treatments-xml/data/03/96/6A/03966A560F41C741BABF8981B7F6FB24.xml
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<mods:title id="D8B04702CDEFB73A46BDB9C74215E83A">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F41C741BABF8981B7BEFD01" blockId="42.[151,1437,690,1257]" box="[151,720,690,717]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741BABF8981B5D4FD01" bold="true" box="[151,186,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F41C741BAEB8980B7A2FD01" ID-CoL="CMC4" ID-ENA="1104675" authority="(Macalister, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Macalister" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[195,716,690,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741BAEB8980B481FD01" bold="true" box="[195,495,690,717]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Amblyomma compressum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741B8288981B7AAFD01" author="Macalister, A." box="[512,708,691,717]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="287 - 288" refId="ref227252" refString="Macalister, A. (1872) Description of a new genus of Ixodea [sic]. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 12, 287 - 288." type="journal article" year="1872">Macalister, 1872</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F41C741B8F08981B4E0FC4D" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F41C741B8F08981B4E0FC4D" blockId="42.[151,1437,690,1257]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Afrotropical: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741B9BB8981B686FD01" box="[915,1000,691,717]" name="Angola" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Angola</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BE3F8981B118FD01" box="[1047,1142,691,717]" name="Burundi" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Burundi</collectingCountry>
, 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BE8C8981B072FD01" box="[1188,1308,691,717]" name="Cameroon" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
, 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BF628981B432FD3D" name="Central African Republic" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
, 5)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BBAD89E5B4BCFD3D" box="[389,466,727,753]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Congo</collectingCountry>
, 6)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BBD489E5B6E8FD3D" box="[508,902,727,753]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
, 7)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741B99889E5B1EEFD3D" box="[944,1152,727,753]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 8)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BE8189E5B198FD3D" box="[1193,1270,727,753]" name="Gabon" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, 9)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BF0889E5B002FD3D" box="[1312,1388,727,753]" name="Ghana" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ghana</collectingCountry>
, 10)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BABF89C9B585FCD9" box="[151,235,763,789]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 11)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BB0A89C9B4C7FCD9" box="[290,425,763,789]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, 12)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BBC889C9B75AFCD9" box="[480,564,763,789]" name="Liberia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Liberia</collectingCountry>
, 13)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741B84489C9B7ADFCD9" box="[620,707,763,789]" name="Nigeria" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, 14)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741B8D389C9B634FCD9" box="[763,858,763,789]" name="Rwanda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
, 15)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741B9B989C9B6A3FCD9" box="[913,973,763,789]" name="Togo" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Togo</collectingCountry>
, 16)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BE2D89C9B132FCD9" box="[1029,1116,763,789]" name="Uganda" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Uganda</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BE4389C9B05AFCD9" author="Santos Dias, J. A. T." box="[1131,1332,762,789]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref250862" refString="Santos Dias, J. A. T. (1957) Notas ixodologicas. II. Acerca de duas entidades africanas do genero Amblyomma CL Koch, 1844. Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra, (248), 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1957">Santos Dias 1957</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BF1589C9B477FCF5" author="Aeschlimann, A." pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="154 - 177" refId="ref167277" refString="Aeschlimann, A. (1963) Observations sur la morphologie, la biologie et le developpement d' Amblyomma compressum (Macalister, 1872), la tique des pangolins d'Afrique occidentale. Acta Tropica, 20, 154 - 177." type="journal article" year="1963">Aeschlimann 1963</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BB0E882DB4D2FCF5" author="Morel, P. C." box="[294,444,799,825]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="33 - 46" refId="ref231646" refString="Morel, P. C. (1963 b) La reserve naturelle integrale du mont Nimba. II. Tiques (Acarina, Ixodoidea). Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, (66) 33 - 46." type="journal article" year="1963">Morel 1963b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BBE1882DB7B2FCF5" author="Morel, P. C. &amp; Mouchet, J." box="[457,732,798,825]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="477 - 496" refId="ref232472" refString="Morel, P. C. &amp; Mouchet, J. (1965) Les tiques du Cameroun (Ixodidae et Argasidae) (2 e note). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 40, 477 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1965404477" type="journal article" year="1965">Morel &amp; Mouchet 1965</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741B8C1882DB6DDFCF5" author="Doss, M. A. &amp; Farr, M. M. &amp; Roach, K. F. &amp; Anastos, G." box="[745,947,799,825]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref188723" refString="Doss, M. A., Farr, M. M., Roach, K. F. &amp; Anastos, G. (1974 a) Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Special publication 3. Ticks and tick-borne diseases. I. Genera and species of ticks. Part 1. Genera A-G. United States Department of Agriculture, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. C., 429 pp." type="book" year="1974">
Doss
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741B901882DB60DFCF5" box="[809,867,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
1974
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, Keirans 1985
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BE72882CB0F6FCF5" author="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A." box="[1114,1432,798,825]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="353 - 379" refId="ref263132" refString="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A. (1987) The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 54, 353 - 379." type="journal article" year="1987">b, Matthysse &amp; Colbo 1987</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BABF8871B41CFC91" author="Konstantinov, O. K. &amp; Balde, M. C. &amp; Tchounina, L. M. &amp; Mourzin, S. V. &amp; Popov, N. V. &amp; Tchebotarev, A. N." box="[151,370,835,861]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="85 - 92" refId="ref221394" refString="Konstantinov, O. K., Balde, M. C., Tchounina, L. M., Mourzin, S. V., Popov, N. V. &amp; Tchebotarev, A. N., (1990) Ticks of the family Ixodidae as arbovirus reservoirs in the Republic of Guinea. I. Fauna and ecology of ticks. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 43, 85 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.19182 / remvt. 8902" type="journal article" year="1990">Konstantinov 1990</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741B9998871B685FC91" box="[945,1003,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
, b).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F41C741BAEF88B9B7F6FB24" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F41C741BAEF88B9B00BFC68" blockId="42.[151,1437,690,1257]" box="[199,1381,907,933]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Several records of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F41C741BBB288B9B7D6FC68" baseAuthorityName="Macalister" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[410,696,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741BBB288B9B7D6FC68" box="[410,696,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Amblyomma compressum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been published under the name
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741BE7688B9B00BFC68" box="[1118,1381,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F41C741BE7688B9B00FFC68" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1899" box="[1118,1377,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuneatum">Amblyomma cuneatum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F41C741BAEF889DB7F6FB24" blockId="42.[151,1437,690,1257]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
The geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F41C741B804889DB622FC04" baseAuthorityName="Macalister" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[556,844,943,969]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741B804889DB622FC04" box="[556,844,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Amblyomma compressum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is controversial.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BE3B889DB05DFC05" author="Voltzit, O. V. &amp; Keirans, J. E." box="[1043,1331,943,969]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="135 - 214" refId="ref262289" refString="Voltzit, O. V. &amp; Keirans, J. E. (2003) A review of African Amblyomma species (Acari, Ixodida, Ixodidae). Acarina, 11, 135 - 214." type="journal article" year="2003">Voltzit &amp; Keirans (2003)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BF68889DB58AFC21" author="Kolonin, G. V." pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin (2009)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BADA88E1B4C6FC21" author="Burridge, M. J." box="[242,424,979,1005]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref178986" refString="Burridge, M. J. (2011) Non-Native and Invasive Ticks. Threats to Human and Animal Health in the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 448 pp." type="book" year="2011">Burridge (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BBCB88E1B620FC21" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G." box="[483,846,979,1005]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref199027" refString="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2018) Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing humans. A global overview. Springer, Cham, 314 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 95552 - 0" type="book" year="2018">Guglielmone &amp; Robbins (2018)</bibRefCitation>
included
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741B9E988E1B15CFC21" box="[961,1074,979,1005]" name="Botswana" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Botswana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BE6888E1B1F2FC21" box="[1088,1180,979,1005]" name="Gambia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Gambia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BE8088E1B19AFC21" box="[1192,1268,979,1005]" name="Kenya" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BF2A88E1B0F7FC21" box="[1282,1433,979,1005]" name="Mozambique" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BABF88C5B594FBDD" box="[151,250,1015,1041]" name="Namibia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Namibia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BB2D88C5B430FBDD" box="[261,350,1015,1041]" name="Senegal" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Senegal</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BBBC88C5B74DFBDD" box="[404,547,1015,1041]" name="South Africa" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">South Africa</collectingCountry>
within the geographic distribution of this species. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BEE388C5B003FBDD" author="Walker, J. B." box="[1227,1389,1015,1041]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="81 - 105" refId="ref263045" refString="Walker, J. B. (1991) A review of the ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) occurring in southern Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 58, 81 - 105." type="journal article" year="1991">Walker (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BABF8F29B41CFBF9" author="Horak, I. G. &amp; Heyne, H. &amp; Williams, R. &amp; Gallivan, G. J. &amp; Spickett, A. &amp; Bezuidenhout, J. D. &amp; Estrada-Pena, A." box="[151,370,1051,1077]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref208796" refString="Horak, I. G., Heyne, H., Williams, R., Gallivan, G. J., Spickett, A., Bezuidenhout, J. D. &amp; Estrada-Pena, A. (2018) The ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of southern Africa. Springer, Cham, 676 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 70642 - 9" type="book" year="2018">
Horak
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741BACE8F29B471FBF9" box="[230,287,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
did not recognize the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F41C741B8D58F29B173FBF8" baseAuthorityName="Macalister" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[765,1053,1051,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741B8D58F29B173FBF8" box="[765,1053,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Amblyomma compressum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BE6B8F29B1DAFBF9" box="[1091,1204,1051,1077]" name="Botswana" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Botswana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BEE98F29B04FFBF9" box="[1217,1313,1051,1077]" name="Namibia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Namibia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BF738F29B58FFB95" name="South Africa" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, while
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BB1A8F0DB49AFB95" author="Cumming, G. S." box="[306,500,1087,1113]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="303 - 327" refId="ref185912" refString="Cumming, G. S. (1999) Host distributions do not limit the species ranges of most African ticks (Acari: Ixodida). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 89, 303 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485399000450" type="journal article" year="1999">Cumming (1999)</bibRefCitation>
stated that this tick is not found in southern Africa.
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F41C741BE128F0DB036FB94" baseAuthorityName="Macalister" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1082,1368,1087,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741BE128F0DB036FB94" box="[1082,1368,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Amblyomma compressum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not listed as found in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BB498F51B4C4FBB1" box="[353,426,1123,1149]" name="Kenya" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kenya</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741BBFE8F51B714FBB1" author="Walker, J. B." box="[470,634,1123,1149]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref262953" refString="Walker, J. B. (1974) The ixodid ticks of Kenya. A review of present knowledge of their hosts and distribution. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, 220 pp." type="book" year="1974">Walker (1974)</bibRefCitation>
, and no records of this tick have been found for
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BE898F51B193FBB1" box="[1185,1277,1123,1149]" name="Gambia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Gambia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BF218F51B0F3FBB1" box="[1289,1437,1123,1149]" name="Mozambique" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BAED8FB5B44FFB6D" box="[197,289,1159,1185]" name="Senegal" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Senegal</collectingCountry>
. The labeling of a female of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F41C741B8718FB5B618FB6C" baseAuthorityName="Macalister" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[601,886,1159,1185]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741B8718FB5B618FB6C" box="[601,886,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Amblyomma compressum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F41C741BE1B8FB5B05FFB6C" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1899" box="[1075,1329,1159,1185]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuneatum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741BE1B8FB5B05FFB6C" box="[1075,1329,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Amblyomma cuneatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as found in the
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F41C741BAF38F99B43DFB09" box="[219,339,1195,1221]" name="Seychelles" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
appears to be in error (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F41C741B8678F99B790FB09" author="Robinson, L. E." box="[591,766,1195,1221]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref247794" refString="Robinson, L. E. (1926) Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part IV. The genus Amblyomma. Cambridge University Press, London, 302 pp." type="book" year="1926">Robinson 1926</bibRefCitation>
). None of the countries named in this paragraph are included within the range of
<emphasis id="B94B07520F41C741BB5A8FFDB7F6FB24" box="[370,664,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F41C741BB5A8FFDB7FAFB24" baseAuthorityName="Macalister" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[370,660,1231,1257]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressum">Amblyomma compressum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>