202 lines
25 KiB
XML
202 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="EFF905DED3C4562223388DF59DEA4A43">An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna</mods:title>
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EE32FC36FD2E61DA" ID-CoL="8HBRD" ID-ENA="139613" authority="Distant, 1905" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[313,645,977,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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Tettigarctidae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EEE3FC36FD2E61DA" author="Distant, W. L." box="[488,645,977,1001]" firstAuthor="Distant" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="58 - 70" part="7" refId="ref53159" refString="Distant, W. L., 1905 a. Rhynchotal notes. - XXIX. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 15: 58 - 70." title="Rhynchotal notes. - XXIX" type="journal article" year="1905">Distant, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EF72FBE2FE606629" blockId="51.[121,586,1029,1157]" box="[121,459,1029,1050]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EF72FBE2FE636629" authority="Distant, 1905" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[121,456,1029,1050]" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="389" phylum="Tettigarctaria" rank="tribe" tribe="Tettigarctaria">
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Tettigarctaria
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF823E4845FFC3EE09FBE2FE636629" author="Distant, W. L." box="[258,456,1029,1050]" page="280" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" year="1905">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EE09FBE2FE636629" author="Distant, W. L." box="[258,456,1029,1050]" firstAuthor="Distant" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" page="280" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="265 - 280" part="7" refId="ref53345" refString="Distant, W. L., 1905 g. Rhynchotal notes. - XXXV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 16: 265 - 280." title="Rhynchotal notes. - XXXV" type="journal article" year="1905" yearSuffix="g">Distant, 1905g: 280</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EF72FBC7FE496606" ID-CoL="8JKGB" authority="Handlirsch, 1925: 1161" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityPageNumber="1161" authorityYear="1925" box="[121,482,1056,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Tettigarctini">
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Tettigarctini
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF823E4845FFC3EFFCFBC7FE496606" author="Handlirsch, A." box="[247,482,1056,1077]" page="1161" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" year="1925">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EFFCFBC7FE496606" author="Handlirsch, A." box="[247,482,1056,1077]" firstAuthor="Handlirsch" journalOrPublisher="Schroder's Handbuch der Entomologie" page="1161" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="1102 - 1126" part="3" refId="ref54938" refString="Handlirsch, A., 1925. Ordung: Homoptera (Latr.) Westw. (Homopteren). In Systematische Ubersicht (Schluss.). Schroder's Handbuch der Entomologie 3 (17 - 18): 1102 - 1126." title="Ordung: Homoptera (Latr.) Westw. (Homopteren)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Systematische Ubersicht (Schluss.)" year="1925">Handlirsch, 1925: 1161</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EF72FBDCFE436663" blockId="51.[121,586,1029,1157]" box="[121,488,1083,1104]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EF72FBDCFE4F6663" ID-CoL="8JK5H" authority="J.G. Myers, 1928: 391" authorityName="J. G. Myers" authorityPageNumber="391" authorityYear="1928" box="[121,484,1083,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tettigarctinae">
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Tettigarctinae J.G.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF823E4845FFC3EE3FFBDCFE4F6663" author="Myers, J. G." box="[308,484,1083,1104]" page="391" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" year="1928">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EE3FFBDCFE4F6663" author="Myers, J. G." box="[308,484,1083,1104]" firstAuthor="Myers" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" page="391" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="365 - 472" part="1928" refId="ref57049" refString="Myers, J. G., 1928. The morphology of the Cicadidae (Homoptera). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1928: 365 - 472." title="The morphology of the Cicadidae (Homoptera)" type="journal article" year="1928">Myers, 1928: 391</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EF72FBB2FE7B6659" blockId="51.[121,586,1029,1157]" box="[121,464,1109,1130]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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Tettigarctines
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EE0FFBB2FE606659" author="Lameere, A." box="[260,459,1109,1130]" firstAuthor="Lameere" journalOrPublisher="Precis de Zoologie" page="403" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="383 - 458" part="4" refId="ref55906" refString="Lameere, A., 1935. Hemipteres. Precis de Zoologie 4: 383 - 458." title="Hemipteres" type="journal article" year="1935">Lameere, 1935: 403</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EF72FB97FDE166B6" blockId="51.[121,586,1029,1157]" box="[121,586,1136,1157]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4E83014845FFC3EF72FB97FDE166B6" box="[121,586,1136,1157]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF823E4845FFC3EF72FB97FDEC66B6" author="Bekker-Migdisova, E. E." box="[121,583,1136,1157]" page="21" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" year="1949">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EF72FB97FDEC66B6" ID-CoL="8HBRD" authority="Bekker-Migdisova, 1949: 20 - 21" authorityName="Bekker-Migdisova" authorityPageNumber="20 - 21" authorityYear="1949" box="[121,583,1136,1157]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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Tettigarctidae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EE0DFB97FDEC66B6" author="Bekker-Migdisova, E. E." box="[262,583,1136,1157]" firstAuthor="Bekker-Migdisova" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Paleontologicheskago Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR" page="20 - 21" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="1 - 64" part="22" refId="ref50541" refString="Bekker-Migdisova, E. E., 1949. Mesozoic Homoptera from Central Asia. Trudy Paleontologicheskago Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR 22: 1 - 64." title="Mesozoic Homoptera from Central Asia" type="journal article" year="1949">Bekker-Migdisova, 1949: 20–21</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C344F7A44845FFC3EF72FB7EFF6066FD" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EF72FB7EFF6066FD" blockId="51.[121,749,1177,1230]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EF72FB7EFF506682" bold="true" box="[121,251,1177,1201]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">Type genus</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EE01FB7DFE6C6683" ID-CoL="8HRYZ" authority="White" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1845" box="[266,455,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Tettigarcta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EE01FB7DFED46682" box="[266,383,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">Tettigarcta</emphasis>
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White
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</taxonomicName>
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(type species
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3ED68FB7DFF6B66FD" ID-CoL="7C68P" authority="White" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" genus="Tettigarcta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
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<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3ED68FB7DFD466682" box="[611,749,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">T. tomentosa</emphasis>
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White
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</taxonomicName>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C344F7A44845FFC3EF72FB04FE0B672B" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" type="taxon_list">
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EF72FB04FE0B672B" blockId="51.[121,749,1251,1304]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EF72FB04FECC66C8" bold="true" box="[121,359,1251,1275]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">Included subfamilies</emphasis>
|
||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EE7FFB04FDF466C9" authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[372,607,1251,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tettigarctinae">Tettigarctinae Distant</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3ED62FB04FF63672B" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cicadoprosbolinae">Cicadoprosbolinae</taxonomicName>
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||
Bekker-Migdisova.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C344F7A44845FFC3EF72FACAFCFD647C" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EF72FACAFA256635" blockId="51.[121,749,1325,1994]" lastBlockId="51.[794,1422,977,1030]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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||
<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EF72FACAFF436776" bold="true" box="[121,232,1325,1349]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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||
. Thoracic ganglia separated. Pronotum exceedingly large and concealing majority of mesonotum; paramedian and lateral fissures absent; pronotal collar absent. Mesonotum without a developed cruciform elevation. Fore wing with vein RP arising near wing base; veins 2A and 3A separated for much of their length; nodal line well developed. Hind wing hamulus present. Pretarsal empodia present. Hind coxae overhanging abdomen. Timbals present in males and females. Male abdominal resonant chamber absent. Tympana absent from both sexes. Male sternite VIII not shielding genitalia ventrally. Male genitalia with styles present; pygofer with basal lobe absent; uncus n-shaped in cross-section, apically with sides meeting but not fused; aedeagus with sclerotized subapical dorsal crest. Male reproductive system with testes located anteriorly, centred over abdominal sternites II and III. Female genitalia monotrysian. Female reproductive system with no accessory glands to common oviduct. Nymphs with antennal segments 1 and 2 both very short and together about equal to segment 5; fore femur with a mid-lateral stout spine on outer face; fore tibiae with a large subapical tooth opposing apical tooth; mid and hind tibiae with two stout spines along shank, one each at about
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<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3ED61F855FDD965F3" bold="true" box="[618,626,1970,1984]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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||
<superScript id="7C2B09674845FFC3ED61F855FDD965F3" attach="right" box="[618,626,1970,1984]" fontSize="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">1</superScript>
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||
</emphasis>
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⁄
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<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3ED7DF85EFDD565F4" bold="true" box="[630,638,1977,1991]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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||
<subScript id="17DAA66A4845FFC3ED7DF85EFDD565F4" attach="left" box="[630,638,1977,1991]" fontSize="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">3</subScript>
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</emphasis>
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intervals; hind tibiae with spinal crown including one very dominant flat spine; abdominal spiracles not covered by pleural flaps.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EC11FBC0FCFD647C" blockId="51.[794,1422,1063,1615]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
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||
<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EC11FBC0FBE5660C" bold="true" box="[794,1102,1063,1087]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">Distinguishing characters</emphasis>
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||
. Within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EBE8FBCFFACB660C" authorityName="Batsch" authorityYear="1789" box="[1251,1376,1064,1087]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Cicadoidea">Cicadoidea</taxonomicName>
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the following attributes are believed to be unique to
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EA16FBA2FCE1664A" authorityName="Bekker-Migdisova" authorityYear="1949" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigarctidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pronotum exceedingly large and concealing most of mesothorax. Fore wing with vein RP arising from node; veins 2A and 3A separated for much of their length; Hind wing hamulus present. Pretarsal empodia present. Male sternite VIII not shielding genitalia ventrally. Pygofer with basal lobe absent. Male reproductive system with testes located anteriorly, centred over abdominal sternites II and III. Female reproductive system with no accessory glands to common oviduct. Nymphs with antennal segments 1 (scape) and 2 (pedicel) both very short and together about equal to segment 5 (3rd flagellomere); fore femur with a mid-lateral stout spine on outer face; fore tibiae with a large subapical tooth opposing apical tooth; mid and hind tibiae with two stout spines along shank, one each at about
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EA72FA07FA2A67DD" bold="true" box="[1401,1409,1504,1518]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
|
||
<superScript id="7C2B09674845FFC3EA72FA07FA2A67DD" attach="right" box="[1401,1409,1504,1518]" fontSize="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">1</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
⁄
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EA8EFA00FA2667C6" bold="true" box="[1413,1421,1511,1525]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
|
||
<subScript id="17DAA66A4845FFC3EA8EFA00FA2667C6" attach="none" box="[1413,1421,1511,1525]" fontSize="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">3</subScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
intervals; hind tibiae with spinal crown including one very dominant flat spine; abdominal spiracles covered by pleural flaps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C344F7A44845FFC3EC11F996FA9565F8" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EC11F996FB0F64D3" blockId="51.[794,1422,1649,1995]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EC11F996FC3864BA" bold="true" box="[794,915,1649,1673]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
. The previously held concept for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EA16F996FCEC6495" authorityName="Bekker-Migdisova" authorityYear="1949" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigarctidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains unchanged.All previously identified attributes for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EC69F94BFC5864F0" authorityName="Bekker-Migdisova" authorityYear="1949" box="[866,1011,1708,1731]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigarctidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain applicable and are incorporated above (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EC63F92EFC5964D3" author="Evans, J. W." box="[872,1010,1737,1760]" firstAuthor="Evans" journalOrPublisher="Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="35 - 49" part="1940" refId="ref54234" refString="Evans, J. W., 1941. The morphology of Tettigarcta tomentosa White, (Homoptera, Cicadidae). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1940: 35 - 49." title="The morphology of Tettigarcta tomentosa White, (Homoptera, Cicadidae)" type="journal article" year="1941">Evans, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3ECF6F92EFB3364D3" author="Moulds, M. S." bookContentInfo="217 pp." box="[1021,1176,1737,1760]" firstAuthor="Moulds" journalOrPublisher="Kensington: New South Wales University Press" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" refId="ref56738" refString="Moulds, M. S., 1990. Australian Cicadas. Kensington: New South Wales University Press. 217 pp., 24 pls." title="Australian Cicadas" type="book" year="1990">Moulds, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F4845FFC3EC33F900FA9565F8" blockId="51.[794,1422,1649,1995]" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EC33F900FBFB64CD" author="Bekker-Migdisova, E. E." box="[824,1104,1767,1790]" firstAuthor="Bekker-Migdisova" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus (Doklady) de L'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="441 - 444" part="55" refId="ref50488" refString="Bekker-Migdisova, E. E., 1947. Cicadoprosbole sogutensis g. n., sp. n., a transitional form between the Permian Prosbolidae and the Recent Cicadidae. Comptes Rendus (Doklady) de L'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS 55 (5): 441 - 444." title="Cicadoprosbole sogutensis g. n., sp. n., a transitional form between the Permian Prosbolidae and the Recent Cicadidae" type="journal article" year="1947">Bekker-Migdisova (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
divided the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EBDCF900FAC064CD" authorityName="Bekker-Migdisova" authorityYear="1949" box="[1239,1387,1767,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigarctidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by establishing the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EB48F8E3FABB6528" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1956" box="[1091,1296,1796,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cicadoprosbolinae">Cicadoprosbolinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, separating it from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC4845FFC3EC91F8C6FB85650B" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[922,1070,1825,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigarctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tettigarctinae">Tettigarctinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following attributes: (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EA7CF8C6FA2F650B" box="[1399,1412,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">a</emphasis>
|
||
) fore wing elliptical with a broad costal area and clavus, (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EA7CF8D8FA2F6565" box="[1399,1412,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">b</emphasis>
|
||
) vein RP multibranched; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EB24F8BBFB906540" box="[1071,1083,1884,1907]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">c</emphasis>
|
||
) basal coalescence of veins M and Cu and (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92A783D4845FFC3EC95F89EFC0065A3" box="[926,939,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="426">d</emphasis>
|
||
) vein CuA not following nodal line (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EA21F89EFCFF659D" author="Wootton, R" firstAuthor="Wootton" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the 13 th International Congress of Entomology" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="318 - 319" part="1" refId="ref58393" refString="Wootton, R., 1971. The evolution of Cicadoidea (Homoptera). Proceedings of the 13 th International Congress of Entomology 1: 318 - 319." title="The evolution of Cicadoidea (Homoptera)" type="journal article" year="1971">Wootton, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This subfamily division is retained here following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE4845FFC3EC11F853FBA165F8" author="Boulard, M. & A. Nel" box="[794,1034,1972,1995]" firstAuthor="Boulard" journalOrPublisher="Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (n. s.)" pageId="51" pageNumber="426" pagination="37 - 45" part="12" refId="ref52507" refString="Boulard, M., & A. Nel, 1990. Sur deux cigales fossiles des terrains tertiaires de la France [Homoptera, Cicadoidea]. Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (n. s.) 12 (1): 37 - 45." title="Sur deux cigales fossiles des terrains tertiaires de la France [Homoptera, Cicadoidea]" type="journal article" year="1990">Boulard & Nel (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Shcherbakov (in prep.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |