treatments-xml/data/AA/7B/BC/AA7BBC048F22685FFF6FF95FFB63FBBB.xml

<document id="B3991F4B2DE963366812DBCF360607A6" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.183257" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fe85838c-1abf-48f0-a003-d9ca1330305b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="183257" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459899588276" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Buckeridge, John S., Jagt, John W. M. &amp; Speijer, Robert P." docDate="2008" docId="AA7BBC048F22685FFF6FF95FFB63FBBB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01844p046.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1844" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Verruca punica Buckeridge &amp; Jagt, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="5642C47C8F206858FFF8FFFAFFC7FFF1" masterDocTitle="Verruca punica, a new species of verrucomorph barnacle (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Thoracica) from the Lower Danian (Palaeocene) of Tunisia" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="37" pageNumber="39" updateTime="1698228674399" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="02CFBCE5838ED9F57482C759A83CF4D2">Verruca punica, a new species of verrucomorph barnacle (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Thoracica) from the Lower Danian (Palaeocene) of Tunisia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A3CE3D37C605ED559ED517D627DEEBE6">Buckeridge, John S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="05B60B947769C5E08413176F1F12FF55">Jagt, John W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8BB1A7B7D2E08BC811D339AF344F4E35">Speijer, Robert P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="38EEE69E539AACBD6A4DD5E067133544">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D78B17D3560CFFDF8B974D79FF047611">2008</mods:date>
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<heading id="7925BA7E8F22685AFF6FF95FFD77F94E" bold="true" box="[151,688,1701,1727]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" reason="1">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F22685AFF6FF95FFD77F94E" bold="true" box="[151,688,1701,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F22685AFF6FF95FFD82F94E" authority="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" authorityName="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" box="[151,581,1701,1727]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F22685AFF6FF95FFE96F94E" bold="true" box="[151,337,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Verruca punica</emphasis>
Buckeridge &amp; Jagt
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B956C7B8F22685AFDABF95FFD77F94E" box="[595,688,1701,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F22685AFF6FF930FE46F915" blockId="2.[151,688,1701,1764]" box="[151,385,1738,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">(Figs 3A–G; 4A–R)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6AC85E998F22685BFF6FF8EFFA85FF26" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="226D0D128F22685AFF6FF8EFFDC7F88B" blockId="2.[151,1436,1813,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F22685AFF6FF8EFFF16F8DE" box="[151,209,1813,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Type</typeStatus>
material. 
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F22685AFEBEF8EFFE74F8DE" box="[326,435,1813,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="44C395D78F22685AFE42F8EFFDDEF8DE" box="[442,537,1813,1839]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6t80-4rpg" name="Natuurhistorische Museum Maastricht" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">NHMM</collectionCode>
2007 0 94, a specimen lacking moveable scutum and moveable tergum; basis unknown; height 1.1 mm, length 
<quantity id="E52AA0F78F22685AFDE5F8C0FDA2F8A5" box="[541,613,1850,1876]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
, width 1.2 mm. 
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F22685AFCDBF8C0FC52F8A5" box="[803,917,1850,1876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="44C395D78F22685AFC65F8C0FC3BF8A5" box="[925,1020,1850,1876]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6t80-4rpg" name="Natuurhistorische Museum Maastricht" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">NHMM</collectionCode>
2007 0 95, 2007 0 96, 2007 0 97 and 2007 100, and 
<collectionCode id="44C395D78F22685AFEBDF89AFE4DF88B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" box="[325,394,1888,1914]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">NMV</collectionCode>
P314992.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F22685BFF3EF87FFA85FF26" blockId="2.[151,1436,1813,2026]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,215]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F22685AFF3EF87FFE7CF86E" bold="true" box="[198,443,1925,1951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Material examined.</emphasis>
In addition to the 
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F22685AFD60F87FFD11F86E" box="[664,726,1925,1951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">types</typeStatus>
(see above), sample AFN 601 yielded four moveable terga, one moveable scutum, a single fixed scutum, one fixed tergum, a single carina plus&gt;20 incomplete plates (
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2007 0 98, 2007 0 99, 2007 101 and 2007 102a), all handpicked by one of us (RPS) in the Spring of 1988 from washed microfossil residues of the AFN sample set collected in 1982 by a crew of the Cretaceous- Palaeogene Boundary Working Group at El Haria, some 
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southwest of El Kef (
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F23685BFB94FF47FAF2FF26" author="Smit" box="[1132,1333,189,215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Smit, J., Keller, G., Zargouni, F., Razgallah, S., Shimi, M., Ben Abdelkader, O., Ben Haj Ali, N. &amp; Ben Salem, H. (1997) The El Kef sections and sampling procedures. Marine Micropaleontology, 29, 65 - 103." type="journal article" year="1997">
Smit 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F23685BFB54FF47FB27FF27" box="[1196,1248,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
., 1997
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="76AD5D9A8F23685BFF6FFBCEFDC9FB9F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183258/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" targetBox="[200,1384,274,1045]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="226D0D128F23685BFF6FFBCEFDC9FB9F" blockId="3.[151,1433,1076,1134]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F23685BFF6FFBCEFEDDFBBD" bold="true" box="[151,282,1076,1100]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Location of the El Haria section, near El Kef (northwest Tunisia), the provenance of the types of 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F23685BFABFFBCEFE76FB9F" authority="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" authorityName="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F23685BFABFFBCEFF27FB9F" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Verruca punica</emphasis>
Buckeridge &amp; Jagt
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B956C7B8F23685BFE43FBADFDC9FB9F" box="[443,526,1111,1134]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="6AC85E998F23685BFF3EFB5BFB18FADD" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="226D0D128F23685BFF3EFB5BFB18FADD" blockId="3.[151,1437,1185,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F23685BFF3EFB5BFE81FB4A" bold="true" box="[198,326,1185,1211]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Moderately small 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F23685BFDDDFB58FD45FB4A" box="[549,642,1186,1211]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F23685BFDDDFB58FD45FB4A" box="[549,642,1186,1211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Verruca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, elongate, with a relatively smooth shell and large pentangular orifice; moveable tergum quadrangular, carinal margin slightly longer than basal margin, with prominent apicobasal rib extending beyond the basal margin, and two secondary articular ribs, upper rib upwardly inflected; moveable scutum with a prominent, apico-basal rib, and a secondary rib on the upper margin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6AC85E998F23685DFF3DFACDFA47FC2A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="226D0D128F23685BFF3DFACDFE13F870" blockId="3.[151,1437,1185,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F23685BFF3DFACDFE9AFAA0" bold="true" box="[197,349,1335,1361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Description.</emphasis>
Shell small, slightly compressed laterally; apex of carina produced so that carina lies beneath the operculum that is subparallel to the base (Fig. 3C); longitudinal ribbing very weak to imperceptible but with clearly formed transverse growth striae; orifice large, pentangular; rostrum broad, comprising approximately one third of shell wall, two ribs interlocking with carina, one with a quadrangular fixed scutum; fixed tergum narrow (width less than one third height); moveable tergum subrhomboidal, first (= upper) articular rib raised, rounded and slightly produced at scutal margin; second articular rib slightly depressed, closer to apico-basal (primary) rib than to upper, protrudent with other ribs to produce sinuous scutal margin; apico-basal rib rounded in section, elevated, gently arcuate, concave on upper margin, widening towards base, where it extends beyond basal margin by a distance approximating basal width; upper carinal angle c. 90°; carinal-basal angle c. 110°, upper scutal angle c. 80°; internal surface with slight apical depression for adductor muscle attachment, otherwise weakly undulating. Moveable scutum triangular, almost twice as long as wide, exterior with a sharply raised apico-articular ridge which has a beaded appearance due to intersection with transverse growth ridges; secondary rib on movable scutum on a gently concave tergal margin; basal margin very slightly convex, occludent margin broadly arcuate; apical angle c. 50°; basi-rostral angle c. 90°, basi-tergal angle c. 120°; external apico-basal striae on both the moveable tergum and scutum is either absent or very weak.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F23685BFF3DF876FB5EF83D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1185,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
Etymology. In allusion to the Punic wars (264–241 BC, 218–201 BC and 149–146 BC), in which Rome crushed Carthaginian power, and obliterated Carthage, on the coast of northern 
<collectingCountry id="5AC54D828F23685BFBC3F848FB51F83D" box="[1083,1174,1970,1996]" name="Tunisia" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="226D0D128F24685CFF6FFAF8FECDFACD" blockId="4.[151,1435,1282,1340]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F24685CFF6FFAF8FEDDFAEB" bold="true" box="[151,282,1282,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Distribution of fossil species assigned to the genus 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F24685CFCA8FAF9FC66FAEB" box="[848,929,1283,1306]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Ver ru ca</emphasis>
Schumacher, 1817 (
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stricto); see Table 1 for details.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F24685CFF3DFA97FA5EF91E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1389,1895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F24685CFF3DFA97FD67FA76" bold="true" box="[197,672,1389,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Geographic and stratigraphic setting.</emphasis>
Sample AFN 601 was taken 
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above the K/Pg boundary in the so-called KS section at El Kef (co-ordinates: 36N08'57''/08E38'39''; see 
<figureCitation id="BAE911978F24685CFBF4FA6FFB88FA5E" box="[1036,1103,1429,1455]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1076,1100]" captionTargetBox="[200,1384,274,1045]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1392,269,1052]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Location of the El Haria section, near El Kef (northwest Tunisia), the provenance of the types of Verruca punica Buckeridge &amp; Jagt, sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183258/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). This is within the El Haria Formation, which straddles the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary and comprises shales and marls deposited in the Tunisian Trough (
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F24685CFE6BFA1FFD9CFA0E" author="Smit" box="[403,603,1509,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" refString="Smit, J., Keller, G., Zargouni, F., Razgallah, S., Shimi, M., Ben Abdelkader, O., Ben Haj Ali, N. &amp; Ben Salem, H. (1997) The El Kef sections and sampling procedures. Marine Micropaleontology, 29, 65 - 103." type="journal article" year="1997">
Smit 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F24685CFE2CFA1CFDC1FA0E" box="[468,518,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
., 1997
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F24685CFD9FFA1FFC8CFA0E" author="Molina" box="[615,843,1509,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" refString="Molina, E., Alegret, L., Arenillas, I., Arz, J. A., Gallala, N., Hardenbol, J., von Salis, K., Steurbaut, E., Vandenberghe, N. &amp; Zaghbib-Turki, D. (2006) The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Danian Stage (Paleocene, Paleogene, &quot; Tertiary &quot;, Cenozoic) at El Kef, Tunisia - Original definition and revision. Episodes, 29, 261 - 273." type="journal article" year="2006">
Molina 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F24685CFD3BFA1CFD31FA0E" box="[707,758,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). About 
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above sample AFN 601 a set of four white, marly limestones interrupt the clay-marl sequence and form a subtle pale ridge along the main SW-NE aligned valley. Microfossil assemblages (planktic and benthic foraminifera, dinoflagellate cysts, and ostracods) from the interval comprising the cirripede material studied here document an open marine, oligotrophic environment and deposition at outer neritic to bathyal depths (~ 
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) during the early Palaeocene (
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F24685CFAD5F97FFEB3F936" author="Kouwenhoven" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" refString="Kouwenhoven, T. J., Speijer, R. P., van Oosterhout, C. W. M. &amp; van der Zwaan, G. J. (1997) Benthic foraminiferal assemblages between two major extinction events: the Paleocene El Kef section, Tunisia. Marine Micropaleontology, 29, 105 - 127." type="journal article" year="1997">
Kouwenhoven 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F24685CFF10F954FED9F936" box="[232,286,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
., 1997
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F24685CFE7BF957FDA0F936" author="Guasti" box="[387,615,1709,1735]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" refString="Guasti, E., Kouwenhoven, T. J., Brinkhuis, H. &amp; Speijer, R. P. (2005) Paleocene sea-level and productivity changes at the southern Tethyan margin (El Kef, Tunisia). Marine Micropaleontology, 55, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="2005">
Guasti 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F24685CFE21F954FDC8F936" box="[473,527,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). There was no macrofauna associated with sample AFN 601, but it does come from a 
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interval with common and unusually large (up to 
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) agglutinated foraminifera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F24685CFF3DF907FB09F896" blockId="4.[151,1436,1389,1895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
Biostratigraphically, the sample is allocated to the lower part of calcareous nannofossil zone NP2 and planktic foraminiferal zone P1b (
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F24685CFDE4F8DFFD3BF8CE" author="Guasti" box="[540,764,1829,1855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" refString="Guasti, E., Kouwenhoven, T. J., Brinkhuis, H. &amp; Speijer, R. P. (2005) Paleocene sea-level and productivity changes at the southern Tethyan margin (El Kef, Tunisia). Marine Micropaleontology, 55, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="2005">
Guasti 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F24685CFD8AF8DCFD62F8CE" box="[626,677,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). This level correlates with the middle of Chron 29N and has an age of ~64.9 Ma (
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F24685CFE40F8B7FD12F896" author="Luterbacher" box="[440,725,1869,1895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" refString="Luterbacher, H. P., Ali, J. R., Brinkhuis, H., Gradstein, F. M., Hooker, J. J., Monechi, S., Ogg, J. G., Powell, J., Rohl, U., Sanfilippo, A. &amp; Schmitz, B. (2004) The Paleogene period. In: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. &amp; Smith, A. (Eds.), A Geologic Time Scale 2004, 384 - 408. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." type="journal article" year="2004">
Luterbacher 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F24685CFDB7F8B4FD44F896" box="[591,643,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
., 2004
</bibRefCitation>
) to ~64.4 Ma (
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F24685CFC7BF8B7FB05F896" author="Berggren" box="[899,1218,1869,1895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Berggren, W. A. &amp; Pearson, P. N. (2005) A revised tropical to subtropical Paleogene planktonic foraminiferal zonation. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 35, 279 - 298." type="journal article" year="2005">Berggren &amp; Pearson, 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F25685DFF6FFC99FA47FC2A" blockId="5.[151,1436,865,987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F25685DFF6FFC99FE8DFC8A" bold="true" box="[151,330,865,891]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 3A–G.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F25685DFEACFC99FD0BFC8B" authority="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" authorityName="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" box="[340,716,867,890]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F25685DFEACFC99FE3FFC8B" box="[340,504,867,890]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Verruca punica</emphasis>
Buckeridge &amp; Jagt
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B956C7B8F25685DFD2EFC99FCEDFC8B" box="[726,810,867,890]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from the Lower Palaeocene (Danian) El Haria Formation, El Kef area (northwest 
<collectingCountry id="5AC54D828F25685DFE68FC7EFE23FC6A" box="[400,484,900,923]" name="Tunisia" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
). A, basal view; B, top view, showing pentangular-shaped opercular opening; C, detail of B, showing rostrum; D, lateral view, made up of rostrum, fixed scutum and fixed tergum; E, rostral view; F, carinal view; G, lateral view, made up of carina and rostrum (left to right). All views are of specimen NHMM 2007 0 94 (
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F25685DFAF6FC39FAB7FC2A" bold="true" box="[1294,1392,963,987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F25685DFAF6FC39FAB7FC2A" box="[1294,1392,963,987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6AC85E998F25685FFF3DFBF3FD91FEF3" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="226D0D128F25685DFF3DFBF3FAFDFAE5" blockId="5.[151,1437,1033,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F25685DFF3DFBF3FEF9FBD2" bold="true" box="[197,318,1033,1059]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Remarks.</emphasis>
The above description of the shell, as being “slightly compressed laterally”, is based upon a single, almost complete specimen (the 
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F25685DFDA6FBC8FD0DFBBD" box="[606,714,1074,1100]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). The wall plates in this specimen show no evidence of deformation (e.g. stress cracks) and conform to the few disarticulated wall plates available for study. However, it is possible that further collecting may show the shell to have generally been more circular in plan; because of this, this character is not included in the diagnosis. The moveable tergum and scutum possess no clearly preserved apico-basal striae, however it is most likely that these would be present; their absence is likely due to modification (partial dissolution) of any fine ornamentation on calcareous remains during diagenesis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F25685DFF3DFAD8FEA1F98D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1033,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
The first true verrucomorphs were probably very much like the modern relic taxon 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F25685DFB62FAD8FE56FA95" authority="Newman" authorityName="Newman" class="Maxillopoda" family="Neoverrucidae" genus="Neoverruca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachylepadoformis">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F25685DFB62FAD8FEDBFA92" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Neoverruca brachylepadoformis</emphasis>
Newman
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F25685DFE65FAB0FE73FA92" box="[413,436,1354,1379]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F25685DFE44FAB0FD28FA95" author="Newman" box="[444,751,1354,1380]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Newman, W. A &amp; Hessler, R. R. (1989) A new abyssal hydrothermal verrucomorphan (Cirripedia; Sessilia): The most primitive living sessile barnacle. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 21, 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="1989">Newman &amp; Hessler, 1989</bibRefCitation>
, which possesses a five-plated wall and confirms a monophyletic origin of the balanomorph barnacles from the Scalpelliformes (
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F25685DFBBAFA88FA50FA7D" author="Newman" box="[1090,1431,1394,1420]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Newman, W. A &amp; Hessler, R. R. (1989) A new abyssal hydrothermal verrucomorphan (Cirripedia; Sessilia): The most primitive living sessile barnacle. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 21, 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="1989">Newman &amp; Hessler, 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F25685DFF6FFA60FE3AFA45" author="Buckeridge" box="[151,509,1434,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" refString="Buckeridge, J. S. &amp; Newman, W. A. (2006) A revision of the Iblidae and the stalked barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica), including new ordinal, familial and generic taxa, and two new species from New Zealand and Tasmanian waters. Zootaxa, 1136, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2006">Buckeridge &amp; Newman, 2006</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F25685DFD71FA60FCD3FA42" box="[649,788,1434,1459]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Neoverrucidae" genus="Neoverruca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F25685DFD71FA60FCD3FA42" box="[649,788,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Neoverruca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F25685DFC48FA60FBCAFA42" box="[944,1037,1434,1459]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F25685DFC48FA60FBCAFA42" box="[944,1037,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Verruca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B956C7B8F25685DFBECFA60FB61FA45" box="[1044,1190,1434,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" sensu="stricto">
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F25685DFBECFA60FB92FA45" box="[1044,1109,1434,1460]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="sensu">sensu</taxonomicName>
stricto
</taxonomicNameLabel>
by the possession of a medial latus interposed between the fixed tergum and fixed scutum, and the presence of several whorls of imbricating plates that elevate the wall above the substratum, thus having the appearance of a scalpelliform. 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F25685DFF6FF9E8FDE9F9DD" authority="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" authorityName="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" box="[151,558,1554,1580]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F25685DFF6FF9E8FE8DF9DA" box="[151,330,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Verruca punica</emphasis>
Buckeridge &amp; Jagt
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B956C7B8F25685DFDC2F9E8FD53F9DD" box="[570,660,1554,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is clearly a verrucid, and although there are some very minor fractures at the base of the shell wall, these are considered artifacts of preservation rather than the remains of any imbricating plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F25685DFF3DF970FCFFF815" blockId="5.[151,1437,1033,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
The description provided here is based upon the assumption that all the recovered material that is ‘verrucid’ is from the same species. Unfortunately, the only ‘near-complete’ specimen lacks opercula, and there are no other complete carina or rostra in the sample. There are, nonetheless, some excellent examples of moveable terga and some moveable scuta, and association of these could fit the opercular opening of the single shell. Unfortunately, this single shell is slightly smaller than would be required to accommodate most of the opercula recovered. However, size difference alone is not seen as an impediment to this association. If further material is located, and is able to demonstrate that there is more than one taxon, then the 
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F25685DFB33F880FAF2F865" box="[1227,1333,1914,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, without opercula, will need a revised diagnosis. The approach adopted here is thus parsimonious, and in reality is the norm rather than the exception in much of palaeontology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F26685EFF6FFA14FF2CF874" blockId="6.[151,1436,1518,1925]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFF6FFA14FED6F9F7" bold="true" box="[151,273,1518,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. Verrucomorph and scalpellimorph cirripede plates from the Lower Palaeocene (Danian) El Haria Formation, El Kef area (northeast 
<collectingCountry id="5AC54D828F26685EFE6BF9E9FE20F9DB" box="[403,487,1555,1578]" name="Tunisia" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
); A–R. 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F26685EFDB8F9E9FC07F9DB" authority="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" authorityName="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" box="[576,960,1555,1578]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFDB8F9E9FD21F9DB" box="[576,742,1555,1578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Verruca punica</emphasis>
Buckeridge &amp; Jagt
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B956C7B8F26685EFC35F9E9FBE2F9DB" box="[973,1061,1555,1578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; A, B, moveable tergum (NHMM 2007 0 95, 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFEF2F9CCFEB7F9BF" bold="true" box="[266,368,1590,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F26685EFEF2F9CCFEB7F9BF" box="[266,368,1590,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
), exterior and interior aspects; C, D, moveable tergum (NHMM 2007 0 96, 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFB66F9CCFAC3F9BF" bold="true" box="[1182,1284,1590,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F26685EFB66F9CCFAC3F9BF" box="[1182,1284,1590,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
), exterior and interior aspects; E, F, moveable scutum (NHMM 2007 0 97, 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFCEFF9A2FCBAF981" bold="true" box="[791,893,1624,1648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F26685EFCEFF9A2FCBAF981" box="[791,893,1624,1648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
), exterior and interior aspects; G, H, moveable tergum (NMV P 314992, 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFE6BF981FE3EF962" bold="true" box="[403,505,1659,1683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F26685EFE6BF981FE3EF962" box="[403,505,1659,1683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
), exterior and interior aspects; I, J, incomplete moveable tergum (NHMM 2007 098), exterior and interior aspects; K, L, incomplete moveable tergum (NHMM 2007 099), exterior and interior aspects; M, N, fixed tergum (NHMM 2007 100, 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFDFCF93AFDADF929" bold="true" box="[516,618,1728,1752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
<typeStatus id="FD69B3B08F26685EFDFCF93AFDADF929" box="[516,618,1728,1752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
), exterior and interior aspects; 
<collectingCountry id="5AC54D828F26685EFC47F93BFC13F929" box="[959,980,1729,1752]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">O</collectingCountry>
, P, incomplete moveable tergum (NHMM 2007 101), exterior and interior aspects; Q, R, incomplete moveable tergum (NHMM 2007 102a), exterior and interior aspects; S, T, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F26685EFED4F8FCFE6AF8EC" box="[300,429,1798,1821]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Calanticidae" genus="Scillaelepas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pedunculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFED4F8FCFE6AF8EC" box="[300,429,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Scillaelepas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.?, incomplete carina (NHMM 2007 102b), exterior and interior aspects; U, V, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F26685EFAE3F8FCFA5BF8EC" box="[1307,1436,1798,1821]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Calanticidae" genus="Scillaelepas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pedunculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFAE3F8FCFA5BF8EC" box="[1307,1436,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Scillaelepas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.?, lateral plate (NHMM 2007 102c), exterior and interior aspects; W, X, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F26685EFC45F8D3FBF9F8B1" box="[957,1086,1833,1856]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Calanticidae" genus="Scillaelepas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pedunculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFC45F8D3FBF9F8B1" box="[957,1086,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Scillaelepas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.?, lateral plate (NHMM 2007 103), exterior and interior aspects; 
<collectingCountry id="5AC54D828F26685EFDEEF8B6FDEEF892" box="[534,553,1868,1891]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Y</collectingCountry>
, Z, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F26685EFDACF8B6FD12F892" box="[596,725,1868,1891]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Calanticidae" genus="Scillaelepas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pedunculata" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F26685EFDACF8B6FD12F892" box="[596,725,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Scillaelepas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.?, rostrolateral plate (NHMM 2007 104), exterior and interior aspects.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F27685FFF3DFF62FD91FEF3" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,1098]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
There are also fragments of other cirripedes present (Fig. 4S–Z), and although these are incomplete, they are not verrucid. Rather they can be interpreted as scalpelliform, and likely belong either to 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFB18FF3AFF13FEF3" authority="Gray, 1825" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Maxillopoda" family="Calanticidae" genus="Calantica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pedunculata" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFB18FF3AFA93FF28" box="[1248,1364,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Calantica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F27685FFAA4FF3AFF13FEF3" author="Gray" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refString="Gray, J. E. (1825) A synopsis of the genera of cirripedes, arranged in natural families, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy, new series, 10, 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="1825">Gray, 1825</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, or 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFEF8FF12FD96FEF3" authority="Seguenza, 1876" authorityName="Seguenza" authorityYear="1876" box="[256,593,232,258]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Calanticidae" genus="Scillaelepas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pedunculata" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFEF8FF12FE4AFEF0" box="[256,397,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Scillaelepas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F27685FFE6DFF12FD96FEF3" author="Seguenza" box="[405,593,232,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Seguenza, G. (1876) Ricerche paleontologiche intorno ai Cirripedi tertiarii della provincia di Messina. Con appendice intorno ai Cirripedi viventi nel Mediterraneo, e sui fossili terziarii dell'Italia meridionale, Parte II. Lepadidi. Atti della Accademia Pontaniana, 10, 369 - 481." type="journal article" year="1876">Seguenza, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6AC85E998F27685FFF3DFEEAFB63FBBB" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="226D0D128F27685FFF3DFEEAFE15FCFB" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,1098]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFF3DFEEAFDA1FEDB" authority="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" authorityName="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" box="[197,614,272,298]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFF3DFEEAFEBCFED8" box="[197,379,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Verruca punica</emphasis>
Buckeridge &amp; Jagt
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B956C7B8F27685FFD8CFEEAFD17FEDB" box="[628,720,272,298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
may be distinguished from other Late Cretaceous and early Palaeocene verrucids by the absence of longitudinal ribbing on the exterior and a laterally compressed, rather than subcircular shell (Fig. 3A). In particular, the rather produced carina differentiates it from all other species of 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFF42FE72FED4FE50" box="[186,275,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Ve r r u c a</emphasis>
and in this character it shows similarity to 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFCD5FE72FC74FE50" ID-CoL="T2F" box="[813,947,392,417]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Altiverruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFCD5FE72FC74FE50" box="[813,947,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Altiverruca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFC0BFE72FB4DFE50" ID-CoL="5QPT" box="[1011,1162,392,417]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Metaverruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFC0BFE72FB4DFE50" box="[1011,1162,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Metaverruca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, it is distinguished from the former (see e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F27685FFDCAFE4AFD0DFE3B" author="Young" box="[562,714,432,458]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Young, P. S. (1998) Cirripedia (Crustacea) from the &quot; Campagne Biacores &quot; in the Azores region, including a generic revision of the Verrucidae. Zoosystema, 20, 31 - 92." type="journal article" year="1998">Young, 1998</bibRefCitation>
) by having an operculum that is subparallel to the basis, and from the latter by the elongate shape, simpler wall plates (i.e., fewer interlocking ribs) and shape of the operculum, which is D-shaped in 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFE09FDFAFD4FFDE8" ID-CoL="5QPT" box="[497,648,512,537]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Metaverruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFE09FDFAFD4FFDE8" box="[497,648,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Metaverruca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F27685FFD3FFDFAFBCCFDEB" author="Foster" box="[711,1035,512,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refString="Foster, B. A. &amp; Buckeridge, J. S. (1995) Barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) of seas off the Straits of Gibraltar. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle Paris, (4) 17, 163 - 192." type="journal article" year="1995">Foster &amp; Buckeridge, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F27685FFBE0FDFAFB2AFDEB" author="Buckeridge" box="[1048,1261,512,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refString="Buckeridge, J. S. (1997) Cirripedia: Thoracica: New ranges and species of Verrucomorpha from the Indian and southwest Pacific oceans. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, volume 18. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 176, 125 - 149." type="book chapter" year="1997">Buckeridge, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). The Pliocene 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFF6FFDD2FEA0FDB0" box="[151,359,552,577]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alaskana">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFF6FFDD2FEA0FDB0" box="[151,359,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Verruca alaskana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a produced plate in the shell wall, resulting in an elongated, rather than rounded shell, but in that species, the produced plate is the rostrum. Unlike most extant species of 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFB56FDAAFACFFD98" box="[1198,1288,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Ve rr u ca</emphasis>
, the shell of 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFF6FFD82FE31FD63" authority="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" authorityName="Buckeridge &amp; Jagt" box="[151,502,632,658]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFF6FFD82FF62FD60" box="[151,165,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFF4FFD82FEC0FD60" box="[183,263,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">punica</emphasis>
Buckeridge &amp; Jagt
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B956C7B8F27685FFDFDFD82FDA5FD63" box="[517,610,632,658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is imperforate. An impunctate shell is a character that is apparently shared with the fossil taxa 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFE24FD5AFD4AFD48" box="[476,653,672,698]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tasmanica" subSpecies="tasmanica">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFE24FD5AFE2DFD48" box="[476,490,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFE03FD5AFDC4FD48" box="[507,515,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">t</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFDECFD5AFD4AFD48" box="[532,653,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">tasmanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFD65FD5AFCF8FD48" box="[669,831,672,698]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tasmanica" subSpecies="chatheca">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFD65FD5AFD6CFD48" box="[669,683,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFD44FD5AFD03FD48" box="[700,708,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">t</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFD2DFD5AFCF8FD48" box="[725,831,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">chatheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFCA8FD5AFC2BFD48" box="[848,1004,672,698]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nuciformis">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFCA8FD5AFC99FD48" box="[848,862,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFC97FD5AFC2BFD48" box="[879,1004,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">nuciformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFC06FD5AFBA1FD48" box="[1022,1126,672,698]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prisca">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFC06FD5AFBCBFD48" box="[1022,1036,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFBE5FD5AFBA1FD48" box="[1053,1126,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">prisca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFB8FFD5AFB21FD48" box="[1143,1254,672,698]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFB8FFD5AFB42FD48" box="[1143,1157,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFB6EFD5AFB21FD48" box="[1174,1254,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">pusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFADBFD5AFA53FD48" box="[1315,1428,672,698]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rocana">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFADBFD5AFAF6FD48" box="[1315,1329,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFABBFD5AFA53FD48" box="[1347,1428,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">rocana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although perforations are present in the Miocene 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFD27FD32FB75FD13" authority="Buckeridge &amp; Finger, 2001" authorityName="Buckeridge &amp; Finger" authorityYear="2001" box="[735,1202,712,738]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitali">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFD27FD32FD2AFD10" box="[735,749,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFD05FD32FC96FD10" box="[765,849,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">digitali</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F27685FFC9AFD32FB6DFD13" author="Buckeridge" box="[866,1194,712,738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refString="Buckeridge, J. S. &amp; Finger, K. L. (2001) First record of a fossil verrucid barnacle in California - Verruca digitali sp. nov. (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the late Miocene. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 21, 443 - 449." type="journal article" year="2001">Buckeridge &amp; Finger, 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and the Pliocene 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFA7EFD32FE09FCFB" authority="Koike et al., 2006" authorityName="Koike et al." authorityYear="2006" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koikei">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFA7EFD32FA53FD10" box="[1414,1428,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFF6FFD0AFF1AFCF8" box="[151,221,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">koikei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F27685FFF14FD0AFE02FCFB" author="Koike" box="[236,453,752,778]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refString="Koike, H., Tanaka, T., Kawase, M., Narita, K. &amp; Karasawa, H. (2006) A first notice of the genus Verruca (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Sessilia) from the Pliocene of Japan. Research Report of the Shinshushinmachi Fossil Museum, 9, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2006">
Koike 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFEC5FD0AFEB7FCF8" box="[317,368,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="226D0D128F27685FFF3DFCE2FB63FBBB" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,1098]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
Although verrucid remains have been recovered as disarticulated plates, especially from friable coquinas (where they are easily separated from other shells; e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFCDAFCBAFBBAFCA8" box="[802,1149,832,857]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tasmanica" subSpecies="tasmanica">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFCDAFCBAFBBAFCA8" box="[802,1149,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Verruca tasmanica tasmanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFB4DFCBAFF07FC70" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tasmanica" subSpecies="chatheca">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFB4DFCBAFB04FCA8" box="[1205,1219,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">V</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFB2AFCBAFF07FC70" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">tasmanica chatheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), most fossil verrucids are found articulated and attached to shelly substrates. In part this is an artifact of collecting, as verrucid fragments are small and often overlooked. Of the few that are known from fine-grained sediments similar to those at El Kef, 
<taxonomicName id="E5D276918F27685FFDA5FC42FCDEFC20" box="[605,793,952,977]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Verrucidae" genus="Verruca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="digitali">
<emphasis id="10A6D1008F27685FFDA5FC42FCDEFC20" box="[605,793,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Verruca digitali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is of note: it is locally very abundant, and occurs as sheets along with associated bryozoans in a shale. 
<collectingCountry id="5AC54D828F27685FFD00FC1AFCDEFC0B" box="[760,793,992,1018]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">As</collectingCountry>
there are no obvious molluscs or other suitable hardshell substrates at the horizon, the verrucids (and bryozoans) are interpreted to have grown on marine algae and/or seagrass leaves, of which there are now no remains (
<bibRefCitation id="464370E38F27685FFCB7FBCAFB50FBBB" author="Buckeridge" box="[847,1175,1072,1098]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refString="Buckeridge, J. S. &amp; Finger, K. L. (2001) First record of a fossil verrucid barnacle in California - Verruca digitali sp. nov. (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the late Miocene. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 21, 443 - 449." type="journal article" year="2001">Buckeridge &amp; Finger, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>