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<document id="A4D7A2E75A7843F1A765898E5404B50E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4020.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0485814f-c455-410f-883d-d84e904669e3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="240356" ID-ZooBank="E4BC27F4-67DE-4598-BB06-627C9332D101" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461271248405" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Suárez, William &amp; Olson, Storrs L." docDate="2015" docId="03A4E42AFFE0143526F9671AF77A8400" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04020p553.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4020 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tyto noeli Arredondo" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="544" masterDocId="FF9D9C52FFE71439266E600AF5708565" masterDocTitle="Systematics and distribution of the giant fossil barn owls of the West Indies (Aves: Strigiformes: Tytonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="553" masterPageNumber="533" pageNumber="540" updateTime="1698611823307" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="00C6E94D4DF82A84837BC508D6552585" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="23CB7C0ACFA5E3E078D817CA5E4EF19B">
<mods:title id="A7B034EBC2FDF81FA25901539C77E886">Systematics and distribution of the giant fossil barn owls of the West Indies (Aves: Strigiformes: Tytonidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="1727766623C09238BC55EFE735B0B36D" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8E1ED29994A67D1607A2E7CED9DA2911">Suárez, William</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E696A70156D92F97086047DC1EF4CCEB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B76372D6757856AC3CD270510352BFC8">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1DD55326CF8EFCCA49D75A5DA69DF99D">Olson, Storrs L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="8DB4BAF02368F7CCD98AF5E87CDCE412">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8A3822F76071AAE4D5241866F415B5A7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D262BB7F4431D8736100EBC3F7609579">
<mods:date id="236DF52F719AEBA213F12C19A4FED312">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="D93D1873F3DE9BD031F9D33B39687126" type="volume">
<mods:number id="231655886CD0A08993EB612022DEF2B1">4020</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="603B3030789425FB4A20F3A0C87FA9DA" type="issue">
<mods:number id="781C2F6A609620E09D2078984154F14C">3</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="AFC5F1DE5A0C5FA6D24ECC27F8C3B3E1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="16513FCEA726AE9DE643A0C37FCFEBAA" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4020.3.7</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="ED73A8953634ADA2F646BBBC494CD9CC" type="GBIF-Dataset">0485814f-c455-410f-883d-d84e904669e3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0BFAFCE26C93802777105F2DCE343E7E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AAE084AA54B7816B7DCC428914815AE6" type="Zenodo-Dep">240356</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4EFB44112B7AE83044367D4510102079" type="ZooBank">E4BC27F4-67DE-4598-BB06-627C9332D101</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03A4E42AFFE0143526F9671AF77A8400" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5625594" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119638807" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5625594" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4E42AFFE0143526F9671AF77A8400" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4E42AFFE0143526F9671AF77A8400" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="544" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFE0143E26F9671AF78D820A" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26F9671AF4D0824F" blockId="7.[151,765,1808,1903]" box="[151,416,1808,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<heading id="D0FAE250FFE0143E26F9671AF4D0824F" bold="true" box="[151,416,1808,1834]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E26F9671AF4D0824F" authority="Arredondo" authorityName="Arredondo" box="[151,416,1808,1834]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E26F9671AF4D0824F" bold="true" box="[151,416,1808,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E26F9671AF47E824F" bold="true" box="[151,270,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tyto noeli</emphasis>
Arredondo
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26F96738F78D820A" blockId="7.[151,765,1808,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
Noel’s Giant Barn Owl; Lechuza Gigante de Noel (
<figureCitation id="133649B9FFE0143E26F1675CF59D820A" box="[159,237,1878,1903]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,249,963,985]" captionTargetBox="[236,1353,205,923]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[223,1363,193,941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Left coracoids in dorsal view of Tyto noeli (A – C) compared with T. cravesae, new species: A, T. noeli (Jamaica) USNM 535720; B, T. noeli (Cuba) WS 909, image reversed to facilitate comparisons; C, T. noeli (Cuba) OA 3212; D, T. cravesae (paratype) OA 832. Scale = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240358/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
A,B,C; 3B; 4A; 5A,B,C,D,G; 6A,E,F; 7A,B,C)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFE0143126F967AAF44785A9" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="541" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26F967AAF77282B6" blockId="7.[151,1436,1950,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D7212FFE0143E26F967AAF77282B6" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E26F967AAF48282D1" authority="Arredondo, 1972a: 416" authorityName="Arredondo" authorityPageNumber="416" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,498,1950,1973]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E26F967AAF58D82D1" box="[151,253,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tyto noeli</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC732DFFE0143E276A6794F48282D1" author="Arredondo" box="[260,498,1950,1972]" page="416" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E276A6794F4B182D1" author="Arredondo" box="[260,449,1950,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo, 1972a</bibRefCitation>
: 416
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(part). (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFE0143E24296794F70482D1" box="[583,628,1950,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">type</typeStatus>
locality: “Cueva del Túnel, Término Municipal de La Salud, La Habana [now Mayabeque]” Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E27D367B7F48782B6" box="[445,503,1981,2003]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Cuba</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26F967D7F7D28297" blockId="7.[151,1436,1950,2034]" box="[151,674,2012,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D7212FFE0143E26F967D7F7D28297" box="[151,674,2012,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E26F967D7F4868297" authority="Arredondo, 1972a: 428" authorityName="Arredondo" authorityPageNumber="428" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,502,2012,2034]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noelli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E26F967D7F4728297" box="[151,258,2012,2034]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tyto noelli</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC732DFFE0143E276667D6F4868297" author="Arredondo" box="[264,502,2012,2034]" page="428" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E276667D6F4B48297" author="Arredondo" box="[264,452,2012,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo, 1972a</bibRefCitation>
: 428
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, table 5 (lapsus).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEF143126F96093F44785A9" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,204]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D7212FFEF143126F96093F44785A9" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEF143126F96093F71E85CB" authority="Steadman &amp; Hilgartner, 1999: 76" authorityName="Steadman &amp; Hilgartner" authorityPageNumber="76" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,622,152,174]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neddi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143126F96093F47485CB" box="[151,260,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Tyto neddi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC732DFFEF143127636092F71E85CB" author="Steadman" box="[269,622,152,174]" page="76" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEF143127636092F73585CB" author="Steadman" box="[269,581,152,174]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner, 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 76
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3455FFEF143124126092F66F85C8" box="[636,799,152,173]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143124126092F66F85C8" bold="true" box="[636,799,152,173]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">new synonymy</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(type-locality: &quot;Rat Pocket, Gun Shop Cliff, Two Foot Bay,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEF143126A960BCF45385A9" box="[199,291,182,204]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Barbuda</collectingCountry>
&quot;).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7205B4FFEF143126F964BAF6138024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240360/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" targetBox="[158,1421,266,1169]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEF143126F964BAF6138024" blockId="8.[151,1436,1200,1345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143126F964BAF46281A0" bold="true" box="[151,274,1200,1222]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Right femora of giant species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEF1431240664BBF7E281A3" box="[616,658,1201,1222]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF1431240664BBF7E281A3" box="[616,658,1201,1222]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Tyto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the West Indies in anterior view (A–D) and internal view (E–G): A,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEF143123E764BBF5BA8181" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143123E764BBF0E581A3" box="[1417,1429,1201,1222]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143126F964C4F5BA8181" box="[151,202,1230,1252]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(large) WS 894; B,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEF143127FB64DAF7758181" box="[405,517,1230,1253]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143127FB64DAF7758181" box="[405,517,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">T. ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
USNM 543283; C,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEF143124BC64DAF6348180" box="[722,836,1232,1253]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cravesae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143124BC64DAF6348180" box="[722,836,1232,1253]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">T. cravesae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3455FFEF1431253F64C5F6BA8181" box="[849,970,1230,1252]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(holotype) MNHNCu 75.590; D,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEF1431234D64DAF0E68180" box="[1315,1430,1232,1253]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cravesae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF1431234D64DAF0E68180" box="[1315,1430,1232,1253]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">T. cravesae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3455FFEF143126F964E4F4628066" box="[151,274,1261,1283]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(paratype, proximal segment) MNHNCu 75. 594, image reversed to facilitate comparisons; E,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEF1431228064E4F0138066" box="[1262,1379,1262,1283]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cravesae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF1431228064E4F0138066" box="[1262,1379,1262,1283]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">T. cravesae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3455FFEF1431231C64E4F5908047" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(paratype, distal segment) MNHNCu 75. 594, image reversed to facilitate comparisons; F,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEF143122EC6507F1828047" box="[1154,1266,1292,1314]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143122EC6507F1828047" box="[1154,1266,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">T. ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
USNM 543283; G,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEF143126DD6526F4558024" box="[179,293,1324,1345]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cravesae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143126DD6526F4558024" box="[179,293,1324,1345]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">T. cravesae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3455FFEF1431275C6526F4DC8024" box="[306,428,1323,1345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(holotype) MNHNCu 75.590. Scale =1cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFEF143026F96562F03E8311" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEF143126F96562F46880C0" blockId="8.[151,1436,1384,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143126F96562F47B80E4" bold="true" box="[151,267,1384,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEF143126F96562F47680E4" box="[151,262,1384,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Right tarsometatarsus
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEF143124776563F71580E5" box="[537,613,1385,1408]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">DPUH</collectionCode>
1251. Collected
<date id="FFB373FCFFEF1431255C6562F69280E4" box="[818,994,1384,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" value="1968-03-03">March 3, 1968</date>
, by Noel González Gotera and Oscar Arredondo.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEF143126A965BAF04880AC" blockId="8.[151,1436,1384,2021]" box="[199,1336,1456,1481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143126A965BAF4C580AC" bold="true" box="[199,437,1456,1481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
The smallest and least robust of the fossil giant barn owls from the West Indies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEF143126A965DEF1978230" blockId="8.[151,1436,1384,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143126A965DEF4C28088" bold="true" box="[199,434,1492,1517]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143127D265DFF4CD8374" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
Cueva de Paredones, Ceiba del Agua, Municipality of Caimito, Artemisa (formerly La Habana) Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEF143127EE65F2F4CD8374" box="[384,445,1528,1553]" name="Cuba" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Cuba</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143127AC65F2F4918374" bold="true" box="[450,481,1528,1553]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">—</emphasis>
Coracoid: nearly complete left (OA 3212, lacking sterno-coracoidal process and procoracoid), nearly complete right (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEF1431245B6617F7E78350" box="[565,663,1565,1589]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
OA 839, lacking sterno-coracoidal process). Humerus: distal end of left (WS 885, juvenile), proximal half of right (OA 3218). Ulna: incomplete left (WS 899, lacking distal end), distal half of left (OA 3016–3017), proximal half of right (OA 3210), proximal right (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEF1431221E666FF1BF8318" box="[1136,1231,1637,1661]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">CZACC</collectionCode>
400–624, lacking olecranon), distal half of right (OA 3022), shaft of right (WS 915). Femur: complete left (WS 913–914, both fragmentary), distal half of left (OA 3214), distal left (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEF1431257666A7F60A83A0" box="[792,890,1709,1733]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
OA 834, abraded), complete right (OA 3211). Tibiotarsus: distal half of left (OA 3213), distal left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEF1431257866DAF605838D" box="[790,885,1744,1768]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered, juvenile), proximal half of right (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEF143126F066FFF4708268" box="[158,256,1781,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
OA 827). Tarsometatarsus: complete left (WS 18A), distal half of left (OA 3112), distal left (WS 916, juvenile), incomplete right (OA 829, OA 3113; both lacking distal end), proximal shaft of right (OA 833), proximal right (OA unnumbered), distal right (OA 3119; WS 882, lacking wing of the trochlea for digit IV).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEF143026BA676BF7378705" blockId="8.[151,1436,1384,2021]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143126BA676BF5A482F8" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
Cueva de Sandoval, Vereda Nueva, Municipality of Caimito, Artemisa (formerly La Habana) Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEF143126F9678EF5A482F8" box="[151,212,1924,1949]" name="Cuba" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Cuba</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEF143126B7678EF58782F8" bold="true" box="[217,247,1924,1949]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">—</emphasis>
Coracoid: complete left (WS 369), complete right (WS 368, WS 851), sternal half of right (WS 909). Humerus: incomplete left (WS 980, lacking distal end, portions of deltopectoral crest and bicipital surface), proximal left (WS 1112, fragmentary), proximal shaft of left (WS 348), distal half of left (WS 983), shaft of left (WS 343, juvenile), distal shaft of left (WS 863, juvenile), distal left (WS 1108), proximal third of right (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143023536092F0EC85D5" box="[1341,1436,152,176]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered), distal half of right (WS 342), distal portion of shaft of right (WS 371–372). Ulna: proximal half of left (WS 370), proximal left (WS 906–907, lacking olecranon), proximal right (WS 905, lacking most of the articular surface), distal right (WS 950, WS 1111). Femur: incomplete left (WS 373, lacking proximal end;
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE14302351610EF0EC8479" box="[1343,1436,260,284]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered, lacking proximal third), proximal half of left (WS 1032), incomplete right (WS 894–895, lacking head;
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143026B06146F44B8401" box="[222,315,332,356]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered, lacking head and internal condyle), proximal half of right (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143022F86146F1858401" box="[1174,1269,332,356]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered), proximal right (WS 781; WS 841, juvenile), distal right (WS 1106, fragmentary). Tibiotarsus: incomplete left (WS 839, lacking proximal end, juvenile), distal half of left (WS 345), distal left (WS 902; WS 984, lacking internal condyle), incomplete right (WS 344, lacking distal end), distal right (WS 901; WS 903, lacking anterior portions of the lateral condyle—904, juvenile). Tarsometatarsus: complete left (WS 897E) and complete right (WS 898E) of the same individual, proximal left (WS 911, fragmentary), proximal right (WS 910, lacking inner calcaneal ridge), distal half of right (WS 846, lacking trochleae for digits II and
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE1430251F622FF6E08759" box="[881,912,549,572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">III</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143025F0622EF68B8759" box="[926,1019,548,572]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered), distal right (WS 912, lacking trochlea for digit IV, juvenile).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A96267F7D387CD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A96267F05887E0" box="[199,1320,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
Cueva del Indio, Calabazar, Municipality of Boyeros, Ciudad de La Habana Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE143022856266F05887E0" box="[1259,1320,620,645]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cuba</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143023416266F03B87E0" bold="true" box="[1327,1355,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Femur: incomplete right (OA 1027, lacking condyles).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A962BFF7D786AD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A962BFF00987A8" box="[199,1401,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
Cueva del Túnel, La Salud, Municipality of Quivicán, Mayabeque (formerly La Habana) Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE1430235262BEF00987A8" box="[1340,1401,692,717]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cuba</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143023EE62BEF0EC87A8" bold="true" box="[1408,1436,692,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Humerus: distal shaft of left (OA 814), proximal right (WS 295-296, both fragmentary), distal shaft of right (WS 291, juvenile). Ulna: proximal left (OA 807), distal left (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEE1430257E62F6F6028671" box="[784,882,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
OA 816), distal right (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEE1430221F62F6F1A38671" box="[1137,1235,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
OA 815). Femur: incomplete left (OA 819, lacking both ends), incomplete right (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEE14302512632AF6AE865D" box="[892,990,800,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
OA 818, with fragmentary condyles). Tibiotarsus: proximal left (OA 809, lacking inner cnemial crest), distal half of left (WS 136), distal left (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEE14302354634EF0EC8639" box="[1338,1436,836,860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
OA 812), distal shaft of left (OA 810), proximal half of right (WS 213, lacking outer cotyla), proximal right (WS 214), distal half of right (OA 3118). Tarsometatarsus: complete right (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEE143025D96386F16B86C0" box="[951,1051,908,933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE1430224A6387F10086C1" box="[1060,1136,909,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">DPUH</collectionCode>
1251), medial segment of right (OA 813, OA 821), distal right (OA 817).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A963DFF4518150" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A963DFF0098688" box="[199,1401,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
Cueva de Insunza, La Salud, Municipality of Quivicán, Mayabeque (formerly La Habana) Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE1430235263DEF0098688" box="[1340,1401,980,1005]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cuba</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143023EE63DEF0EC8688" bold="true" box="[1408,1436,980,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Humerus: distal shaft of right (WS 268). Tarsometatarsus: nearly complete left (WS 15, lacking fragments of shaft posteriorly).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A9644AF1F88119" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A9644AF5A48118" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
Cueva del Chicharrón, La Salud, Municipality of Quivicán, Mayabeque (formerly La Habana) Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE143026F9646EF5A48118" box="[151,212,1124,1149]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cuba</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026B5646EF5878118" bold="true" box="[219,247,1124,1149]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Carpometacarpus: incomplete left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143024EF646EF7908119" box="[641,736,1124,1148]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered, lacking metacarpal
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE14302232646EF10C8119" box="[1116,1148,1124,1148]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">III</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A96482F4BE8068" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A96482F00881C5" box="[199,1400,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
Cuevas Blancas, Aguacate, Municipality of Quivicán, Mayabeque (formerly La Habana) Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE14302352648DF00881C5" box="[1340,1400,1159,1184]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cuba</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143023EE648DF0EC81C5" bold="true" box="[1408,1436,1159,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Carpometacarpus: proximal left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE1430247F64A6F70081A1" box="[529,624,1196,1220]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered,
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE1430257864A6F60381A1" box="[790,883,1196,1220]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered). Tibiotarsus: distal right (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE1430235364A6F0EC81A1" box="[1341,1436,1196,1220]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered). Tarsometatarsus: proximal half of left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE1430249464DAF629818D" box="[762,857,1232,1256]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered, lacking inner calcaneal ridge), distal left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143026A564FEF45A8069" box="[203,298,1268,1292]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A96512F6728031" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A96512F5A48030" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
Cantera cerca de Loma de Mosas,
<quantity id="4CF5F8D9FFEE143024086512F7EF8055" box="[614,671,1303,1328]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
Northeast of the city of Sancti Spirítus, Sancti Spirítus Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE143026F96536F5A48030" box="[151,212,1340,1365]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cuba</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026B56536F5878030" bold="true" box="[219,247,1340,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Femur: proximal fragment of right (OA 3120).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A9656AF7A680F8" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A9656AF008801D" box="[199,1400,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
Cueva de la Jutía, Loma de los Rubíes, Municipality of Florencia, Ciego de Ávila Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE143023526555F008801D" box="[1340,1400,1375,1400]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cuba</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143023EE6555F0EC801D" bold="true" box="[1408,1436,1375,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Tarsometatarsus: distal left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143027BD658EF74280F9" box="[467,562,1412,1436]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A965ADF1B880A5" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1224,1447,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A965ADF64C80A5" box="[199,828,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
Skeleton (Goat Bone) Cave, Clarendon Parish,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE143024B365A3F64C80A5" box="[733,828,1449,1472]" name="Jamaica" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE1430252F65ADF61080A5" bold="true" box="[833,864,1447,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Coracoid: left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE1430226765A2F12B80A5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1033,1115,1448,1472]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">USNM</collectionCode>
535720).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A965C7F11B836D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A965C7F7D48081" box="[199,676,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
Drum Cave, Clarendon Parish,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE1430242B65C7F7D48081" box="[581,676,1485,1508]" name="Jamaica" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143024C765C6F7B78080" bold="true" box="[681,711,1484,1509]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Tarsometatarsus: distal half of right (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143022EF65C6F1A48081" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1153,1236,1484,1508]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">USNM</collectionCode>
615828, lacking trochleae for digits II and
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143027D465FAF4A9836D" box="[442,473,1520,1544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">III</collectionCode>
), distal left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE1430240B65FAF7C7836D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[613,695,1520,1544]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">USNM</collectionCode>
615829, lacking trochlea for digit IV).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A9661FF03E8311" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A9661FF7C48349" box="[199,692,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Rat Pocket, Gun Shop Cliff, Two Foot Bay</emphasis>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE143024AA661EF6568348" box="[708,806,1556,1581]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143024AA661EF6568348" box="[708,806,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Barbuda</emphasis>
</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE14302545661EF63A8348" bold="true" box="[811,842,1556,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">—</emphasis>
Coracoid: humeral end of left (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEE143022DC661EF0648349" box="[1202,1300,1556,1580]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEE14302351661FF0EC8348" box="[1343,1436,1556,1581]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neddi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE14302351661FF03C8349" box="[1343,1356,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE14302330661EF0EC8348" box="[1374,1436,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">neddi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143026F96632F5988335" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[151,232,1592,1616]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">USNM</collectionCode>
359245). Femur: distal right (
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEE14302450663DF7D28335" box="[574,674,1591,1616]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEE143024A76633F6538335" box="[713,803,1591,1616]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neddi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143024A76633F7A68335" box="[713,726,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE1430248B663DF6538335" box="[741,803,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">neddi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFEE143025456632F60C8335" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[811,892,1592,1616]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">USNM</collectionCode>
359240, fragmentary). Additional
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEE143023666633F0488334" box="[1288,1336,1593,1617]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEE143026DB6657F47F8310" box="[181,271,1628,1653]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neddi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026DB6657F5B28311" box="[181,194,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026BF6656F47F8310" box="[209,271,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">neddi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not listed herein, includes a few pedal and ungual phalanges (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEE143025976656F0318311" author="Steadman" box="[1017,1345,1628,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFEE143026A96675F6E983D9" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143026A96675F6E983D9" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A96675F41083FD" bold="true" box="[199,352,1663,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE143027076675F4D783FD" box="[361,423,1663,1688]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, from the province of Pinar del Río (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEE143025EB668AF1BA83FD" author="Suarez" box="[901,1226,1663,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" refString="Suarez, W. &amp; Diaz-Franco, S. (2003) A new fossil bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from a Quaternary cave deposit in Cuba. Caribbean Journal of Science, 39, 371 - 377." type="journal article" year="2003">Suárez &amp; Diáz-Franco 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEE143022B9668AF00583FD" author="Suarez" box="[1239,1397,1663,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" refString="Suarez, W. (2004 b) The enigmatic snipe Capella sp. (Aves: Scolopacidae) in the fossil record of Cuba. Caribbean Journal of Science, 40, 155 - 157." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">Suárez 2004b</bibRefCitation>
) to Ciego de Ávila; also south-central
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE1430247366AEF70783D8" box="[541,631,1700,1725]" name="Jamaica" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE143024C366AEF67C83D8" box="[685,780,1700,1725]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Barbuda</collectingCountry>
(see
<figureCitation id="133649B9FFEE1430252966AEF6F783D9" box="[839,903,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1986,2008]" captionTargetBox="[303,1283,1194,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[303,1283,1194,1964]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of the West Indies showing the distribution of giant fossil species of Tyto." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240357/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFEE143526A966CDF77A8400" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEE143326A966CDF7D787A9" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,1256]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="543" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143026A966CDF44B8385" bold="true" box="[199,315,1735,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEE1430272D66C3F4C08385" box="[323,432,1735,1760]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE1430272D66C3F4C08385" box="[323,432,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Tyto noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the commonest extinct large barn owl in the Quaternary of
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEE1430221C66CDF1C08385" box="[1138,1200,1735,1760]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, its
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFEE143022B066C3F07E8384" box="[1246,1294,1737,1761]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">type</typeStatus>
series being the largest (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEE1430277166E6F49A8261" author="Arredondo" box="[287,490,1772,1797]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo 1972a</bibRefCitation>
) for any fossil tytonid described from the West Indies. This taxon was originally known from two Quaternary cave sites in the former La Habana Province (now split in two provinces: Artemisa to the west, and Mayabeque to the east). Although
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEE14302484673EF1788228" author="Arredondo" box="[746,1032,1844,1869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo (1972a: 416)</bibRefCitation>
commented on the abundance of postcranial elements of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEE143027CB6753F48A8215" box="[421,506,1879,1904]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143027CB6753F4C28215" box="[421,434,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143027AC675DF48A8215" box="[450,506,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his collection (at least
<specimenCount id="9D0B9EB5FFEE1430254C6752F6B08215" box="[802,960,1879,1904]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="generic">23 specimens</specimenCount>
), in the original description only ten were used, plus three others that appeared only in tables and figures (for a total of 13; note that the legends to figures 2 and 4 are reversed in the original description). At that time,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEE1430250267AAF13882DD" author="Arredondo" box="[876,1096,1952,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo (1972a)</bibRefCitation>
could rely only on the little published information on
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEE143027A567CFF73D82B8" box="[459,589,1988,2013]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143027A567CFF73D82B8" box="[459,589,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">T. ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEE143024E167CFF67082B8" box="[655,768,1988,2013]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE143024E167CFF67082B8" box="[655,768,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for comparison with
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEE1430226467CFF11282B8" box="[1034,1122,1988,2013]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEE1430226467CFF11282B8" box="[1034,1122,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and hence was under the impression that
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED1433273E6093F4D585D5" box="[336,421,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED1433273E6093F4D585D5" box="[336,421,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was about the same size, or even larger than those two species, which is not the case, however (for a correct size correlation see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED143324F560B6F6B785B1" author="Olson" box="[667,967,188,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Olson, S. L. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1982) Fossil and subfossil birds from the Bahamas. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 48, 22 - 56." type="journal article" year="1982">Olson &amp; Hilgartner 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 36;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED1433226660B6F01085B1" author="Steadman" box="[1032,1376,188,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 79). Confusion arose because the
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFED1433278A60EAF764859D" box="[484,532,224,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">type</typeStatus>
series was a composite which included a large and robust tarsometatarsus (and other specimens) lacking the distal end (OA 828), referred herein to a new species described below. In
<tableCitation id="C68F6087FFED14332347610EF00D8479" box="[1321,1405,260,285]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements (mm) of pelvic elements of Tyto cravesae, new species, compared with other fossil large tytonids from the West Indies." pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Table 2</tableCitation>
of the original description Arredondo estimated the total length of this specimen at 100 millimeters, much larger even than
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143326BE6147F4328400" box="[208,322,332,357]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143326BE6147F5AD8401" box="[208,221,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143326806146F4328400" box="[238,322,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was incorrect. Arredondo did not consider that the holotypical tarsometatarsus of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143323286147F0EC8400" box="[1350,1436,332,357]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143323286147F0248401" box="[1350,1364,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED1433230A6146F0EC8400" box="[1380,1436,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had a shorter shaft when compared with the equivalent element in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED14332516617BF69384ED" box="[888,995,368,392]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furcata">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED14332516617BF6F584ED" box="[888,901,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143325FD617AF69384ED" box="[915,995,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">furcata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the species used by him as a model for his hypothetical reconstructions (O. Arredondo pers. comm. to W. Suárez in 1999). Overestimation is evident also in the length of the tibiotarsus reconstructed, based on fragments from different individuals (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED143322BE61BDF0E884B5" author="Arredondo" box="[1232,1432,439,464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo 1972a</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 4, 3). A relatively shorter shaft of the tarsometatarsus, compared with
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED1433259A61D7F1338490" box="[1012,1091,476,501]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED1433259A61D7F1718491" box="[1012,1025,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED1433227F61D6F1338490" box="[1041,1091,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or with
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143322C861D7F0638491" box="[1190,1299,476,500]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furcata">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143322C861D7F1C38491" box="[1190,1203,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143322AD61D6F0638491" box="[1219,1299,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">furcata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is a shared character of all the giant
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143327D7620BF497877D" box="[441,487,513,536]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143327D7620BF497877D" box="[441,487,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Tyto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from the West Indies (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED14332513620AF1EF877D" author="Wetmore" box="[893,1183,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Wetmore, A. &amp; Swales, B. H. (1931) The birds of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 155, 1 - 483. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.155. i" type="journal article" year="1931">Wetmore &amp; Swales 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 237;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED1433228661F5F0E8877D" author="Brodkorb" box="[1256,1432,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Brodkorb, P. (1959) The Pleistocene avifauna of Arredondo, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum of Biological Sciences, 4, 269 - 291." type="journal article" year="1959">Brodkorb 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 357). That mistake is what led Arredondo to consider that
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED14332548622FF6088758" box="[806,888,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED14332548622FF6088758" box="[806,888,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143325E6622FF1748758" box="[904,1028,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143325E6622FF1748758" box="[904,1028,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T. ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED1433222C622FF1DD8758" box="[1090,1197,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED1433222C622FF1DD8758" box="[1090,1197,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were about the same size in all his subsequent publications (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED1433243D624DF6508705" author="Arredondo" box="[595,800,583,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 b) Especie nueva de lechuza gigante (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno cubano. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 30, 129 - 140." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Arredondo 1972b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED14332542624DF1F78705" author="Acevedo-Gonzalez" box="[812,1159,583,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Acevedo-Gonzalez, M., Arredondo, O. &amp; Gonzalez Gotera, N. (1975) La Cueva del Tunel. Editorial Pueblo y Educacion, Instituto Cubano del Libro, La Habana, 74 pp." type="book" year="1975">
Acevedo-González
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143322656243F1348705" box="[1035,1092,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">et al.</emphasis>
1975
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED143322FA624DF0208705" author="Arredondo" box="[1172,1360,583,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Arredondo, O. (1976) The great predatory birds of the Pleistocene of Cuba. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 27, 169 - 187." type="journal article" year="1976">Arredondo 1976</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED143323336242F0E88705" author="Arredondo" box="[1373,1432,584,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Arredondo, O. (1982) Los Strigiformes fosiles del Pleistoceno cubano. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 140, 33 - 55." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED143326F96266F5A387E1" author="Arredondo" box="[151,211,620,644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Arredondo, O. (1984) Sinopsis de las aves halladas en depositos fosiliferos pleisto-holocenicos de Cuba. Reporte de Investigacion del Instituto de Zoologia, 17, 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, and as result of that confusion, some fossils described herein as a new species, larger than
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143323E96267F5BF87CD" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143323E96267F0E487E1" box="[1415,1428,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143326F96285F5BF87CD" box="[151,207,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, provided the basis for speculations about the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED1433250E629BF6B787CD" box="[864,967,656,680]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED1433250E629BF61D87CD" box="[864,877,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED14332512629BF6B787CD" box="[892,967,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">riveroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in cave deposits in the former La Habana Province (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED1433275B62BEF71287A9" author="Suarez" box="[309,610,692,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Suarez, W. &amp; Arredondo, O. (1997) Nuevas adiciones a la paleornitologia cubana. Pitirre, 10, 100 - 102." type="journal article" year="1997">Suárez &amp; Arredondo 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 101).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFED143326A962D2F76A86C1" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
A few fragments (see Material examined;
<figureCitation id="133649B9FFED143324F162DDF79C8795" box="[671,748,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,249,963,985]" captionTargetBox="[236,1353,205,923]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[223,1363,193,941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Left coracoids in dorsal view of Tyto noeli (A – C) compared with T. cravesae, new species: A, T. noeli (Jamaica) USNM 535720; B, T. noeli (Cuba) WS 909, image reversed to facilitate comparisons; C, T. noeli (Cuba) OA 3212; D, T. cravesae (paratype) OA 832. Scale = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240358/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
A, 7B) from two caves in the Portland Ridge area of southern
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFED143326F962F6F5818670" box="[151,241,764,789]" name="Jamaica" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
collected in 1995 establish that
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED1433243262F7F7DF8670" box="[604,687,764,789]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED1433243262F7F7DF8670" box="[604,687,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also occurred on that island. These bones probably date from well into the Holocene as surface material from Drum Cave had a radiocarbon age of 3700±150 yr and the lower level of Skeleton Cave dated to 6410±110 yr (McFarlane
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143324B4634FF6628638" box="[730,786,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">et al.</emphasis>
2002). In contrast, the only bones of this tytonid yet dated directly are from the Cueva El Abrón deposit in Pinar del Río Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFED143325D2636DF68A86E5" box="[956,1018,871,896]" name="Cuba" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, of late Pleistocene (17, 406 ±161yr) age (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED143326A26386F77E86C1" author="Suarez" box="[204,526,908,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Suarez, W. &amp; Diaz-Franco, S. (2003) A new fossil bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from a Quaternary cave deposit in Cuba. Caribbean Journal of Science, 39, 371 - 377." type="journal article" year="2003">Suárez &amp; Diáz-Franco 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFED143326A963BAF585818D" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
We also compared the holotypical fragmentary distal end of a femur (USNM 359240) and the paratypical fragment of a coracoid (USNM 359245) of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143324E663DFF78E8688" box="[648,766,980,1005]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neddi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143324E663DFF78E8688" box="[648,766,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Tyto neddi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the island of
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFED143325B563DEF14A8688" box="[987,1082,980,1005]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Barbuda</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED1433222763DEF0E48689" author="Steadman" box="[1097,1428,980,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner 1999</bibRefCitation>
) with equivalent material of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143327A563F3F76E8175" box="[459,542,1015,1040]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143327A563F3F76E8175" box="[459,542,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFED1433240C63FDF7ED8175" box="[610,669,1015,1040]" name="Cuba" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Cuba</collectingCountry>
and could find no quantitative or qualitative characters by which the two could be separated (
<figureCitation id="133649B9FFED143327C86416F4908150" box="[422,480,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1659,1681]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,214,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1435,195,1637]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distal ends of right femora in anterior (A, B) and posterior (C, D) views and distal ends of left tibiotarsi in anterior view (E – G) of giant species of Tyto from the West Indies: A and C, T. noeli (Barbuda, holotype of T. neddi) USNM 359240; B and D, T. noeli (Cuba) WS 894; E, T. cravesae, new species (paratype) OA 831; F, T. cravesae, new species (paratype) MNHNCu 75.593; G, T. noeli (large) WS 345. Scale = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240361/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Fig.5</figureCitation>
A, C;
<tableCitation id="C68F6087FFED1433244D6416F7078151" box="[547,631,1052,1077]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,239,1304,1327]" captionTargetBox="[155,1354,1354,1944]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements (mm) of elements of Tyto noeli from Cuba, Jamaica, and Barbuda." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7205B4FFED143326F96512F106804A" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" tableUuid="DF7205B4FFED143326F96512F106804A">Table 3</tableCitation>
). These two species had never been compared directly before. Although it is possible that more material of this owl from the Lesser Antilles might reveal some differences from
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED14332344644BF00D813D" box="[1322,1405,1087,1112]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED14332344644BF00D813D" box="[1322,1405,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFED143326F9646EF5A28118" box="[151,210,1124,1149]" name="Cuba" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Cuba</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFED14332762646EF4198118" box="[268,361,1124,1149]" name="Jamaica" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
, there is no basis for making a distinction at present. The characters proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED1433237E646EF4F781C5" author="Steadman" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner (1999: 77)</bibRefCitation>
in the diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143324096483F7AC81C5" box="[615,732,1159,1184]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neddi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143324096483F7AC81C5" box="[615,732,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Tyto neddi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found in our series of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143322696483F12B81C5" box="[1031,1115,1159,1184]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143322696483F12B81C5" box="[1031,1115,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore we provisionally consider
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED1433276C64A7F79E81A1" authority="Steadman &amp; Hilgartner (1999)" authorityName="Steadman &amp; Hilgartner" authorityYear="1999" box="[258,750,1196,1221]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neddi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED1433276C64A7F40B81A0" box="[258,379,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Tyto neddi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED143327E664A6F79E81A1" author="Steadman" box="[392,750,1196,1221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner (1999)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
to be a junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143322D064A7F581818D" authority="Arredondo" authorityName="Arredondo" authorityYear="1972" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143322D064A7F06681A0" box="[1214,1302,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">T. noeli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFED1433234D64A6F581818D" author="Arredondo" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo (1972a)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7205B4FFED143326F96512F106804A" ID-Table-UUID="DF7205B4FFED143326F96512F106804A" box="[151,1142,1304,1327]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7205B4FFED143326F96512F106804A" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" targetBox="[155,1354,1354,1944]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFED143326F96512F106804A" blockId="10.[151,1142,1304,1327]" box="[151,1142,1304,1327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143326F96512F479804A" bold="true" box="[151,265,1304,1327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Measurements (mm) of elements of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFED143324FA6512F78D804A" box="[660,765,1304,1327]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFED143324FA6512F78D804A" box="[660,765,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Tyto noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Cuba, Jamaica, and Barbuda.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFED143326F16541F47A82FD" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
<table id="F90DA79CFFEDEBC626F56540F03A82FD" box="[155,1354,1354,1944]" gridcols="4" gridrows="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
<tr id="353D577EFFEDEBC626F56540F03A801A" box="[155,1354,1354,1407]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
<th id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC626F56540F729801A" box="[155,601,1354,1407]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Measurement</th>
<th id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC624C26540F606801A" box="[684,886,1354,1407]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Cuba Range (mean) n</th>
<th id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC625AF6540F113801A" box="[961,1123,1354,1407]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Jamaica Range (mean) n</th>
<th id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC622C66540F03A801A" box="[1192,1354,1354,1407]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Barbuda Range (mean) n</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353D577EFFEDEBC626F565BBF03A8340" box="[155,1354,1457,1573]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
<th id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC626F565BBF7298340" box="[155,601,1457,1573]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Coracoid Length of glenoid facet Width of shaft at narrowest point Depth of shaft at narrowest point</th>
<td id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC624C265BBF6068340" box="[684,886,1457,1573]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">11.0–11.9 (11.4) 3 5.3–5.9 (5.5) 4 3.4–3.7 (3.6) 4</td>
<td id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC625AF65BBF1138340" box="[961,1123,1457,1573]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">10.9 5.4 3.6</td>
<td id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC622C665BBF03A8340" box="[1192,1354,1457,1573]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">11.5 — 3.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D577EFFEDEBC626F56641F03A83C6" box="[155,1354,1611,1699]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
<th id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC626F56641F72983C6" box="[155,601,1611,1699]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Femur Distal width Depth of internal condyle</th>
<td id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC624C26641F60683C6" box="[684,886,1611,1699]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">13.4–15.4 (14.4) 10 8.6–10.0 (9.3) 10</td>
<td id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC625AF6641F11383C6" box="[961,1123,1611,1699]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">— —</td>
<td id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC622C66641F03A83C6" box="[1192,1354,1611,1699]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">15.3 9.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D577EFFEDEBC626F566CCF03A8238" box="[155,1354,1734,1885]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
<th id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC626F566CCF7298238" box="[155,601,1734,1885]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Tarsometatarsus Shaft width at midpoint Shaft depth at midpoint Width through trochleae for digits II and III Depth of trochlea for digit II</th>
<td id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC624C266CCF6068238" box="[684,886,1734,1885]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">5.3–6.7 (6.1) 16 4.9–6.7 (5.4) 16 11.2–12.5 (11.9) 4 8.4–10.7(9.5) 8</td>
<td id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC625AF66CCF1138238" box="[961,1123,1734,1885]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">5.9 4.8+ 10.8+ 9.3</td>
<td id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC622C666CCF03A8238" box="[1192,1354,1734,1885]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">— — — —</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D577EFFEDEBC626F56775F03A82FD" box="[155,1354,1919,1944]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76EC3E02FFEDEBC626F56775F72982FD" box="[155,601,1919,1944]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">+ Abraded.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7205B4FFEC143226F96671F79F8388" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240361/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" targetBox="[171,1418,214,1626]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEC143226F96671F79F8388" blockId="11.[151,1436,1659,1773]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC143226F96671F46283F5" bold="true" box="[151,274,1659,1681]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Distal ends of right femora in anterior (A, B) and posterior (C, D) views and distal ends of left tibiotarsi in anterior view (E–G) of giant species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC143227BA6691F48D83D5" box="[468,509,1691,1712]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC143227BA6691F48D83D5" box="[468,509,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Tyto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the West Indies: A and C,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC143225276691F6E583D5" box="[841,917,1690,1712]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC143225276691F62583D5" box="[841,853,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC1432250C6690F6E583D5" box="[866,917,1690,1712]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Barbuda, holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC143222EF6691F1A383D5" box="[1153,1235,1690,1712]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neddi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC143222EF6691F1FD83D5" box="[1153,1165,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC143222F56690F1A383D5" box="[1179,1235,1690,1712]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">neddi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) USNM 359240; B and D,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC1432268766B3F4F983AB" authority="(Cuba)" baseAuthorityName="Cuba" box="[233,393,1720,1742]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC1432268766B3F58583AB" box="[233,245,1721,1742]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC1432276866B2F44983AB" box="[262,313,1720,1742]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">noeli</emphasis>
(Cuba)
</taxonomicName>
WS 894; E,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC1432247366B3F7E483AB" box="[541,660,1721,1742]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cravesae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC1432247366B3F7E483AB" box="[541,660,1721,1742]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">T. cravesae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3455FFEC143224CB66B3F65383AB" box="[677,803,1720,1742]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(paratype) OA 831; F,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC1432224A66B3F1EB83AB" box="[1060,1179,1721,1742]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cravesae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC1432224A66B3F1EB83AB" box="[1060,1179,1721,1742]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">T. cravesae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3455FFEC143222C266B3F05983AB" box="[1196,1321,1720,1742]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(paratype) MNHNCu 75.593; G,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC1432271966D2F4B38388" box="[375,451,1751,1773]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC1432271966D2F4B38388" box="[375,451,1751,1773]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(large) WS 345. Scale =1cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFEC143526A9671EF77A8400" blockId="11.[151,1436,1812,2017]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">
The series of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC14322708671CF4A88248" box="[358,472,1812,1837]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC14322708671CF4A88248" box="[358,472,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Tyto noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we examined increases our knowledge of the size range for this species, providing evidence of marked sexual dimorphism, as can be expected in a large nocturnal raptor, in agreement with material of the other species described from the West Indies (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEC143224B06756F68B8210" author="Olson" box="[734,1019,1884,1909]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" refString="Olson, S. L. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1982) Fossil and subfossil birds from the Bahamas. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 48, 22 - 56." type="journal article" year="1982">Olson &amp; Hilgartner 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEC143222686756F03C8210" author="Steadman" box="[1030,1356,1884,1909]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner 1999</bibRefCitation>
). From
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEC143226F9678AF58982FC" box="[151,249,1920,1945]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Barbuda</collectingCountry>
, two different-sized species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC1432240E678BF7FE82FD" box="[608,654,1921,1944]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC1432240E678BF7FE82FD" box="[608,654,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Tyto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEC14322507678AF1B882FC" author="Steadman" box="[873,1224,1920,1945]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner (1999)</bibRefCitation>
, the smaller being about the size of the living
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC143227BF67ACF74B82D8" box="[465,571,1956,1981]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC143227BF67ACF74B82D8" box="[465,571,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Tyto alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC1432256767ACF64782D8" box="[777,823,1958,1981]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC1432256767ACF64782D8" box="[777,823,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Tyto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEC1432250767AEF14582D8" author="Pavia" box="[873,1077,1956,1981]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" refString="Pavia, M. (2004) A new large barn owl (Aves, Strigiformes, Tytonidae) from the Middle Pleistocene of Sicily, Italy, and its taphonomical significance. Geobios, 37, 631 - 641. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2003.05.007" type="journal article" year="2004">Pavia (2004: 635)</bibRefCitation>
interpreted these differences in size as sexual dimorphism of a single species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC143224DF67C3F7AF8285" box="[689,735,1993,2016]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEC143224DF67C3F7AF8285" box="[689,735,1993,2016]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Tyto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occurred in that island. The series of large
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEC1432229E67C2F02F8284" box="[1264,1375,1992,2017]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tytonidae</taxonomicName>
from the West Indies we examined does not support Pavia’s point of view, and we agree with
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEB143522FD609DF59185B1" author="Steadman" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner (1999)</bibRefCitation>
in recognizing two species from
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFEB1435243460B6F7CC85B0" box="[602,700,188,213]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Barbuda</collectingCountry>
. Similarly, remains of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEB143525D560B7F13385B1" box="[955,1091,188,212]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furcata">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEB143525D560B7F13385B1" box="[955,1091,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Tyto furcata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEB1435221460B7F1BC85B0" box="[1146,1228,188,213]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEB1435221460B7F1BC85B0" box="[1146,1228,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can also be found in association in Cuban cave deposits (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEB1435242A60D5F67D859D" author="Arredondo" box="[580,781,223,248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo 1972a</bibRefCitation>
, 1975, 1976, 1982, 1984; Suárez 2000). Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEB1435230260EBF5BF8478" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEB1435230260EBF5BF8478" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Tyto noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are consistently larger and more robust than those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEB1435252F610FF1E48479" authority="(Arredondo 1972a)" baseAuthorityName="Arredondo" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[833,1172,260,285]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="furcata">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEB1435252F610FF63E8479" box="[833,846,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEB14352531610EF6DF8479" box="[863,943,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">furcata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEB143525AE610EF1FD8479" author="Arredondo" box="[960,1165,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo 1972a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and smaller and more gracile than in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEB143527536123F4C98425" box="[317,441,295,320]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEB143527536123F4C98425" box="[317,441,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">T. ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFEB143527A86123F7408425" box="[454,560,295,320]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFEB143527A86123F7408425" box="[454,560,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C68F6087FFEB1435242E612DF7C38425" box="[576,691,295,320]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="4.[151,239,1232,1255]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1382,1314,2028]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Measurements (mm) of pectoral elements of Tyto cravesae, new species, compared with other large fossil tytonids from the West Indies." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Measurements (mm) of pelvic elements of Tyto cravesae, new species, compared with other fossil large tytonids from the West Indies." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7205B4FFE3143D26F964DAF4A98062" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" tableUuid-0="DF7205B4FFE3143D26F964DAF4A98062">Table 1–2</tableCitation>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEB14352487612DF1738425" author="Olson" box="[745,1027,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" refString="Olson, S. L. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1982) Fossil and subfossil birds from the Bahamas. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 48, 22 - 56." type="journal article" year="1982">Olson &amp; Hilgartner 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFEB14352261612DF0258425" author="Steadman" box="[1039,1365,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner 1999</bibRefCitation>
), or in the new species described below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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