treatments-xml/data/03/90/87/039087D7C0064602FF68FE74FB9C3497.xml

<document id="9C3953A488790FF137356B038086F512" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3927.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9f96009-d3d4-4977-9cd5-6004214d1036" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="288034" ID-ZooBank="42B56D11-9B18-4FCC-B632-30A46AB0205C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461008886271" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Koppka, Jens" docDate="2015" docId="039087D7C0064602FF68FE74FB9C3497" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03927p117.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3927 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Nanogyra (Palaeogyra) virgula Deshayes 1831, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="FFA9FFAFC0194620FFFFFFC3FFF33303" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Bivalvia from the Upper Jurassic Reuchenette Formation, Northwest Switzerland — Ostreoidea" masterLastPageNumber="117" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1698566318747" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0C261A3F31D9922105F54791629FFCF7">Revision of the Bivalvia from the Upper Jurassic Reuchenette Formation, Northwest Switzerland — Ostreoidea</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039087D7C0064602FF68FE74FB9C3497" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6102700" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119599514" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6102700" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039087D7C0064602FF68FE74FB9C3497" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039087D7C0064602FF68FE74FB9C3497" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<subSubSection id="C323654AC0064600FF68FE74FCBC3150" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF68FE74FD1B32D1" blockId="31.[151,744,439,499]" box="[151,744,439,466]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="D0CE81ADC006463FFF68FE74FD1B32D1" bold="true" box="[151,744,439,466]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFF68FE74FD1B32D1" authority="Deshayes, 1831" authorityName="Deshayes" authorityYear="1831" box="[151,744,439,466]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFF68FE74FD1B32D1" bold="true" box="[151,744,439,466]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFF68FE74FEE332D2" bold="true" box="[151,272,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEDFFE74FE5A32D2" bold="true" box="[288,425,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Palaeogyra</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFE45FE74FDE332D2" bold="true" box="[442,528,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">virgula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C006463FFDDFFE7BFD1332D1" author="Deshayes" box="[544,736,440,466]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Deshayes, G. P. (1831) Description des coquilles caracteristiques des terrains. F. G. Levrault, Strasbourg, 264 pp." type="book" year="1831">Deshayes, 1831</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF68FE19FDC132F0" blockId="31.[151,744,439,499]" box="[151,562,474,499]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 13.3–4; Pl. 8.3–8; Pl. 9; Pl. 10.1</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FDF1FC2A31C7" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1801 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFDF1FD19314B" authority="Lamarck-Lamarck" authorityName="Lamarck-Lamarck" box="[324,746,562,584]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="angustata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFDF1FDE7314B" box="[324,532,562,584]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryphaea angustata</emphasis>
Lamarck—Lamarck
</taxonomicName>
: p. 399 (nomen nudum, no description). 1817 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFD9FFE253171" box="[324,470,604,626]" class="Bivalvia" family="Chamidae" genus="Chama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFD9FFE253171" box="[324,470,604,626]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chama striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57A8C006463FFE23FD9EFDE33171" box="[476,528,604,626]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
—Smith: p. 45 (nomen nudum, adequate description). 1819 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFD46FD193198" authority="Lamarck-Lamarck" authorityName="Lamarck-Lamarck" box="[324,746,645,667]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="angustata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFD46FDE73198" box="[324,532,645,667]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryphaea angustata</emphasis>
Lamarck—Lamarck
</taxonomicName>
: p. 200 (nomen nudum, short description). 1821 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFD6CFE2531C7" box="[324,470,686,708]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFD6CFE2531C7" box="[324,470,686,708]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ostrea virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Defrance: p. 26 (nomen nudum, no description).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FD1BFD0A31ED" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,761,728,750]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1830 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFD1AFDC231ED" authority="Voltz." authorityName="Voltz." box="[324,561,728,750]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFD1AFE1B31ED" box="[324,488,728,750]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
, Voltz.
</taxonomicName>
—Thurmann: p. 13.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF60FCC2FC793043" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
* 1831 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFCC2FDD93014" authority="Def." authorityName="Def." box="[324,554,769,791]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFCC2FE043014" box="[324,503,769,791]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryphoea virgula,</emphasis>
Def.
</taxonomicName>
—Deshayes: p. 90, pl. 5, figs. 12–13 (
<typeStatus id="54828863C006463FFC55FCC2FC2A3014" box="[938,985,769,791]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
, ICZN opinion 310). 1833b 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFCE8FE183043" authority="Virgula" authorityName="Virgula" box="[324,491,810,832]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFCE8FE183043" box="[324,491,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra Virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nobis—Goldfuss: p. 33, pl. 86, fig. 3a,b.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FC97FC303069" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,963,852,874]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1836 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFC96FD323069" authority="Lamarck-Bronn" authorityName="Lamarck-Bronn" box="[324,705,852,874]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="angustata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFC96FDF73069" box="[324,516,853,874]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra angustata</emphasis>
Lamarck—Bronn
</taxonomicName>
: p. 325, pl. 18, fig. 15a,b.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FCBEFC303090" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,963,893,915]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1836 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFCBDFD323090" authority="Lamarck-Bronn" authorityName="Lamarck-Bronn" box="[324,705,893,915]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="angustata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFCBDFDF73090" box="[324,516,894,915]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra angustata</emphasis>
Lamarck—Bronn
</taxonomicName>
: p. 325, pl. 18, fig. 15a,b.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FC65FCD930BF" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,810,934,957]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1837 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFC6BFDD630BF" authority="Sow." authorityName="Sow." box="[324,549,934,957]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFC6BFE1B30BF" box="[324,488,934,957]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
, Sow.
</taxonomicName>
—Koch &amp; Dunker: p. 12.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FC13FCB430E5" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,839,976,998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1846 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFC12FD3A30E5" authority="Goldfuss-Leymerie" authorityName="Goldfuss-Leymerie" box="[324,713,976,998]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFC12FE1B30E5" box="[324,488,976,998]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
Goldfuss—Leymerie
</taxonomicName>
: pl. 9, fig. 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FC3AFC79370C" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,906,1017,1039]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1851b 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFC39FDD7370C" authority="Defr." authorityName="Defr." box="[324,548,1017,1039]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFC39FE1B370C" box="[324,488,1017,1039]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
Defr.
</taxonomicName>
—Quenstedt: p. 503, pl. 40, fig. 33.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FBE1FC20373B" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,979,1058,1080]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1851 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFBE0FDF7373B" box="[324,516,1059,1080]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="angustata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFBE0FDF7373B" box="[324,516,1059,1080]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra angustata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Bronn &amp; Roemer: p. 203, pl. 18, fig. 15a,b.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF60FB8EFC163761" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[159,997,1100,1122]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<date id="FF871001C006463FFF60FB8EFEF23761" box="[159,257,1100,1122]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1862-05">v 1862</date>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFB8FFDE23761" authority="Defr." authorityName="Defr." box="[324,529,1100,1122]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFB8FFE253761" box="[324,470,1100,1122]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ostrea virgula</emphasis>
Defr.
</taxonomicName>
—Thurmann &amp; Etallon: p. 275, pl. 39, fig. 10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FBB6FCA237B7" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1872 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFBB5FE253788" box="[324,470,1141,1163]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFBB5FE253788" box="[324,470,1141,1163]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ostrea virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
d´Orbigny—de Loriol, Royer &amp; Tombeck: p. 397, pl. 23, fig. 
<date id="FF871001C006463FFBB1FBB6FEF237B7" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1882-08-14">8–14. 1882</date>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFB63FDD737B7" authority="Defr." authorityName="Defr." box="[324,548,1182,1205]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFB63FE1B37B7" box="[324,488,1182,1205]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
Defr.
</taxonomicName>
—Alth: p. 297, pl. 27, fig. 21.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FB0BFC6D3604" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1884 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFB0AFDD737DD" authority="Defr." authorityName="Defr." box="[324,548,1224,1246]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFB0AFE1B37DD" box="[324,488,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
Defr.
</taxonomicName>
—Quenstedt: p. 766, pl. 59, fig. 14, Text-Fig. 270. 1893 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFB31FDD03604" authority="Defr." authorityName="Defr." box="[324,547,1265,1287]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFB31FE1B3604" box="[324,488,1265,1287]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
Defr.
</taxonomicName>
—Fiebelkorn: p. 397, pl. 18, fig. 1–3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF60FAD8FCB33659" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
n 1893 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFAD8FDB03633" box="[324,579,1306,1328]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Ostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula" subGenus="Exogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFAD8FE7B3633" box="[324,392,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ostrea</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFE68FAD8FE1E3633" box="[407,493,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFE04FAD9FDB03633" box="[507,579,1306,1328]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
d´Orbigny (Defrance)—Greppin: p. 89, pl. 6, fig. 7, 8. 1910 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFA87FD1A3659" authority="Lamarck-Douville" authorityName="Lamarck-Douville" box="[324,745,1348,1370]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="angustata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFA87FDE73659" box="[324,532,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryphaea angustata</emphasis>
Lamarck—Douvillé
</taxonomicName>
: pl. 200.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FAAEFA653680" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,1430,1389,1411]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1924 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFAADFDD63680" authority="Defr." authorityName="Defr." box="[324,549,1389,1411]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFAADFE1B3680" box="[324,488,1389,1411]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
Defr.
</taxonomicName>
—Jourdy: p. 68, pl. 2, fig. V.i., pl. 3, fig. 
<date id="FF871001C006463FFC3AFAADFBF53680" box="[965,1030,1389,1411]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">V 1–4</date>
, pl. 5, figs. 1, 8, pl. 6, fig. 4, pl. 8, figs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFEBBFA4FFD2536A1" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[324,726,1420,1442]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">9–10, pl. 9, figs. 2, 17–18, pl. 11, fig. 1.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30FA76FD1736F7" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1924 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFA75FE2736C8" box="[324,468,1461,1483]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFA75FE2736C8" box="[324,468,1461,1483]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra alata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57A8C006463FFE24FA75FDFD36C8" box="[475,526,1461,1483]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
—Jourdy: p. 71, pl. 10, figs. 4 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFCBEFA76FCBD36C8" bold="true" box="[833,846,1461,1483]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">–</emphasis>
6 (for bilobate adult specimens). 1925 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBFA23FDD036F7" authority="Defr." authorityName="Defr." box="[324,547,1502,1525]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBFA23FE1B36F7" box="[324,488,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
Defr.
</taxonomicName>
sp.—Dohm: p. 15.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30F9CBFC4C351D" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,959,1544,1566]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1930 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF9CAFD74351D" authority="Smith, W. 1817" authorityName="Smith, W." authorityYear="1817" box="[324,647,1544,1566]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF9CAFE11351D" box="[324,482,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra striata</emphasis>
Smith, W. 1817
</taxonomicName>
—Cox: p. 298, pl. 12, fig. 8, 9.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30F9F2FCFD3544" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,782,1585,1607]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1933 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF9F1FD933544" authority="Deshayes" authorityName="Deshayes" box="[324,608,1585,1607]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF9F1FE1B3544" box="[324,488,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
(Deshayes)
</taxonomicName>
—Arkell: p. 440.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30F999FC2C35C0" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1964 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF998FD603573" authority="(Defrance) 1820" authorityName="Defrance" baseAuthorityName="Defrance" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[324,659,1626,1648]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF998FE1B3573" box="[324,488,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
(Defrance) 1820
</taxonomicName>
—Wellnhofer: p. 50, pl. 3, figs. 2–7, Text-Fig. 31 a–n. 1969 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF946FE1B3599" box="[324,488,1668,1690]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF946FE1B3599" box="[324,488,1668,1690]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Ziegler: pl. 2, figs. 1–3, 5,6, pl. 5, figs. 1–21, pl. 6, figs. 
<date id="FF871001C006463FFBC4F947FEF235C0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1970-12-15">12–15. 1970</date>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF96DFD6035C0" authority="Defrance 1825" authorityName="Defrance" authorityYear="1825" box="[324,659,1709,1731]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF96DFE1B35C0" box="[324,488,1709,1731]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
(Defrance 1825)
</taxonomicName>
—Dmoch: p. 81, pl. 7, figs. 5–6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30F915FC52346B" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1971 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF91BFD6A35EF" authority="Defrance, 1820" authorityName="Defrance" authorityYear="1820" box="[324,665,1750,1773]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF91BFE1B35EF" box="[324,488,1750,1773]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
(Defrance, 1820)
</taxonomicName>
—Pugaczewska: p. 287, pl. 1, fig. 8, pls. 28–30. 1971 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF8C2FD293415" authority="William Smith, 1817" authorityName="William Smith" authorityYear="1817" box="[324,730,1792,1814]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF8C2FE013415" box="[324,498,1793,1814]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nanogyra striata</emphasis>
(William Smith, 1817)
</taxonomicName>
—Stenzel in Moore: p. N1122, figs. 1a–m. 1982 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF8E9FD58343C" authority="(Defrance), 1820" authorityName="Defrance" baseAuthorityName="Defrance" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[324,683,1833,1855]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF8E9FE0B343C" box="[324,504,1833,1855]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
(Defrance), 1820
</taxonomicName>
—Gautret: p. 35, pl. 5, figs. 1–6, 8–29, 32–38, 40–43, 46–47. 1983 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF890FD67346B" authority="W. Smith, 1817" authorityName="W. Smith" authorityYear="1817" box="[324,660,1874,1896]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF890FE11346B" box="[324,482,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Exogyra striata</emphasis>
(W. Smith, 1817)
</taxonomicName>
—Birkelund et al.: p. 302.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30F8BFFC6C34B8" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1983 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF8BEFE0B3491" box="[324,504,1916,1938]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF8BEFE0B3491" box="[324,504,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Birkelund et al.: p. 302 (with remark to the ICZN opinion 310). 1984 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF865FDB634B8" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[324,581,1957,1979]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF865FE0134B8" box="[324,498,1958,1979]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nanogyra striata</emphasis>
(Smith)
</taxonomicName>
—Buitrón: p. 95, pl. 2, figs. 7–10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C006463FFF30F80DFABF34E7" blockId="31.[159,1430,562,2021]" box="[207,1356,1998,2021]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
1984 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C006463FFEBBF813FD7434E7" authority="W. Smith" authorityName="W. Smith" box="[324,647,1998,2021]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFEBBF813FE5A34E6" box="[324,425,2000,2021]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nanogyra</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C006463FFE2FF813FDE134E6" box="[464,530,2000,2021]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">striata</emphasis>
(W. Smith)
</taxonomicName>
—Gu Zhi-wei, Chen Jin-hua &amp; Sha Jin-geng: p. 139, pl. 28, figs. 5, 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF30FF63FC4133B5" blockId="32.[207,1326,160,678]" box="[207,946,160,182]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
1984 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFF62FD8833B5" authority="Smith 1817" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1817" box="[324,635,160,182]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFF62FE0133B5" box="[324,498,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra striata</emphasis>
(Smith 1817)
</taxonomicName>
—Pockrandt: p. 80, fig. 12a,b.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF30FF0AFD133287" blockId="32.[207,1326,160,678]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
1986a 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFF09FD9833DC" authority="Defrance" authorityName="Defrance" box="[324,619,201,223]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFF09FE0B33DC" box="[324,504,201,223]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
(Defrance)
</taxonomicName>
—Fürsich &amp; Oschmann: p. 143, text-fig. 2a–c. 1986b 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFF30FE0B320B" box="[324,504,242,264]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFF30FE0B320B" box="[324,504,242,264]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Fürsich &amp; Oschmann: p. 67, fig. 1, figs. 2a–f, figs. 6a–j. 1990 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFEDEFD663231" authority="Deshayes 1831" authorityName="Deshayes" authorityYear="1831" box="[324,661,284,306]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFEDEFE0B3231" box="[324,504,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0394600FE01FEDFFD663231" author="Deshayes" box="[510,661,284,306]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Deshayes, G. P. (1831) Description des coquilles caracteristiques des terrains. F. G. Levrault, Strasbourg, 264 pp." type="book" year="1831">Deshayes 1831</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—Clausen &amp; Wignall: p. 123, pl. 6, fig. A. 1996 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFE85FDB73258" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[324,580,325,347]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFE85FE013258" box="[324,498,326,347]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra striata</emphasis>
(Smith)
</taxonomicName>
—Colleté, in Colleté, Fricot, Matrion, Tomasson &amp; Treffot: p. 19, fig. 18. 1998 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFEB3FE013286" box="[324,498,368,389]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFEB3FE013286" box="[324,498,368,389]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Breton: pl. 1, fig. 14.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF30FE5BFC3332D4" blockId="32.[207,1326,160,678]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
1998 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFE5AFD5A32AD" authority="Defrance, 1820" authorityName="Defrance" authorityYear="1820" box="[324,681,408,430]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFE5AFE0B32AD" box="[324,504,408,430]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
(Defrance, 1820)
</taxonomicName>
—Machalski: p. 622, fig. 9 A–H. 1998 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFE01FD9D32D4" authority="Deshayes" authorityName="Deshayes" box="[324,622,449,471]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFE01FE0B32D4" box="[324,504,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
(Deshayes)
</taxonomicName>
—Radley et al.: p. 84, figs. 3d–e.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF30FE29FC453103" blockId="32.[207,1326,160,678]" box="[207,950,490,512]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
2001 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFE28FE693103" box="[324,410,491,512]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFE28FE693103" box="[324,410,491,512]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Exogyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FE57FE28FDFE3103" box="[424,525,491,512]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FE57FE28FDFE3103" box="[424,525,491,512]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FDE3FE29FD2E3103" authority="Defrance" authorityName="Defrance" box="[540,733,490,512]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FDE3FE29FD973103" box="[540,612,490,512]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">virgula</emphasis>
(Defrance)
</taxonomicName>
—B.M. Cox: p. 2731.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF30FDD7FD743129" blockId="32.[207,1326,160,678]" box="[207,647,532,554]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
2006 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFDD6FE5B3129" box="[324,424,533,554]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Nanogyra</taxonomicName>
striata—Hicks: p. 36.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF30FDFEFCBC3150" blockId="32.[207,1326,160,678]" box="[207,847,573,595]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
2006 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFDFDFD8F3150" authority="Smith 1817" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1817" box="[324,636,573,595]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFDFDFE013150" box="[324,498,574,595]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra striata</emphasis>
(Smith 1817)
</taxonomicName>
—Richardt: p. 9, 18.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654AC0394600FF30FDA5FB8E31A5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF30FDA5FB8E31A5" blockId="32.[207,1326,160,678]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
2007 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFDABFD5B317F" authority="Defrance, 1821" authorityName="Defrance" authorityYear="1821" box="[324,680,614,637]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFDABFE0B317F" box="[324,504,614,637]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0394600FDFAFDA5FD52317F" author="Defrance" box="[517,673,614,636]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Defrance, M. J. L. (1821) Huitres (pp. 20 - 33). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, HUIT - IDYE, 22, 1 - 500. [Imprimerie de LB Normant, Paris, available from google books]" type="journal article" year="1821">Defrance, 1821</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—Delvene: p. 20, pl. 3, fig. 6. 2008 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FEBBFD52FD5B31A5" authority="Defrance, 1821" authorityName="Defrance" authorityYear="1821" box="[324,680,656,678]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEBBFD52FE0B31A5" box="[324,504,656,678]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0394600FDFAFD53FD5231A5" author="Defrance" box="[517,673,656,678]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Defrance, M. J. L. (1821) Huitres (pp. 20 - 33). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, HUIT - IDYE, 22, 1 - 500. [Imprimerie de LB Normant, Paris, available from google books]" type="journal article" year="1821">Defrance, 1821</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—Scholz, Schweigert &amp; Dietl: p. 125, fig. 16.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654AC0394600FF68FD26FD5A3789" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF68FD26FF043069" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FF68FD26FE7731FD" bold="true" box="[151,388,741,766]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<typeStatus id="54828863C0394600FF68FD26FEF731FD" box="[151,260,741,766]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(not seen).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FE74FD26FCF631FD" authority="Deshayes, 1831" authorityName="Deshayes" authorityYear="1831" box="[395,773,741,766]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FE74FD26FDB931FD" box="[395,586,741,766]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Gryphoea virgula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0394600FDAFFD26FCF631FD" author="Deshayes" box="[592,773,741,766]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Deshayes, G. P. (1831) Description des coquilles caracteristiques des terrains. F. G. Levrault, Strasbourg, 264 pp." type="book" year="1831">Deshayes, 1831</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: p. 90, pl. 5, figs. 12 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FC19FD26FC0731FD" bold="true" box="[998,1012,741,766]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">–</emphasis>
13, by monotypy; non 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0394600FB0FFD26FA6431FD" author="Defrance" box="[1264,1431,741,766]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Defrance, M. J. L. (1821) Huitres (pp. 20 - 33). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, HUIT - IDYE, 22, 1 - 500. [Imprimerie de LB Normant, Paris, available from google books]" type="journal article" year="1821">Defrance 1821</bibRefCitation>
, p. 26; validation as 
<typeStatus id="54828863C0394600FE7BFCC9FE473021" box="[388,436,778,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
by the 
<collectionCode id="ED28AE04C0394600FDEAFCC9FDAA3021" box="[533,601,778,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ICZN</collectionCode>
, opinion 310 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0394600FCF9FCCAFBEF3021" author="Hemming" box="[774,1052,777,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Hemming, F. (1954) Opinion 310, validation, under the plenary powers, of the specific name virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the combination Gryphaea virgula (Class Pelecypoda) (Jurassic). Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 8 (27), 355." type="journal article" year="1954" yearSuffix="p">Hemming 1954, p. 355</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0394600FBCBFCC9FB703022" box="[1076,1155,778,801]" name="France" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">France</collectingCountry>
, exact 
<typeStatus id="54828863C0394600FB26FCC9FAFA3021" box="[1241,1289,778,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
locality and position unknown, probably from a 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FDC7FCEEFD743045" box="[568,647,813,838]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">virgula</taxonomicName>
marl unit of the Paris Basin, probably Upper Kimmeridgian, Upper Jurassic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF38FCB6FCA430B1" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FF38FCB6FEC5308D" bold="true" box="[199,310,885,910]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Material.</emphasis>
Few specimens from the Banné Marls (
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FCF3FCB6FC8F308D" box="[780,892,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">cymodoce</emphasis>
Zone, Lower Kimmeridgian) of Vâ Tche Tchâ (
<collectionCode id="ED28AE04C0394600FF60FC59FF2A30B1" box="[159,217,922,946]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mm8z-8ppw" name="VTT Biotechnology, Culture Collection" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">VTT</collectionCode>
) near Courtedoux, Tunnel le Banné (TLB) at Porrentruy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF38FC7DFE853741" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Numerous, mostly poorly preserved specimens from the 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FC83FC7EFC1730D5" box="[892,996,957,982]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">mutabilis</emphasis>
Zone (
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FBB9FC7EFB2330D5" box="[1094,1232,957,982]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">lallierianum</emphasis>
Subzone, Upper Kimmeridgian) of Sur Combe Ronde (SCR), mostly from the “Lower 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FC4CFC22FBF430F9" box="[947,1031,993,1018]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="32" pageNumber="92" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">Virgula</taxonomicName>
Marl” (bed 4500, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FB26FC22FA8B30F9" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[1241,1400,993,1018]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Aulacostephanidae" genus="Aulacostephanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ammonitida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eudoxus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FB26FC22FAC630F9" box="[1241,1333,993,1018]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">eudoxus</emphasis>
Zone
</taxonomicName>
) at Sur Combe Ronde (SCR) and Bois de Sylleux (BSY) near Courtedoux (
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0394600FC07FBC6FB72371D" box="[1016,1153,1029,1054]" name="Switzerland" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
) (for measurements see Appendix, 
<tableCitation id="C6BB037AC0394600FEECFBEAFE9A3741" box="[275,361,1065,1090]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="70.[151,239,1524,1547]" captionTargetBox="[159,1324,1574,2010]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="TABLE 4. Nanogyra (Palaeogyra) virgula (Deshayes, 1831)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF466649C05F4666FF68FA37FCD83508" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" tableUuid="DF466649C05F4666FF68FA37FCD83508">Table 4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF38FB8EFD5A3789" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Material from the “Lower 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FE0DFB8EFDB53765" box="[498,582,1101,1126]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="32" pageNumber="92" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">Virgula</taxonomicName>
Marl” of the Banné hill in Porrentruy (Thurmann-Collection, 
<collectionCode id="ED28AE04C0394600FAFAFB8DFABC3765" box="[1285,1359,1102,1126]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">MJSN</collectionCode>
, S294/ 1 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FF5AFBB2FF403789" bold="true" box="[165,179,1137,1162]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">–</emphasis>
9, S294/11 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FED4FBB2FECA3789" bold="true" box="[299,313,1137,1162]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">–</emphasis>
12) (see Pl. 8.7–8 and Pl. 9.1–9).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654AC0394601FF38FB56FBAF3406" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF38FB56FB223685" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FF38FB56FEA237AD" bold="true" box="[199,337,1173,1198]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Description</emphasis>
. Shape, size—LV larger and much more inflated than flat RV; with a curved carina parallel to anterior margin; maximum convexity anterodorsal; 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FD1AFB7AFCC037D1" box="[741,819,1209,1234]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Actinostreon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="outline">outline</taxonomicName>
variable but commonly comma-shaped (virguliform); larger (adult) specimens rarely with bialate (bilobate) ventral margin or, when attached to long objects, with an elongate xenomorphic 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0394600FE61FAC2FE1F3619" box="[414,492,1281,1306]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Actinostreon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="outline">outline</taxonomicName>
(Pl. 8.5–6); umbo pointed, exogyroid (always opisthogyrate). RV of the convexconcave 
<typeStatus id="54828863C0394600FF05FAE5FED9363D" box="[250,298,1318,1342]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FEC5FAE5FE8B363E" box="[314,376,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0394600FE80FAE6FDD2363D" author="Malchus" box="[383,545,1317,1342]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Malchus, N. (1990) Revision der Kreide-Austern (Bivalvia: Pteriomorphia) Agyptens (Biostratigraphie, Systematik). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, 125, 1 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Malchus 1990</bibRefCitation>
, p. 94). Coiling reaches 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0394600FCCCFAE5FCA7363E" box="[819,852,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ca.</emphasis>
225º (Pl. 9.10c–e: early shell is P1 and nepioconch; abrupt opisthogyrate twists of 90° between 1.5 and 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0394600FD2BFA89FCD93662" box="[724,810,1354,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
shell height, 90° between 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0394600FBAEFA89FB553662" box="[1105,1190,1354,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0394600FB24FA89FAEF3662" box="[1243,1308,1354,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
and ca. 45º between 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0394600FF04FAADFECF3686" box="[251,316,1390,1414]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
and final height). Examined specimens 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0394600FD01FAADFC953686" box="[766,870,1390,1414]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="1.65" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.3">0.3–3 cm</quantity>
high (Pl. 9; Appendix, 
<tableCitation id="C6BB037AC0394600FB91FAAEFB373685" box="[1134,1220,1389,1414]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="70.[151,239,1524,1547]" captionTargetBox="[159,1324,1574,2010]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="TABLE 4. Nanogyra (Palaeogyra) virgula (Deshayes, 1831)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF466649C05F4666FF68FA37FCD83508" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" tableUuid="DF466649C05F4666FF68FA37FCD83508">Table 4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF38FA52FAFD35A5" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Sculpture—Attachment area usually few millimetres in diameter at tip of umbo (Pl. 9.1–5), but larger attachments with nearly the whole LV on hardgrounds or on other specimens and large objects also common. LV with fine antimarginal, dichotomous striae or thin riblets, crossed by inconspicuous commarginal growth lines and few irregularly spaced, growth ridges (Pl. 9.10a; Fig. 13.4); striation very narrowly spaced (Pl. 8.5) to rather coarse (Pl. 9.4b); striae restricted to outermost shell layers, eroded or chipped specimens from rock surfaces appearing smooth. RV nearly smooth, with commarginal growth lines, few growth crests (Pl. 9.10c–e; Fig. 13.3) and faint antimarginal striae (mainly on ventral half); anterodorsally bordered by a carina consisting of upturned crowded growth lamellae (Pl. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0D5006C0394600FE7DF94DFE3135A5" box="[386,450,1678,1702]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" precision="555" value="9.1">9.10e</geoCoordinate>
; Fig. 13.3); xenomorphic features rare and mostly weak (Pl. 8.6c; Pl. 9.9a).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF38F972FAD23411" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Ligament area—Strongly twisted and prosodetic; juvenile ligament of LV narrow and deeply sunken, covered by the projected posterodorsal margin (overhang or ledge of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0394600FCBDF916FC1635ED" author="Malchus" box="[834,997,1749,1774]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Malchus, N. (1990) Revision der Kreide-Austern (Bivalvia: Pteriomorphia) Agyptens (Biostratigraphie, Systematik). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, 125, 1 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Malchus 1990</bibRefCitation>
, p. 79). Visible part of the resilifer as a thin furrow, posterior bourrelet narrow, weakly elevated, anterior bourrelet twice as broad (Pl. 8.4a, 7a).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394600FF38F8DEFB3A347D" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Internal shell characters—Umbonal cavity weak or absent; posterior adductor scar (PAM) in LV small, oval to kidney-shaped with truncated, convex dorsal end, situated posterocentral or slightly ventral of the midline (LV: Pl. 8.4a, 7a). PAM of RV high-oval, close to posterior margin (in the zenith of the curve) (Pl. 9.9b).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0394601FF38F84AFCEE33FB" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,2026]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Commissural shelf well developed, in LV with small straight chomata (Pl. 8.4a, 7a, 7d), well developed dorsally, but may reach anteroventral margin (Pl. 8.4a). Posteroventral margin always without chomata (both valves); in LV posterior chomata (length 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0394600FD9FF812FD0534EA" box="[608,758,2001,2026]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.7999999999999998" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="0.39" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.18">0.18–0.6 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0394600FCB7F811FC2D34E9" box="[840,990,2002,2026]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="0.09" valueMax="0.1" valueMin="0.08">0.08–0.1 mm</quantity>
) of the subligamental area larger than at anterodorsal margin (length 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0384601FE2DFF54FD8433AC" box="[466,631,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.21" valueMax="0.26" valueMin="0.16">0.16–0.26 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0384601FD37FF54FC9333B3" box="[712,864,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.075" valueMax="0.1" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.1 mm</quantity>
); posterodorsal chomata more narrowly spaced and slightly curved, grooves of anterior catachomata short but with 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0384601FC99FF7FFC4E33D7" box="[870,957,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
relatively wide. Relict chomata present in both valves at dorsal margin (LV: Pl. 8.4a, RV: Pl. 9.10b).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384601FF38FEC7FEF8328B" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Microstructure—Not investigated, but according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FCD8FEC7FBBE321F" author="Siewert" box="[807,1101,260,285]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Siewert, W. (1972) Schalenbau und Stammesgeschichte der Austern. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, B, 1, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="p">Siewert (1972, p. 18–19)</bibRefCitation>
regularly foliated, with few lamellar lenses close to umbo and towards shell margin. Dense radial striation of LV restricted to thin layer of the outer shell (as proven by strongly abraded shells from bed 2100). Prismatic outer shell layer of RV almost entirely destroyed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384601FF38FE57FF063187" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Prodissoconch, juvenile—Two RVs (BSY009-917; SCR002-1367) showing calcitic internal moulds of prodissoconch and nepioconch (Pl. 9.10c–e) and, prodissoconch mould with missing umbo respectively (Pl. 9.11, Pl. 10.1a–b). Prodissoconch/nepioconch boundary of first shell hardly visible at present magnification; sharp margin (&lt;
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0384601FEEEFDC3FEA6311B" box="[273,341,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
) marking boundary between nepioconch and later juvenile shell stage; nepioconch with similar convexity and main growth direction as prodissoconch proper (species specificity of this observation not proven). Length of second, broken prodissoconch mould 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FD32FD8AFD1C3163" box="[717,751,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ca.</emphasis>
350 µm (Pl. 9.11 and 10.1a–b) (fide Malchus 2014, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384601FF38FD4CFCA631F3" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FF38FD4CFEAC31AB" bold="true" box="[199,351,655,680]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Paleoecology</emphasis>
. In the Reuchenette Formation, the species occurs in abundance in marl beds 300 (
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FAD3FD4CFA6F31AB" box="[1324,1436,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">cymodoce</emphasis>
Zone), 2100 (
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FED0FD77FE6431CE" box="[303,407,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">mutabilis</emphasis>
Zone), and in several lumachelles (4500, 6000, “Oyster Limestone”) above hardground bed 4000 (lower 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FED9FD14FE3631EC" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[294,453,727,752]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Aulacostephanidae" genus="Aulacostephanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ammonitida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eudoxus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FED9FD14FE7131F3" box="[294,386,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">eudoxus</emphasis>
Zone
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FE2FFD14FD5D31F3" authority="Subzone" authorityName="Subzone" box="[464,686,727,752]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Aspidoceratidae" genus="Aspidoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ammonitida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caletanum">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FE2FFD14FDB631F3" box="[464,581,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">caletanum</emphasis>
Subzone
</taxonomicName>
) (see 
<figureCitation id="13022A44C0384601FD0EFD14FCC731F3" box="[753,820,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionTargetBox="[192,1398,198,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[187,1407,193,1889]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Litho- and biostratigraphy of the observed parts of the Reuchenette Formation in the Ajoie, with distribution of oysters and characteristic fossils. A. Synthetic section. B. Detailed section of the Banné Member in Vâ Tche Tchâ (VTT), Lower Kimmeridgian. C. Detailed section of the upper part of the Courtedoux Member and “ Lower Virgula Marl ”; based on Tchâfouè (TCH) and Sur Combe Ronde (SCR), Upper Kimmeridgian (note separate bed numeration for VTT and SCR / TCH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/288038/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384601FF38FD3EFB0D30CB" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
In Bed 300, the species co-occurs with 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FD54FD3EFCB73017" box="[683,836,764,788]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nana" subGenus="Nanogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FD54FD3EFD353017" box="[683,710,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FD23FD3EFD053017" box="[732,758,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FCF3FD3EFCB73017" box="[780,836,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FCA7FD3EFBDB3017" box="[856,1064,764,788]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reniformis" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FCA7FD3EFC803017" box="[856,883,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC76FD3EFC683017" box="[905,923,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC4BFD3FFBDB3017" box="[948,1064,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">reniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FBC3FD3FFAA33017" box="[1084,1360,764,788]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Actinostreon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gregareum">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FBC3FD3FFAA33017" box="[1084,1360,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Actinostreon gregareum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, large 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FF68FCDCFD8C303B" authority="J. Sowerby, 1822" authorityName="J. Sowerby" authorityYear="1822" box="[151,639,799,824]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pinnidae" genus="Stegoconcha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granulata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FF68FCDCFE6E303B" box="[151,413,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stegoconcha granulata</emphasis>
(J. Sowerby, 1822)
</taxonomicName>
in life position (upper part of this horizon), and a rich echinid fauna including 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FEF2FC87FDBA305E" authority="Agassiz" authorityName="Agassiz" box="[269,585,836,861]" class="Echinoidea" family="Hemicidaridae" genus="Hemicidaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pedinoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mitra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FEF2FC87FE12305F" box="[269,481,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hemicidaris mitra</emphasis>
Agassiz
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FDA4FC87FC04305E" authority="Agassiz" authorityName="Agassiz" box="[603,1015,836,861]" class="Echinoidea" family="Hemicidaridae" genus="Pseudocidaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="thurmanni">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FDA4FC87FC8E305E" box="[603,893,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pseudocidaris thurmanni</emphasis>
(Agassiz)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FBF7FC87FB6F305E" box="[1032,1180,836,861]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Polydiadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FBF7FC87FB6F305E" box="[1032,1180,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Polydiadema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., and 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FAEDFC86FA9C305F" box="[1298,1391,837,860]" class="Echinoidea" family="Pygurids" genus="Pygurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FAEDFC86FA9C305F" box="[1298,1391,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pygurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Overall, individuals are small (&lt;
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0384601FDE5FCABFDAB3083" box="[538,600,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
). Many specimens were attached to cylindrical objects (Pl. 8.6); similar attachment scars on co-occurring 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FDEFFC4FFD5B30A7" box="[528,680,908,932]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Actinostreon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gregareum">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FDEFFC4FFD5B30A7" box="[528,680,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. gregareum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are identifiable as 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FC83FC4FFB8030A7" box="[892,1139,908,933]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Dasycladaceae" genus="Goniolina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dasycladales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="geometrica">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC83FC4FFB8030A7" box="[892,1139,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Goniolina geometrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
imprints (Pl. 18.1–3). The paleoenvironment was probably a shallow, low energy, marine setting with dasycladacean meadows.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384601FF38FC17FBCA375B" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Bed 2100 also contains 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FE29FC16FDC330EF" box="[470,560,981,1004]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FE29FC16FDC330EF" box="[470,560,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N. nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FD97FC17FCBD30EE" box="[616,846,980,1005]" class="Bivalvia" family="Arctostreidae" genus="Circunula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cotyledon">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FD97FC17FCBD30EE" box="[616,846,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Circunula cotyledon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The abundance of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FBD0FC16FB5230EE" box="[1071,1185,980,1005]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FBD0FC16FB5230EE" box="[1071,1185,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
defines the beginning of the Virgulian facies of the old literature. Shells are remarkably larger than material from the Lower Kimmeridgian (Appendix, 
<tableCitation id="C6BB037AC0384601FE37FBDFFDED3737" box="[456,542,1052,1077]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="70.[151,239,1524,1547]" captionTargetBox="[159,1324,1574,2010]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="TABLE 4. Nanogyra (Palaeogyra) virgula (Deshayes, 1831)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF466649C05F4666FF68FA37FCD83508" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" tableUuid="DF466649C05F4666FF68FA37FCD83508">Table 4</tableCitation>
). The outer shell layers of most of the left valves are eroded, which is probably due to 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FF1CFB82FEDA375B" box="[227,297,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">in situ</emphasis>
(or parautochthonous) reworking under a higher energy environment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384601FF38FBA7FC4836C3" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The first marly layers above hardground bed 4000 represent a nearly monospecific 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FB8BFBA6FB16377E" box="[1140,1253,1124,1149]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FB8BFBA6FB16377E" box="[1140,1253,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lumachelle of 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0384601FA71FBA7FF5E379C" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
thickness called “Lower 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FE33FB44FDD337A3" box="[460,544,1159,1184]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="92" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">Virgula</taxonomicName>
Marl” (&quot;Marnes à 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FD08FB44FCB937A3" box="[759,842,1159,1184]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="92" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FD08FB44FCB937A3" box="[759,842,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inférieur&quot;) referring to the lower lumachelles within the 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FF3EFB6FFE6A37C6" authority="Zone. The" authorityName="Zone. The" box="[193,409,1196,1221]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Aulacostephanidae" genus="Aulacostephanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ammonitida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eudoxus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FF3EFB6FFEEE37C6" box="[193,285,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">eudoxus</emphasis>
Zone. The
</taxonomicName>
specimens are relatively small (mostly &lt;
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0384601FC8DFB6FFC3637C7" box="[882,965,1196,1221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
). Specimens are usually attached to small shells (including other specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FDC2FB12FD4337EB" box="[573,688,1231,1256]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FDC2FB12FD4337EB" box="[573,688,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), tiny cerithiid gastropods or unidentified round, smooth objects. Bivalved specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FE62FB36FDFE360E" box="[413,525,1268,1293]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FE62FB36FDFE360E" box="[413,525,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and of articulated infaunal 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FCBDFB36FC51360F" box="[834,930,1269,1292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Trigoniaceae" genus="Trigonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FCBDFB36FC51360F" box="[834,930,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Trigonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FC4FFB37FB54360E" authority="Thracia" authorityName="Thracia" box="[944,1191,1268,1293]" class="Bivalvia" family="Trigoniidae" genus="Myophorella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trigonioida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC4FFB37FB54360E" box="[944,1191,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Myophorella, Thracia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and of semi-infaunal 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FF68FAD4FEE23633" box="[151,273,1303,1328]" class="Bivalvia" family="Bakevelliidae" genus="Gervillella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FF68FAD4FEE23633" box="[151,273,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gervillella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are common and suggest a calm, soft bottom paleoenvironment. The low diversity and small size of shells probably indicate unfavourable conditions for benthic life. 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FC65FAFEFBFC3656" box="[922,1039,1340,1365]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC65FAFEFBFC3656" box="[922,1039,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be autochthonous and because of its abundance (high reproduction rate) to have been a r-strategist. The lumachelles of the “Upper 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FF68FA47FF1A369E" box="[151,233,1412,1437]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="92" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">Virgula</taxonomicName>
Marl” (&quot;Marnes à 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FE3BFA47FDE6369E" box="[452,533,1412,1437]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="92" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FE3BFA47FDE6369E" box="[452,533,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
supérieur&quot; sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FD1DFA47FC64369E" author="Contejean" box="[738,919,1412,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Contejean, C. H. (1866) Etude de l'etage Kimmeridien dans les environs de Montbeliard. Additions et rectifications. Memoires de la Societe d'Emulation de Montbeliard, Serie 2, 3, 539 - 566." type="journal article" year="1866">Contejean 1866</bibRefCitation>
; = “Oyster Limestone” of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FB38FA47FAB9369E" author="Jank" box="[1223,1354,1412,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Jank, M., Wetzel, A. &amp; Meyer, C. A. (2006 a) A calibrated composite section for the Late Jurassic Reuchenette Formation in northwestern Switzerland (? Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian sensu gallico, Ajoie-Region). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 99 (2), 175 - 191. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00015 - 006 - 1187 - 8" type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">Jank 2006a</bibRefCitation>
– 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FAA5FA47FA95369E" author="Jank" box="[1370,1382,1412,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Jank, M., Meyer, C. A. &amp; Wetzel, A. (2006 c) Late Oxfordian to late Kimmeridgian carbonate deposits of NW Switzerland (Swiss Jura): stratigraphical and palaeogeographical implications in the transition area between the Paris Basin and the Tethys. Sedimentary Geology, 186 (3 / 4), 237 - 263. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. sedgeo. 2005.08.008" type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="c">c</bibRefCitation>
), 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FA85FA46FA68369F" box="[1402,1435,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ca.</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CC19B24C0384601FF68FA6BFF2336BC" box="[151,208,1448,1472]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
higher in the section, were not investigated in detail for this study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384601FF38FA0FFCDA359B" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FE8FFA0FFCA036E7" author="Ziegler" box="[368,851,1484,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Ziegler, B. (1969) Uber Exogyra virgula (Lamellibranchiata, Oberjura). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 62 (2), 685 - 696." type="journal article" year="1969">Ziegler (1969, text-figs. 9–10, pls. 3–4)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FC9AFA0EFBE736E6" box="[869,1044,1484,1509]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC9AFA0EFC7336E7" box="[869,896,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC68FA0EFC5A36E7" box="[919,937,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC3BFA0FFBE736E6" box="[964,1044,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
predominantly attached itself to unstructured, probably organic material such as algal leafs and thin oblong stems. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FBCCFA2CFA8F350B" author="Fursich" box="[1075,1404,1519,1544]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Fursich, F. T. &amp; Oschmann, W. (1986 a) Autecology of the Upper Jurassic oyster Nanogyra virgula (Defrance). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 60, 65 - 74. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02989423" type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="a">Fürsich &amp; Oschmann (1986a</bibRefCitation>
, p. 71, text-fig. 7) interpreted Kimmeridgian 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FD8CF9D6FD15352E" box="[627,742,1556,1581]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FD8CF9D6FD15352E" box="[627,742,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lumachelles from the Aquitaine Basin (
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FB50F9D7FB0C352F" box="[1199,1279,1556,1580]" name="France" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">France</collectingCountry>
) as nearshore situated storm shell beds. They suggested a life style as secondary soft substrate dweller similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FB0DF9F4FA913553" box="[1266,1378,1591,1616]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FB0DF9F4FA913553" box="[1266,1378,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gryphaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The present findings from bed 300 suggest a similar life style as inferred by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FC3AF99FFB993576" author="Ziegler" box="[965,1130,1628,1653]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Ziegler, B. (1969) Uber Exogyra virgula (Lamellibranchiata, Oberjura). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 62 (2), 685 - 696." type="journal article" year="1969">Ziegler (1969)</bibRefCitation>
, but present evidence from layer 4500 does not support a preference for soft substrate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384601FF38F967FBAF3406" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FF38F967FEA035BE" bold="true" box="[199,339,1700,1725]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Occurrence</emphasis>
. Oxfordian–Tithonian in Europe, Oxfordian in 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FC65F966FC1A35BF" box="[922,1001,1701,1724]" name="France" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">France</collectingCountry>
, Kimmeridgian in 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FB2AF966FAD735BF" box="[1237,1316,1701,1724]" name="France" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">France</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FAC7F967FA6B35BE" box="[1336,1432,1700,1725]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">England</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FF68F90BFEF335E3" box="[151,256,1736,1760]" name="Germany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Germany</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FEEEF904FE9235E3" box="[273,353,1735,1760]" name="Poland" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Poland</collectingCountry>
, Lower-Upper Kimmeridgian in 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FD14F904FC8235E3" box="[747,881,1735,1760]" name="Switzerland" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
(Banné Marls, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FBCEF904FB7735E3" box="[1073,1156,1735,1760]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphoea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="92" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">Virgula</taxonomicName>
Marls); Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian?) of 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FE81F92FFE2F3406" box="[382,476,1772,1797]" name="Ukraine" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
; Tithonian of 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FD86F92FFD123407" box="[633,737,1772,1796]" name="Germany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Germany</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FD10F92FFC423406" author="Wellnhofer" box="[751,945,1772,1797]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wellnhofer, P. (1964) Zur Pelecypodenfauna der Neuburger Bankkalke (Mittel-Tithon). Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abhandlungen, neue Folge, 119, 143 pp." type="book" year="1964">Wellnhofer 1964</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FC43F92FFBBC3406" author="Ziegler" box="[956,1103,1772,1797]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Ziegler, B. (1969) Uber Exogyra virgula (Lamellibranchiata, Oberjura). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 62 (2), 685 - 696." type="journal article" year="1969">Ziegler 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654AC0384602FF38F8CCFF1C30CB" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384601FF38F8CCFCC73496" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FF38F8CCFEC7342B" bold="true" box="[199,308,1807,1832]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Remarks</emphasis>
. Nomenclature— 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FDFDF8CCFC59342B" authority="Lamarck, 1801" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[514,938,1807,1832]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="angustata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FDFDF8CCFD1E342B" box="[514,749,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gryphaea angustata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FD05F8CCFC59342B" author="Lamarck" box="[762,938,1807,1832]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Lamarck, J. B. de (1801) Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, ou tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux. Chez Deterville, Paris, viii + 432 pp." type="book" year="1801">Lamarck, 1801</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FC13F8CCFADD342B" authority="Smith, 1817" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1817" box="[1004,1326,1807,1832]" class="Bivalvia" family="Chamidae" genus="Chama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC13F8CCFB61342B" box="[1004,1170,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Chama striata</emphasis>
Smith, 1817
</taxonomicName>
are both senior synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FE64F8F6FD9E344E" box="[411,621,1844,1869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FE64F8F6FD9E344E" box="[411,621,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Nanogyra virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FD79F8F7FC3A344E" author="Defrance" box="[646,969,1844,1869]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Defrance, M. J. L. (1821) Huitres (pp. 20 - 33). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, HUIT - IDYE, 22, 1 - 500. [Imprimerie de LB Normant, Paris, available from google books]" type="journal article" year="1821">
Defrance, 1821: 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FCA6F8F7FC3A344E" box="[857,969,1844,1869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Gryphaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FCA6F8F7FC3A344E" box="[857,969,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gryphaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
). Of these, only 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FB4DF8F7FAAD344F" box="[1202,1374,1844,1869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Chamidae" genus="Chama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FB4DF8F7FAAD344F" box="[1202,1374,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Chama striata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was accompanied by an adequate description, leading 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FD2DF89BFBBE3473" author="Cox" box="[722,1101,1879,1904]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Cox, L. R. (1930) On British fossils named by William Smith. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 6, 287 - 304." type="journal article" year="1930" yearSuffix="p">Cox (1930, p. 298, pl. 12, fig. 9)</bibRefCitation>
to re-establish the species as 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FF68F8BEFE1B3497" authority="Smith, 1817" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1817" box="[151,488,1916,1941]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FF68F8BEFEB53497" box="[151,326,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Exogyra striata</emphasis>
(Smith, 1817)
</taxonomicName>
and to determine a 
<typeStatus id="54828863C0384601FD39F8BFFCC23496" box="[710,817,1916,1941]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C0384602FF38F863FEE3321F" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C0384601FF38F863FE4434BB" author="Arkell" box="[199,439,1952,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Arkell, W. J. (1951) Proposed use of the plenary powers for the purpose of making the trivial name &quot; virgula &quot; Deshayes, 1831 (as published in the binominal combination &quot; Gryphaea virgula &quot;) (Class Pelecypoda) (Jurassic) the oldest available name for the species in question. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 2 (6 / 8), 234." type="journal article" year="1951" yearSuffix="p">Arkell (1951, p. 234)</bibRefCitation>
, however, argued that the species name 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FC86F863FC3B34BA" box="[889,968,1952,1977]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FC86F863FC3B34BA" box="[889,968,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been commonly used during the past 150 years and was name-giving for the French &quot;Marnes à 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FCE1F806FC2734DE" box="[798,980,1988,2013]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FCE1F806FC2734DE" box="[798,980,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Exogyra virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;, the 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C0384601FBE9F807FB8334DF" box="[1046,1136,1988,2012]" name="Germany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">German</collectingCountry>
“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C0384601FB7BF807FB2434DE" box="[1156,1239,1988,2013]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="33" pageNumber="92" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C0384601FB7BF807FB2434DE" box="[1156,1239,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-Mergel”, and the informal stratigraphic stage “Virgulien” of Thurmann (1852) (not 1833 as written in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FB95FF54FB0433B3" author="Arkell" box="[1130,1271,151,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Arkell, W. J. (1951) Proposed use of the plenary powers for the purpose of making the trivial name &quot; virgula &quot; Deshayes, 1831 (as published in the binominal combination &quot; Gryphaea virgula &quot;) (Class Pelecypoda) (Jurassic) the oldest available name for the species in question. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 2 (6 / 8), 234." type="journal article" year="1951">Arkell 1951</bibRefCitation>
). He therefore recommended declaring 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FE4EFF7FFDF333D6" box="[433,512,188,213]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE4EFF7FFDF333D6" box="[433,512,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a protected name which was supported by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FC02FF7FFB7333D6" author="Cox" box="[1021,1152,188,213]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Cox, L. R. (1951) On Dr. W. J. Arkells's proposal for the validation under the plenary powers of the trivial names &quot; asper &quot; Lamarck, 1819 (as published in the binominal combination &quot; Pecten asper &quot;) and &quot; virgula &quot; Deshayes, 1831 (as published in the binominal combination &quot; Gryphaea virgula &quot;) (Class Pelecypoda). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 2 (6 / 8), 238." type="journal article" year="1951">Cox (1951)</bibRefCitation>
and finally validated by ICZN opinion 310 (Francis 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FE24FF1CFD6433FB" author="Hemming" box="[475,663,223,248]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Hemming, F. (1954) Opinion 310, validation, under the plenary powers, of the specific name virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the combination Gryphaea virgula (Class Pelecypoda) (Jurassic). Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 8 (27), 355." type="journal article" year="1954">Hemming, 1954</bibRefCitation>
, p. 355). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FCF7FF1CFC5B33FB" author="Stenzel" box="[776,936,223,248]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Stenzel, H. B. (1971) Oysters. In: Moore, R. C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N, Mollusca 6 (Bivalvia). Vol. 3. Geological Society of America, University of Kansas, Boulder, pp. N 953 - N 1124." type="journal article" year="1971">Stenzel (1971</bibRefCitation>
, p. N1121) was apparently unaware of this formal act.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C03B4602FF38FEE4FEEF315C" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Evolution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FEA2FEEAFE233243" box="[349,464,295,320]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FEA2FEEAFE233243" box="[349,464,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FDE8FEEAFD823243" box="[535,625,297,320]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FDE8FEEAFD823243" box="[535,625,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FD72FEE4FC863243" author="Jourdy" box="[653,885,295,320]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924" yearSuffix="p">Jourdy (1924, p. 67)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FBD8FEEAFB6A3243" box="[1063,1177,295,320]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FBD8FEEAFB6A3243" box="[1063,1177,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
evolved from 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FABDFEEAFA6F3243" box="[1346,1436,297,320]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FABDFEEAFA6F3243" box="[1346,1436,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
via the transitional 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FE8EFE8EFCBF3267" authority="Douville &amp; Jourdy, 1874" authorityName="Douville &amp; Jourdy" authorityYear="1874" box="[369,844,332,357]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="praevirgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE8EFE8EFDE53266" box="[369,534,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. praevirgula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FDD9FE8FFCB63267" author="Douville" box="[550,837,332,357]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Douville, H. &amp; Jourdy, E. (1874) Note sur le partie moyenne du terrain jurassique dans le Berry (1). Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France, Serie 3, 3, 97 - 133." type="journal article" year="1874">Douvillé &amp; Jourdy, 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, an idea that was followed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FB57FE8FFA9F3266" author="Thalmann" box="[1192,1388,332,357]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Thalmann, H. K. (1966) Zur Stratigraphie des oberen Malm im sudlichen Berner und Solothurner Jura. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft des Kantons Solothurn, 22, 4 - 125." type="journal article" year="1966">Thalmann (1966)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FF68FEACFECC328B" author="Ziegler" box="[151,319,367,392]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Ziegler, B. (1969) Uber Exogyra virgula (Lamellibranchiata, Oberjura). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 62 (2), 685 - 696." type="journal article" year="1969">Ziegler (1969)</bibRefCitation>
. However, the alleged transitional 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FD2DFEB2FB45328B" authority="Douville &amp; Jourdy, 1874" authorityName="Douville &amp; Jourdy" authorityYear="1874" box="[722,1206,367,392]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="praevirgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FD2DFEB2FC8B328B" box="[722,888,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. praevirgula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FC75FEACFB5D328B" author="Douville" box="[906,1198,367,392]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Douville, H. &amp; Jourdy, E. (1874) Note sur le partie moyenne du terrain jurassique dans le Berry (1). Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France, Serie 3, 3, 97 - 133." type="journal article" year="1874">Douvillé &amp; Jourdy, 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, originally a 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FAAEFEB2FF1032AE" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">nomen nudum</emphasis>
, is doubtfully a valid species. According to the description and figures subsequently published by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FAAFFE57FCEB32D3" author="Jourdy" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924" yearSuffix="p">
Jourdy (1924, p. 65, pl. 9, fig. 2, specimens 
<date id="FF871001C03B4602FDA4FE7BFCFC32D3" box="[603,783,439,464]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1916-08-04" valueMax="1916-10-04" valueMin="1916-08-04">4–8 and 10–16</date>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, it appears more likely that the author was misled by phenotypic, slightly furrowed variants of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FD8EFE1EFD3F32F7" box="[625,716,477,500]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FD8EFE1EFD3F32F7" box="[625,716,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
caused by different attachment objects (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FB31FE1FFF21311B" authority="Jourdy 1924" authorityName="Jourdy" authorityYear="1924" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Dasycladaceae" genus="Goniolina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dasycladales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FB31FE1FFAB332F6" box="[1230,1344,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Goniolina</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FAAFFE1FFF21311B" author="Jourdy" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924">Jourdy 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 9, fig. 2.12) and sizes. In addition, there are older, chomata-bearing species such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FB2BFDC2FEFC313E" authority="Goldfuss" authorityName="Goldfuss" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reniformis" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FB2BFDC2FB1D311B" box="[1236,1262,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FAFEFDC2FAE7311B" box="[1281,1300,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FAD7FDC3FA68311B" box="[1320,1435,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">reniformis</emphasis>
(Goldfuss)
</taxonomicName>
or the Callovian 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FE28FDE6FCCD313F" authority="Jourdy, 1924" authorityName="Jourdy" authorityYear="1924" box="[471,830,548,573]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bigoti">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE28FDE6FD62313E" box="[471,657,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra bigoti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FD5DFDE7FCC5313F" author="Jourdy" box="[674,822,548,573]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924">Jourdy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
which are much more likely to have given rise to 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FA7DFDE6FEE73163" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FA7DFDE6FA6E313F" box="[1410,1437,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF5FFD8AFF403163" box="[160,179,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF3BFD84FEE73163" box="[196,276,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C03B4602FF38FDAFFF1C30CB" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF38FDAFFE963186" bold="true" box="[199,357,620,645]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Comparisons</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FE8BFDAEFD5F3187" authority="Jourdy, 1924" authorityName="Jourdy" authorityYear="1924" box="[372,684,620,645]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="alata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE8BFDAEFDE73186" box="[372,532,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Exogyra alata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FDE4FDAFFD5F3187" author="Jourdy" box="[539,684,620,645]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924">Jourdy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(p. 71, pl. 10, fig. 4–6)—This “species”, originally described from the Kimmeridgian of Saumont-la-Poterie (region Pays de Bray, Normandy, 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C03B4602FC1DFD53FBC031AB" box="[994,1075,656,680]" name="France" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">France</collectingCountry>
), appears to be just an unusually shaped, large variant (up to a height of 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C03B4602FDA1FD77FD5F31CF" box="[606,684,692,716]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="4.7">4.7 cm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C03B4602FD18FD77FCC731CF" box="[743,820,692,716]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="7.2">7.2 cm</quantity>
length, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FC6BFD77FBD731CF" author="Jourdy" box="[916,1060,692,717]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924">Jourdy 1924</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 10, fig. 6) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FB0DFD76FA6631CE" box="[1266,1429,692,717]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FB0DFD76FAFE31CF" box="[1266,1293,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FAE1FD76FAC231CF" box="[1310,1329,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FABAFD77FA6631CE" box="[1349,1429,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. [
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FF62FD14FECC31F3" author="Jourdy" box="[157,319,727,752]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924">Jourdy (1924)</bibRefCitation>
wrote Gaumont rather than Saumont which is here deemed to be a wrong interpretation of G for S on the handwritten (by Peron) label; an internet search provided no results for a locality named Gaumont-la-Poterie but for Saumont-la-Poterie, which is mentioned in context with the Kimméridgien]. Only few adult and megalomorphous specimens in large collections of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FD24FC86FCBF305E" box="[731,844,836,861]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FD24FC86FCBF305E" box="[731,844,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a bialate ventral margin with a sulcus between an additional anteroventral projection and the normally developed posteroventral margin [
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FB70FCAAFAF43083" box="[1167,1287,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FB70FCAAFAF73083" box="[1167,1284,871,896]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">N. virgula</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FAB0FCA4FE3230A7" author="Loriol" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Loriol, P. de, Royer, E. &amp; Tombeck, H. (1872) Description geologique et paleontologique des etages jurassiques superieurs de la Haute-Marne. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Normandie, 16, 542 pp." type="book" year="1872">
Loriol, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FF68FC4EFE3230A7" author="Royer" box="[151,449,908,933]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Loriol, P. de, Royer, E. &amp; Tombeck, H. (1872) Description geologique et paleontologique des etages jurassiques superieurs de la Haute-Marne. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Normandie, 16, 542 pp." type="book" year="1872">Royer &amp; Tombeck (1872</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 23, figs. 13–14)], but such phenotypic variations do not justify an independent species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323654AC03B4602FF38FC16FB9C3497" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C03B4602FF38FC16FBEB377F" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FF38FC16FD9830EE" box="[199,619,980,1005]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="catalaunica" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF38FC16FEC430EF" box="[199,311,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FEB2FC17FE2330EE" box="[333,464,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Palaeogyra</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE19FC17FD9830EE" box="[486,619,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">catalaunica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Loriol in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FD08FC17FB8B30EE" author="Loriol" box="[759,1144,980,1005]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Loriol, P. de, Royer, E. &amp; Tombeck, H. (1872) Description geologique et paleontologique des etages jurassiques superieurs de la Haute-Marne. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Normandie, 16, 542 pp." type="book" year="1872">Loriol, Royer &amp; Tombeck, 1872</bibRefCitation>
)—Taxonomic issues are discussed under 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FEADFC3AFDE53713" box="[338,534,1016,1040]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reniformis" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FEADFC3AFE9F3713" box="[338,364,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE82FC3AFE7C3713" box="[381,399,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE5CFC3BFDE53713" box="[419,534,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">reniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FDDAFC3AFCA33713" box="[549,848,1015,1040]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="catalaunica" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FDDAFC3AFD663713" box="[549,661,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FD59FC3AFD4A3713" box="[678,697,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FD33FC34FCA33713" box="[716,848,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">catalaunica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares well-developed chomata with 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FB04FC3AFA6F3713" box="[1275,1436,1015,1040]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FB04FC3AFAE53713" box="[1275,1302,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FAD9FC3AFACB3713" box="[1318,1336,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FAB3FC34FA6F3713" box="[1356,1436,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but differs by the presence of up to five prominent radial costae on the anterior side, a less curved shape, and a larger adult size up to 
<quantity id="4CC19B24C03B4602FE69FBFCFE3D3754" box="[406,462,1087,1112]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FDF3FBFCFD68375B" author="Jourdy" box="[524,667,1087,1112]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924">Jourdy 1924</bibRefCitation>
, p. 71, pl. 8, figs. XI-p, 
<specimenCount id="9D3FFD48C03B4602FC50FB83FBCC375B" box="[943,1087,1087,1112]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
). The costae (ribs) and general morphology are very similar to the Cretaceous genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FD10FBA6FBE7377F" authority="Bayle, 1878" authorityName="Bayle" authorityYear="1878" box="[751,1044,1124,1149]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Ceratostreon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FD10FBA6FC71377F" box="[751,898,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ceratostreon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FC76FBA7FBE7377F" author="Bayle" box="[905,1044,1124,1149]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Bayle, E. (1878) Explication de la carte geologique de la France, Atlas, Fossiles principaux des terrains. Tome 2. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 57 pls. [pls. 100 - 156]" type="journal article" year="1878">Bayle, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C03B4602FF38FB4AFADE360F" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FF38FB4AFD5D37A3" authority="Goldfuss, 1833" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1833" box="[199,686,1159,1184]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reniformis" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF38FB4AFEC437A3" box="[199,311,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FEB5FB4AFEAF37A3" box="[330,348,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE8DFB4BFE1537A3" box="[370,486,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">reniformis</emphasis>
(Goldfuss, 1833)
</taxonomicName>
(b)—This long-ranging species occurs from the Bathonian to the Kimmeridgian in Europe. It is smaller than 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FD6BFB6EFCF437C6" box="[660,775,1196,1221]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FD6BFB6EFCF437C6" box="[660,775,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, less inflated and auriform (ear-like) rather than commashaped. The LV also has a much larger attachment area and lacks antimarginal ornamentation on the LV. Chomata are better developed posterodorsally and disappear towards the ventral margin (in contrast to 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FB53FB36FAEF360E" box="[1196,1308,1268,1293]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FB53FB36FAEF360E" box="[1196,1308,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C03B4602FF38FADAFBB0367B" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FF38FADAFD903633" authority="Jourdy, 1924" authorityName="Jourdy" authorityYear="1924" box="[199,611,1303,1328]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="welschi" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF38FADAFEC43633" box="[199,311,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FEB9FADAFEAA3633" box="[326,345,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE94FAD4FE4C3633" box="[363,447,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">welschi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FE32FAD4FDAF3633" author="Jourdy" box="[461,604,1303,1328]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924">Jourdy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—Taxonomic details are provided under 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FBCFFADAFB1C3633" box="[1072,1263,1304,1328]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reniformis" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FBCFFADAFBB93633" box="[1072,1098,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FBA6FADAFB9F3633" box="[1113,1132,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FB82FADBFB1C3633" box="[1149,1263,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">reniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FB01FADAFF183656" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="welschi" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FB01FADAFA9D3633" box="[1278,1390,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FA81FADAFA633633" box="[1406,1424,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF68FAFFFF183656" box="[151,235,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">welschi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguishable by its oval shape, less inflation, a larger PAM, stronger developed chomata, and lack of antimarginal riblets (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FE80FA9CFDAA367B" author="Pugaczewska" box="[383,601,1375,1400]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pugaczewska, H. (1971) Jurassic Ostreidae of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 16 (3), 195 - 311." type="journal article" year="1971">Pugaczewska 1971</bibRefCitation>
, p. 294, fig. 5c,d, pl. 1, fig. 2, 6, pl. 33–34).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C03B4602FF38FA46FB6E36E7" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FF38FA46FEC4369F" box="[199,311,1413,1436]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF38FA46FEC4369F" box="[199,311,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FEB5FA47FD9A369F" authority="Jourdy, 1924" authorityName="Jourdy" authorityYear="1924" box="[330,617,1412,1437]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bigoti" subGenus="Nanogyra">
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FEABFA46FE9D369F" box="[340,366,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE82FA47FE4D369E" box="[381,446,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">bigoti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FE32FA47FD93369F" author="Jourdy" box="[461,608,1412,1437]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924">Jourdy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(p. 57, pl. 6, fig. 6)—This species was first described from the Callovian of Chemilli (Department Orne, 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C03B4602FE06FA6BFDB936C3" box="[505,586,1448,1472]" name="France" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">France</collectingCountry>
). It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FCFEFA6AFC8136C3" box="[769,882,1447,1472]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FCFEFA6AFC8136C3" box="[769,882,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a smooth LV. The presence or absence of chomata is unknown, but the general appearance is closer to 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FCA2FA0EFB6536E7" box="[861,1174,1484,1508]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nana" subGenus="Nanogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FCA2FA0EFC3E36E7" box="[861,973,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FC21FA0EFBBD36E7" box="[990,1102,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FBA1FA0EFB6536E7" box="[1118,1174,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C03B4602FF38FA32FC4C359B" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FF38FA32FAF2350B" authority="J.A. Eudes-Deslongchamps &amp; J.F.E. Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1859" authorityName="J.A. Eudes-Deslongchamps &amp; J.F.E. Eudes-Deslongchamps" authorityYear="1859" box="[199,1281,1519,1544]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="monoptera" subGenus="Nanogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF38FA32FEC4350B" box="[199,311,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FEB5FA32FE97350B" box="[330,356,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE88FA32FE02350B" box="[375,497,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">monoptera</emphasis>
(J.A. Eudes-Deslongchamps &amp; J.F.E. Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1859)
</taxonomicName>
(p. 32, pl. 5, figs. 1–4)—It was first described from the &quot;couches à 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FD01F9D6FC95352F" box="[766,870,1557,1580]" class="Strophomenata" family="Strophomenidae" genus="Leptaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strophomenatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FD01F9D6FC95352F" box="[766,870,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Leptaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; of the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) from May-Sur- Orne, Calvados (
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C03B4602FEADF9FBFE563553" box="[338,421,1592,1616]" name="France" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">France</collectingCountry>
). It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FDA5F9FAFD393553" box="[602,714,1591,1616]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FDA5F9FAFD393553" box="[602,714,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a strongly developed posterodorsal auricle in both valves, the more dorsally situated and larger PAM, and lack of chomata and of antimarginal ornamentation (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FAAFF99FFF21359B" author="Jourdy" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Jourdy, E. (1924) Histoire naturelle des Exogyres. Annales de Paleontologie, 13, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1924">Jourdy 1924</bibRefCitation>
, p. 52, pl. 2, fig. T, pl. 7, fig. 4; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FDC9F9BCFCAE359B" author="Malchus" box="[566,861,1663,1688]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Malchus, N. &amp; Aberhan, M. (1998) Transitional gryphaeate / exogyrate oysters (Bivalvia: Gryphaeidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Northern Chile. Journal of Paleontology, 72 (4), 619 - 631." type="journal article" year="1998">Malchus &amp; Aberhan 1998</bibRefCitation>
, p. 630).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C03B4602FF38F966FDFE3407" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FF38F966FCE335BF" authority="Lewinski, 1923" authorityName="Lewinski" authorityYear="1923" box="[199,784,1700,1725]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="michalskii" subGenus="Nanogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF38F966FEC435BF" box="[199,311,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FEB5F966FE4935BF" box="[330,442,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE31F967FDB235BE" box="[462,577,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">michalskii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B30C03B4602FDACF967FCF435BF" author="Lewinski" box="[595,775,1700,1725]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Lewinski, J. (1923) Monographie geologique et paleontologique du Bononien de la Pologne. Memoires de la Societe geologique de France, 56, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1923">Lewinski, 1923</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(p. 66, pl. 4, figs. 1–3)—This species from the Volgian (Tithonian) in 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7651C03B4602FEC3F904FE7935E3" box="[316,394,1735,1760]" name="Poland" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Poland</collectingCountry>
has a comparable shape to 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FD39F90AFCCB35E3" box="[710,824,1735,1760]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Exogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FD39F90AFCCB35E3" box="[710,824,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N. virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but with strongly developed costae; it lacks chomata, which places it in 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE9CF92EFE8E3407" box="[355,381,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FE73F92EFE0F3407" box="[396,508,1773,1796]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE73F92EFE0F3407" box="[396,508,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636C1C03B4602FF38F8D2FB9C3497" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FF38F8D2FD43342B" authority="J. Sowerby, 1816" authorityName="J. Sowerby" authorityYear="1816" box="[199,688,1807,1832]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FF38F8D2FE26342B" box="[199,469,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Praeexogyra acuminata</emphasis>
(J. Sowerby, 1816)
</taxonomicName>
(p. 82, pl. 135, fig. 2)—A more detailed discussion is given under the comparisons of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FE8DF8F6FD87344E" box="[370,628,1844,1869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Praeexogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dubiensis">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FE8DF8F6FD87344E" box="[370,628,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Praeexogyra dubiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species resembles 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D42C03B4602FC77F8F6FB8F344E" box="[904,1148,1844,1869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Gryphaeidae" genus="Nanogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virgula" subGenus="Palaeogyra">
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FC77F8F6FC0B344F" box="[904,1016,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nanogyra</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FBF6F8F6FBE8344F" box="[1033,1051,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B94DEAD3C03B4602FBD2F8F7FB8F344E" box="[1069,1148,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">virgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in shape, size, and by the presence of fine antimarginal riblets on the RV. Main differences are the lack of a twisted umbo, and therefore not exogyroid ligamental area, and lack of both chomata and antimarginal riblets on the LV.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>