466 lines
41 KiB
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466 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.44.8693" ID-PMC="PMC4329390" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-44-39" ID-Pensoft-UUID="2F7D0B61EB037257FFD5B7587923FFB7" ID-PubMed="25698893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576261" ModsDocID="1314-2003-44-39" checkinTime="1451251619874" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saerkinen, Tiina, Gonzales, Paul & Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2015" docId="8D57A05B5FCE51A3B82F4472FC57A9D7" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 44: 39-64" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 44" docPubDate="2015-01-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.44.8693" docTitle="Solanum arenicola Saerkinen & P. Gonzales 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="2F7D0B61EB037257FFD5B7587923FFB7" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="2F7D0B61EB037257FFD5B7587923FFB7" masterDocTitle="Four new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) species from South America" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1668141277134" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Four new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) species from South America</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, EH 3 5 LR Edinburgh, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">tiinasarkinen@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gonzales, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Floristica, Departamento de Dicotiledoneas, Museo de Historia Natural - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Avenida Arenales 1256, Apartado Postal 14 - 0434, Lima, Peru</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW 7 5 BD London, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2015-01-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>44</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>39</mods:start>
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<mods:end>64</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.44.8693</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.44.8693</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-44-39</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">2F7D0B61EB037257FFD5B7587923FFB7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576261</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182228481" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8D57A05B5FCE51A3B82F4472FC57A9D7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D57A05B5FCE51A3B82F4472FC57A9D7" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName LSID="8D57A05B-5FCE-51A3-B82F-4472FC57A9D7" authority="Särkinen & P. Gonzáles" authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola" status="sp. nov.">
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Solanum arenicola
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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& P.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gonzáles">Gonzales</normalizedToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="10" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photos of Solanum arenicola. A Habit B Buds and flowers, showing the dense indumentum of glandular-tipped, multi-cellular hairs throughout C Maturing fruits, showing reflexed pedicels in infrutescence D Leaf size and shape variation present within individuals as observed in the field (A-D Saerkinen & Balarezo 4866). Scale bars = 1 mm. All photos by T. Saerkinen." pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution map of Solanum arenicola in lowlands of central and southern Peru, and northern Bolivia." pageId="10" pageNumber="49">-6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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Like
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aloysiifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aloysiifolium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Solanum aloysiifolium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Dunal, but differing in having simple, sub-umbellate inflorescences, and a dense indumentum of multicellular glandular-tipped trichomes; also similar to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum subtusviolaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subtusviolaceum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Solanum subtusviolaceum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Bitter, but differing in having internodal inflorescences, much reduced calyx lobes to only 0.5 mm long, corolla deeply lobed to 2/3 of the way to the base, and a more exerted style extending 2-3 mm beyond the anther cone at anthesis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Peru. Madre de Dios:</emphasis>
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Prov. Tambopata, in the boat harbor of Infierno, c. 20 km SW by road from Puerto Maldonado,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="06" value="-12.735001">12°44'06"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="47" value="-69.22972">69°13'47"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 186 m, 3 Aug 2014 (fl,fr),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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T.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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& A. Balarezo 4866
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</emphasis>
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(holotype: USM; isotypes (to be distributed): BM, E, F, GHMDD, HOXA, MO, MOL).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Herb or vigorous, weak-stemmed shrub 0.2-1.5 m tall. Stems angled, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple, translucent, uniseriate 3-8-celled trichomes 0.8-2 mm long with glandular tips; new growth densely pubescent with spreading glandular trichomes like those of the stem. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, 2.6-13 cm long, 0.8-5 cm wide, ovate to broadly ovate, membranous; adaxial surface glabrous; abaxial surface paler or tinged with purple, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stem restricted to the veins; primary veins 5-7 pairs; base acute to cuneate and decurrent on the petiole; margins variable in shape from entire to undulate to shallowly lobed; apex acute-acuminate; petiole 0.5-5.0 cm long, sparsely to densely pubescent with glandular trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences 2.0-3.5 cm long, lateral and internodal, simple, with 3-8(9) flowers, sparsely to densely pubescent with spreading glandular trichomes like those of the stem; peduncle 1.0-2.4 cm long; pedicels 0.5-0.7 cm long, ca. 0.3 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4 mm at apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars unevenly spaced 1.0-2.5 mm apart. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla strongly exerted from the calyx tube long before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect; calyx tube ca. 1 mm long, shallow, the lobes 0.2-0.5 mm long, triangular with acute apices, sparsely to densely pubescent with glandular trichomes like those of the stem; corolla 8-12 mm in diameter, stellate, white with a purple-yellow or yellow-green central eye at the base, lobed 2/3 to the base, the lobes ca. 3.5-4.0 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, densely pubescent abaxially with glandular trichomes like those of the stems, glabrous adaxially; filament tube 1.0-1.2 mm long; free portion of the filaments slightly unequal in length, the lower two ca. 1.5 mm long, the upper three ca. 1.0-1.2 mm long, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate 1-3-celled trichomes on the side facing the ovary; anthers 3.0-4.0 mm long, 0.8-0.9 mm wide at base and 0.5-0.6 mm wide at apex, cylindrical, narrowing towards the apex, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age; ovary ellipsoid, glabrous; style 4-5.7 mm long, exerted 2.0-3.0 mm beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent up to 2/3 of the length with 1-6-celled simple uniseriate trichomes, these longer at the base and becoming gradually shorter towards the middle; stigma clavate, minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 3.5-7.0 mm in diameter, green, turning black when ripe; fruiting peduncle 2.0 cm long; fruiting pedicels 1.0-2.0 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base and 0.6 mm at apex, strongly recurved; fruiting calyx lobes appressed to the berry, the tips not reflexed. Seeds 35-45 per berry, ca. 0.8 mm long, ca. 0.6 mm wide, flattened-reniform, narrowing towards one end, yellow, the sub-laterally positioned hilum positioned towards the narrower end, the testal cells pentagonal in outline; stone cells few per fruit.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="49" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Figure 5.</emphasis>
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Photos of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
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Habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">B</emphasis>
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Buds and flowers, showing the dense indumentum of glandular-tipped, multi-cellular hairs throughout
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">C</emphasis>
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Maturing fruits, showing reflexed pedicels in infrutescence
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">D</emphasis>
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Leaf size and shape variation present within individuals as observed in the field (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">A-D</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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& Balarezo 4866
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</emphasis>
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). Scale bars = 1 mm. All photos by T.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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In lowland Bolivia and Peru; in lowland moist rain forest in sandbanks and river margins, tree fall gaps, and in disturbed sites near housing and fields in open, sandy soil, with occasional records from seasonally dry semi-deciduous forests with
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Hura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hura crepitans" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crepitans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="50" start="start">Hura</pageBreakToken>
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crepitans
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L. (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Harms" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Spreng." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Phytolaccaceae" genus="Gallesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gallesia integrifolia" order="Centrospermae" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="integrifolia">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Gallesia integrifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Spreng.) Harms (
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Phytolaccaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Phytolaccaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Bougainvillea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bougainvillea modesta" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="modesta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Bougainvillea modesta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Heimer (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nyctaginaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Anadenanthera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Anadenanthera colubrina" order="Centrospermae" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="colubrina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Anadenanthera colubrina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Vell.) Brenan (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Spegazzini" authorityYear="1923" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Amaranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
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); most commonly associated with lowland rain forest pioneer species, including
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Salix humboldtiana" order="Salicales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="humboldtiana">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Salix humboldtiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Willd. (
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Salicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Salicales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruiz & Pav" authorityYear="1798" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Tessaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tessaria integrifolia" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolia">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Tessaria integrifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Ruiz & Pav. (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruiz & Pavon" authorityYear="1794" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cecropia" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Cecropia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bentham" authorityYear="1840" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Calliandra" order="Fabales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Calliandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bentham" authorityYear="1840" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Neea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Neea" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Neea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nyctaginaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Clusiaceae" genus="Garcinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Garcinia" order="Guttiferales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Garcinia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. (
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Clusiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Guttiferales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Clusiaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Solms-Laub" authorityYear="1889" baseAuthorityName="Poepp. & Endl." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caricaceae" genus="Jacaratia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Jacaratia digitata" order="Violales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="digitata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Jacaratia digitata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Poepp. & Endl.) Solms (
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caricaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Violales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Caricaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and annual herbs such as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohrb" authorityYear="1872" baseAuthorityName="Ruiz & Pavon" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Molluginaceae" genus="Glinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glinus radiatus" order="Centrospermae" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="radiatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Glinus radiatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Ruiz & Pav.) Rohrb. (
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Molluginaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Molluginaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
),
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Physalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physalis angulata" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="angulata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Physalis angulata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Physalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physalis peruviana" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="peruviana">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Physalis peruviana</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L., and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Mill. (Solanceae); 0-600 (1,300) m elevation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="50" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
|
Distribution map of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in lowlands of central and southern Peru, and northern Bolivia.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="50" type="ecology">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Flowering January-February and August-October, fruiting September-October.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="50" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is named for its habitat preference as deduced from both field observations and specimen labels. The species prefers growing on sand (
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">cola</emphasis>
|
|
= "liver on", and
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">arena</emphasis>
|
|
=
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“sand”">"sand"</normalizedToken>
|
|
) and is most commonly collected from sand bars, loose sandy soils on land slides, at the base of tree falls on open, loosened sandy soil, or in open-sandy soils in disturbed areas around houses and cultivated plots.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="50" type="conservation status">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
|
The preliminary
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="18" pageNumber="57" publicationUrl="http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf" refId="B15" refString="IUCN, 2010. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 8.0. [March 2010]., http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 8.0. [March 2010]" url="http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf" year="2010">IUCN (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
conservation status of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is here considered of least concern (LC) based on the relatively large EOO (c. 412,600 km2), although the small AOO (56 km2) would merit listing with endangered (EN) status. The species grows in disturbed sites along rivers, tree falls, and cultivations where bare sandy soils are available, and its association with other pioneer species indicates that the species is not sensitive to human disturbance from expanding construction and agriculture.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="50" type="specimens examined">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">BOLIVIA. Beni:</emphasis>
|
|
Prov. Ballivian, Carmen Florida, Rio Beni, 7 km upstream from Rurrenabaque, 320m, 13 Sep 1989,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">D.E. Williams 960</emphasis>
|
|
(US);
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">La Paz:</emphasis>
|
|
Prov. Abel Iturralde, Parque Nacional Madidi, laguna Chalalan,
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Yariapo, c.
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="41" value="-14.444722">14°26'41"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="05" value="-67.88472">67°53'05"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 275m, 26 Sep 2006,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
|
A.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Araújo-M">Araujo-M</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 3130
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(NY); Prov. Franz Tamayo, Tuichi,
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
San Juan, Buenahora.,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="01" value="-14.200277">14°12'01"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="39" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="21" value="-68.65584">68°39'21"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 840m, 1 Oct 2005,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
|
A.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Araújo-M">Araujo-M</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 2071
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(BM);
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Pando:</emphasis>
|
|
Prov. Manuripi, large sandbar in
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
Madre de Dios, 8 km (by air) NNE of Nueva Etea,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="south" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-11.25">11°15'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-66.95">66°57'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 125m, 22 Aug 1985,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">M. Nee 31497</emphasis>
|
|
(K); Prov. Madre de Dios, Puerto Candelaria, along the Rio Madre de Dios, 21 km (by air) WSW of Riberalta, c.
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="south" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-11.033334">11°02'00"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-66.25">66°15'00"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 125m, 18 Aug 1985,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">M. Nee 31398</emphasis>
|
|
(NY); Prov. Manuripi, Conquista, Embarcadero sobre el Madre de Dios, 150m, 2 Feb 1983,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
|
J.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
|
|
Casas 8591
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(NY); Along Rio Madre de Dios between Trinidadcito and San Miguel, 50 km (by air) WSW of Riberalta, c.
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="south" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-11.1">11°06'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-66.51667">66°31'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 125m, 21 Aug 1985,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">M. Nee 31483</emphasis>
|
|
(NY); Along Rio Madre de Dios, Camacho,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="south" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-11.533334">11°32'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="42" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.7">67°42'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 135m, 2 Sep 1985,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">M. Nee 31724</emphasis>
|
|
(NY);
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Santa Cruz:</emphasis>
|
|
Ichilo: Parque Nacional
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Amboró">Amboro</normalizedToken>
|
|
, along Rio Saguayo, 0.5 km NE of entrance into first Andean foothills, 1465m, 22 Dec 1988,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">M. Nee 37350</emphasis>
|
|
(MO, US);
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">PERU. Cusco:</emphasis>
|
|
Prov. Paucartambo, 6 Aug 1974,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">R.B. Foster et al. 3021</emphasis>
|
|
(USM);
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Junín">Junin</normalizedToken>
|
|
:
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Chanchamayo: La Merced, 610m, 10 Aug 1923,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">J.F. Macbride, 5314</emphasis>
|
|
(F); Chanchamayo: Rd from San Ramon past Vitoc to Union Mantish, past Rio Chilpes,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="south" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="08" value="-11.252222">11°15'08"S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="36" value="-75.36">75°21'36"W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 1309m, 2 Jun 2013,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
|
T.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 4831
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(USM);
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Madre de Dios:</emphasis>
|
|
Prov. Tambopata, Explorer'S, Inn, nr the confluence of Rio Tambopata and Rio La Torre, 39 km SW of Puerto Maldonado, 400m along the Laguna Chica Trail, c.
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-12.833333">12°50'S</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-69.333336">69°20'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 17 Jan 1989,
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">S.F. Smith et al. 1354</emphasis>
|
|
(NY).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="51" start="start">Discussion</pageBreakToken>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
can be easily distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Mill., the only other similar Morelloid species found in lowland Amazonia; it has larger anthers which are 3.0-3.2 mm long in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as compared to the minute anthers <1.5 mm of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Specimens without locality information can be easily confused with
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
M.Martens & Galeotti of Central and northern South America,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aloysiifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aloysiifolium">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum aloysiifolium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Dunal of middle to high elevation Argentina and Bolivia or
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum subtusviolaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subtusviolaceum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum subtusviolaceum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Bitter of low to middle elevation Peru and Bolivia. Both
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have simple inflorescences, but
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
differs in having longer anthers (3.0-3.2 mm) compared to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1.5-2.2 mm) and in the possession of glandular hairs (
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is eglandular). The anthers are similar in size and shape to those of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aloysiifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aloysiifolium">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum aloysiifolium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has simple inflorescences and glandular-tipped hairs, while
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aloysiifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aloysiifolium">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum aloysiifolium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has branched inflorescences (sometimes many branched) and lacks glandular hairs.
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum subtusviolaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subtusviolaceum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum subtusviolaceum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
possesses the same dense, glandular-haired indumentum as
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but differs from it in having inflorescences with the flowers clustered near the tips positioned opposite the leaves rather than arising along the internodes, longer calyx lobes (2-3 mm versus 0.2-0.5 mm), more rotate corollas lobed only halfway to the base, and less exerted styles (to a maximum of 1 mm versus exerted to 3 mm beyond the anther cone).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is one of the few morelloids known from lowland humid forests in South America. Most morelloid species grow> 2,000 m or in drier habitats along the western slope of the Andes or in the inter-Andean valleys, whilst
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
|
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is restricted to humid forests on the eastern side of the Andes below 1,200 m elevation. Currently, the species is known from central and southern Peru and from Bolivia, but it is likely that the species also occurs in adjacent areas of Brazil in the state of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Rondônia">Rondonia</normalizedToken>
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, where the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Madre de Dios and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Beni join and cross the Brazilian border, especially considering habitat preferences of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saerkinen & P. Gonzales" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arenicola" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Solanum arenicola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for disturbed, sandy soils along river banks.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |