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<mods:title id="B740FD6B02FC300729147365F46C2DCD">Late Neogene Lophophaenidae (Nassellaria, Radiolaria) from the eastern equatorial Pacific</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA1FFCA75DFE4E0FC21C3CD" blockId="50.[151,998,151,178]" box="[151,998,151,178]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75DFE4E0FC21C3CD" bold="true" box="[151,998,151,178]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA75A6E4E0FC21C3CD" ID-CoL="5GMH" authority="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya, 1971" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[238,998,151,178]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75A6E4E0FE51C3CE" bold="true" box="[238,406,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA74D6E4E0FDA9C3CD" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[414,622,151,177]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="40 - 60" refId="ref88125" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1847) Uber die mikroskopischen kieselschaligen Polycystinen als machtige Gebirgsmasse von Barbados und uber das Verhaltniss deraus mehr als 300 neuen Arten bestehenden ganz eigenthumlichen Formengruppe jener Felsmasse zu den jetzt lebenden Thieren und zur Kreidebildung Eine neue Anregung zur Erforschung des Erdlebens. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1847, 40 - 60. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1847">Ehrenberg, 1847</bibRefCitation>
emend.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA779FE4E0FC21C3CD" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[727,998,151,177]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFA1FFCA75DFE4ABFB5EC388" box="[151,1177,219,244]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA1FFCA75DFE4ABFB5EC388" blockId="50.[151,1177,219,244]" box="[151,1177,219,244]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA746EE4ABFD13C38F" authority="Ehrenberg, 1854 b" authorityName="Ehrenberg. While" authorityYear="1854" box="[294,724,219,244]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="galeaorci">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA746EE4ABFDDFC388" box="[294,536,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena galeaorci</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7756E4ABFD13C38F" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[542,724,219,244]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="236 - 250" refId="ref88252" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1854 b) Systematische Charakteristik der neuen mikroskopischen Organismen des tiefen atlantischen Oceans. Bericht uber die zu Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglichen Preufs Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1854, 236 - 250. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1854">Ehrenberg, 1854b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA77B9E4ABFB55C388" authority="Ehrenberg, 1874" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1874" box="[753,1170,220,244]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="apiculata">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA77B9E4ABFC25C388" box="[753,994,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena apiculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA76A0E4ABFB55C388" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[1000,1170,220,244]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="213 - 263" refId="ref88473" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1874) Grossere Felsproben des Polycystinen-Mergels von Barbados mit weiteren Erlauterungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preufs. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1874, 213 - 263. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1874">Ehrenberg, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFA1FFCA75DFE556FA82C120" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA1FFCA75DFE556FA82C120" blockId="50.[151,1437,289,2008]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75DFE556FEEEC247" bold="true" box="[151,297,289,315]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Description.</emphasis>
This genus has a relatively high cephalis, which is variable in shape but often reaches maximum width near the top. The cephalis may exhibit a distinct and elongated “neck” region, in which skeletal bars separate the main cephalic segment from the thorax, or the cephalis may be attached to the thorax near the median bar and expand upward without a clear neck. The cephalis also typically has numerous spines, which may be simple or branching. In all
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA75F1E5C5FE94C2B0" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[185,339,434,460]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75F1E5C5FE94C2B0" box="[185,339,434,460]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the apical spine becomes embedded in the shell wall near the base of the cephalis, rather than being free through the length of the cephalis as it is in
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA77F5E5A1FC93C28C" box="[701,852,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA77F5E5A1FC97C28C" authorityName=", Nishimura" authorityYear="1990" box="[701,848,470,496]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lithomelissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Lithomelissa</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The embedded apical spine may protrude as a horn once it reaches the top of the cephalis, as it does in
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7793E58DFCADC168" authorityName=", Nishimura" authorityYear="1990" box="[731,874,506,532]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lithomelissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7793E58DFCADC168" box="[731,874,506,532]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lithomelissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The thorax is wider than the cephalis, but it does not flare outward as widely as some other plagonid genera, such as
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA76D1E668FB08C144" box="[921,1231,542,568]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA76D1E668FBF7C144" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1881" box="[921,1072,543,568]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lampromitra" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Lampromitra</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7174E669FB0CC144" authorityName="Butschli" authorityYear="1882" box="[1084,1227,542,568]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Ceratocyrtis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Ceratocyrtis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7040E669FA5AC144" box="[1288,1437,542,568]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7040E669FA5EC144" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1881" box="[1288,1433,542,568]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Amphiplecta" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Amphiplecta</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Ribs and wings on the thorax are sometimes present, but rarely form strong feet as in
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA711EE635FA82C120" box="[1110,1349,578,604]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA711EE635FA86C120" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[1110,1345,578,604]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Pseudodictyophimus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Pseudodictyophimus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37A8DCDFFA1FFCB758FE611FE2CC0B5" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA1FFCA758FE611FB5DC799" blockId="50.[151,1437,289,2008]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA758FE611FEFCC1FC" bold="true" box="[199,315,614,640]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</emphasis>
The original description of this genus by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7644E611FC16C1FC" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[780,977,614,640]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="40 - 60" refId="ref88125" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1847) Uber die mikroskopischen kieselschaligen Polycystinen als machtige Gebirgsmasse von Barbados und uber das Verhaltniss deraus mehr als 300 neuen Arten bestehenden ganz eigenthumlichen Formengruppe jener Felsmasse zu den jetzt lebenden Thieren und zur Kreidebildung Eine neue Anregung zur Erforschung des Erdlebens. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1847, 40 - 60. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1847">Ehrenberg (1847)</bibRefCitation>
was somewhat vague and not illustrated, leading to some of the confusion in subsequent taxonomic literature. The
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FFA1FFCA76A2E6FDFBDDC1D8" box="[1002,1050,650,676]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA71CDE6FDFE98C1B5" authority="Ehrenberg, 1854 b" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1854" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="subSpecies" species="galea" subSpecies="orci">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA71CDE6FDFA5BC1D8" box="[1157,1436,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena galea orci</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA75DFE6D9FE98C1B5" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[151,351,686,713]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="236 - 250" refId="ref88252" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1854 b) Systematische Charakteristik der neuen mikroskopischen Organismen des tiefen atlantischen Oceans. Bericht uber die zu Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglichen Preufs Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1854, 236 - 250. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1854">Ehrenberg, 1854b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(by monotypy) was first illustrated from different material by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7153E6D9FB6BC1B4" author="Stohr, E." box="[1051,1196,686,712]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="71 - 124" refId="ref95275" refString="Stohr, E. (1880) Die Radiolarienfauna der Tripoli von Grotte, Provinz Girgenti in Sicilien. Palaeontographica, 26, 71 - 124. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1880">Stöhr (1880)</bibRefCitation>
. Ehrenberg’s original flow-chart describing this genus only specified that this taxon has two segments, a wide opening on the last segment, no ribs, often is crested, and has no posterior corona of spines.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA76CFE681FB96C06C" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[903,1105,758,784]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="213 - 263" refId="ref88473" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1874) Grossere Felsproben des Polycystinen-Mergels von Barbados mit weiteren Erlauterungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preufs. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1874, 213 - 263. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1874">Ehrenberg (1874)</bibRefCitation>
described several additional species in this genus, and as some of these were also illustrated a clear basis for understanding the original meaning of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA75FEE749FE97C024" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[182,336,830,856]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75FEE749FE97C024" box="[182,336,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is available. Furthermore, many of Ehrenberg’s illustrated
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FFA1FFCA76A5E749FBDAC024" box="[1005,1053,830,856]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
series specimens have since been digitally re-imaged using modern light microscopy (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA77BAE715FC0CC000" author="Ogane, K. &amp; Suzuki, N. &amp; Aita, Y. &amp; Sakai, T. &amp; Lazarus, D." box="[754,971,866,892]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref92834" refString="Ogane, K., Suzuki, N., Aita, Y., Sakai, T. &amp; Lazarus, D. (2009) Ehrenberg's Radiolarian Collections from Barbados. In: Tanimura, Y. &amp; Aita, Y. (Eds.), Joint Haeckel and Ehrenberg Project: Reexamination of the Haeckel and Ehrenberg Microfossil Collections as a Historical and Scientific Legacy. Monograph No. 40. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, pp. 97 - 106." type="book chapter" year="2009">
Ogane
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA760FE714FC44C000" box="[839,899,866,892]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
—see citations within individual species synonymy lists below). From these descriptions and images it is clear that the original concept was quite broad, and subsequent workers have further refined the scope of the genus concept
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA76FDE7DDFBA6C0B8" author="Haeckel, E." box="[949,1121,938,964]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref89399" refString="Haeckel, E. (1862) Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. Reimer, Berlin, 572 pp. [in German] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10155" type="book" year="1862">Haeckel (1862)</bibRefCitation>
added further specifications to this genus, noting that it has a “ring-shaped cross-constriction” [translation from the German by David Lazarus], has a flared thorax (cylindrical or bell-shaped) that is not flattened, and has one or more spines on the cephalis that can be connected to one another. In 1887, Haeckel apparently revised this description, stating that the cephalis of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA75DFE04DFEF6C728" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[151,305,1082,1108]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75DFE04DFEF6C728" box="[151,305,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should have a group of large spines (rather than a single spine being acceptable). This revision was adopted by Campbell and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA748CE029FD9FC705" author="Clark, B. L. &amp; Campbell, A. S." box="[452,600,1118,1145]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref87542" refString="Clark, B. L. &amp; Campbell, A. S. (1945) Radiolaria from the Kreyenhagen Formation near Los Banos, California. Geological Society of America Memoir, 10, 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="1945">Clark (1945)</bibRefCitation>
, who described the genus as having a “cephalis armed with several large horns.”
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA75B8E0F5FE59C7E0" author="Haeckel, E." box="[240,414,1154,1180]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA776FE0F5FC2AC7E0" authority="Ehrenberg 1874" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1874" box="[551,1005,1154,1180]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="apiculata">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA776FE0F5FCF5C7E0" box="[551,818,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena apiculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7671E0F5FC2AC7E0" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[825,1005,1154,1180]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="213 - 263" refId="ref88473" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1874) Grossere Felsproben des Polycystinen-Mergels von Barbados mit weiteren Erlauterungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preufs. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1874, 213 - 263. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1874">Ehrenberg 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
to be synonymous with
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA704AE0F5FE77C7BD" authority="Ehrenberg, 1854 b" authorityName="Ehrenberg. However" authorityYear="1854" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="galea">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA704AE0F5FF12C7BC" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena galea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA75A9E0D1FE77C7BD" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[225,432,1190,1217]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="236 - 250" refId="ref88252" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1854 b) Systematische Charakteristik der neuen mikroskopischen Organismen des tiefen atlantischen Oceans. Bericht uber die zu Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglichen Preufs Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1854, 236 - 250. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1854">Ehrenberg, 1854b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but omitted the second half of the name (
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA76E5E0D0FC1EC7BC" box="[941,985,1191,1216]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">orci</emphasis>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA76BCE0D1FB3FC7BC" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[1012,1272,1190,1216]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya (1971)</bibRefCitation>
also included
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA75DFE0BDFDA4C798" authority="Ehrenberg, 1874" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,611,1226,1252]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="apiculata">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75DFE0BDFE65C798" box="[151,418,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena apiculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA74E1E0BDFDA4C798" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[425,611,1226,1252]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="213 - 263" refId="ref88473" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1874) Grossere Felsproben des Polycystinen-Mergels von Barbados mit weiteren Erlauterungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preufs. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1874, 213 - 263. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1874">Ehrenberg, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA77F9E0BDFB51C799" authority="Ehrenberg, 1854 b" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1854" box="[689,1174,1226,1253]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="subSpecies" species="galea" subSpecies="orci">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA77F9E0BDFC04C798" box="[689,963,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena galea orci</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7682E0BDFB51C799" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[970,1174,1226,1253]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="236 - 250" refId="ref88252" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1854 b) Systematische Charakteristik der neuen mikroskopischen Organismen des tiefen atlantischen Oceans. Bericht uber die zu Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglichen Preufs Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1854, 236 - 250. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1854">Ehrenberg, 1854b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA1FFCA7586E099FE69C4A4" blockId="50.[151,1437,289,2008]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7586E099FEBCC674" author="Haeckel, E." box="[206,379,1262,1288]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
designated two subgenera within
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA77B0E099FC55C674" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[760,914,1262,1288]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA77B0E099FC55C674" box="[760,914,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA76E8E099FB97C674" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[928,1104,1262,1288]" genus="Lophophaenula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA76E8E099FB97C674" box="[928,1104,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA71CEE099FA85C674" authorityName=", sensu Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[1158,1346,1262,1288]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Lophophaenoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA71CEE099FA85C674" box="[1158,1346,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7018E099FED3C651" author="Campbell, A. S." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref86440" refString="Campbell, A. S. (1954) Radiolaria. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. 3. Part D, Protista. Geological Society of America, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 11 - 195." type="book" year="1954">Campbell (1954)</bibRefCitation>
listed
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA742BE165FDD4C650" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[355,531,1298,1324]" genus="Lophophaenula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA742BE165FDD4C650" box="[355,531,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7663E165FC02C650" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[811,965,1298,1324]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7663E165FC02C650" box="[811,965,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA769DE165FB11C650" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[981,1238,1298,1324]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya (1971)</bibRefCitation>
initially elevated the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7466E141FE2DC62C" authorityName=", sensu Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[302,490,1334,1360]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Lophophaenoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7466E141FE2DC62C" box="[302,490,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the genus rank, and
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA77A2E141FB72C62C" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[746,1205,1334,1360]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="circumtexta">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA77A2E141FBC9C62C" box="[746,1038,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena circumtexta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA715CE141FB72C62C" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1044,1205,1334,1360]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was the
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FFA1FFCA705DE141FA82C62C" box="[1301,1349,1334,1360]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA75F0E12DFEB3C608" authorityName=", sensu Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[184,372,1370,1396]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Lophophaenoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75F0E12DFEB3C608" box="[184,372,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by monotypy, as well as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA76DCE12CFB22C608" authority="(Ehrenberg, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[916,1253,1370,1396]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="radians">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA76DCE12CFBCDC608" box="[916,1034,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">L. radians</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7152E12DFB1AC608" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[1050,1245,1370,1396]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="213 - 263" refId="ref88473" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1874) Grossere Felsproben des Polycystinen-Mergels von Barbados mit weiteren Erlauterungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preufs. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1874, 213 - 263. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1874">Ehrenberg, 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. While
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7008E12DFF25C6E4" author="Haeckel, E." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
defined the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA74AEE109FD65C6E4" authorityName=", sensu Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[486,674,1406,1432]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Lophophaenoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA74AEE109FD65C6E4" box="[486,674,1406,1432]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as: “Horns of the cephalis connected by anastomosing branches,”
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA75DFE1D5FE5CC6C0" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[151,411,1442,1468]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya (1971)</bibRefCitation>
’s genus description includes species without connected cephalic horns. She states that anastomosing branches on the cephalis are sometimes present, but particularly in more recent
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA71EFE1B1FF02C578" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA71EFE1B1FAA4C69C" box="[1191,1379,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, are not common. Later,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA74A2E19DFD2BC578" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[490,748,1514,1540]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref93714" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1981) Guides on Fauna USSR. Vol. 128. Radiolarians of the order Nassellaria in the world oceans. Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, 406 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1981">Petrushevskaya (1981)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7632E19DFBF1C578" authorityName=", sensu Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[890,1078,1514,1540]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Lophophaenoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7632E19DFBF1C578" box="[890,1078,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA75DFE279FEF3C554" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,308,1550,1576]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75DFE279FEF3C554" box="[151,308,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, presumably because the
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FFA1FFCA7712E279FD4DC554" box="[602,650,1550,1576]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
species fit within
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7615E279FC3DC554" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[861,1018,1550,1576]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7615E279FC3DC554" box="[861,1018,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7141E279FACDC554" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[1033,1290,1550,1576]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref93714" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1981) Guides on Fauna USSR. Vol. 128. Radiolarians of the order Nassellaria in the world oceans. Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, 406 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1981">Petrushevskaya (1981)</bibRefCitation>
decided that the differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA74E0E245FD85C530" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[424,578,1586,1612]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA74E0E245FD85C530" box="[424,578,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7731E245FCF2C530" authorityName=", sensu Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[633,821,1586,1612]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Lophophaenoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7731E245FCF2C530" box="[633,821,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as the variation in skeletal proportions and spine strength, were insufficient to justify separate genera, but instead of completely subsuming
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA71D9E221FA8AC50C" authorityName=", sensu Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[1169,1357,1622,1648]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Lophophaenoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA71D9E221FA8AC50C" box="[1169,1357,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA75DFE20DFEF6C5E8" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[151,305,1658,1684]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA75DFE20DFEF6C5E8" box="[151,305,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, she suggested that some of the species would fit within
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA76E2E20DFBF4C5E8" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1881" box="[938,1075,1658,1684]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Peromelissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA76E2E20DFBF4C5E8" box="[938,1075,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Peromelissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and others in
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7199E20DFAACC5E8" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[1233,1387,1658,1684]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7199E20DFAACC5E8" box="[1233,1387,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but did not make any formal transfers. Subsequent usage of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA764FE2E9FC66C5C4" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[775,929,1694,1720]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA764FE2E9FC66C5C4" box="[775,929,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is inconsistent in the sense that some still use the narrower definition of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7488E2B5FD9DC5A0" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[448,602,1730,1756]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7488E2B5FD9DC5A0" box="[448,602,1730,1756]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and break out
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA764AE2B5FAC7C5A0" authority=", sensu Petrushevskaya 1971" authorityName=", sensu Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[770,1280,1730,1756]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Lophophaenoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA764AE2B5FC79C5A0" box="[770,958,1730,1756]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
, sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA715AE2B5FAC7C5A0" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[1042,1280,1730,1756]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7009E2B5FF15C47C" author="Poluzzi, A." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="48 - 72" refId="ref94089" refString="Poluzzi, A. (1982) I radiolari Quaternari di un ambiente idrotermale del Mar Tirreno. Memorie della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 23 (2), 48 - 72. [in Italian]" type="journal article" year="1982">Poluzzi, 1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA7596E291FE1BC47C" author="Matsuzaki, K. M. &amp; Itaki T. &amp; Kimoto K." box="[222,476,1766,1792]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="65 - 84" refId="ref91810" refString="Matsuzaki, K. M., Itaki T. &amp; Kimoto K. (2016) Vertical distribution of polycystine radiolarians in the northern East China Sea. Marine Micropaleontology, 125, 65 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marmicro. 2016.03.004" type="journal article" year="2016">
Matsuzaki
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7412E290FE55C47C" box="[346,402,1766,1792]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
), whereas others use a broader genus definition of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7150E291FB75C47C" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[1048,1202,1766,1792]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7150E291FB75C47C" box="[1048,1202,1766,1792]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA71BBE291FF14C459" author="Van de Paverd, P. J." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref96419" refString="Van de Paverd, P. J. (1995) Recent Polycystine Radiolaria from the Snellius-II Expedition. Ph. D. thesis, Center for Marine Earth Science (the Netherlands) and Paleontological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, 351 pp." type="book" year="1995">Van de Paverd, 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA75A0E37DFE2EC458" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[232,489,1802,1828]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya (1971)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to describe the internal skeletal structure of
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA7132E37DFADCC458" box="[1146,1307,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA7132E37DFAD0C458" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[1146,1303,1802,1828]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Lophophaena</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which was followed and clarified by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA74FBE359FDBBC434" author="Nishimura, H." box="[435,636,1838,1864]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="69 - 172" refId="ref92633" refString="Nishimura, H. (1990) Taxonomic study on Cenozoic Nassellaria (Radiolaria). Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Section B: Geological Sciences, 11, 69 - 172." type="journal article" year="1990">Nishimura (1990)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA77CFE359FC8BC434" author="Funakawa, S." box="[647,844,1838,1864]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="458 - 483" refId="ref88708" refString="Funakawa, S. (1994) Plagiacanthidae (Radiolaria) from the Upper Miocene of eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 174, 458 - 483. https: // doi. org / 10.14825 / prpsj 1951.1994.174 _ 458" type="journal article" year="1994">Funakawa (1994)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA1FFCA76CDE359FB8DC434" author="O'Connor, B." box="[901,1098,1838,1864]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="101 - 128" refId="ref92709" refString="O'Connor, B. (1997) Lower Miocene Radiolaria from the Kopua Point, Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand. Micropaleontology, 43 (2), 101 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485777" type="journal article" year="1997">O’Connor (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. All of these authors agree that the internal skeleton of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA1FFCA74D3E325FDF2C410" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[411,565,1874,1900]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA1FFCA74D3E325FDF2C410" box="[411,565,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes the median bar, apical spine, dorsal spine, ventral spine, right and left lateral spines, and arches connecting the apical and ventral spines to the lateral spines. The arches connecting the apical and lateral spines are incorporated into the wall of the cephalis, as is the apical horn after it passes upward from the collar structure.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA0FFCB7586E4E0FC75C289" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
Here we observed the following species of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7784E4E0FCA1C3CD" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[716,870,151,177]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7784E4E0FCA1C3CD" box="[716,870,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7631E4E0FF15C3A9" authority="Renaudie and Lazarus, 2015" authorityName="Renaudie and Lazarus" authorityYear="2015" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="amictoria">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7631E4E0FB4CC3CC" box="[889,1163,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena amictoria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB71DDE4E0FF15C3A9" author="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B." pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="181 - 209" refId="ref94366" refString="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B. (2015) New species of Neogene radiolarians from the Southern Ocean - part III. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 34 (2), 181 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / jmpaleo 2013 - 034" type="journal article" year="2015">Renaudie and Lazarus, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7596E4CCFE6BC3A8" box="[222,428,187,213]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="arie" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7596E4CCFE6BC3A8" box="[222,428,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena arie</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB74FBE4CCFE36C3A9" box="[435,497,187,213]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB74B6E4CCFB47C3A9" authority="(Haeckel) Petrushevskaya, 1971" authorityName="Haeckel, Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Haeckel" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[510,1152,187,213]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="buetschlii">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB74B6E4CCFCCBC3A9" box="[510,780,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena buetschlii</emphasis>
(Haeckel)
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB76C1E4CCFB47C3A9" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[905,1152,187,213]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB71C4E4CCFAB8C3A8" box="[1164,1407,187,213]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="casperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB71C4E4CCFAB8C3A8" box="[1164,1407,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena casperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB70CFE4CCFF7EC385" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB758FE4A8FCFFC385" authority="(Cleve) Petrushevskaya, 1971" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Cleve" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[199,824,223,249]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB758FE4A8FE1CC385" box="[199,475,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena cylindrica</emphasis>
(Cleve)
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7708E4A8FCFFC385" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[576,824,223,249]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB760EE4A8FB8EC385" box="[838,1097,223,249]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="domovoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB760EE4A8FB8EC385" box="[838,1097,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena domovoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB711AE4A8FB56C385" box="[1106,1169,223,249]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB71D7E4A8FAB8C384" box="[1183,1407,223,249]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="gozui" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB71D7E4A8FAB8C384" box="[1183,1407,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena gozui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB70CFE4A8FF7EC261" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB758CE574FC87C261" authority="(Ehrenberg) Petrushevskaya, 1971" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[196,832,259,285]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB758CE574FE70C261" box="[196,439,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena hispida</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7702E574FC87C261" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[586,832,259,285]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7603E574FBEBC261" box="[843,1068,259,285]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="ikiryo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7603E574FBEBC261" box="[843,1068,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena ikiryo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB717BE574FBB7C261" box="[1075,1136,259,285]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7133E574FA93C261" box="[1147,1364,259,285]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="ikota" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7133E574FA93C261" box="[1147,1364,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena ikota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB7012E574FA50C261" box="[1370,1431,259,285]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB75DFE550FE6FC23D" box="[151,424,295,321]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="kaonashii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB75DFE550FE6FC23D" box="[151,424,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena kaonashii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB74F9E550FE36C23D" box="[433,497,295,321]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB74B7E550FB20C23D" authority="(Jorgensen) Kurihara and Matsuoka, 2010" authorityName="Jorgensen, Kurihara and Matsuoka" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Jorgensen" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[511,1255,295,321]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB74B7E550FD3DC23D" box="[511,762,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena laticeps</emphasis>
(Jørgensen)
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB76C7E550FB20C23D" author="Kurihara, T. &amp; Matsuoka, A." box="[911,1255,295,321]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="83 - 92" refId="ref90877" refString="Kurihara, T. &amp; Matsuoka, A. (2010) Living radiolarian fauna of late autumn (November 13, 2008) in surface-subsurface waters of the Japan Sea off Tassha, Sado Island, central Japan. Scientific Report, Niigata University, Geology, 25, 83 - 92." type="journal article" year="2010">Kurihara and Matsuoka, 2010</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB71BCE550FF18C219" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB71BCE550FA55C23D" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[1268,1426,295,321]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Lophophaena</taxonomicName>
? leberu
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB75A1E53CFDF4C219" author="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B." box="[233,563,331,357]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="26 - 53" refId="ref94419" refString="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B. (2016) New species of Neogene radiolarians from the Southern Ocean - part IV. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 35 (1), 26 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / jmpaleo 2014 - 026" type="journal article" year="2016">Renaudie and Lazarus, 2016</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7709E53CFCE5C219" box="[577,802,331,357]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="leshii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7709E53CFCE5C219" box="[577,802,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena leshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB7664E53CFCAAC219" box="[812,877,331,357]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7634E53CFECBC2F5" authority="Clark and Campbell, 1945" authorityName="Clark and Campbell" authorityYear="1945" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="macrencephala">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7634E53CFB0BC219" box="[892,1228,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena macrencephala</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB719DE53CFECBC2F5" author="Clark, B. L. &amp; Campbell, A. S." pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref87542" refString="Clark, B. L. &amp; Campbell, A. S. (1945) Radiolaria from the Kreyenhagen Formation near Los Banos, California. Geological Society of America Memoir, 10, 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="1945">Clark and Campbell, 1945</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7452E518FCEFC2F5" authority="Petrushevskaya, 1971" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[282,808,367,393]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="nadezdae">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7452E518FDE0C2F5" box="[282,551,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena nadezdae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7778E518FCEFC2F5" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[560,808,367,393]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB767FE518FA5FC2F5" authority="Renaudie and Lazarus, 2016" authorityName="Renaudie and Lazarus" authorityYear="2016" box="[823,1432,367,393]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="rhopalica">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB767FE518FB81C2F5" box="[823,1094,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena rhopalica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7118E518FA5FC2F5" author="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B." box="[1104,1432,367,393]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="26 - 53" refId="ref94419" refString="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B. (2016) New species of Neogene radiolarians from the Southern Ocean - part IV. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 35 (1), 26 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / jmpaleo 2014 - 026" type="journal article" year="2016">Renaudie and Lazarus, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB75DFE5E4FE5FC2D1" box="[151,408,403,429]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="rusalkae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB75DFE5E4FE5FC2D1" box="[151,408,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena rusalkae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB74D6E5E4FE1CC2D1" box="[414,475,403,429]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB74AFE5E4FD36C2D1" box="[487,753,403,429]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="shishigae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB74AFE5E4FD36C2D1" box="[487,753,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena shishigae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB77B0E5E4FCF2C2D1" box="[760,821,403,429]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7608E5E4FB3FC2D1" authority="Funakawa, 1994" authorityName="Funakawa" authorityYear="1994" box="[832,1272,403,429]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7608E5E4FBF1C2D1" box="[832,1078,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena simplex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7174E5E4FB3FC2D1" author="Funakawa, S." box="[1084,1272,403,429]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="458 - 483" refId="ref88708" refString="Funakawa, S. (1994) Plagiacanthidae (Radiolaria) from the Upper Miocene of eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 174, 458 - 483. https: // doi. org / 10.14825 / prpsj 1951.1994.174 _ 458" type="journal article" year="1994">Funakawa, 1994</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB704AE5E4FE1AC2AD" authority="(Popofsky, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Popofsky" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="undulatum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB704AE5E4FEC8C2AD" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena undulatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7469E5C0FE12C2AD" author="Popofsky, A." box="[289,469,439,465]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="216 - 416" refId="ref94175" refString="Popofsky, A. (1913) Die Nassellarien des Warmwassergebietes. Deutsche Su ¨ dpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie, 14, 216 - 416. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1913">Popofsky, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB74A0E5C0FD88C2AD" box="[488,591,439,465]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7715E5C0FC9BC2AD" box="[605,860,439,465]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="ushionii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7715E5C0FC9BC2AD" box="[605,860,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena ushionii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB762EE5C0FC60C2AD" box="[870,935,439,465]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB76FFE5C0FE95C289" authority="(Popofsky) Petrushevskaya, 1971" authorityName="Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Popofsky" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB76FFE5C0FB01C2AD" box="[951,1222,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena variabilis</emphasis>
(Popofsky)
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7010E5C0FE95C289" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 294" refId="ref93469" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1971) Nassellarian radiolarians in the plankton of the world oceans. Investigations of the Fauna of the Seas, 9 (17), 1 - 294. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Petrushevskaya, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB74C6E5ACFC8EC289" authority="(Petrushevskaya)" baseAuthorityName="Petrushevskaya" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[398,841,475,501]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="witjazii" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB74C6E5ACFD46C288" box="[398,641,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena witjazii</emphasis>
(Petrushevskaya)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB7618E5ACFC75C289" box="[848,946,475,501]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA0FFCB758FE588FDEBC0D9" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB758FE588FD50C165" authority="Haeckel, 1887" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[199,663,511,537]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="circumtexta">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB758FE588FE2BC164" box="[199,492,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena circumtexta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB74BCE588FD50C165" author="Haeckel, E." box="[500,663,511,537]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is not included here because it is considered to be in
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB71B0E588FA5BC165" box="[1272,1436,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB71B0E588FA5FC165" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[1272,1432,511,537]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Arachnocorys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
following
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7442E654FDCBC141" author="Petrushevskaya, M. G." box="[266,524,547,573]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refId="ref93714" refString="Petrushevskaya, M. G. (1981) Guides on Fauna USSR. Vol. 128. Radiolarians of the order Nassellaria in the world oceans. Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, 406 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1981">Petrushevskaya (1981)</bibRefCitation>
’s determination that
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB77BAE654FC69C141" authorityName=", sensu Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[754,942,547,573]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Lophophaenoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB77BAE654FC69C141" box="[754,942,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaenoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="54DB60E4FFA0FFCB76F4E654FC29C141" box="[956,1006,547,573]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB711AE654FB36C140" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1887" box="[1106,1265,547,572]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="circumtexta">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB711AE654FB36C140" box="[1106,1265,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">L. circumtexta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is a subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB746DE630FE05C11D" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1860" box="[293,450,583,609]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Arachnocorys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB746DE630FE05C11D" box="[293,450,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Arachnocorys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7499E630FC4DC11D" authority="Ehrenberg, 1874" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1874" box="[465,906,583,609]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="galeata">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7499E630FD00C11D" box="[465,711,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena galeata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7787E630FC4DC11D" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[719,906,583,609]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="213 - 263" refId="ref88473" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1874) Grossere Felsproben des Polycystinen-Mergels von Barbados mit weiteren Erlauterungen. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preufs. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1874, 213 - 263. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1874">Ehrenberg, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
does not fit the genus description, because the apical spine of this species is free within the cephalis, making it instead a
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB76A8E61CFBA8C1F9" authorityName=", Nishimura" authorityYear="1990" box="[992,1135,619,645]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lithomelissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB76A8E61CFBA8C1F9" box="[992,1135,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lithomelissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7136E61CFAEBC1F9" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1150,1324,619,645]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 1803" refId="ref89488" refString="Haeckel, E. (1887) Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 18, i - clxxxviii + 1 - 1803. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31840" type="journal article" year="1887">Haeckel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
questionably synonymized
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7423E6F8FDA7C1D5" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1874" box="[363,608,655,681]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="galeata">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7423E6F8FDA7C1D5" box="[363,608,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena galeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB77E8E6F8FC68C1D5" box="[672,943,655,681]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lithomelissa" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="ehrenbergi">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB77E8E6F8FC68C1D5" box="[672,943,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lithomelissa ehrenbergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we agree with this genus reassignment based on the position of the apical spine, but cannot confirm the species synonymy due to the poor quality of illustrated specimens.
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB74C8E6A0FD09C18D" box="[384,718,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB74C8E6A0FDD9C18D" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[384,542,727,753]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">Lophophaena</taxonomicName>
? globeacuculla
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB779CE6A0FBD6C18D" author="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B." box="[724,1041,726,753]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="181 - 209" refId="ref94366" refString="Renaudie, J. &amp; Lazarus, D. B. (2015) New species of Neogene radiolarians from the Southern Ocean - part III. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 34 (2), 181 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / jmpaleo 2013 - 034" type="journal article" year="2015">Renaudie and Lazarus, 2015</bibRefCitation>
has a nearly-spherical cephalis and very strong feet, which are not typical of this genus. However, it is not clear which genus would be a better fit for this species, so we do not make any formal transfer here.
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB7659E768FB06C045" authority="O'Connor, 1997" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="1997" box="[785,1217,799,825]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="tekopua">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7659E768FBCDC045" box="[785,1034,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena tekopua</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB7158E768FB06C045" author="O'Connor, B." box="[1040,1217,799,825]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="101 - 128" refId="ref92709" refString="O'Connor, B. (1997) Lower Miocene Radiolaria from the Kopua Point, Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand. Micropaleontology, 43 (2), 101 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485777" type="journal article" year="1997">O'Connor, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB71BEE768FA57C045" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[1270,1424,799,825]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB71BEE768FA57C045" box="[1270,1424,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB75DFE734FE64C021" authority="Caulet, 1991" authorityName="Caulet" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,419,835,861]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="species" species="thaumasia">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB75DFE734FECBC021" box="[151,268,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">thaumasia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1A3B7FFA0FFCB745BE734FE64C021" author="Caulet, J. P." box="[275,419,835,861]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="119" refId="ref86884" refString="Caulet, J. P. (1991) Radiolarians from the Kerguelen Plateau, Leg 119. In: Barron, J., Larsen, B., Baldauf, J., Alibert, C., Berkowitz, S., Caulet, J. P., Chambers, S., Cooper, A., Cranston, R., Dorn, W., Ehrmann, W., Fox, R., Fryxell, G., Hambrey, M., Huber, B., Jenkins, C., Kang, S. H., Keating, B., Mehl, K., Noh, I., Ollier, G., Pittenger, A., Sakai, H., Schroder, C., Solheim, A., Stockwell, D., Thierstein, H., Tocher, B., Turner, B. &amp; Wei, W. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. Vol. 119. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 513 - 546. https: // doi. org / 10.2973 / odp. proc. sr. 119.137.1991" type="book chapter" year="1991">Caulet, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are not included because these species both have a cephalis relatively too small and horns too strong to be typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB74F0E710FD95C0FD" authorityName="Ehrenberg, 1847 emend. Petrushevskaya" authorityYear="1971" box="[440,594,871,897]" class="Polycystina" family="Plagiacanthidae" genus="Lophophaena" kingdom="Chromista" order="Nassellaria" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB74F0E710FD95C0FD" box="[440,594,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Lophophaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Here we transfer these species to a new genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C60A5C5FFA0FFCB712CE710FB3CC0FD" box="[1124,1275,871,897]" family="Lophophaenidae" genus="Pelagomanes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Sarcomastigophora" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB712CE710FB3CC0FD" box="[1124,1275,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Pelagomanes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A227BF2FFFA0FFCB7049E710FA89C0FD" box="[1281,1358,871,897]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, which is described later in this manuscript.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFDE46FFA0FFCB7586E7D8FE2CC0B5" blockId="51.[151,1437,151,969]" box="[206,491,943,969]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B9140254FFA0FFCB7586E7D8FEE6C0B5" bold="true" box="[206,289,943,969]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Range.</emphasis>
?Eocene–Recent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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