treatments-xml/data/03/9E/01/039E01774BE7D8F9FC823155B6FCF902.xml

<document id="42616F450E2A4EA6676F11259CEE77B4" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244&lt;0001:MOTRJA&gt;2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347311" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630203687125" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="PATTON, JAMES L., DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F. &amp; MALCOLM, JAY R." docDate="2000" docId="039E01774BE7D8F9FC823155B6FCF902" docLanguage="en" docName="B244.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2000 (244)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;doi=10.1206%2F0003-0090(2000)244%3C0001%3AMOTRJA%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Isothrix bistriata Wagner 1845" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="186" masterDocId="FFA7790F4B54D840FFB7335EB74EFFCF" masterDocTitle="Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="180" updateTime="1699183939665" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="FA121510BA956DC1E8368C2C18DFBD69">Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BE7D8F3FC823155B3E6FDED" box="[821,1192,523,546]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE7D8F3FC823155B3E6FDED" blockId="179.[821,1192,523,546]" box="[821,1192,523,546]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
<heading id="D0C0070D4BE7D8F3FC823155B3E6FDED" box="[821,1192,523,546]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE7D8F3FC823155B3E6FDED" ID-CoL="3QC9J" authority="Wagner, 1845" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[821,1192,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FC823155B4B2FDED" box="[821,1020,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Isothrix bistriata</emphasis>
Wagner, 1845
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="548C0EC34BE7D8F3FCB33160B473FD9A" box="[772,829,574,597]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">TYPE</typeStatus>
LOCALITY: Rio Guapore´, Estado do 
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BE7D8F3FD503102B4CDFDBC" box="[743,899,604,627]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE7D8F3FC263102B492FDBC" box="[913,988,604,627]" name="Brazil" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BE7D8F8FCB33127B697FAA8" lastPageId="184" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE7D8F3FCB33127B348FADA" blockId="179.[743,1272,574,1741]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
DESCRIPTION: This is the largest of the three known species in the genus. External craniodental, and genetic characteristics by which 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE7D8F3FC8A318FB48EFD27" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[829,960,721,744]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FC8A318FB409FD27" box="[829,839,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">I</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FCEA318FB48EFD27" box="[861,960,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">bistriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE7D8F3FBC6318FB3A1FD27" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[1137,1263,721,744]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagurus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FBC6318FB335FD27" box="[1137,1147,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">I</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FB27318FB3A1FD27" box="[1168,1263,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">pagurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the closely similar 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE7D8F3FC4C31B1B38AFCC9" box="[1019,1220,750,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinnamariensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FC4C31B1B34BFCC9" box="[1019,1029,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">I</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FBA331B1B38AFCC9" box="[1044,1220,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">sinnamariensis</emphasis>
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, are detailed in Patton and Emmons (1985) and Vié et al. (1997). As this is the only species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE7D8F3FCBD3019B42AFC91" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[778,868,839,862]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FCBD3019B42AFC91" box="[778,868,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Isothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known to occur west of the rios Negro­Madeira axis, it differs from other cooccurring echimyids in the Rio Juruá and elsewhere in western Amazonia by the same set of characters detailed above for the genus The most obvious external features of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE7D8F3FB0C3087B47DFBC1" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FB0C3087B38BFC3F" box="[1211,1221,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">I</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FB603087B47DFBC1" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">bistriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are its grizzled yellow­brown to olive dorsal coloration mixed with black hairs, its well­defined black or dark brown supraorbital stripes extending over the forehead to the nape and bordering a median pale creamy patch on the crown, its pale yellow to buff venter, and its bushy tail typically rust or golden­colored over the basal third to half with the terminal portion black. The skull is illustrated in figure 118.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE7D8F3FCB33642B4F0FA0A" blockId="179.[743,1272,574,1741]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">SELECTED MEASUREMENTS: We present the mean, range, and standard error of the four external and 22 cranial variables in table 51 We separate these data for each of the two mitochondrial DNA clades identified in figures 117 and 120.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE7D8F5FCB33692B3EAFF3A" blockId="179.[743,1272,574,1741]" lastBlockId="181.[743,1272,193,1742]" lastPageId="181" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION: The number of specimens available to us is insufficient to examine either geographic or nongeographic patterns of morphometric characters within the Rio Juruá basin. However, because of the extensive degree of sequence divergence between individuals from the central and headwaters region, and from those at river’s mouth (12.2%, table 50), we compare them morphometrically using discriminant function analysis. We include samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE1D8F5FDCE36F1B7BDFA2C" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FDCE36F1B5CDFA09" box="[633,643,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">I</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FD2036F1B7BDFA2C" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">bistriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from southern 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE1D8F5FE123692B553FA2C" box="[421,541,1484,1507]" name="Venezuela" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
and northern and eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE1D8F5FEF536B7B639F9CF" box="[322,375,1513,1536]" name="Peru" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Perú</collectingCountry>
because Patton and Emmons (1985) demonstrated that samples from 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE1D8F5FF10357AB66CF9F4" box="[167,290,1572,1595]" name="Venezuela" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, for example, were nonoverlapping in discriminant space relative to those from 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE1D8F5FF5B3500B66FF9BA" box="[236,289,1630,1653]" name="Peru" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Perú</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE1D8F5FED33500B6F3F9BA" box="[356,445,1630,1653]" name="Bolivia" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. Here, therefore, we wished to determine not only the degree to which the two mtDNA clades from the Rio Juruá are distinct, but also to examine their morphometric relationship to specimens from elsewhere in the species’ range.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE7D8F3FF7636BEB508F9E5" blockId="179.[167,695,1504,1578]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
Fig. 118. Dorsal (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FE2F36BEB6F2FA3A" bold="true" box="[408,444,1504,1525]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">top</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FDE936BEB5E0FA3A" bold="true" box="[606,686,1504,1525]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">bottom</emphasis>
) views of the skull of an adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE7D8F3FDB636A5B5F9F9DF" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[513,695,1531,1552]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FDB636A5B5F9F9DF" box="[513,695,1531,1552]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Isothrix bistriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 1188, locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE7D8F3FE2D354BB6E9F9E5" bold="true" box="[410,423,1557,1578]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">2</emphasis>
). Natural size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE0D8F4FF2D3671B676FAB6" blockId="180.[128,1681,1326,1401]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">
Fig. 119. Occlusal surface of the right maxillary toothrows of five genera of rodents of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE0D8F4FB603671B216FA8B" authorityName="GRAY" authorityYear="1825" box="[1239,1368,1327,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Echimyidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FAD33670B239FA8C" bold="true" box="[1380,1399,1326,1347]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">A</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE0D8F4FA313671B177FA8B" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[1414,1593,1327,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FA313671B177FA8B" box="[1414,1593,1327,1348]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Isothrix bistriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 471, locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FEA73617B653FA91" bold="true" box="[272,285,1353,1374]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">7</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FE803617B606FA91" bold="true" box="[311,328,1353,1374]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">B</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE0D8F4FEEE3614B56FFA90" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[345,545,1354,1375]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrura">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FEEE3614B56FFA90" box="[345,545,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Makalata macrura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15394, locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FCA73617B453FA91" bold="true" box="[784,797,1353,1374]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">8</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FC803617B404FA91" bold="true" box="[823,842,1353,1374]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">C</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE0D8F4FCED3614B36BFA90" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1911" box="[858,1061,1354,1375]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steerei">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FCED3614B36BFA90" box="[858,1061,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Proechimys steerei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15245, locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FAA33617B26FFA91" bold="true" box="[1300,1313,1353,1374]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">7</emphasis>
); and 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FADD3617B233FA91" bold="true" box="[1386,1405,1353,1374]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">D</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE0D8F4FA3A3614B101FA90" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1421,1615,1354,1375]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="180" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FA3A3614B101FA90" box="[1421,1615,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">Mesomys hispidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JUR 502, locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE0D8F4FEB9363AB666FAB6" bold="true" box="[270,296,1380,1401]" pageId="180" pageNumber="181">14</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE1D8F5FCB333A2B454F9BA" blockId="181.[743,1272,193,1742]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
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The downriver sample is larger in most measurements compared to individuals of the upriver mtDNA clade (table 51), significantly so in 13 of the 20 cranial variables despite its small size (n = 3) (one­way ANOVA, 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FB5F322FB3B9FE47" box="[1256,1271,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 — 
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, OL, 
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, 
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; 
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&lt;0.01 — 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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; 
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&lt;0.001 — 
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, 
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<specimenCode id="DB91181A4BE1D8F5FD503297B463FE2F" box="[743,813,457,480]" collectionCode="RW-" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">RW­1</specimenCode>
, and 
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). 
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two are not significantly different in any external dimension, although the downriver clade still tends to be larger 
<location id="8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FD50317FB41CFDF7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774BE7D8F9FC823155B6FCF902:8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FD50317FB41CFDF7" box="[743,850,545,568]" country="Peru" county="Peruvian" latitude="4.413" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-2.13" municipality="On" name="Bivariate" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Bivariate</location>
plots of the four geographic samples on the first three discriminant axes are illustrated in figure 117, with the standardized discriminant functions given in table 52 
<location id="8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FD5031C8B45AFD62" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774BE7D8F9FC823155B6FCF902:8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FD5031C8B45AFD62" box="[743,788,662,685]" country="Peru" county="Peruvian" latitude="4.413" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-2.13" municipality="On" name="The" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">The</location>
two 
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clades do not differ significantly (one­way ANOVA, Fisher’s PLSD mean difference = —0.566, 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FBF0318FB318FD27" box="[1095,1110,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">p</emphasis>
&gt; 0.359) in their placement on the first axis, but do on the second and third (one­way ANOVA Fisher’s PLSD mean difference = 3.334 and 32.059, respectively, 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FC523019B4BAFC91" box="[997,1012,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">p</emphasis>
&lt;
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both cases). 
<location id="8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FCAA303AB404FCB4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774BE7D8F9FC823155B6FCF902:8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FCAA303AB404FCB4" box="[797,842,868,891]" country="Peru" county="Peruvian" latitude="4.413" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-2.13" municipality="On" name="The" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">The</location>
sample from northern and eastern 
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is indistinguishable from that of the upriver 
<location id="8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FC9F30C0B429FC7A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774BE7D8F9FC823155B6FCF902:8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FC9F30C0B429FC7A" box="[808,871,926,949]" country="Peru" county="Peruvian" latitude="4.413" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-2.13" municipality="On" name="Jurua" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Juruá</location>
clade on all three axes (one­way ANOVA, Fisher’s PLSD mean difference = 
<geoCoordinate id="EE03D6A64BE1D8F5FD503087B465FC3F" box="[743,811,985,1008]" degrees="0.512" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" precision="55" value="0.512">0.512</geoCoordinate>
, 
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, and —0.555 respectively, 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FB703087B398FC3F" box="[1223,1238,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">p</emphasis>
&gt; 0.05). 
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parallels the mtDNA data in which haplotypes from northern 
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fall well within that clade (figs. 117 and 120) 
<location id="8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FD503710B432FBAA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774BE7D8F9FC823155B6FCF902:8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FD503710B432FBAA" box="[743,892,1102,1125]" country="Peru" county="Peruvian" latitude="4.413" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-2.13" municipality="On" name="Interestingly" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Interestingly</location>
, the sample from the mouth of the 
<location id="8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FCA33732B4C9FB4C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774BE7D8F9FC823155B6FCF902:8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FCA33732B4C9FB4C" box="[788,903,1132,1155]" country="Peru" county="Peruvian" latitude="4.413" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-2.13" municipality="On" name="Rio Jurua" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Rio Juruá</location>
is not intermediate in discriminant space between the upriver and 
<location id="8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FB2737D7B3B9FB6F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774BE7D8F9FC823155B6FCF902:8EE8E6BA4BE1D8F5FB2737D7B3B9FB6F" box="[1168,1271,1161,1184]" country="Peru" county="Peruvian" latitude="4.413" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-2.13" municipality="On" name="Peruvian" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Peruvian</location>
group of samples and that from southern 
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, as might be expected by its somewhat intermediate geographic position. Rath­ er, the downriver clade and specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE1D8F5FD503642B411FAFC" box="[743,863,1308,1331]" name="Venezuela" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
are the most divergent in mensural characters among the set of geographic samples examined, differing significantly along all three axes (one­way ANOVA, Fisher’s PLSD mean difference = 
<geoCoordinate id="EE03D6A64BE1D8F5FBA036CFB315FA67" box="[1047,1115,1425,1448]" degrees="4.413" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" precision="55" value="4.413">4.413</geoCoordinate>
, 
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, and —2.860 respectively, 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FC5536F1B4BFFA09" box="[994,1009,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.001). 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BEC2A1B4BE1D8F5FBC636F0B3DBFA0A" box="[1137,1173,1454,1477]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">On</collectingMunicipality>
the oth­ er hand, the upriver and 
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samples differ from those from 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE1D8F5FC4336B7B322F9CF" box="[1012,1132,1513,1536]" name="Venezuela" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
only on the first axis (one­way ANOVA, Fisher’s PLSD mean difference = 3.848 and —3.328, respectively, 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FCDA351FB432F997" box="[877,892,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.001), and not on the other two
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94BE1D8F5FF76374EB68EFA85" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347569/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" startId="181.[193,231,1040,1061]" targetBox="[177,685,188,1018]" targetPageId="181">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE1D8F5FF76374EB68EFA85" blockId="181.[167,696,1040,1354]" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
Fig. 120. Strict consensus of three minimumlength parsimony trees for haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochrome­b gene (798 bp) for the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE1D8F5FF5A373EB670FBBA" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[237,318,1120,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FF5A373EB670FBBA" box="[237,318,1120,1141]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Isothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Length = 512 steps, CI = 0.684, RI = 0.803. Sequences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE1D8F5FE633725B501FB5F" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[468,591,1147,1168]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FE633725B501FB5F" box="[468,591,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Proechimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE1D8F5FD3A3725B7A9FB64" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FD3A3725B7A9FB64" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">Mesomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were used as outgroups to root the tree. Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates; percentages are mean Kimura two­parameter distances. Haplotypes are identified by locality, as in the map, fig. 117, and provenance and voucher catalogue numbers are listed in table 49.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE1D8F7FCB33522B3B9F902" blockId="181.[743,1272,193,1742]" lastBlockId="183.[743,1272,1220,1741]" lastPageId="183" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">
Despite the limited sample sizes, there appear to be at least three lineages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE1D8F5FB0F35C7B47DF901" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="181" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FB0F35C7B38CF97F" box="[1208,1218,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">I</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE1D8F5FB6035C7B47DF901" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="182">bistriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within Amazonia. The first of these occurs throughout western Amazonia, ranging from northern 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE3D8F7FE3237BFB6F4FB37" box="[389,442,1249,1272]" name="Peru" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Perú</collectingCountry>
south to 
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and east as far as the middle Rio Juruá in western 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE3D8F7FF103642B7BCFAFC" box="[167,242,1308,1331]" name="Brazil" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. This form exhibits limited geographic variation in mtDNA sequences (table 50) and (with available specimens) minimal morphometric variation as well. On distributional grounds, it is likely that specimens from Estado do 
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BE3D8F7FEBF36F0B6EAFA0A" box="[264,420,1454,1477]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE3D8F7FE0536F0B6B2FA0A" box="[434,508,1454,1477]" name="Brazil" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, where the 
<typeStatus id="548C0EC34BE3D8F7FD3236F0B5F9FA0A" box="[645,695,1454,1477]" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE3D8F7FE863692B6B2FA2C" authority="Wagner" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[305,508,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="183" pageNumber="184" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE3D8F7FE863692B6DAFA2C" box="[305,404,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">bistriata</emphasis>
Wagner
</taxonomicName>
is located, belong to this form, and thus Wagner’s name would apply to it. If this proves not to be the case, the earliest name available for the western Amazonian taxon would be 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE3D8F7FD85351FB5CEF997" box="[562,640,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">villosa</emphasis>
Deville, 1852 (see Patton and Emmons, 1985). The second lineage would contain samples of the second mtDNA clade, namely those from the mouth of the Rio Jurua´, the upper Rio Urucu southeast of Tefe´, and from both sides of the lower Rio Negro northwest of Manaus (Rio Jaú and Ilha das Onças, table 49). This form is likewise distinct in mtDNA sequence (fig. 120, table 50) and apparently morphometrically as well, although larger samples are needed for verification. The earliest available name for this taxon is most likely 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE3D8F7FC8C36F1B4E4FA09" box="[827,938,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">negrensis</emphasis>
Thomas, 1920, since the 
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locality of Acajutuba, on the lower Rio Negro above Manaus, is within this range Finally, the third taxon is that from the upper Río Orinoco region in east­central 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE3D8F7FB32357AB3B6F9F4" box="[1157,1272,1572,1595]" name="Colombia" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and the Casiquiare region of southern 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BE3D8F7FB05351FB466F9BA" name="Venezuela" pageId="183" pageNumber="184">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
. Although mtDNA sequences are lacking, this form remains nearly nonoverlapping in cranial morphometric pattern relative to the other two, especially on the first discrim­
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BECD8F8FF14371AB697FAA8" blockId="184.[163,692,1092,1741]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
inant axis (fig. 121). As documented by Patton and Emmons (1985), the name 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BECD8F8FDE8373CB5FDFBB6" box="[607,691,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">orinoci</emphasis>
Thomas, 1899, with its 
<typeStatus id="548C0EC34BECD8F8FE773721B6BCFB59" box="[448,498,1151,1174]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">type</typeStatus>
locality at Maipures on the upper Río Orinoco in Intendencia 
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BECD8F8FF6537E5B67BFB1D" box="[210,309,1211,1234]" country="Colombia" name="Vichada" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Vichada</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BECD8F8FEF137E5B6F2FB1D" box="[326,444,1211,1234]" name="Colombia" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, most likely applies to this form. Additional specimens are required for both molecular and morphological analysis before it is possible to determine if each of these three groups warrants separate status at the species level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BECD8F8FF773630B45FFB2D" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BECD8F8FF773630B347FE9D" blockId="184.[163,692,1092,1741]" lastBlockId="184.[739,1268,193,1740]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BECD8F8FD9F3630B7A1FA6C" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BECD8F8FD9F3630B7A1FA6C" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Isothrix bistriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a denizen of seasonally inundated forest, either igapó or várzea. All specimens (n = 32) were obtained either in canopy platform traps placed within these forest 
<typeStatus id="548C0EC34BECD8F8FDC136BBB5FDFA33" box="[630,691,1509,1532]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">types</typeStatus>
(or along their edge, such as on line ‘‘P’’ at Vai­Quem­Quer, locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BECD8F8FE68357FB6B2F9F6" bold="true" box="[479,508,1569,1593]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">15</emphasis>
; see fig. 23), were shot in trees, or were taken from tree holes. In the latter case, we tied Tomahawk traps over the mouth of a tree hole and beat on the trunk forcing the animal into the trap. We commonly saw individuals with their heads protruding from tree holes during daylight hours. In such cases, those trees were climbed and Tomahawk live traps nailed over the nest entrance, usually with successful capture during the night.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BECD8F8FCB73207B45FFB2D" blockId="184.[739,1268,193,1740]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
REPRODUCTION: We caught this species in all months we trapped, and from localities within each of the four geographic regions along the river (fig. 1). None of the females were pregnant, although all adults (those with all cheekteeth erupted and exhibiting some wear) were parous and had enlarged nipples. One female taken at Penedo (locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BECD8F8FD543112B5BCFDAB" bold="true" box="[739,754,588,612]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">7</emphasis>
) in late August was lactating, and another taken at Lago Três Unidos (locality o) was captured together in the same trap with a small (
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) young individual, presumably her offspring. Placental scars were noted in several individuals but were never more than two, suggesting a small litter size. All fully adult males had developed midventral chest glands, approximately 
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in length. The testes in these individuals were large, averaging 24 Χ 
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(length Χ width), but were always abdominal in position rather than descended into the obvious scrotum These same individuals also had enlarged vesicular glands and enlarged seminiferous tubules in the cauda epididymides, suggesting reproductive competency. Pairs of adult individuals, presumably a male and female were observed on three occasions, one time each at Sacado (locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BECD8F8FBA237D3B36AFB6A" bold="true" box="[1045,1060,1165,1189]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">5</emphasis>
), Nova Empresa (locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BECD8F8FCE737F2B411FB0B" bold="true" box="[848,863,1196,1220]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">8</emphasis>
), and opposite Altamira (locality 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BECD8F8FD543794B44EFB2D" bold="true" box="[739,768,1226,1250]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">10</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BECD8F9FCB737B7B6FCF902" lastPageId="185" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BECD8F9FCB737B7B670FADA" blockId="184.[739,1268,193,1740]" lastBlockId="185.[167,695,1190,1741]" lastPageId="185" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
KARYOTYPE: The karyotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BECD8F8FBC237B7B3BAFACF" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[1141,1268,1257,1280]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BECD8F8FBC237B7B331FACF" box="[1141,1151,1257,1280]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">I</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BECD8F8FB2637B7B3BAFACF" box="[1169,1268,1257,1280]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">bistriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by Leal­Mesquita (1991), who illustrated both non­differentially stained and C­band complements for a female specimen from the hydroelectric dam at Samuel, Estado do 
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BECD8F8FCFD36DCB4F0FA56" box="[842,958,1410,1433]" country="Brazil" name="Rondonia" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Rondônia</collectingRegion>
, near Porto Velho on the Rio Madeira. Chromosomal data from 
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BECD8F8FB6136FFB412FA18" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
from the Rio Juruá (
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BECD8F8FBE1369EB38FFA18" box="[1110,1217,1472,1495]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BECD8F8FD543680B418FA3A" box="[739,854,1502,1525]" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
) do not differ. The diploid number is 60, the fundamental number 116. The autosomal complement consists of one pair of large subtelocentric elements and 28 pairs of metacentrics and submetacentrics grading in size from large to small. The X­chromosome is a large acrocentric and the Y a very small metacentric. In contrast, the diploid and fun­ damental numbers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEDD8F9FE1837F9B564FB71" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[431,554,1190,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagurus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FE1837F9B6F7FB71" box="[431,441,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">I</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FE7C37F9B564FB71" box="[459,554,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">pagurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are 22 and 38, respectively (Patton and Emmons, 1985); those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEDD8F9FEBB37BFB69BFB37" box="[268,469,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinnamariensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FEBB37BFB658FB37" box="[268,278,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">I</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FE9237BFB69BFB37" box="[293,469,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">sinnamariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are 28 and 42 (Vié et al., 1997).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94BEDD8F9FF76308BB435FB9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347573" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347573/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" startId="185.[193,231,981,1002]" targetBox="[177,1261,188,959]" targetPageId="185">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEDD8F9FF76308BB435FB9A" blockId="185.[167,1271,981,1109]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
Fig. 121. Bivariate plots of three discrimant function axes based on log­transformed cranial variables for four geographic samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEDD8F9FDB430AEB5F6FBCA" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[515,696,1008,1029]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bistriata">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FDB430AEB5F6FBCA" box="[515,696,1008,1029]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Isothrix bistriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: the upriver Rio Juruá mtDNA clade (solid circles) the downriver Rio Juruá mtDNA clade (solid squares), pooled samples from northern and eastern Perú (stippled diamonds), and pooled samples from southern Venezuela (solid triangles). Provenance data for the latter two samples can be found in Patton and Emmons (1985).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEDD8F9FF733642B6FCF902" blockId="185.[167,695,1190,1741]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
SPECIMENS EXAMINED (n = 41): (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FDE43645B52CFAFC" bold="true" box="[595,610,1307,1331]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">1</emphasis>
) 1f — MNFS 1411; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FED73667B621FA9E" bold="true" box="[352,367,1337,1361]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">2</emphasis>
) 
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FE3F3667B6E1FA9F" box="[392,431,1337,1360]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
, 1f — MNFS 1188, 1273; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FF4B3608B645FAA1" bold="true" box="[252,267,1366,1390]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">3</emphasis>
) 
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FEA93608B60DFAA2" box="[286,323,1366,1389]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
— JUR 240; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FE4F3608B549FAA1" bold="true" box="[504,519,1366,1390]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">5</emphasis>
) 
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FDAE3608B50FFAA2" box="[537,577,1366,1389]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
, 1f, 1 unknown — JLP 15568, 15625–15627; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FDDD362DB537FA44" bold="true" box="[618,633,1395,1419]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">7</emphasis>
) 
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FD3D362AB5FCFA44" box="[650,690,1396,1419]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
, 1f — MNFS 471, 500; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FE7E36CFB696FA66" bold="true" box="[457,472,1425,1449]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">8</emphasis>
) 
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FE5C36CFB55CFA67" box="[491,530,1425,1448]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
, 1f — MNFS 431, 506; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FE8F36F0B61BFA09" bold="true" box="[312,341,1454,1478]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">10</emphasis>
) 
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FEC736F0B6D9FA0A" box="[368,407,1454,1477]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="6.0">6m</quantity>
, 5f — JUR 199–200, MNFS 893, 900–901, 914, 920, 934, 941– 942, 957; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FE9A36B7B604F9CE" bold="true" box="[301,330,1513,1537]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">11</emphasis>
) 
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FEE836B7B6C8F9CF" box="[351,390,1513,1536]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="3.0">3m</quantity>
, 1f — MNFS 797, 809– 810, 833; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FE9F3558B60BF9D1" bold="true" box="[296,325,1542,1566]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">14</emphasis>
) 
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FEEF3558B633F9D2" box="[344,381,1542,1565]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
— MNFS 1725; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FDEF3558B529F9D1" bold="true" box="[600,615,1542,1566]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">o</emphasis>
) 3f — JUR 544–546; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEDD8F9FEDB357DB6C7F9F4" bold="true" box="[364,393,1571,1595]" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">15</emphasis>
) 1f — JUR 296. Specimens from Royal Natural History Museum, 
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BEDD8F9FF103500B66BF9BA" box="[167,293,1630,1653]" country="Sweden" name="Stockholm" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Stockholm</collectingRegion>
(see Patterson, 1992): João Pessoa [= Eirunepe´] (
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FE223522B6F0F95C" box="[405,446,1660,1683]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="5.0">5m</quantity>
, 3f — 2118, 2138, 2140, 2161, 2183, 2217, 2235, 2475); Lago Grande (
<quantity id="4CCF1D844BEDD8F9FEB835E8B67BF902" box="[271,309,1718,1741]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
— 2488).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>