 - 13. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1673 / 031.011.0118" type="journal article" year="2011">
Ito 
<emphasis id="B9446A02B347FF969C7A374FB86D1BE4" box="[775,829,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="175">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, a broader survey on characters, including closer examination of the genitalia, is required for this widespread pilophorine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>