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<document id="2C63FE18DF9F99D75AF336FF7514FABB" ID-DOI="10.13133/2284-4880/722" ID-ISSN="2284-4880" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8148219" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1689361033799" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Scupola, Antonio, Durante, Antonio, Giannuzzi, Francesco &amp; Pellizzari, Giuseppina" docDate="2022" docId="038D6E49FFCCFFB9ADA1A4F3FABCFBC7" docLanguage="en" docName="FragEntomol.54.1.89-94.pdf" docOrigin="Fragmenta entomologica 54 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/722" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8499FF4308F512386C0E43DC290A16BD.1:FragEntomol.2021-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="8499FF4308F512386C0E43DC290A16BD" docStyleName="FragEntomol.2021-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Acropyga paleartica Menozzi 1936" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="92" masterDocId="FFB41631FFCDFFBAAD29A267FFEBFFEB" masterDocTitle="The coccid-tending ant genus Acropyga Roger and its obligate associated myrmecophilous scale insect genus Eumyrmococcus Silvestri new to Italy (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Hemiptera: Xenococcidae)" masterLastPageNumber="94" masterPageNumber="89" pageNumber="90" updateTime="1689957478901" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5B2CE03C2E6405AA90E362015F88EA1A">The coccid-tending ant genus Acropyga Roger and its obligate associated myrmecophilous scale insect genus Eumyrmococcus Silvestri new to Italy (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Hemiptera: Xenococcidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D81AA76CF5BC249F23BFD89C9DB23A26">Scupola, Antonio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C2EB5A1DE9831A186EC3BBEBB96931C4">Natural History Museum of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, 37139 Verona, Italy - scupolant @ outlook. it</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EF4A6B17A6CE4098C0231A8F85DD7266">Durante, Antonio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2D0C2D1EE64FAC60B69E68B4CF91449E">Natural History Museum of Salento, Strada Provinciale Calimera - Borgagne Km 1, 73021 Calimera (LE), Italy - antonio. durante @ msns. it - francesco. giannuzzi 90 @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1314FCEF99C3B06C0F77217C38D47092" type="email">antonio.durante@msns.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="153F8C5249157956F4402402BE5D4D18">Giannuzzi, Francesco</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5270A636EC550F356F525A24FBD98611">Natural History Museum of Salento, Strada Provinciale Calimera - Borgagne Km 1, 73021 Calimera (LE), Italy - antonio. durante @ msns. it - francesco. giannuzzi 90 @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="33B9107512A1321E8A3AF574C6F8484D">Pellizzari, Giuseppina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B55A1B1506B71FD3D1E1EDFC3F549D0E">Università degli studi di Padova, Dipartimento DAFNAE - Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy - giuseppina. pellizzari @ unipd. it</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="4B8F9D25481AE1DCB52C4464E09BD89C">Fragmenta entomologica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8EF4844AEE6D89DBB71449319D1660EE">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="02B55C7A80D52A892CDC5DED5ECBCAF2" type="ISSN">2284-4880</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038D6E49FFCCFFB9ADA1A4F3FABCFBC7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D6E49FFCCFFB9ADA1A4F3FABCFBC7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D6E49FFCCFFB9ADA1A4F3FABCFBC7" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
<subSubSection id="C33E8CD4FFCCFFBBADA1A4F3FDE4F947" box="[136,527,1684,1708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCCFFBBADA1A4F3FDE4F947" blockId="1.[136,527,1684,1708]" box="[136,527,1684,1708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
<heading id="D0D36833FFCCFFBBADA1A4F3FDE4F947" bold="true" box="[136,527,1684,1708]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBADA1A4F3FDE4F947" ID-CoL="64NDP" authority="Menozzi, 1936" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[136,527,1684,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBADA1A4F3FDE4F947" bold="true" box="[136,527,1684,1708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBADA1A4F3FE8DF947" bold="true" box="[136,358,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Acropyga paleartica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBAC45A4F3FDE4F947" author="Menozzi C." box="[364,527,1684,1708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="262 - 311" refId="ref3884" refString="Menozzi C., 1936. Nuovi contributi alla conoscenza della fauna delle Isole italiane dell'Egeo. VI. Hymenoptera - Formicidae. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 29: 262 - 311." type="journal article" year="1936">Menozzi, 1936</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C33E8CD4FFCCFFB9ADA1A4B3FABCFBC7" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCCFFBBADA1A4B3FAB0F9E7" blockId="1.[136,756,1748,1932]" lastBlockId="1.[816,1438,1364,1932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
The subterranean ant genus
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBAC97A4B3FD5FF907" authority="Roger, 1862" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" box="[446,692,1748,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBAC97A4B3FDCEF900" box="[446,549,1748,1771]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Acropyga</emphasis>
Roger, 1862
</taxonomicName>
(Formicinae: Plagiolepidini Forel, 1886) occurs in warm temperate and tropical areas, and contains about 40 species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBADA6A553FECCF8A7" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[143,295,1844,1868]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 130" refId="ref3732" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2004. Acropyga of the world. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 33 (3): 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="2004">LaPolla 2004</bibRefCitation>
). An ecological and ethological characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBADF6A533FEADF880" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" box="[223,326,1876,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBADF6A533FEADF880" box="[223,326,1876,1899]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Acropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the obligate mutualistic relationship with root-feeding scale insects, mostly in the family
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBAF96A512FC76FA87" authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="1992" box="[703,925,1364,1932]" family="Xenococcidae" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" rank="family">Xenococcidae</taxonomicName>
, genus
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBAED3A732FB41FA87" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1926" box="[1018,1194,1365,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBAED3A732FB41FA87" box="[1018,1194,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Eumyrmococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but also including a few
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBAE49A713FC0FFA67" box="[864,996,1396,1420]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
species such as
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBA9BCA713FC54FA47" authority="Tanaka, 2016" authorityName="Tanaka" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Ishigakicoccus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shimadai">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBA9BCA713FA76FA67" box="[1173,1437,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Ishigakicoccus shimadai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBAE19A7F3FC54FA47" author="Tanaka H." box="[816,959,1428,1452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="115 - 124" refId="ref4197" refString="Tanaka H. 2016. A new genus and species of Rhizoecidae (He- miptera, Sternorryncha, Coccomorpha) associated with Acropyga yaeyamensis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae). ZooKeys, 616: 115 - 124." type="journal article" year="2016">Tanaka, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBAEDAA7F3FABAFA47" authorityName="Schneider &amp; Lapolla" authorityYear="2020" box="[1011,1361,1428,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Williamsrhizoecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="udzungwensis">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBAEDAA7F3FABAFA47" box="[1011,1361,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Williamsrhizoecus udzungwensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBA876A7F3FC38FA27" author="Johnson C. &amp; Agosti D. &amp; Delabie J. H. &amp; Dumpert K. &amp; Williams D. J. &amp; Tschirnhaus M. V. &amp; Maschwitz U." pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref3552" refString="Johnson C., Agosti D., Delabie J. H., Dumpert K., Williams D. J., Tschirnhaus M. V., Maschwitz U. 2001. Acropyga and Azteca ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 million years of intimate symbiosis. American Museum Novitates, 3335: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2001">Johnson et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBAEF7A7D3FB44FA27" author="LaPolla J. S. &amp; Cover S. P. &amp; Mueller U. G." box="[990,1199,1460,1484]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="367 - 376" refId="ref3682" refString="LaPolla J. S., Cover S. P., Mueller U. G. 2002. Natural history of the mealybug-tending ant, Acropyga epedana, with descriptions of the male and queen castes. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 128: 367 - 376." type="journal article" year="2002">LaPolla et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBA993A7D3FC83FA07" author="Schneider S. A. &amp; LaPolla J. S." pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref4029" refString="Schneider S. A., LaPolla J. S. 2011. Systematics of the mealybug tribe Xenococcini (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with a discussion of trophobiotic associations with Acropyga Roger ants. Systematic Entomology, 36: 57 - 82." type="journal article" year="2011">Schneider &amp; LaPolla 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBAE5BA7B3FC42FA07" author="Schneider S. A. &amp; LaPolla J. S." box="[882,937,1492,1516]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="283 - 291" refId="ref4076" refString="Schneider S. A., LaPolla J. S. 2020. Trophobiosis between a new species of Williamsrhizoecus (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Rhizoecidae) and Acropyga silvestrii (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Tanzania. Zootaxa, 4853 (2): 283 - 291." type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBAEC8A7B3FB8BFA07" box="[993,1120,1492,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Ortheziidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ortheziidae</taxonomicName>
, namely
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBA992A7B3FB9AF9E7" authority="LaPolla &amp; Miller, 2008" authorityName="LaPolla &amp; Miller" authorityYear="2008" class="Insecta" family="Ortheziidae" genus="Acropygorthezia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsi">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBA992A7B3FC9AF9E7" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Acropygorthezia williamsi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBAE51A793FB9AF9E7" author="LaPolla J. S. &amp; Burwell C. &amp; Brady G. S. &amp; Miller D. R." box="[888,1137,1524,1548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref3827" refString="LaPolla J. S. Burwell C., Brady G. S., Miller D. R. 2008. A new ortheziid (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from Australia associated with Acropyga myops Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and a key to Australian Ortheziidae. Zootaxa, 1946: 55 - 68." type="journal article" year="2008">LaPolla &amp; Miller, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBA956A793FAA4F9E7" author="LaPolla J. S. &amp; Burwell C. &amp; Brady G. S. &amp; Miller D. R." box="[1151,1359,1524,1548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="55 - 68" refId="ref3827" refString="LaPolla J. S. Burwell C., Brady G. S., Miller D. R. 2008. A new ortheziid (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from Australia associated with Acropyga myops Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and a key to Australian Ortheziidae. Zootaxa, 1946: 55 - 68." type="journal article" year="2008">LaPolla et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCCFFBBAE7FA473FBABF8C7" blockId="1.[816,1438,1364,1932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBAEC6A473FACCF9C7" author="Schneider S. A. &amp; LaPolla J. S." box="[1007,1319,1556,1580]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref4029" refString="Schneider S. A., LaPolla J. S. 2011. Systematics of the mealybug tribe Xenococcini (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with a discussion of trophobiotic associations with Acropyga Roger ants. Systematic Entomology, 36: 57 - 82." type="journal article" year="2011">Schneider &amp; LaPolla (2011)</bibRefCitation>
, all
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBA873A472FC66F9A7" authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="1992" family="Xenococcidae" pageId="1" pageNumber="92" rank="family">Xenococcidae</taxonomicName>
are obligate trophobionts with
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBA9D1A453FAB4F9A0" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" box="[1272,1375,1588,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBA9D1A453FAB4F9A0" box="[1272,1375,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Acropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ants. The ants feed mainly on honeydew excreted by the xenococcids, and the xenococcids live in ant nests, attended by the ants and protected from their natural enemies. It is known that, during the nuptial flight, each virgin
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCCFFBBA81FA4D3FA76F920" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" box="[1334,1437,1716,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCCFFBBA81FA4D3FA76F920" box="[1334,1437,1716,1739]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Acropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gyne carries a female of the associated scale insect in her mandibles (
<figureCitation id="131FC3DAFFCCFFBBAE98A493FC19F8E7" box="[945,1010,1780,1804]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[816,847,627,646]" captionTargetBox="[816,1436,180,610]" captionTargetId="figure-548@1.[816,1436,177,613]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1 – An Acropyga paleartica gyne carring one Eumyrmococcus corynthiacus female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8148221/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), so ensuring a source of food for the offspring in the new nest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCCFFBBAE7FA553FA77F867" blockId="1.[816,1438,1364,1932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="90">
This behaviour, known as trophophoresy (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCCFFBBA861A553FC45F887" author="LaPolla J. S. &amp; Cover S. P. &amp; Mueller U. G." pageId="1" pageNumber="90" pagination="367 - 376" refId="ref3682" refString="LaPolla J. S., Cover S. P., Mueller U. G. 2002. Natural history of the mealybug-tending ant, Acropyga epedana, with descriptions of the male and queen castes. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 128: 367 - 376." type="journal article" year="2002">LaPolla et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
), is attested by fossils in Dominican amber from the Miocene (dated to at least 20 Ma) of the fossil
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5B8FD7FFCFFFB8ADBEA2DFFD20FF0D" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" startId="2.[151,187,184,203]" targetBox="[174,1304,265,595]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCFFFB8ADBEA2DFFD20FF0D" blockId="2.[151,1453,183,230]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8ADBEA2DFFF34FF20" bold="true" box="[151,223,183,203]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Tab. 1 –</emphasis>
Comparison of measurement ranges for alates of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AFACA2DFFCD7FF21" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[645,828,183,203]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palearctica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AFACA2DFFCD7FF21" box="[645,828,183,203]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Acropyga palearctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Salento, with those from
<collectingCountry id="F3339FCFFFCFFFB8A96FA2DFFB69FF20" box="[1094,1154,184,203]" name="Greece" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Greece</collectingCountry>
recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8A9D8A2D0FA87FF20" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[1265,1388,183,203]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 130" refId="ref3732" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2004. Acropyga of the world. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 33 (3): 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="2004">LaPolla (2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8A85DA2D0FA49FF21" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[1396,1442,183,202]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="171 - 173" refId="ref3800" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2006. Description of the male of Acropyga palaeartica Menozzi, 1936. Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8: 171 - 173." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
). The data from both localities are similar, particularly in the males.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCFFFB8AC42A36DFB0DFDB8" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<table id="F9242DFFFFCF0045AD87A36EFAF3FDB8" box="[174,1304,265,595]" gridcols="5" gridrows="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A36EFAF3FEDE" box="[174,1304,265,309]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A36EFDE8FEDE" box="[363,515,265,309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Gyne from Salento, (n.1)</th>
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A36EFD10FEDE" box="[637,763,265,309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
Gyne (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8AFABA346FD04FEDE" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[642,751,289,309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 130" refId="ref3732" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2004. Acropyga of the world. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 33 (3): 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="2004">LaPolla 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</th>
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A36EFBCDFEDE" box="[910,1062,265,309]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Males from Salento, (n.2)</th>
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A36EFAF3FEDE" box="[1184,1304,265,309]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
Males (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8A98FA346FAF8FEDF" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[1190,1299,289,308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="171 - 173" refId="ref3800" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2006. Description of the male of Acropyga palaeartica Menozzi, 1936. Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8: 171 - 173." type="journal article" year="2006">LaPolla 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A358FAF3FEB9" box="[174,1304,319,338]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A358FF25FEB9" box="[174,206,319,338]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">CL</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A358FDE8FEB9" box="[363,515,319,338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.62</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A358FD10FEB9" box="[637,763,319,338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.591</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A358FBCDFEB9" box="[910,1062,319,338]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.48 – 0.51</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A358FAF3FEB9" box="[1184,1304,319,338]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.47 – 0.548</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A33CFAF3FE84" box="[174,1304,347,367]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A33CFF25FE84" box="[174,206,347,367]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">CW</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A33CFDE8FE84" box="[363,515,347,367]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.60</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A33CFD10FE84" box="[637,763,347,367]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.577</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A33CFBCDFE84" box="[910,1062,347,367]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0-44 – 0.46</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A33CFAF3FE84" box="[1184,1304,347,367]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<geoCoordinate id="EE10B998FFCFFFB8A989A33CFB26FE85" box="[1184,1229,347,366]" degrees="0.423" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" precision="55" value="0.423">0.423</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE10B998FFCFFFB8A9FBA33BFAE5FE85" box="[1234,1294,347,367]" degrees="0.501" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" precision="55" value="-0.501">– 0.501</geoCoordinate>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A31FFAF3FE60" box="[174,1304,376,395]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A31FFF25FE60" box="[174,206,376,395]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">SL</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A31FFDE8FE60" box="[363,515,376,395]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.57</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A31FFD10FE60" box="[637,763,376,395]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.515</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A31FFBCDFE60" box="[910,1062,376,395]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0-46 – 0.49</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A31FFAF3FE60" box="[1184,1304,376,395]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<geoCoordinate id="EE10B998FFCFFFB8A989A31FFB26FE60" box="[1184,1229,376,395]" degrees="0.439" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" precision="55" value="0.439">0.439</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE10B998FFCFFFB8A9FBA31FFAE5FE60" box="[1234,1294,376,395]" degrees="0.470" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" precision="55" value="-0.47">– 0.470</geoCoordinate>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A3F3FAF3FE43" box="[174,1304,404,424]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A3F3FF25FE43" box="[174,206,404,424]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">ML</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A3F3FDE8FE43" box="[363,515,404,424]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.94</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A3F3FD10FE43" box="[637,763,404,424]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.952</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A3F3FBCDFE43" box="[910,1062,404,424]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.70 – 0.76</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A3F3FAF3FE43" box="[1184,1304,404,424]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0-782 – 0.923</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A3D6FAF3FE2F" box="[174,1304,433,452]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A3D6FF25FE2F" box="[174,206,433,452]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">EL</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A3D6FDE8FE2F" box="[363,515,433,452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.19</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A3D6FD10FE2F" box="[637,763,433,452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">--</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A3D6FBCDFE2F" box="[910,1062,433,452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.17 – 0.19</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A3D6FAF3FE2F" box="[1184,1304,433,452]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">--</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A3AAFAF3FE0A" box="[174,1304,461,481]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A3AAFF25FE0A" box="[174,206,461,481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">EW</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A3AAFDE8FE0A" box="[363,515,461,481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.12</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A3AAFD10FE0A" box="[637,763,461,481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">--</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A3AAFBCDFE0A" box="[910,1062,461,481]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">0.12 – 0.16</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A3AAFAF3FE0A" box="[1184,1304,461,481]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">--</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A38DFAF3FE16" box="[174,1304,490,509]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A38DFF25FE16" box="[174,206,490,509]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">GL</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A38DFDE8FE16" box="[363,515,490,509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">1.45</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A38DFD10FE16" box="[637,763,490,509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">1.23</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A38DFBCDFE16" box="[910,1062,490,509]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">1.12 – 1.15</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A38DFAF3FE16" box="[1184,1304,490,509]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<geoCoordinate id="EE10B998FFCFFFB8A989A38DFB26FE16" box="[1184,1229,490,509]" degrees="0.892" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" precision="55" value="0.892">0.892</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE10B998FFCFFFB8A9FBA38DFAE5FE16" box="[1234,1294,490,509]" degrees="0.939" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" precision="55" value="-0.939">– 0.939</geoCoordinate>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A060FAF3FDF1" box="[174,1304,519,538]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A060FF25FDF1" box="[174,206,519,538]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">TL</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A060FDE8FDF1" box="[363,515,519,538]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">3.03</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A060FD10FDF1" box="[637,763,519,538]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">2.77</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A060FBCDFDF1" box="[910,1062,519,538]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">2.30 – 2.42</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A060FAF3FDF1" box="[1184,1304,519,538]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">2.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A044FAF3FDDD" box="[174,1304,547,566]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A044FF25FDDD" box="[174,206,547,566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">CI</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A044FDE8FDDD" box="[363,515,547,566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">96</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A044FD10FDDD" box="[637,763,547,566]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">97.63</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A044FBCDFDDD" box="[910,1062,547,566]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">90 – 91</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A044FAF3FDDD" box="[1184,1304,547,566]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">90 – 91</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3514DD1DFFCF0045AD87A058FAF3FDB8" box="[174,1304,575,595]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<th id="76C5B461FFCF0045AD87A058FF25FDB8" box="[174,206,575,595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">SI</th>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AC42A058FDE8FDB8" box="[363,515,575,595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">91</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AF54A058FD10FDB8" box="[637,763,575,595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">89.25</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045AEA7A058FBCDFDB8" box="[910,1062,575,595]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">104 – 106</td>
<td id="76C5B461FFCF0045A989A058FAF3FDB8" box="[1184,1304,575,595]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">94 – 104</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCFFFB8ADBEA0F2FEDDFC67" blockId="2.[150,772,660,1932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
ant
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8ADEBA0F3FF26FD40" box="[194,205,660,683]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">†</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8ADE4A0F3FDA6FD47" authority="LaPolla, 2005" authorityName="LaPolla" authorityYear="2005" box="[205,589,660,684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glaesaria">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8ADE4A0F3FE4DFD47" box="[205,422,660,684]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Acropyga glaesaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8AC99A0F3FDA6FD47" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[432,589,660,684]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="21 - 28" refId="ref3760" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2005. Ancient trophophoresy: a fossil Acropyga (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Dominican amber. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 13 (1 - 2): 21 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">LaPolla, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, associated with three Xenococcid species related to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AFBCA0D2FF0BFD07" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AFBCA0D2FF0BFD07" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Eumyrmococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described in the extinct genus
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AF07A0B3FCE9FD07" box="[558,770,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">†Electromyrmoccus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8ADBEA093FED0FCE7" author="Williams D. J." box="[151,315,756,780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="16 - 18" refId="ref4481" refString="Williams D. J. 2001. Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with ants of the genus Acropyga Roger in Dominican amber. American Museum Novitates (New York), 3335: 16 - 18." type="journal article" year="2001">Williams, 2001</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8AC62A093FDC2FCE7" author="Johnson C. &amp; Agosti D. &amp; Delabie J. H. &amp; Dumpert K. &amp; Williams D. J. &amp; Tschirnhaus M. V. &amp; Maschwitz U." box="[331,553,756,780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref3552" refString="Johnson C., Agosti D., Delabie J. H., Dumpert K., Williams D. J., Tschirnhaus M. V., Maschwitz U. 2001. Acropyga and Azteca ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 million years of intimate symbiosis. American Museum Novitates, 3335: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2001">Johnson et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8AF1DA093FD23FCE7" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[564,712,756,780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="21 - 28" refId="ref3760" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2005. Ancient trophophoresy: a fossil Acropyga (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Dominican amber. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 13 (1 - 2): 21 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">LaPolla 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8AFFAA093FEF2FCC7" author="Williams D. J." pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="16 - 18" refId="ref4481" refString="Williams D. J. 2001. Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with ants of the genus Acropyga Roger in Dominican amber. American Museum Novitates (New York), 3335: 16 - 18." type="journal article" year="2001">Williams, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). This obligate ant/scale insect symbiosis is a classic case of co-evolution between two organisms that determined their survival and success (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8AF1BA133FD14FC87" author="LaPolla J. S. &amp; Cover S. P. &amp; Mueller U. G." box="[562,767,852,876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="367 - 376" refId="ref3682" refString="LaPolla J. S., Cover S. P., Mueller U. G. 2002. Natural history of the mealybug-tending ant, Acropyga epedana, with descriptions of the male and queen castes. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 128: 367 - 376." type="journal article" year="2002">LaPolla et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8ADBEA113FEC1FC67" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[151,298,884,908]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 130" refId="ref3732" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2004. Acropyga of the world. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 33 (3): 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="2004">LaPolla 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCFFFB8AD94A1F3FED4FB67" blockId="2.[150,772,660,1932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AD94A1F3FE70FC47" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[189,411,916,940]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AD94A1F3FE70FC47" box="[189,411,916,940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Acropyga paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known thus far only from SE Europe (continental and insular
<collectingCountry id="F3339FCFFFCFFFB8ACDEA1D3FDAFFC27" box="[503,580,948,972]" name="Greece" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Greece</collectingCountry>
) (
<figureCitation id="131FC3DAFFCFFFB8AF75A1D3FD4AFC27" box="[604,673,948,972]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[816,847,1299,1318]" captionTargetBox="[816,1436,706,1282]" captionTargetId="figure-550@1.[814,1439,706,1282]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2 – Acropyga paleartica, known distribution." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8148223/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Hitherto, it had been recorded only from Karpathos island (
<typeStatus id="549F61FDFFCFFFB8AFFDA1B3FCE8FC07" box="[724,771,980,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">type</typeStatus>
locality) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8AC2AA193FE4EFBE7" author="Menozzi C." box="[259,421,1012,1036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="262 - 311" refId="ref3884" refString="Menozzi C., 1936. Nuovi contributi alla conoscenza della fauna delle Isole italiane dell'Egeo. VI. Hymenoptera - Formicidae. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 29: 262 - 311." type="journal article" year="1936">Menozzi 1936</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingRegion id="49E011BDFFCFFFB8AC95A193FE1DFBE7" box="[444,502,1012,1036]" country="Greece" name="Kriti" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Crete</collectingRegion>
and the nearest Gavdos island (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8ADC1A673FE34FBC7" author="Seifert B. &amp; Heller G." box="[232,479,1044,1068]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="63 - 65" refId="ref4157" refString="Seifert B., Heller G. 1999. Carrying of a worker pupa by a sin- gly-dispersing foundress of Acropyga paleartica Menozzi, 1936 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 3: 63 - 65." type="journal article" year="1999">Seifert &amp; Heller 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8ACC7A673FD5EFBC7" author="Salata S. &amp; Borowiec L. &amp; Trichas A." box="[494,693,1044,1068]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="5 - 296" refId="ref3928" refString="Salata S., Borowiec L., Trichas A. 2020. Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Crete, with keys to species de- termination and zoogeographical remarks. Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum, 12: 5 - 296. Doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 3738001" type="journal article" year="2020">Salata et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
), Perachora (in the Corinth channel; Bushinger et al. 1987 as
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8ADBEA633FEDDFB87" box="[151,310,1108,1132]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8ADBEA633FEFBFB87" box="[151,272,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
sp
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8AC6DA633FE03FB87" author="Williams D. J." box="[324,488,1108,1132]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="216 - 220" refId="ref4381" refString="Williams D. J. 1993. A new species of mealybug from Greece, the first from Europe belonging to the ant-attended genus Eumyrmococcus Silvestri (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Entomologist's Gazette, 44: 216 - 220." type="journal article" year="1993">Williams 1993</bibRefCitation>
), and Meteora (
<collectingRegion id="49E011BDFFCFFFB8AFB3A633FD17FB87" box="[666,764,1108,1132]" country="Greece" name="Thessalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Thessaly</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8ADB7A613FEDFFB67" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[158,308,1140,1164]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="171 - 173" refId="ref3800" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2006. Description of the male of Acropyga palaeartica Menozzi, 1936. Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8: 171 - 173." type="journal article" year="2006">LaPolla 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCFFFB8AD94A6F3FE0EFA27" blockId="2.[150,772,660,1932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
The presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AC5DA6F3FDEBFB47" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[372,512,1172,1196]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AC5DA6F3FDEBFB47" box="[372,512,1172,1196]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its associated symbiont
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8ADFFA6D2FDF8FB27" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1983" box="[214,531,1204,1228]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corinthiacus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8ADFFA6D2FDF8FB27" box="[214,531,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Eumyrmococcus corinthiacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Salento (South
<collectingCountry id="F3339FCFFFCFFFB8AFF7A6D2FF46FB07" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Italy</collectingCountry>
) is of biogeographic significance because it is the first record from outside
<collectingCountry id="F3339FCFFFCFFFB8AC5DA693FE29FAE7" box="[372,450,1268,1292]" name="Greece" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Greece</collectingCountry>
, and the first for
<collectingCountry id="F3339FCFFFCFFFB8AF54A693FD45FAE7" box="[637,686,1268,1292]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Italy</collectingCountry>
of both species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8ADDCA773FE21FAC7" author="Salata S. &amp; Borowiec L. &amp; Trichas A." box="[245,458,1300,1324]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="5 - 296" refId="ref3928" refString="Salata S., Borowiec L., Trichas A. 2020. Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Crete, with keys to species de- termination and zoogeographical remarks. Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum, 12: 5 - 296. Doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 3738001" type="journal article" year="2020">Salata et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AF7AA773FD08FAC7" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[595,739,1300,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AF7AA773FD08FAC7" box="[595,739,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an
<collectingRegion id="49E011BDFFCFFFB8AD9FA753FEECFAA7" box="[182,263,1332,1356]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Aegean</collectingRegion>
corotype but, according to recent records from mainland
<collectingCountry id="F3339FCFFFCFFFB8AC2AA733FEA5FA87" box="[259,334,1364,1388]" name="Greece" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Greece</collectingCountry>
and the present one from the
<collectingRegion id="49E011BDFFCFFFB8AFBCA733FF2DFA67" country="Italy" name="Puglia" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Apulia region</collectingRegion>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3339FCFFFCFFFB8ADC1A713FEF1FA67" box="[232,282,1396,1420]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Italy</collectingCountry>
, its pertinence to Eastern Mediterranean corotype (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8ADFAA7F3FE18FA47" author="Vigna Taglianti A. &amp; Audisio P. A. &amp; Biondi M. &amp; Bologna M. A. &amp; Carpaneto G. &amp; De Biase A. &amp; Fattorini S. &amp; Piattella E. &amp; Sindaco R. &amp; Venchi A. &amp; Zapparoli M." box="[211,499,1428,1452]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref4260" refString="Vigna Taglianti A., Audisio P. A., Biondi M., Bologna M. A., Carpaneto G., De Biase A., Fattorini S., Piattella E., Sindaco R., Venchi A., Zapparoli M. 1999. A proposal for chorotype classification of the Near East fauna, in the frame work of the Western Palaearctic region. Biogeographia, 20: 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="1999">Vigna Taglianti et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
) appears more consistent with the available data records.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5B8FD7FFCFFFB8AE16A7FFFA46FA40" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148225" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8148225" box="[831,1453,1432,1451]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8148225/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" startId="2.[831,862,1432,1451]" targetBox="[831,1451,998,1414]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCFFFB8AE16A7FFFA46FA40" blockId="2.[831,1453,1432,1451]" box="[831,1453,1432,1451]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AE16A7FFFC6AFA40" bold="true" box="[831,897,1432,1451]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Fig. 3 –</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AEADA7FFFBDCFA40" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[900,1079,1432,1451]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AEADA7FFFBDCFA40" box="[900,1079,1432,1451]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Acropyga paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, gyne: body, lateral view (Scale bar: 1 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCFFFB8AD94A7B3FBA6FD07" blockId="2.[150,772,660,1932]" lastBlockId="2.[831,1452,660,973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
The status of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AC61A7B3FDC9FA07" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[328,546,1492,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AC61A7B3FDC9FA07" box="[328,546,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Acropyga paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a species native to the Mediterranean region was recently questioned (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCFFFB8AF96A793FEF8F9C7" author="Salata S. &amp; Borowiec L. &amp; Trichas A." pageId="2" pageNumber="91" pagination="5 - 296" refId="ref3928" refString="Salata S., Borowiec L., Trichas A. 2020. Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Crete, with keys to species de- termination and zoogeographical remarks. Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum, 12: 5 - 296. Doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 3738001" type="journal article" year="2020">Salata et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
). The genus is pan-tropical so we cannot exclude that
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AC21A453FE7EF9A7" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[264,405,1588,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AC21A453FE7EF9A7" box="[264,405,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes from the tropics (Africa?); the same argument applies to the associated
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AF52A432FF50F967" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1983" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corinthiacus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AF52A432FF50F967" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">E. corinthiacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mealybugs. However, additional tropical or subtropical records of either species corroborating this hypothesis are so far unknown. The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8ACCAA4D3FDA1F920" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" box="[483,586,1716,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8ACCAA4D3FDA1F920" box="[483,586,1716,1739]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Acropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to have existed since the Miocene, when (mostly in the early periods) climatic conditions were hot and humid and the vegetation was typically tropical, even in Mediterranean areas. Later (during the Messinian period), dramatic climatic changes due to evaporation of the Mediterranean Sea led to a massive extinction of the tropical fauna and its replacement by species adapted to colder and dryer climates. It is then possible that
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8A91DA0D3FB2BFD27" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[1076,1216,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8A91DA0D3FB2BFD27" box="[1076,1216,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
survived these events as a biogeographic relict.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCFFFB9AE4CA093FEF3FA67" blockId="2.[831,1452,660,973]" lastBlockId="3.[134,757,1108,1932]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AE4CA093FC26FCE0" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" box="[869,973,756,779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AE4CA093FC26FCE0" box="[869,973,756,779]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Acropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the nearest genera
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8A9F6A092FAA8FCE7" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1926" box="[1247,1347,757,780]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lepisiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8A9F6A092FAA8FCE7" box="[1247,1347,757,780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Lepisiota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8A854A093FC7FFCC7" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8A854A093FC7FFCC7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are the only Italian Formicinae with 11 antennal segments in the females (gynes and workers) and
<quantity id="4CDC72BAFFCFFFB8A879A153FA6EFCA7" box="[1360,1413,820,844]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
the males; in the other Italian Formicinae, the antennae have one extra segment:
<quantity id="4CDC72BAFFCFFFB8A93FA113FBA5FC67" box="[1046,1102,884,908]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
females,
<quantity id="4CDC72BAFFCFFFB8A991A113FB1BFC67" box="[1208,1264,884,908]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
males.
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8A86CA113FC45FC47" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8A86CA113FC45FC47" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Acropyga paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131FC3DAFFCFFFB8AEE9A1F3FBF5FC47" box="[960,1054,916,940]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="2.[831,862,1432,1451]" captionStartId-1="2.[831,861,1912,1931]" captionTargetBox-0="[831,1451,998,1414]" captionTargetBox-1="[831,1451,1478,1894]" captionTargetId-0="figure-457@2.[829,1455,998,1417]" captionTargetId-1="figure-455@2.[829,1455,1478,1896]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="Fig. 3 – Acropyga paleartica, gyne: body, lateral view (Scale bar: 1 mm)." captionText-1="Fig. 4 – Acropyga paleartica, gyne: head, frontal view (Scale bar: 0,5 mm)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148225" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148227" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8148225/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8148227/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Figs 3-4</figureCitation>
) can be distinguished from species in the other two genera by having the palp formula 4:3 (vs 6:
<quantity id="4CDC72BAFFCEFFB9ADEEA633FF1DFB87" box="[199,246,1108,1132]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
the other two genera); pilosity profuse, with short suberect setae (very sparse and adpressed in the other two genera); and 6-8 uneven mandibular teeth (
<quantity id="4CDC72BAFFCEFFB9AF9BA6F3FD1FFB47" box="[690,756,1172,1196]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.397" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" unit="in" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5-6 in</quantity>
the other two genera). In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AF21A6D3FD7CFB27" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[520,663,1204,1228]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AF21A6D3FD7CFB27" box="[520,663,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers are characterized by a quadrangular head with compound eyes strongly reduced, almost punctiform (diameter always less the maximum width of the scape); in contrast, workers of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AC20A752FE86FAA7" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1926" box="[265,365,1333,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lepisiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AC20A752FE86FAA7" box="[265,365,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Lepisiota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AC8EA753FDC9FAA7" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" box="[423,546,1332,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AC8EA753FDC9FAA7" box="[423,546,1332,1356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
each have an oval head with compound eyes well developed (diameter&gt; scape width).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5B8FD7FFCFFFB8AE16A51FFA46F860" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148227" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8148227" box="[831,1453,1912,1931]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8148227/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" startId="2.[831,861,1912,1931]" targetBox="[831,1451,1478,1894]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCFFFB8AE16A51FFA46F860" blockId="2.[831,1453,1912,1931]" box="[831,1453,1912,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AE16A51FFC94F860" bold="true" box="[831,895,1912,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Fig. 4 –</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCFFFB8AEABA51FFBDBF860" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[898,1072,1912,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCFFFB8AEABA51FFBDBF860" box="[898,1072,1912,1931]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Acropyga paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, gyne: head, frontal view (Scale bar: 0,5 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5B8FD7FFCEFFB9ADA1A03EFD1EFD87" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148229" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8148229" box="[136,757,601,621]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8148229/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" startId="3.[136,167,601,620]" targetBox="[136,756,182,582]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCEFFB9ADA1A03EFD1EFD87" blockId="3.[136,757,601,621]" box="[136,757,601,621]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9ADA1A03EFF22FD87" bold="true" box="[136,201,601,620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Fig. 5 –</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9ADE4A03DFE94FD87" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[205,383,601,621]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9ADE4A03DFE94FD87" box="[205,383,601,621]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Acropyga paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male: body, lateral view (Scale bar: 1 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5B8FD7FFCEFFB9ADA1A67FFD1FFBC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148231" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8148231" box="[136,756,1048,1067]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8148231/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" startId="3.[136,166,1048,1067]" targetBox="[136,756,646,1031]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCEFFB9ADA1A67FFD1FFBC0" blockId="3.[136,756,1048,1067]" box="[136,756,1048,1067]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9ADA1A67FFF22FBC0" bold="true" box="[136,201,1048,1067]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Fig. 6 –</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9ADE5A67FFE9DFBC0" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[204,374,1048,1067]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9ADE5A67FFE9DFBC0" box="[204,374,1048,1067]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Acropyga paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male: head, frontal view (Scale bar: 0.5 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCEFFB9AD87A7F3FD69F907" blockId="3.[134,757,1108,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">
The males of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AC11A7F3FE29FA47" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[312,450,1428,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AC11A7F3FE29FA47" box="[312,450,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131FC3DAFFCEFFB9ACF9A7F3FDC3FA47" box="[464,552,1428,1452]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="3.[136,167,601,620]" captionStartId-1="3.[136,166,1048,1067]" captionTargetBox-0="[136,756,182,582]" captionTargetBox-1="[136,756,646,1031]" captionTargetId-0="figure-603@3.[133,758,182,585]" captionTargetId-1="figure-605@3.[133,758,646,1031]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="Fig. 5 – Acropyga paleartica, male: body, lateral view (Scale bar: 1 mm)." captionText-1="Fig. 6 – Acropyga paleartica, male: head, frontal view (Scale bar: 0.5 mm)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148229" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148231" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8148229/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8148231/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Figs 5-6</figureCitation>
) were described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCEFFB9ADAFA7D3FEC3FA27" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[134,296,1460,1484]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" pagination="171 - 173" refId="ref3800" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2006. Description of the male of Acropyga palaeartica Menozzi, 1936. Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8: 171 - 173." type="journal article" year="2006">LaPolla (2006)</bibRefCitation>
based on specimens from
<collectingRegion id="49E011BDFFCEFFB9AF67A7D3FD05FA27" box="[590,750,1460,1484]" country="Greece" name="Sterea Ellada" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">central Greece</collectingRegion>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9ADA3A7B3FF1AFA00" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" box="[138,241,1492,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9ADA3A7B3FF1AFA00" box="[138,241,1492,1515]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Acropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males are distinguished from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AFB8A7B2FD1FFA07" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1926" box="[657,756,1493,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lepisiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AFB8A7B2FD1FFA07" box="[657,756,1493,1516]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Lepisiota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AD9FA793FEC4F9E7" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" box="[182,303,1524,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AD9FA793FEC4F9E7" box="[182,303,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by possession of the palp formula 4:3 (vs 6:4), a massive mandible with 6-8 mandibular teeth (vs 5-6), and the subgenital plate with a denticulate posterior margin (
<figureCitation id="131FC3DAFFCEFFB9ADCEA433FEC2F987" box="[231,297,1620,1644]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1912,1931]" captionTargetBox="[816,1436,1478,1894]" captionTargetId="figure-607@3.[814,1439,1478,1897]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 7 – Subgenital plate of adult male Acropyga paleartica." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8148233/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9ACE0A433FDDBF980" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" box="[457,560,1620,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9ACE0A433FDDBF980" box="[457,560,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Acropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males having TL&gt;2.14 (
<tableCitation id="C6A6EAE4FFCEFFB9ADFCA413FEFCF967" box="[213,279,1652,1676]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="2.[151,187,184,203]" captionTargetBox="[174,1304,265,595]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Tab. 1 – Comparison of measurement ranges for alates of Acropyga palearctica from Salento, with those from Greece recorded by LaPolla (2004, 2006). The data from both localities are similar, particularly in the males." pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
) distinguishes them from
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AF1AA413FD47F967" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" box="[563,684,1652,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AF1AA413FD47F967" box="[563,684,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CDC72BAFFCEFFB9AF95A413FF5DF947" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5-2 mm</quantity>
), and the scape protrudes from the posterior head margin by only a third of its length, whereas in
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AF58A4D2FD26F927" box="[625,717,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Lepisota</emphasis>
the scape protrudes by more than half of its length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCEFFB9AD87A493FD37F867" blockId="3.[134,757,1108,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">
Based on the morphological characters of workers and males,
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9ADFAA573FEB5F8C7" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[211,350,1812,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9ADFAA573FEB5F8C7" box="[211,350,1812,1836]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is close to the South African
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AFBDA573FED5F8A7" authority="Santschi, 1926" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AFBDA573FF76F8A7" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. arnoldi</emphasis>
Santschi, 1926
</taxonomicName>
and is tentatively placed in the
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AFA1A553FD18F8A7" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1926" box="[648,755,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AFA1A553FD18F8A7" box="[648,755,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. arnoldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group.
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AC03A533FE03F887" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1926" box="[298,488,1876,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AC03A533FE03F887" box="[298,488,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Acropyga arnoldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a symbiont of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AF8CA532FD32F867" authority="(De Lotto, 1977) (LaPolla 2006)" authorityName="LaPolla" authorityYear="2006" baseAuthorityName="De Lotto" baseAuthorityYear="1977" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scorpioides">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AF8CA532FE98F867" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Eumyrmococcus scorpioides</emphasis>
(De Lotto, 1977) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCEFFB9AF12A513FD3AF867" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[571,721,1908,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" pagination="171 - 173" refId="ref3800" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2006. Description of the male of Acropyga palaeartica Menozzi, 1936. Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8: 171 - 173." type="journal article" year="2006">LaPolla 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCEFFB9AE7FA2D3FA75FD67" blockId="3.[815,1439,180,1068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">
The biology and ecology of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9A9BCA2D3FACBFF27" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[1173,1312,180,204]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9A9BCA2D3FACBFF27" box="[1173,1312,180,204]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is scarcely known. Its nests were found in pine forests (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCEFFB9A82EA2B3FA7DFF07" author="LaPolla J. S." box="[1287,1430,212,236]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 130" refId="ref3732" refString="LaPolla J. S. 2004. Acropyga of the world. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 33 (3): 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="2004">LaPolla 2004</bibRefCitation>
) but also in moist soil at the bases of trees growing near riverbanks. Specimens were found in the soil (at a depth of
<quantity id="4CDC72BAFFCEFFB9A87CA373FA7DFEC7" box="[1365,1430,276,300]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
) near a tree growing alongside the stream Milo in Karpathos (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCEFFB9AE10A333FC39FE87" author="Menozzi C." box="[825,978,340,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" pagination="262 - 311" refId="ref3884" refString="Menozzi C., 1936. Nuovi contributi alla conoscenza della fauna delle Isole italiane dell'Egeo. VI. Hymenoptera - Formicidae. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 29: 262 - 311." type="journal article" year="1936">Menozzi 1936</bibRefCitation>
), while recently
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCEFFB9A9A9A333FAADFE87" author="Salata S. &amp; Borowiec L. &amp; Trichas A." box="[1152,1350,340,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" pagination="5 - 296" refId="ref3928" refString="Salata S., Borowiec L., Trichas A. 2020. Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Crete, with keys to species de- termination and zoogeographical remarks. Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum, 12: 5 - 296. Doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 3738001" type="journal article" year="2020">Salata et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
found a nest in
<collectingRegion id="49E011BDFFCEFFB9AE57A313FC5EFE67" box="[894,949,372,396]" country="Greece" name="Kriti" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Crete</collectingRegion>
in moist soil under a rock on a dry riverbank, surrounded by phrygana vegetation. In Salento the
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9A806A3F3FCA4FE27" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9A806A3F3FCA4FE27" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
alates were collected at the boundary between olive groves and a
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AE43A3B2FC02FE07" box="[874,1001,468,492]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ilex">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AE43A3B2FC02FE07" box="[874,1001,468,492]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Quercus ilex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
wood, during their nuptial flight, in the early afternoon (about 3.00 p.m.) on October 4
<superScript id="7C517217FFCEFFB9A9C4A394FB13FDEA" attach="none" box="[1261,1272,499,513]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">th</superScript>
. It is interesting to note that alate
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AEC9A073FB8EFDC7" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[992,1125,532,556]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AEC9A073FB8EFDC7" box="[992,1125,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
carrying
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9A9ECA072FA8FFDC7" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1993" box="[1221,1380,532,556]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corynthiacus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9A9ECA072FA8FFDC7" box="[1221,1380,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">E. corynthiacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected near Corinth on almost the same date: October 7
<superScript id="7C517217FFCEFFB9A8B8A054FA76FDAA" attach="none" box="[1425,1437,563,577]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">th</superScript>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCEFFB9AE1EA033FC38FD87" author="Williams D. J." box="[823,979,596,620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" pagination="216 - 220" refId="ref4381" refString="Williams D. J. 1993. A new species of mealybug from Greece, the first from Europe belonging to the ant-attended genus Eumyrmococcus Silvestri (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Entomologist's Gazette, 44: 216 - 220." type="journal article" year="1993">Williams 1993</bibRefCitation>
). This suggests that the swarming period occurs in early autumn. No nest has been found so far in
<collectingRegion id="49E011BDFFCEFFB9A878A013FA71FD67" box="[1361,1434,628,652]" country="Italy" name="Puglia" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Apulia</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BDF5FFFCEFFB9AEB9A0F3FABCFBC7" blockId="3.[815,1439,180,1068]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">
Regarding the association of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9A9FCA0F3FA88FD47" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[1237,1379,660,684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9A9FCA0F3FA88FD47" box="[1237,1379,660,684]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with other Hemipteran species,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5A2AEFFCEFFB9A971A0D3FAECFD27" author="Menozzi C." box="[1112,1287,692,716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" pagination="262 - 311" refId="ref3884" refString="Menozzi C., 1936. Nuovi contributi alla conoscenza della fauna delle Isole italiane dell'Egeo. VI. Hymenoptera - Formicidae. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 29: 262 - 311." type="journal article" year="1936">Menozzi (1936)</bibRefCitation>
reported that
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AE19A0B3FC2AFD07" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1936" box="[816,961,724,748]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AE19A0B3FC2AFD07" box="[816,961,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">A. paleartica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens were found with aphids of the root-feeding genus
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9A92CA093FAF8FCE7" authority="van Heyden, 1837" authorityName="van Heyden" authorityYear="1837" box="[1029,1299,756,780]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Forda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9A92CA093FBACFCE7" box="[1029,1095,756,780]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Forda</emphasis>
van Heyden, 1837
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9A80AA093FA72FCE7" box="[1315,1433,756,780]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AE1BA173FC4FFCC7" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[818,932,788,812]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphididae</taxonomicName>
, Fordini). Even if this observation had no further feedback, it is well known that
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9A990A153FAA4FCA7" box="[1209,1359,820,844]" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9A990A153FB10FCA7" box="[1209,1275,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Forda</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
live in
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AE1BA132FC62FC87" box="[818,905,853,876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Pistacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AE1BA132FC62FC87" box="[818,905,853,876]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Pistacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaf galls (the primary host), then migrate to the roots of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AEB9A112FC0CFC67" box="[912,999,885,908]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
(the secondary host) where they are attended by ants and often live in ants’ nests; so it is possible that this occasional observation by Menozzi is correct. However, the first record of
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9A949A1B2FA77FC07" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1983" box="[1120,1436,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corinthiacus">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9A949A1B2FA77FC07" box="[1120,1436,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Eumyrmococcus corinthiacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was with
<taxonomicName id="4C24A4DCFFCEFFB9AEB7A193FAD7FBE7" authority="(Williams 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Williams" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[926,1340,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paleartica">
<emphasis id="B950034DFFCEFFB9AEB7A193FB96FBE7" box="[926,1149,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="92">Acropyga paleartica</emphasis>
(Williams 1983)
</taxonomicName>
, and the data presented herein fully confirm this association.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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