188 lines
28 KiB
XML
188 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="13C80BD0AB009AA1244A4601A0EF045A" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630420428221" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Wedmann, Sonja & Makarkin, Vladimir N." docDate="2007" docId="038487EC356458529D76FCC5FAF7DD9E" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Symphrasinae Navas 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="703" masterDocId="FFBDFF94356658519C1CFFDBFB02DD66" masterDocTitle="A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family" masterLastPageNumber="716" masterPageNumber="701" pageNumber="703" updateTime="1699263910103" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="F9C6A1824A5A5EB67FB4994A062C6BF7">A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="010B4CE802D3B3CB2A6B9948377BC689">Wedmann, Sonja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="447CFD6D1540C6555DD7FCE06B600ECE">Makarkin, Vladimir N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A26DC4612B318B5433AA487986D9BF44">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C60D0D9E617F49D1385CF08F28330850">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FA5FF81AC48DFEDA9FD717C404394C61">2007-04-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C5CFE0F57803DE9EA5E23C26EC9AE0E8">149</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="99BB5F98F05F4CE7C02B2A04A478146E" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00273.x</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C3376571356458539D76FCC5F90EDE30" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9236FA356458539D76FCC5F918DE53" blockId="2.[275,624,702,854]" box="[362,538,798,822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">
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<heading id="D0DA8196356458539D76FCC5F918DE53" box="[362,538,798,822]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539D76FCC5F918DE53" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" box="[362,538,798,822]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Symphrasinae">SYMPHRASINAE</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9236FA356458539D6BFCE5F90EDE30" blockId="2.[275,624,702,854]" box="[375,524,830,854]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539D6BFCE5F90EDE30" author="Navas L" box="[375,524,830,854]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="473 - 485" refId="ref12391" refString="Navas L. 1909. Mantispidos nuevos [I]. Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Y Artes de Barcelona 3: 473 - 485." type="journal article" year="1909">NAVÁS, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3376571356458529C92FCBCFAF7DD9E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="704" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B9236FA356458539C92FCBCFA85D8A5" blockId="2.[142,758,871,1475]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B959EAE8356458539C92FCBCFA07DE1A" box="[142,261,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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[based mainly on
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539DFBFCBCF9A4DE1B" author="Lambkin KJ" box="[487,678,871,893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="1 - 142" refId="ref11772" refString="Lambkin KJ. 1986 a. A revision of the Australian Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) with a contribution to the classification of the family I. General and Drepanicinae. Australian Journal of Zoology (Supplementary Series) 116: 1 - 142." type="journal article" year="1986">Lambkin, 1986a</bibRefCitation>
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; modified here; different diagnostic character states are designated by numerals, e.g. (10)]. Fore tarsus 4- segmented (1), with terminal segment enlarged, apically pointed (2); adjacent segment arising near its middle (3) in both male and female. Female with externally evident ovipositor (4). Trichosors (i.e. small setigerous thickenings of wing margin between tips of veins, veinlets) often well developed, around almost entire wing margin, except basally (5). Pterostigma situated between R1 and the costal margin (6). Sc entering wing margin within pterostigma, often poorly discernible (7). In forewing two subcostal crossveins, intermediate (2sc-r), distal (3sc-r); basal crossvein (1sc-r) lacking (8); crossvein 3sc-r single, long (9); only two r1-rs crossveins (10); CuP touching 1A proximally (11); M fused basally with R for considerable distance (12); crossvein a2-a3 absent (13). Hindwing with only one r1-rs crossvein (14); CuP present (15); basal crossvein r-m sinuate (16).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9236FA356458539C92FA00F98FDB0A" blockId="2.[142,758,1499,1644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B959EAE8356458539C92FA00FAF7D896" box="[142,501,1499,1521]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">
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Included genera:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539D46FA00FAF7D896" authority="Wedmann & Makarkin, 2007" authorityName="Wedmann & Makarkin" authorityYear="2007" box="[346,501,1499,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Symphrasites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Symphrasites</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A5793356458539E14FA07F974D897" box="[520,630,1500,1521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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from the Middle Eocene of
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<collectingCountry id="F33A766A356458539D78FA21FAD3DB69" box="[356,465,1530,1551]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Germany</collectingCountry>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539DFCFA21F9BEDB69" authority="Navas, 1928" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1928" box="[480,700,1530,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Plega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959EAE8356458539DFCFA21F91DDB69" box="[480,543,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Plega</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539E36FA21F9BEDB69" author="Navas L" box="[554,700,1530,1552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="316 - 328" refId="ref12440" refString="Navas L. 1928. Insectos neotropicos. 3. a serie. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 31: 316 - 328." type="journal article" year="1928">Navás, 1928</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539ED7FA20FAB4DB49" authority="Westwood, 1852" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Trichoscelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959EAE8356458539ED7FA20FBF1DB48" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Trichoscelia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539CE0F9C2FAB4DB49" author="Westwood JO" box="[252,438,1561,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="252 - 270" refId="ref13872" refString="Westwood JO. 1852. On the genus Mantispa, with descriptions of various new species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1: 252 - 270." type="journal article" year="1852">Westwood, 1852</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539DE9F9C2F9F0DB48" authority="Navas, 1909" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" box="[501,754,1561,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Anchieta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959EAE8356458539DE9F9C2F95BDB48" box="[501,601,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Anchieta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539E7EF9C2F9F0DB48" author="Navas L" box="[610,754,1561,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="473 - 485" refId="ref12391" refString="Navas L. 1909. Mantispidos nuevos [I]. Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Y Artes de Barcelona 3: 473 - 485." type="journal article" year="1909">Navás, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; the latter three extant and distributed from South America to southern North America (
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<figureCitation id="13162A7F356458539E22F98DF97FDB0A" box="[574,637,1622,1644]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[162,240,727,746]" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution of extant and fossil Mantispidae." pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9236FA356458539C92F95FFFFEDEDF" blockId="2.[142,758,1668,1905]" lastBlockId="2.[806,1423,195,1904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B959EAE8356458539C92F95FFBFBDBFF" box="[142,249,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Remarks:</emphasis>
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The species of the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539E4CF95FF9F7DBFC" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" box="[592,757,1668,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Symphrasinae">Symphrasinae</taxonomicName>
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are easily distinguished from others of the family, in particular by a short Sc that always terminates within the pterostigma, so that the pterostigma is located between R1 and the costal margin. In other mantispids (except
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539D5CF8C5FAE7DA55" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="1997" box="[320,485,1822,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Mesomantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959EAE8356458539D5CF8C5FAE7DA55" box="[320,485,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Mesomantispa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) the Sc approaches R1 and terminates distal to the pterostigma (the latter is always located anterior to Sc). The majority of extant symphrasine species have been examined, with no exceptions found (K. M. Hoffman, pers. comm. 2004;
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<collectingCountry id="F33A766A356458539F3AFEDAF859DC70" box="[806,859,257,278]" name="Vietnam" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">V. N.</collectingCountry>
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Makarkin, pers. observ.). Some published drawings incorrectly imply that Sc is bent to R1 and then fused with R
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the subfamily (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B3564585398E9FEE5FE88DC32" author="Tjeder B" box="[1269,1418,318,340]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="256 - 314" refId="ref13471" refString="Tjeder B. 1959. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 2. Family Berothidae. In: Hanstrom B, Brinck P, Rudebec G, eds. South African Animal Life Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950 - 51., Vol. 6. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. 256 - 314." type="book chapter" year="1959">Tjeder, 1959</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 244;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539F8FFE86FF5BDC14" author="Willmann R" box="[915,1113,349,371]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="253 - 265" refId="ref13932" refString="Willmann R. 1990. The phylogenetic position of the Rhachiberothinae and the basal sister-group relationships within the Mantispidae (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology 15: 253 - 265." type="journal article" year="1990">Willmann, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 16;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B3564585398CDFE86FE89DC14" author="Hoffman KM" box="[1233,1419,349,371]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="251 - 275" refId="ref11521" refString="Hoffman KM. 2002. Family Mantispidae. In: Penny ND, ed. A Guide to the Lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 53: 251 - 275." type="journal article" year="2002">Hoffman, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 537). In symphrasine species the terminal portion of Sc, and generally the veins within the pterostigma, are inconspicuous. Sc seems to disappear distal to 3sc-r1, making it appear to terminate on R1. Although it is often poorly visible, in all species the Sc actually continues distal to 3sc-r1. This can be deduced from the observation that a number of veinlets terminate on C within the pterostigma (i.e. distal to 3sc-r1), but because they do not arise from R1, this probably indicates the presence of the Sc distal to 3sc-r
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these species. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539FA9FD74FF58DFA2" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="1997" box="[949,1114,687,708]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Mesomantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B959EAE8356458539FA9FD74FF58DFA2" box="[949,1114,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Mesomantispa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the Sc appears to also terminate at R1, but the true relationship is unclear (see below). The structure of the distal part of the Sc in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539F48FCD1F8FBDE46" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" box="[852,1017,778,800]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Symphrasinae">Symphrasinae</taxonomicName>
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is similar to that of some
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539928FCD1F8A2DE59" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Rhachiberothidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhachiberothidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539FF0FCF2FF6EDE59" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1906" box="[1004,1132,809,831]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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, in that the Sc is far removed from R1 and often poorly discernible (it is sometimes atrophied) distal to 3sc-r (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539900FCBDF8CBDEFC" author="Aspock U & Mansell MW" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="181 - 206" refId="ref10723" refString="Aspock U, Mansell MW. 1994. A revision of the family Rhachiberothidae Tjeder, 1959, stat. n. (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology 19: 181 - 206." type="journal article" year="1994">Aspöck & Mansell, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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||
: fig. 43 for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539859FC5EFE10DEFD" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1959" box="[1093,1298,901,923]" class="Insecta" family="Rhachiberothidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhachiberothidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539902FC5EF8FFDEDE" author="Archibald SB & Makarkin VN" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="59 - 74" refId="ref10691" refString="Archibald SB, Makarkin VN. 2004. New genus of minute Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Early Eocene amber of British Columbia. Canadian Entomologist 136: 59 - 74." type="journal article" year="2004">Archibald & Makarkin, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3 for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539872FC78FFF2DEDF" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1906" box="[1134,1264,931,953]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9236FA356458539F23FC19FE8CD9AB" blockId="2.[806,1423,195,1904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">
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The relationships of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539823FC19FE08DEBE" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1959" box="[1087,1290,962,984]" class="Insecta" family="Rhachiberothidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhachiberothidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D7935645853994EFC19F89ADE91" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Symphrasinae">Symphrasinae</taxonomicName>
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remain unclear. They are obviously closely related (e.g.
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539FD5FC24FF63D973" author="Tjeder B" box="[969,1121,1023,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="256 - 314" refId="ref13471" refString="Tjeder B. 1959. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 2. Family Berothidae. In: Hanstrom B, Brinck P, Rudebec G, eds. South African Animal Life Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950 - 51., Vol. 6. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. 256 - 314." type="book chapter" year="1959">Tjeder, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539864FC24FE38D972" author="Willmann R" box="[1144,1338,1023,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="253 - 265" refId="ref13932" refString="Willmann R. 1990. The phylogenetic position of the Rhachiberothinae and the basal sister-group relationships within the Mantispidae (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology 15: 253 - 265." type="journal article" year="1990">Willmann, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B35645853994CFC24FE88D972" author="Willmann R" box="[1360,1418,1023,1044]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="177 - 203" refId="ref13963" refString="Willmann R. 1994. Die phylogenetische Position ursprunglicher Mantispidae (Insecta, Planipennia) aus dem Mesozoikum und Alt-Tertiar. Verhandlungen des Vereins fur Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung zu Hamburg 34: 177 - 203." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539F3AFBC5FF6CD952" author="Aspock U & Nemeschkal HL" box="[806,1134,1054,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="45 - 63" refId="ref10757" refString="Aspock U, Nemeschkal HL. 1998. A cladistic analysis of the Berothidae (Neuroptera). Acta Zoologica Fennica 209: 45 - 63." type="journal article" year="1998">Aspöck & Nemeschkal, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the question asked by Tjeder in 1959 remains relevant: ‘is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D7935645853991AFBE6FE8FD934" authorityName="Hagen" authorityYear="1877" box="[1286,1421,1085,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Symphrasis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959EAE835645853991AFBE6FE8FD934" box="[1286,1421,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Symphrasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B959EAE8356458539F32FB87F84ED917" box="[814,844,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">sic</emphasis>
|
||
, read as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539FAEFB80FF5BD917" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" box="[946,1113,1115,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Symphrasinae">Symphrasinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] really as closely related to the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539F8DFBA1FF22D9F6" authorityName="LEACH" authorityYear="1815" box="[913,1056,1146,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mantispidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as to be included in that family?’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B356458539F31FB42F8F5D9C9" author="Tjeder B" box="[813,1015,1177,1199]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="256 - 314" refId="ref13471" refString="Tjeder B. 1959. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 2. Family Berothidae. In: Hanstrom B, Brinck P, Rudebec G, eds. South African Animal Life Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950 - 51., Vol. 6. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. 256 - 314." type="book chapter" year="1959">Tjeder, 1959: 275</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This problem is, however, outside the scope of this paper (see also below under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D7935645853990AFB6CFE7CD9AA" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2004" box="[1302,1406,1207,1228]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Whalfera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B959EAE835645853990AFB6CFE7CD9AA" box="[1302,1406,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">Whalfera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9236FA356458529F23FB0DFAF7DD9E" blockId="2.[806,1423,195,1904]" lastBlockId="3.[162,776,195,248]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="704" pageId="2" pageNumber="703">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539F69FB0DFF18D98A" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" box="[885,1050,1238,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Symphrasinae">Symphrasinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are considered to be the sister group of [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539F80FB2EFF35D86D" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[924,1079,1269,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Drepanicinae">Drepanicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D7935645853987BFB2EFE28D86D" baseAuthorityName="Lambkin" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[1127,1322,1269,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calomantispinae">Calomantispinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D7935645853994DFB2EF886D84C" baseAuthorityName="Lambkin" baseAuthorityYear="1986" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mantispinae">Mantispinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)] and they are regarded to be the most plesiomorphic mantispids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B0B35645853982DFAE9FFF7D82E" author="Lambkin KJ" box="[1073,1269,1330,1352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" pagination="1 - 142" refId="ref11772" refString="Lambkin KJ. 1986 a. A revision of the Australian Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) with a contribution to the classification of the family I. General and Drepanicinae. Australian Journal of Zoology (Supplementary Series) 116: 1 - 142." type="journal article" year="1986">Lambkin, 1986a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We believe that the latter concept requires some re-examination, however. Indeed, some character states of their venation and prothorax are plesiomorphic in the family [compare characters (5), (15), and (16) of the subfamily diagnosis – additionally, the humeral veinlet in the forewing is recurrent and the anterior part of the pronotum is not closed ventrally (i.e. not tubular) in some species].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539FCFF9FCFF78DB5B" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" box="[979,1146,1575,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Symphrasinae">Symphrasinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, possess more numerous and striking apomorphic character states in their venation and in the structure of their foreleg and abdomen [characters (1)–(4), (6)–(8), and (10)–(14) of the subfamily diagnosis]. Most of these states are plesiomorphic in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D7935645853981EF91AFF9CDBB1" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[1026,1182,1729,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Drepanicinae">Drepanicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The exceptions are some apomorphies of this subfamily, e.g. CuP in the hindwing is absent; the basal crossvein r-m is either upright or at most inclined, but not sinuate; and the prothorax is entirely tubular (but all of these characters are shared by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356458539FEAF881FF87DA16" authorityName="LEACH" authorityYear="1815" box="[1014,1157,1882,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mantispidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Calomantispidae). So,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356558529CD0FF18FA67DDBF" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[204,357,195,217]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="704" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Drepanicinae">Drepanicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be considered at least as plesiomorphic as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D79356558529D54FF39FAF3DD9E" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" box="[328,497,226,248]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="704" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Symphrasinae">Symphrasinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |