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<mods:title id="C442E14C9A69927673B6E6B3C30B28B4">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F3CC73CBABF8BA4B7E6FF7C" box="[151,648,150,177]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F3CC73CBABF8BA4B7E6FF7C" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,825]" box="[151,648,150,177]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CBABF8BA4B5D5FF7C" bold="true" box="[151,187,150,176]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">69.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CBAE88BA4B7EDFF7C" ID-CoL="3J7WF" ID-ENA="2914535" authority="Warburton, 1910" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[192,643,150,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CBAE88BA4B4D1FF7D" bold="true" box="[192,447,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBBED8BA4B7EDFF7C" author="Warburton, C." box="[453,643,150,176]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="395 - 407" refId="ref263969" refString="Warburton, C. (1910) On two collections of Indian ticks. Parasitology, 3, 395 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000002237" type="journal article" year="1910">Warburton, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F3CC73CB8A48BA4B621FF34" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F3CC73CB8A48BA4B621FF34" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,825]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
Afrotropical: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CB9698BA4B6E7FF7C" box="[833,905,150,176]" name="Oman" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Oman</collectingCountry>
; Oriental: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CBE318BA4B13BFF7C" box="[1049,1109,150,176]" name="India" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">India</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CBE558BA4B1AEFF7C" box="[1149,1216,150,176]" name="Nepal" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Nepal</collectingCountry>
(south and central), 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CBA9D8B88B47AFF18" box="[181,276,186,212]" name="Pakistan" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(east), 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CBBAC8B88B49BFF18" box="[388,501,186,212]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
; Palearctic: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CB8B28B89B7A9FF19" box="[666,711,187,213]" name="Iran" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Iran</collectingCountry>
(Hoogstraal 1970a, 1980,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CB9D88B88B06CFF19" author="Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Kim, K. C." box="[1008,1282,186,213]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="505 - 568" refId="ref204579" refString="Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Kim, K. C. (1985) Tick and mammal coevolution, with emphasis on Haemaphysalis. In: Kim K. C. (Editor), Coevolution of parasitic arthropods and mammals. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York and other cities, pp. 505 - 568." type="book chapter" year="1985">Hoogstraal &amp; Kim 1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBF248B88B42AFF34" author="Geevarghese, G. &amp; Mishra, A. C." pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref197037" refString="Geevarghese, G. &amp; Mishra, A. C. (2011) Haemaphysalis ticks of India. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 260 pp." type="book" year="2011">Geevarghese &amp; Mishra 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBB678BECB7E6FF35" author="Liyanaarachchi, D. &amp; Rajakaruna, R. S. &amp; Dikkumbura, A. W. &amp; Rajapakse, R. P. V. J." box="[335,648,222,249]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="64 - 70" refId="ref225971" refString="Liyanaarachchi, D., Rajakaruna, R. S., Dikkumbura, A. W. &amp; Rajapakse, R. P. V. J. (2015 a) Ticks infesting wild and domestic animals and humans of Sri Lanka with new host records. Acta Tropica, 142, 64 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2014.11.001" type="journal article" year="2015">
Liyanaarachchi
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CB82B8BEDB755FF34" box="[515,571,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
2015
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CB8548BECB7E6FF35" author="Pun, S. K. &amp; Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Tarragona, E. L. &amp; Nava, S. &amp; Maharjan, M." box="[636,648,222,249]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="526 - 534" refId="ref244332" refString="Pun, S. K., Guglielmone, A. A., Tarragona, E. L., Nava, S. &amp; Maharjan, M. (2018) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Nepal: first record of Amblyomma varanense (Supino), with an update of species list. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 9, 526 - 534. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2018.01.010" type="journal article" year="2018">a</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, Pun
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CB8EF8BEDB791FF34" box="[711,767,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
2018).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F3CC73CBAEF8A30B14AFCF4" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F3CC73CBAEF8A30B7DEFE1D" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,825]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
The geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CB80D8A30B670FED0" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[549,798,258,284]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CB80D8A30B670FED0" box="[549,798,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
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should be considered provisional, and records published prior to the redescription of this tick by Hoogstraal (1970a) are not included in this analysis. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBF098A14B458FEA9" author="Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Kim, K. C." pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="505 - 568" refId="ref204579" refString="Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Kim, K. C. (1985) Tick and mammal coevolution, with emphasis on Haemaphysalis. In: Kim K. C. (Editor), Coevolution of parasitic arthropods and mammals. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York and other cities, pp. 505 - 568." type="book chapter" year="1985">Hoogstraal &amp; Kim (1985)</bibRefCitation>
regarded
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CBB8D8A78B7F0FEA8" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[421,670,330,356]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CBB8D8A78B7F0FEA8" box="[421,670,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as polytypic and treated its range as unusual.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBEB28A78B58FFE44" author="Geevarghese, G. &amp; Mishra, A. C." pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref197037" refString="Geevarghese, G. &amp; Mishra, A. C. (2011) Haemaphysalis ticks of India. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 260 pp." type="book" year="2011">Geevarghese &amp; Mishra (2011)</bibRefCitation>
did not regard localities outside
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CB8758A5CB7F9FE44" box="[605,663,366,392]" name="India" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">India</collectingCountry>
as being within the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CB9C48A5CB186FE44" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[1004,1256,366,392]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CB9C48A5CB186FE44" box="[1004,1256,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBED08A5CB58CFE60" author="Camicas, J. L. &amp; Hervy, J. P. &amp; Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C." pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref179770" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Camicas
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CBF4A8A5DB0F3FE44" box="[1378,1437,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CBB4D8AA0B732FE60" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[357,604,402,428]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CBB4D8AA0B732FE60" box="[357,604,402,428]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
an exclusively Oriental species, but the Afrotropical and Palearctic Regions are here provisionally included within its range.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F3CC73CBAEF8AE8B6EAFDD5" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,825]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBAEF8AE8B744FE38" author="Hosseini-Chegeni, A. &amp; Tavakoli, M. &amp; Telmadarraiy, Z." box="[199,554,474,500]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="2133 - 2166" refId="ref210448" refString="Hosseini-Chegeni, A., Tavakoli, M. &amp; Telmadarraiy, Z. (2019) The updated list of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae &amp; Argasidae) occurring in Iran with a key to the identification of species. Systematic &amp; Applied Acarology, 24, 2133 - 2166. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 24.11.8" type="journal article" year="2019">
Hosseini-Chegeni
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CBBB28AE9B4B8FE38" box="[410,470,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
did not include
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CB8C58AE8B684FE38" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[749,1002,474,500]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CB8C58AE8B684FE38" box="[749,1002,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their list of Iranian ticks, and that country is only provisionally considered within this species range.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F3CC73CBAEF8910B14AFCF4" blockId="87.[151,1437,150,825]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
Hoogstraal (1970a) argued that all African records of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CB9658910B123FDF0" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[845,1101,546,572]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CB9658910B123FDF0" box="[845,1101,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are erroneous; nevertheless,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBABF8974B420FDAD" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[151,334,582,609]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans (1985b)</bibRefCitation>
reexamined six African specimens identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CB9588974B106FDAC" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[880,1128,582,608]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CB9588974B106FDAC" box="[880,1128,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis leachi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, five from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CBECF8974B053FDAC" box="[1255,1341,582,608]" name="Malawi" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Malawi</collectingCountry>
and one from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CBAFD8958B406FD49" box="[213,360,618,645]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
, and in his opinion all of them corresponded to
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CB9AB8958B113FD48" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[899,1149,618,644]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CB9AB8958B113FD48" box="[899,1149,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These specimens should be further evaluated, but at this time
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CB81C89BCB7E4FD64" box="[564,650,654,680]" name="Malawi" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Malawi</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CB8E989BCB63FFD65" box="[705,849,654,681]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
are not included within the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CBED889BCB5B3FD00" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CBED889BCB5B3FD00" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBAC28980B4F9FD00" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[234,407,690,716]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin (2009)</bibRefCitation>
listed
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CBBC88980B7B6FD00" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[480,728,690,716]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CBBC88980B7B6FD00" box="[480,728,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as found in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CB9758980B687FD00" box="[861,1001,690,716]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
, but its presence there is treated here as unconfirmed.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F3CC73CBB1D89E4B75AFD3C" author="Heath, A. C. G. &amp; Palma, R. L." box="[309,564,726,752]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="79 - 90" refId="ref201304" refString="Heath, A. C. G. &amp; Palma, R. L. (2016) A re-examination of doubtful New Zealand tick records: lost species, misidentifications or contamination? New Zealand Entomologist, 39, 79 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00779962.2016.1152872" type="journal article" year="2016">Heath &amp; Palma (2016)</bibRefCitation>
discovered that an alleged male of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CB9EB89E4B1D5FD3C" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[963,1211,726,752]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CB9EB89E4B1D5FD3C" box="[963,1211,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis leachi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
found on an extinct
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CBABF89C9B442FCD8" box="[151,300,762,789]" name="New Zealand" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
bird was in fact
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F3CC73CBBCC89C8B7B3FCD8" authorityName="Warburton" authorityYear="1910" box="[484,733,762,788]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F3CC73CBBCC89C8B7B3FCD8" box="[484,733,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Haemaphysalis indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although the specimen was not of
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F3CC73CBE4C89C9B197FCD8" box="[1124,1273,762,789]" name="New Zealand" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
origin, having been contaminated in Europe when the bird skin was sent there for an exhibition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>