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<mods:title>Twenty-two new species in the genus Hyphantrophaga Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, with a key to the species of Mesoamerica</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName authority="Townsend, 1892" authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga Townsend, 1892</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1892: 247. Type species:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Meigenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meigenia hyphantriae" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyphantriae">Meigenia hyphantriae</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1891, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eusisyropa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusisyropa" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusisyropa</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1908: 97. Type species:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Tachina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachina blanda" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">Tachina blanda</taxonomicName>
Osten Sacken, 1887, by monotypy. Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation author="O'Hara, J. E." journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="751 - 774" title="Tachinidae (Diptera): Nomenclatural review and changes, primarily for America north of Mexico" volume="130" year="1998">
<normalizedToken originalValue="OHara">O'Hara</normalizedToken>
and Wood 1998
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Brachymasicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachymasicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachymasicera</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1911: 133. Type species:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Brachymasicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachymasicera polita" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polita">Brachymasicera polita</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1911, by original designation. Syn. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ommasicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ommasicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ommasicera</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1911: 145. Type species:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ommasicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ommasicera chaetosa" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chaetosa">Ommasicera chaetosa</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1911, by monotypy. Syn. n. [Original description of genus based on female reproductive system, full description of the adult was not provided until
<bibRefCitation author="Townsend, C. H. T." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="301 - 367" title="Descriptions of new genera and species of muscoid flies from the Andean and Pacific coast regions of South America" volume="43" year="1912">Townsend 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 337.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Oomasicera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oomasicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oomasicera</taxonomicName>
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ommasicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ommasicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ommasicera</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1911 (
<bibRefCitation author="Guimaraes, JH" journalOrPublisher="A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="1 - 333" title="Family Tachinidae (Larvaevoridae)." volume="104" year="1971">Guimaraes 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 204).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ophirosturmia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophirosturmia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ophirosturmia</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1911: 133. Type species:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ophirosturmia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophirosturmia cincta" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cincta">Ophirosturmia cincta</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1911, by original designation. Syn. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Patillalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patillalia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patillalia</taxonomicName>
Curran, 1934: 459. Type species:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Patillalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patillalia fasciata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">Patillalia fasciata</taxonomicName>
Curran, 1934, by original designation. Syn. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ypophaemyiops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ypophaemyiops" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ypophaemyiops</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1935: 233. Type species:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Prophryno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prophryno myersi" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myersi">Prophryno myersi</taxonomicName>
Aldrich, 1933, by original designation. Syn. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
Other species included in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1892
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="adamsoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="adamsoni">adamsoni</taxonomicName>
Thompson, 1963: 293 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (CNC). Type locality: Trinidad, St. Augustine. Comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="angustata" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="angustata">angustata</taxonomicName>
van der Wulp, 1890: 70 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exorista" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exorista</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (NHMUK). Type locality: Mexico, Guerrero, Chilpancingo, 4600 ft.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="coquilletti" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="coquilletti">coquilletti</taxonomicName>
Aldrich &amp; Webber, 1924: 18 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, Texas, Belfrage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="auratofrontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="auratofrontalis">auratofrontalis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
, 1908: 475 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exorista" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exorista</taxonomicName>
). Syntypes male and female (MACN). Type locality: Argentina, Buenos Aires.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="autographae" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="autographae">autographae</taxonomicName>
Sellers, 1943: 23 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: Cuba,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Baraguá">Baragua</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="blanda" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="blanda">blanda</taxonomicName>
Osten Sacken, 1887: 162 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Tachina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachina (Exorista)" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Exorista">Tachina (Exorista)</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (MCZ). Type locality: unknown (Massachusetts according to
<bibRefCitation author="Townsend, C. H. T." journalOrPublisher="Charles Townsend &amp; Filhos, Itaquaquecetuba, Sao Paolo, Brasil" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" title="Manual of Myiology, in twelve parts. Part XI" year="1941">Townsend 1941</bibRefCitation>
:266.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="boarmiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="boarmiae">boarmiae</taxonomicName>
Coquillett, 1897: 95 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exorista" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exorista</taxonomicName>
). Lectotype female (USNM), by designation of
<bibRefCitation author="Aldrich, John Merton" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="1 - 90" title="The North American species of parasitic two-winged flies belonging to the genus Phorocera and allied genera" volume="63" year="1924">Aldrich and Webber 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 39. Type locality: USA, Massachusetts, Cotuit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="hypenae" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="hypenae">hypenae</taxonomicName>
Coquillett in Howard 1897: 47 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exorista" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exorista</taxonomicName>
). Nomen nudum
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="proserpina" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="proserpina">proserpina</taxonomicName>
Williston, 1889: 1919 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exorista" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exorista</taxonomicName>
, as subspecies of
<taxonomicName lsidName="blanda" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="blanda">blanda</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (depository unknown). Type locality: unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="blandita" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="blandita">blandita</taxonomicName>
Coquillett, 1897: 96 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exorista" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exorista</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: USA, New Hampshire, Franconia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="blandoides" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="blandoides">blandoides</taxonomicName>
Thompson, 1963: 297 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eusisyropa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusisyropa" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusisyropa</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (CNC). Type locality: Trinidad, Sta. Cruz Valley.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="brasiliensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
Moreira, 1915: 227 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Masicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Masicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Masicera</taxonomicName>
). Type status unclear, depository unknown. Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Nomen dubium
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="chaetosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="chaetosa">chaetosa</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1911: 145 [description based on female reproductive system; full description of adult in
<bibRefCitation author="Townsend, C. H. T." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="301 - 367" title="Descriptions of new genera and species of muscoid flies from the Andean and Pacific coast regions of South America" volume="43" year="1912">Townsend 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 337] (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ommasicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ommasicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ommasicera</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: Peru, Piura, Valle del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Chira, Sullana. Comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="collina" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="collina">collina</taxonomicName>
Reinhard, 1944: 68 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (SEMK). Type locality: USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="euchaetiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="euchaetiae">euchaetiae</taxonomicName>
Sellers, 1943: 13 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, New York, Clayton.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="fasciata" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="fasciata">fasciata</taxonomicName>
Curran, 1934: 469 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Patillalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patillalia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patillalia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (AMNH). Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Patilla Point. Comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="glauca" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="glauca">glauca</taxonomicName>
Giglio-Tos, 1893: 6 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Masicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Masicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Masicera</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (MZUT). Type locality: Mexico.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="gowdeyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="gowdeyi">gowdeyi</taxonomicName>
Curran, 1926: 112 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (AMNH). Type locality: Jamaica, St. Andrew Parish, Cinchona Botanical Gardens (as Hill Gardens). Comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="hyphantriae" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="hyphantriae">hyphantriae</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1891: 176 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Meigenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meigenia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Meigenia</taxonomicName>
). Lectotype male (USNM), by present designation of Wood. Type locality: USA, New Mexico, Las Cruces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="ceratomiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="ceratomiae">ceratomiae</taxonomicName>
Coquillett, 1897: 101 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exorista" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exorista</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, Texas, Fort Worth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="desmiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="desmiae">desmiae</taxonomicName>
Sellers, 1943: 16 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, California, Exeter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="myersi" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="myersi">myersi</taxonomicName>
Aldrich, 1933: 173 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Prophryno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prophryno" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prophryno</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (NHMUK). Type locality: Guyana (as British Guiana), Pakeraima Mts., Upper Ireng River. Comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="nigripes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="nigripes">nigripes</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1928: 159 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Brachymasicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachymasicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachymasicera</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: Peru, Chiclayo, Pomalca. Comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="niveifacies" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="niveifacies">niveifacies</taxonomicName>
Macquart, 1851a: 162 [also Macquart, 1851b: 189] (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exorista" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exorista</taxonomicName>
). 2 syntypes: 1 male, 1 female (MNHN). Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Salvador (as
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Bahia”">&quot;Bahia&quot;</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="optica" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="optica">optica</taxonomicName>
Schiner, 1868: 327 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exorista" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exorista</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (NHMW). Type locality: Brazil. Comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="polita" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="polita">polita</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1911: 143 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Brachymasicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachymasicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachymasicera</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: Peru, Piura. Comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="scolex" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="scolex">scolex</taxonomicName>
Reinhard, 1953: 56 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
) Holotype female (CAS). Type locality: USA, California, Los Angeles County, Tanbark Flat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="sellersi" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="sellersi">sellersi</taxonomicName>
Sabrosky, 1983: 254 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eusisyropa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusisyropa" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusisyropa</taxonomicName>
). 12 syntypes: 6 males, 6 females (USNM). Type locality: USA, Mississippi, Oxford; [new name for boarmiae of authors, not Coquillett, 1897 (
<bibRefCitation author="Sabrosky, C W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of The Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="251 - 255" title="The Type Specimen Of Eusisyropa boarmiae (Coquillett) And A New Specific Name For The Species (Diptera, Tachinidae)." volume="85" year="1983">Sabrosky 1983</bibRefCitation>
); name made available by
<bibRefCitation author="Sabrosky, C W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of The Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="251 - 255" title="The Type Specimen Of Eusisyropa boarmiae (Coquillett) And A New Specific Name For The Species (Diptera, Tachinidae)." volume="85" year="1983">Sabrosky (1983)</bibRefCitation>
in a bibliographic reference to the diagnosis of boarmiae in the Sellers' key (
<bibRefCitation author="Sellers, Wendell F." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="1 - 108" title="The Nearctic species of parasitic flies belonging to Zenillia and allied genera" volume="93" year="1943">Sellers 1943</bibRefCitation>
: 6-7) to the species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="subpolita" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="subpolita">subpolita</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1912: 341 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Brachymasicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachymasicera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachymasicera</taxonomicName>
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: Peru, Piura. Comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="tucumanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="tucumanensis">tucumanensis</taxonomicName>
Sellers, 1943: 21 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: Argentina, Tucuman.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName lsidName="virilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="virilis">virilis</taxonomicName>
Aldrich &amp; Webber, 1924: 40 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zenillia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zenillia</taxonomicName>
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, Illinois, Chicago [as New York, Rye, in error - see
<bibRefCitation author="Arnaud, P" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="116 - 116" title="The type locality of Eusisyropavirilis (Aldrich and Webber) (Diptera: Tachinidae)" volume="65" year="1963">Arnaud 1963</bibRefCitation>
: 116.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Meigenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meigenia hyphantriae" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyphantriae">Meigenia hyphantriae</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1891
<bibRefCitation author="Townsend, C. H. Tyler" journalOrPublisher="Psyche: A Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" pagination="176 - 177" title="A parasite of the fall web-worm" volume="6" year="1891">Townsend 1891</bibRefCitation>
: 176.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
Male. Head (Fig. 1a): vertex 1/4-1/3 of head width; 1-3 reclinate upper orbital setae; ocellar setae proclinate, well-developed, long and arising either beside or behind anterior ocellus; eye haired in all species; parafacial bare; fronto-orbital plate ranging from shiny silver or gold to brownish with a silver sheen and displaying varying degrees of hirsuteness, with setulae not extending below lowest frontal seta; lower margin of face level with vibrissa, thus not visible in profile; facial ridge bare in most species with two notable exceptions,
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. hazelcambroneroae" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="hazelcambroneroae">H. hazelcambroneroae</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. myersi" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="myersi">H. myersi</taxonomicName>
, in which the facial ridge is setulose; arista ranging from bare to minutely pubescent, usually distinctly thickened on basal 1/4 or 1/5, ranging in colour from orange to dark brown/black. Thorax: ranging from bright gold tomentose to dull grey; 2-4 prominent dorsal vittae, which can be thick and unbroken or thin and only scarcely visible under certain angles of light; prosternum setose; proepisternum with 1-5 main setae surrounded by a brush of shorter, weaker, hairlike setulae; postpronotum with 3-6 setae arranged in a triangle; chaetotaxy: acrostichal setae 3-4:3; dorsocentral setae 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="4:3">-4:3-</normalizedToken>
4 (only three exceptions displaying three postsutural dorsocentral setae:
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. calva" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="calva">H. calva</taxonomicName>
sp. n.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. fasciata" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="fasciata">H. fasciata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. hazelcambroneroae" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="hazelcambroneroae">H. hazelcambroneroae</taxonomicName>
sp. n.); intra-alar setae 2-4:3; supra-alar setae 2:3; 2-3 katepisternal setae; scutellum with four pairs of marginal setae (basal, lateral, subapical and apical); basal scutellar setae often longer than or subequal to lateral scutellar setae; subapical setae typically the strongest of the scutellar marginal setae, ranging from slightly curved and medially convergent to parallel, straight or divergent; ranging in length from equal to or longer than basal scutellar setae; apical setae crossed and short, usually 1/4 length of subapical setae, slightly upturned, at a slight upward angle compared to the plane of the rest of the marginal scutellar setae. Legs: ranging in ground colour from yellow to black; hind coxa bare or setose, with a single seta along dorsal margin (Fig. 1b) (this character is sexually dimorphic within
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. calva" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="calva">H. calva</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and variable in both sexes of
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. proxima" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="proxima">H. proxima</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. vicina" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="species" species="vicina">H. vicina</taxonomicName>
sp. n.). Wings: pale translucent, not strongly infuscate; vein R4+5 setose, with only 2-3 setulae at base. Abdomen (Fig. 1c, d): ground colour ranging from black to different tonalities of brown to orange; mid-dorsal depression on ST1+2 ranging from reaching halfway across the syntergite to almost reaching the hind margin; median marginal setae present on T3 and T4 and often on ST1+2; median discal setae most often confined to T5, but this varies amongst species, with some species displaying median discal setae on T3, T4 and T5; the presence of a sex patch is variable amongst species, ranging from absent to present anywhere between T3-T5. Terminalia (Fig. 1e, f): sternite 5 with a deeply excavated median cleft along posterior edge, smoothly U-shaped, with margins covered in dense tomentum; posterior lobes rounded apically, either bare with multiple fine hairlike setulae or with 2-3 strong setae surrounded by many shorter, weaker setulae. Anterior plate of sternite 5 subequal to or longer than posterior lobes; unsclerotised &quot;window&quot; on anterior plate of sternite 5 ranging from absent to almost entirely transparent, directly basal to posterior lobes; the shape of the window, as well as its presence, varies between species. Cerci in posterior view variable between species, ranging from rectangular, digitiform, to triangular; either longer than or only slightly shorter than surstyli; blunt and rounded at apex to apically pointed, either completely separate medially to fused along most of their length; in lateral view often with a strong downward curve at apex, giving it a clubbed appearance; densely setulose along basal 2/3, ventrally setose along entire length. Surstylus in lateral view almost parallel sided along its length, sometimes ending in a slightly downcurved apex, making the structure appear bladelike; when viewed dorsally, the surstyli range from being slightly divergent to slightly convergent or with inward-curved apices, but never strongly convergent. Pregonite usually broad, well-developed, apically squared off or rounded, usually blunt, typically devoid of setulae. Postgonite slightly narrowed, up to 1/3 as wide as pregonite, sharply pointed and curved at apex, typically short and scythelike, with few exceptions in which the postgonite is subequal in length to the pregonite. Epiphallus well-developed and apically hooked. Distiphallus broadly cone-shaped (in some species this cone or flare is much more pronounced, in others it is square or barrel-shaped), with a slender median longitudinal sclerotised reinforcement on its posterior surface and a broad, anterolateral sclerotised acrophallus on anterior surface near apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
Female. As male except in the following traits: head with two pairs of proclinate orbital setae. Abdomen slightly more globose than in male; T5 folded over into a narrow slit, a trait stereotypical of the tribe
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="tribe" tribe="Goniini">Goniini</taxonomicName>
. In cases where sexual dimorphism was observed, the differing character states are mentioned in the species descriptions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">Diagnosis</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
, as all other
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="tribe" tribe="Goniini">Goniini</taxonomicName>
, is difficult to characterise to tribe based on morphological character states and can only be reliably ascribed to this tribe (sensu Herting 1984) based on its microtype ovipary. However,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
does possess a combination of traits that can be considered stereotypical of the group: prosternum setose; males of all species with two pairs of well-developed reclinate upper orbital setae, proclinate orbital setae only present in females (a character state that distinguishes them from males of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Houghia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Houghia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Houghia</taxonomicName>
Coquillet and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Carcelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carcelia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carcelia</taxonomicName>
Robineau-Desvoidy, in which orbital setae are absent or proclinate); the ocellar setae are always proclinate and in most species arise beside the anterior ocellus; the parafacial, katepimeron and the upper half or more of the facial ridge, are bare; 3-4 well-developed and evenly-spaced postsutural supra-alar setae, the anteriormost being stouter than the first postsutural dorsocentral seta; median discal setae present only on abdominal T5 (in most species); the three major setae of the postpronotum are arranged in a triangle; wings lacking costal spine; hind coxa can be setose or bare (in some cases this character state can be sexually variable within species). The height of the gena is about 1/5 to 1/10 the height of the head, which approaches the condition found in some
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Houghia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Houghia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Houghia</taxonomicName>
and differentiates
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
from the members of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Carcelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carcelia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carcelia</taxonomicName>
. The eyes of all species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
are haired; however, in a few species, the ommatrichia can be short and sparse. The 22 species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
described herein can be identified to genus using the keys in both
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, D. M." editor="McAlpine, J. F." journalOrPublisher="Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" title="Manual of Nearctic Diptera" year="1987">Wood 1987</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, Donald Monty" editor="Brown, B." journalOrPublisher="NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" title="Manual of Central American Diptera" year="2010">Wood and Zumbado 2010</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">Ubiquitous throughout the New World, inhabiting a wide variety of ecosystems from south-eastern Canada and the north-eastern USA, west to California and south to Argentina and Brazil.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">Ecology</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
Within the ACG inventory,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
has been reared from a wide variety of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
hosts throughout the diverse ecosystems of the research area, including:
<taxonomicName family="Bombycidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Bombycidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Crambidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Depressariidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Depressariidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Doidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Doidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Erebidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Euteliidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Euteliidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Gelechiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Gelechiidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Geometridae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Hedylidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Hedylidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Hesperiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Immidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Immidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Lasiocampidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Lasiocampidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Limacodidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Limacodidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Megalopygidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Megalopygidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Mimaloniidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Mimaloniidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Noctuidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Nolidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Nolidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Notodontidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Notodontidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Nymphalidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Papilionidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Pieridae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Pterophoridae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Pterophoridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Riodinidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Saturniidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Saturniidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Sphingidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Sphingidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Thyrididae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Thyrididae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Tortricidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Zygaenidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" rank="family">Zygaenidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" type="taxon discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">Taxon discussion</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="29553">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga brasiliensis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Hyphantrophaga brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
(Moreira, 1915) is treated as a nomen dubium within
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyphantrophaga" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyphantrophaga</taxonomicName>
, as it has proven impossible to ascertain the repository or even the existence of the type material.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>