356 lines
72 KiB
XML
356 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="0D5C5405D14C13E16CF415EE95E822D7" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4247.4.5SLASH10676" ID-CLB-Dataset="33338" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4247.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="72af943f-ac2e-4a7a-961f-aaf7b4c42d40" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="438873" ID-ZooBank="92D9E2D4-5BA0-4446-BB98-267E231A4737" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1490774169548" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Novák, Martin" docDate="2017" docId="3139F14C6123AF190BACFF2FFE3B338F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4247.4.5SLASH10676.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4247 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lampyris noctiluca Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="440" masterDocId="CD0089346121AF120B3BFFF3FFC3366A" masterDocTitle="Redescription of immature stages of central European fireflies, Part 1: Lampyris noctiluca (Linnaeus, 1758) larva, pupa and notes on its biology (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Lampyrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="444" masterPageNumber="429" pageNumber="431" updateTime="1698438510850" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D77120FC64118939B4C70C1100C8A427">Redescription of immature stages of central European fireflies, Part 1: Lampyris noctiluca (Linnaeus, 1758) larva, pupa and notes on its biology (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Lampyrinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="30A0FC34F86BA0E0A4F24E7D0178F1CD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3B72F7940DFE593EF7BC651215D5DB76">Novák, Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C1595A424E622793706476C7A94C19F0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8794F8F9FF39193145B050FEE639FB2E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C44E3CA4591A0CEFBD54CB19339808BF">
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<mods:date id="0C3DADCDF7DE820E0CC35707AF51EA9D">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F6038F21ACA972B9E0761EB2F434480B">4247</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F032F22439129E62FE5A5B69702BA1E5" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4247.4.5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3139F14C6123AF190BACFF2FFE3B338F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6020808" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128009813" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6020808" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3139F14C6123AF190BACFF2FFE3B338F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3139F14C6123AF190BACFF2FFE3B338F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="440" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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<subSubSection id="F18A13D16123AF100BACFF2FFD9B369D" box="[151,600,220,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B92F405A6123AF100BACFF2FFD9B369D" blockId="2.[151,600,220,247]" box="[151,600,220,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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<heading id="E267F7366123AF100BACFF2FFD9B369D" bold="true" box="[151,600,220,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7E903BD96123AF100BACFF2FFD9B369D" ID-CoL="3S647" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,600,220,247]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
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<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100BACFF2FFD9B369D" bold="true" box="[151,600,220,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100BACFF2FFE43369C" bold="true" box="[151,384,220,246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="DD013DAB6123AF100AABFF2EFD93369D" author="Linnaeus" box="[400,592,221,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F18A13D16123AF100BACFED7FBCD370A" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B92F405A6123AF100BACFED7FBCD370A" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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<materialsCitation id="09F84A076123AF100BACFED7FBCD370A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1451082302" collectingDate="2013-09" country="Slovenia" location="Material" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ljubljana">
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<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100BACFED7FE453757" bold="true" box="[151,390,292,317]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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<location id="BC4F16816123AF100BACFED7FF3C3757" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3139F14C6123AF190BACFF2FFE3B338F:BC4F16816123AF100BACFED7FF3C3757" box="[151,255,292,317]" country="Slovenia" name="Material" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="Ljubljana">Material</location>
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examined.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="7B548EB86123AF100AA8FED7FE3D3757" box="[403,510,292,317]" country="Slovenia" name="Ljubljana" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Ljubljana</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="C18700CA6123AF100928FED7FDB93757" box="[531,634,292,317]" name="Slovenia" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
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), three higher instar larvae out of six collected in the first half of
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<collectingDate id="DD6A9F726123AF100BACFEB4FE8E370A" box="[151,333,327,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2013-09">
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<date id="CD2E669A6123AF100BACFEB4FE8E370A" box="[151,333,327,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2013-09">September 2013</date>
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</collectingDate>
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and 2015, three pupae reared from remaining collected larvae.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F18A13D16123AF100BFCFE9FFAF1347E" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="B92F405A6123AF100BFCFE9FFAF1347E" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100BFCFE9FFE8237EF" bold="true" box="[199,321,364,389]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Larvae robust, dark brown or black; with light coloured spots on posterolateral margins on pronotum and every tergite except caudal segment; pronotum concave on posterior margin; maxillary palpomere II with inner-lateral sagittal slot; mandibles with retinaculum forming a sharp inner tooth; mandibular channel covered with thick blunt seta; microscopic granulose protuberances, densely occurring on sclerites and legs; photic organ represented by a pair of conspicuous whitish spots located on pleurites of abdominal segment VIII.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F18A13D16123AF190BFCFDECFE3B338F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="440" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B92F405A6123AF100BFCFDECFE733565" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100BFCFDECFDD43452" bold="true" box="[199,535,543,568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Description of mature larva</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF10091CFDECFD4D3452" box="[551,654,543,568]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Lampyris noctiluca. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (3); lateral view (4). General habitus of mature larva photographed dry in dorsal (5) and ventral (6) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (7); lateral view (8). Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438874/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Figs 1–8</figureCitation>
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). Fusiform and robust; slightly flattened dorsoventrally. Body length
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<quantity id="7E68EDBF6123AF100BACFDB7FED53436" box="[151,278,580,604]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" unit="mm" value="21.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="20.0">20–23 mm</quantity>
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(from the anterior margin of pronotum to the apex of caudal segment); with 3 thoracic and 10 abdominal segments. Tergites from pronotum to abdominal segment IX extending laterally to cover the rest of the body and divided by sagittal line in dorsal view. Colouration: body dark brown or black, with distinct pinkish or yellowish spots on posterolateral margins on pronotum and every tergite except caudal segment. Spiracles on pleural plates of light colouration. Photic organ represented by a pair of whitish spots located on pleurites of abdominal segment VIII.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B92F405A6123AF100BFCFCEFFA5F3532" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100BFCFCEFFE7C355F" box="[199,447,796,821]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Cuticular outgrowths</emphasis>
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). 1. Stout, short, blunt, oblique setae (
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100891FCEFFBC9355E" box="[938,1034,796,821]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1791,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 16. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of head in dorsal (14); anterior (15) and ventral (16) views. Abbreviations: sc—sensillum coeloconicum; st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438876/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Figs 14</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100F24FCEFFBFD355E" box="[1055,1086,796,820]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 22" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 22. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">20</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100F69FCEFFBB2355F" box="[1106,1137,796,821]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of leg in general view (23, framed area enlarged in Fig. 24); pretarsus (24). Detail of body surface on legs (25) and pronotum (26). Abbreviations: st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum; gp—granulose protuberances." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438879/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">26</figureCitation>
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; st); 2. dense granulose protuberances (
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100A78FCCCFE563532" box="[323,405,831,856]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of leg in general view (23, framed area enlarged in Fig. 24); pretarsus (24). Detail of body surface on legs (25) and pronotum (26). Abbreviations: st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum; gp—granulose protuberances." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438879/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
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; gp); 3. long stout setae (
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100991FCCCFCC23532" box="[682,769,831,856]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 22" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 22. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Figs 20</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100837FCB3FC973532" box="[780,852,831,856]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of leg in general view (23, framed area enlarged in Fig. 24); pretarsus (24). Detail of body surface on legs (25) and pronotum (26). Abbreviations: st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum; gp—granulose protuberances." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438879/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">23, 25</figureCitation>
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; sch); 4. coeloconical receptors (
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100FFBFCCCFAD53532" box="[1216,1302,831,856]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1791,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 16. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of head in dorsal (14); anterior (15) and ventral (16) views. Abbreviations: sc—sensillum coeloconicum; st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438876/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Figs 14</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100E1AFCB3FAAA3532" box="[1313,1385,832,856]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 22" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 22. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">20, 21</figureCitation>
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; sc).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B92F405A6123AF100BFCFC97FDA032AA" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100BFCFC97FEA53517" box="[199,358,868,893]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Head capsule</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100A47FC97FE373516" box="[380,500,868,893]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Lampyris noctiluca. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0, 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
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Figs 9
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<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100AF2FC97FE143517" bold="true" box="[457,471,868,893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">–</emphasis>
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11
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF10093DFC97FD923517" box="[518,593,868,893]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1791,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 16. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of head in dorsal (14); anterior (15) and ventral (16) views. Abbreviations: sc—sensillum coeloconicum; st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438876/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">14–16</figureCitation>
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). Prognathous; retractable within prothorax, extensible neck membrane forming a two layered envelope around retracted head; of equal width and length; slightly widening posteriorly. Epicranial plate laterally about the same size as width of head capsule at its shortest width, with one stout seta anterolateraly close to the base of antenna. Head capsule dorsally covered with short blunt setae lying on surface and coeloconical receptors (
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100AEAFC07FDEB3266" box="[465,552,1012,1037]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1791,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 16. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of head in dorsal (14); anterior (15) and ventral (16) views. Abbreviations: sc—sensillum coeloconicum; st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438876/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Figs 14</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF10090FFC07FD903266" box="[564,595,1012,1036]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 22" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 22. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">21</figureCitation>
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; sc). Epicranial suture hardly distinguishable for its dark pigmentation, but present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100BC2FBE4FE8F325A" box="[249,332,1047,1072]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Lampyris noctiluca. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0, 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). One stemma on each side of head. Labrum fused to clypeus forming a clypeolabrum, covering base of mandibles in dorsal view. Clypeolabrum slightly double-arched in anterior view, with one long seta on each lateral corner, reaching the apex of mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100997FBACFCC33212" box="[684,768,1119,1144]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1791,1814]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,215,1757]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 16. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of head in dorsal (14); anterior (15) and ventral (16) views. Abbreviations: sc—sensillum coeloconicum; st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438876/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Epipharynx formed by two plates, and an anterior pair of brushes of long setae on each plate, which project centrally past anterior margin of head. Hypopharynx covered with long setation. Gula absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100939FB54FD9632AA" box="[514,597,1191,1216]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Lampyris noctiluca. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0, 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6123AF100BFCFB3FFCD33027" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100BFCFB3FFEE63289" box="[199,293,1228,1251]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100A0CFB3FFE7C328E" box="[311,447,1228,1253]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 22" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 22. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Figs 20–22</figureCitation>
|
||
). Trimerous, inserted on lateral distal margin of epicranial plate; partially retractable within membranous socket. Basal antennomere widest, fully sclerotized, bearing short setae lying on surface, coeloconical receptors and several long oblique setae near the apical region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100F21FAE7FBB13346" box="[1050,1138,1300,1325]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 22" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 22. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
). Several long stout setae placed radially on the anterior margin, with a distinct seta on inner lateral area of antennomere. Second antennomere slightly shorter than first, laterally flattened; bearing numerous short setae lying on surface irregularly scattered over the antennomere, together with several coeloconical receptors (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100F29FA8CFBA433F2" box="[1042,1127,1407,1432]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 22" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 22. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
; sc) and four stout setaefirst three in the middle and on apex of inner margin of antennomere, fourth on apical region of outer lateral margin of antennomere. Sensorium of second antennomere (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF1009C1FA34FC41338A" box="[762,898,1479,1504]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 22" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 22. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Figs 21, 22</figureCitation>
|
||
; as) oval, widest at the base, closely touching second antennomere, shorter than third antennomere with no visible surface pattern. Third antennomere (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100E04FA1FFF753042" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 22" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,207,1749]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 22. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Figs 21, 22</figureCitation>
|
||
; aIII) shortest, bearing four short setae; one basal and three apical, together with a pair of short cuticular projections; ventrally apical thick and dorsal-apical thin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6123AF100BFCF9A4FB7631B3" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486123AF100BFCF9A4FEDD301A" box="[199,286,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100A16F9A4FEBC301A" box="[301,383,1623,1648]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Lampyris noctiluca. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0, 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Consisting of five parts, attached by membrane to labium forming a maxillo-labial complex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100BA4F98FFF3930FE" box="[159,250,1660,1685]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cardo transverse, sub-rectangular, slightly wider than long. Stipes elongated, ventrally relatively glabrous, setae mainly on distal half, with three long stout setae placed radially on ventral apical region; dorsolaterally covered with short setation lying on surface. Galea bimerous, basal part sub-cylindrical, slightly wider than distal, with long dorsal setation partially covering distal part; distal part sub-cylindrical, inclined centrally, with short setae and one apical seta longer than body of the distal part. Lacinia with a brush of long setae on outer lateral margin. Palpifer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100937F8DCFDA33122" box="[524,608,1839,1864]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
; pf) large, rectangular, about the same length and width. Maxillary palpus trimerous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100A2AF8A7FE503106" box="[273,403,1876,1901]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Figs 17, 18</figureCitation>
|
||
; mpI, mpII, mpIII), basal and second palpomere short and wide. Palpifer and palpomeres I– II covered with several setae mainly on outer dorsolateral margin; palpomere III (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF100F02F884FB4D31FA" box="[1081,1166,1911,1936]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
; mpIII) irregularly subconical, thick, blunt, with an inner longitudinal lateroapical sensory slot (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6123AF1008E2F86FFBEE31DE" box="[985,1069,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
; ses), small seta on outer lateral region and short outer lateral longitudinal sensory slot covered with thin seta lying on surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EDEF10D26122AF110BACF8A7FAF231C2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438874/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6122AF110BACF8A7FAF231C2" blockId="3.[151,1436,1876,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486122AF110BACF8A7FEFE3100" bold="true" box="[151,317,1876,1899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">FIGURES 1–8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E903BD96122AF110A7DF8A5FDCF3101" box="[326,524,1877,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486122AF110A7DF8A5FDCF3101" box="[326,524,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (3); lateral view (4). General habitus of mature larva photographed dry in dorsal (5) and ventral (6) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (7); lateral view (8). Scale bar: 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EDEF10D26125AF160BACF8A7FDD931C2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="433" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6125AF160BACF8A7FDD931C2" blockId="4.[151,1436,1876,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="433">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486125AF160BACF8A7FE843100" bold="true" box="[151,327,1876,1899]" pageId="4" pageNumber="433">FIGURES 9–13.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E903BD96125AF160A75F8A5FDD13101" box="[334,530,1877,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486125AF160A75F8A5FDD13101" box="[334,530,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="433">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0,5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EDEF10D26124AF170BACF90CFC2F315F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438876/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="434" targetBox="[151,1436,215,1757]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6124AF170BACF90CFC2F315F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1791,1845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486124AF170BACF90CFE90317F" bold="true" box="[151,339,1791,1814]" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">FIGURES 14–16.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E903BD96124AF170A61F8F2FDDE317C" box="[346,541,1792,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486124AF170A61F8F2FDDE317C" box="[346,541,1792,1814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. SEM image of head in dorsal (14); anterior (15) and ventral (16) views. Abbreviations: sc—sensillum coeloconicum; st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EDEF10D26127AF140BACF906FC233120" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" targetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6127AF140BACF906FC233120" blockId="6.[151,1436,1781,1866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486127AF140BACF906FE943161" bold="true" box="[151,343,1781,1804]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">FIGURES 17–19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E903BD96127AF140A5BF904FDE43166" box="[352,551,1782,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486127AF140A5BF904FDE43166" box="[352,551,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp1, lp2—labial palpus 1, 2; mpI–IIImaxillary palpus I–III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EDEF10D26126AF150BACF906FD523120" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438878/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" targetBox="[151,1436,207,1749]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6126AF150BACF906FD523120" blockId="7.[151,1435,1781,1866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486126AF150BACF906FE903161" bold="true" box="[151,339,1781,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">FIGURES 20–22.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E903BD96126AF150A62F904FDDF3166" box="[345,540,1782,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486126AF150A62F904FDDF3166" box="[345,540,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. SEM image of antenna in general view (20); anterior view (21); detail of sensorium and third antennomere (22). Abbreviations: aIII—third antennomere; as—antennal sensorium; sc—sensillum coeloconicum; stsensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EDEF10D26129AF1A0BACF8F1FE04313F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438879/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" targetBox="[151,1436,209,1751]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6129AF1A0BACF8F1FE04313F" blockId="8.[151,1436,1794,1877]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486129AF1A0BACF8F1FE97317D" bold="true" box="[151,340,1794,1817]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">FIGURES 23–26.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E903BD96129AF1A0A62F8F0FDDE3172" box="[345,541,1794,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486129AF1A0A62F8F0FDDE3172" box="[345,541,1794,1816]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. SEM image of leg in general view (23, framed area enlarged in Fig. 24); pretarsus (24). Detail of body surface on legs (25) and pronotum (26). Abbreviations: st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum; gp—granulose protuberances.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EDEF10D26128AF1B0BACF908FC34315A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438880/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1766]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6128AF1B0BACF908FC34315A" blockId="9.[151,1436,1787,1840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486128AF1B0BACF908FE97317B" bold="true" box="[151,340,1787,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">FIGURES 27–32.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E903BD96128AF1B0A60F90EFDDC3178" box="[347,543,1788,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486128AF1B0A60F90EFDDC3178" box="[347,543,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Glowing female pupa in ventral view (27). Female pupa in lateral (28) and dorsal (29) views. Male pupa in ventral (30), lateral (31) and dorsal (32) views. Scale bar: 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A6128AF180BFCF8AFFAE83777" blockId="9.[151,1436,1884,2018]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="439" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C486128AF1B0BFCF8AFFEDF311F" box="[199,284,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Labium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6128AF1B0A10F8AFFEBC311F" box="[299,383,1884,1909]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Closely attached to maxilla, formed by a short and strongly sclerotized prementum, mentum and weakly sclerotized submentum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6128AF1B0914F872FD4131F3" box="[559,642,1921,1946]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Lampyris noctiluca. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0, 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
; pm, m, sm). Glossae absent. Prementum heart-shaped in ventral view; covered with very short setation; bearing several longer blunt setae, and a pair of long stout setae, placed centrally on ventral region. Labial palpus bimerous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF6128AF1B09B7F83AFD21318B" box="[652,738,1993,2018]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
; lp1, lp2); basal palpomere wider than long, bearing several setae; distal palpomere conical, longer and narrower than basal, bearing a short thin erect seta on basal half dorsally, a longer, stout and blunt seta covering a sagittal slot positioned on outer margin and sensillum coeloconicum on outer ventrolateral side of apex. Mentum elongated, sub-triangular, unsclerotized on lateral margins, ventrally bearing numerous short setae lying on surface and a pair of long, erect setae centrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612BAF180BFCFED4FA513456" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612BAF180BFCFED4FEF0372A" box="[199,307,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Mandible</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180A7BFED4FE54372A" box="[320,407,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Lampyris noctiluca. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0, 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Figs 13</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180A98FEDBFE03372A" box="[419,448,296,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Symmetrical, falcate, with an internal channel opening subapically on outer edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180E54FED4FF75370E" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Penicillus well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180AC4FEBFFD97370E" box="[511,596,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Lampyris noctiluca. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0, 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
; pe). Retinaculum present, forming one sharp inner tooth on basal half of mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180A34FE9CFEA037E2" box="[271,355,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Lampyris noctiluca. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0, 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
; re). Inner margin of mandible from retinaculum to the base covered with stout setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180E01FE9CFA4D37E2" box="[1338,1422,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Lampyris noctiluca. Detail of head in anterior (9); ventral (10) and dorsal (11) views; right maxilla in dorsal view (12); right mandible in dorsal view (13). Abbreviations: pe—penicillus; re—retinaculum; p—prementum; m—mentum; sm—submentum. Scale bars: 0, 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438875/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Basal two-thirds of mandible ventrally with dense setation lying on surface and aimed centrally. Dorsally, mandible covered with several strong setae lying on surface, aiming medially on proximal two-thirds of each mandible. Lateral margin covered by brush of short setae lying on surface of basal two-thirds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180F5CFE2FFB7E379E" box="[1127,1213,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sensory (hyaline) appendage on outer margin of mandible before channel opening consists of a blunt thick seta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180FD7FE0CFA803472" box="[1260,1347,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
; ha). A distinct short, stout seta set in a shallow depression present dorsally at anterior end of lateral setation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180E36FDD7FA9C3456" box="[1293,1375,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 19" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1781,1804]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1747]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 19. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of maxillolabial complex in anterior view (17); maxillary palpus (18); channel opening on the left mandible (19). Abbreviations: ha—hyaline appendage; lp 1, lp 2 — labial palpus 1, 2; mpI – IIImaxillary palpus I – III; pf—maxillary palpifer; ses—sensory slot; ss—solitary seta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438877/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
; ss).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612BAF180BFCFDB4FB8D35EA" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612BAF180BFCFDB4FEDB340A" box="[199,280,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180A1CFDB4FE1C340A" box="[295,479,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Lampyris noctiluca. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (3); lateral view (4). General habitus of mature larva photographed dry in dorsal (5) and ventral (6) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (7); lateral view (8). Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438874/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Figs 1, 2, 4–6, 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Three-segmented, thoracic tergites divided by sagittal line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180FAFFDB4FB3A340A" box="[1172,1273,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Lampyris noctiluca. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (3); lateral view (4). General habitus of mature larva photographed dry in dorsal (5) and ventral (6) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (7); lateral view (8). Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438874/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Figs 1, 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pronotum of equal length and width, sub-trapezoidal, wider posteriorly, rounded at posterolateral corners, strongly concave on posterior margin. Meso- and metanotum sub-rectangular, wider than long, mesonotum longer than metanotum. Lateral areas of meso- and metathorax formed by episternum and epimeron; episternum of mesothorax bearing an annular spiracle. Prosternum rounded, wider than long, robust, well sclerotized, subdivided into three plates; lateral ones extending above and to the sides of coxae; medial plate sub-pentagonal. Meso- and metasternum subdivided by transverse fold into poorly sclerotized basisternum and well sclerotized sternellum; sternellum subdivided into three plates, lateral ones extending above and to the sides coxae, representing large episterna and smaller epimera, medial plate less sclerotized on margins, heart-shaped with wider margin posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612BAF180BFCFC7EFEC332CA" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612BAF180BFCFC7EFF3F35CE" box="[199,252,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180A30FC7FFE4E35CE" box="[267,397,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of leg in general view (23, framed area enlarged in Fig. 24); pretarsus (24). Detail of body surface on legs (25) and pronotum (26). Abbreviations: st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum; gp—granulose protuberances." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438879/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Figs 23, 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pentamerous, all pairs similar in shape and size. Coxa large, stout, covered by short sharp setae. Coxal-trochanteal membrane (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF18097AFC5CFD6E35A2" box="[577,685,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Lampyris noctiluca. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (3); lateral view (4). General habitus of mature larva photographed dry in dorsal (5) and ventral (6) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (7); lateral view (8). Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438874/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Figs 2, 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) reaching less than 1/2 of coxal length. Trochanter small, subtriangular in lateral view, shorter than femur, covered by short sharp setae. Femur slightly fusiform, widening towards apex in lateral view, covered by short sharp setae, with several large setae ventrally. Tibiotarsus as long as femur, narrower, tapering towards distal end, bearing stout short sharp setae dorsally and strong sharp erect setae ventrally. Pretarsus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180A46FBCCFE0D3232" box="[381,462,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of leg in general view (23, framed area enlarged in Fig. 24); pretarsus (24). Detail of body surface on legs (25) and pronotum (26). Abbreviations: st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum; gp—granulose protuberances." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438879/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
) composed of a claw with distinct ridges, ventrally bearing three short stout setae with fine ridges. Cuticle of leg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180AFDFB97FDDB3217" box="[454,536,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of leg in general view (23, framed area enlarged in Fig. 24); pretarsus (24). Detail of body surface on legs (25) and pronotum (26). Abbreviations: st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum; gp—granulose protuberances." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438879/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
) densely covered with grainy protuberances except for apical half of tibiotarsus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180BA4FB74FF3032CA" box="[159,243,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 26" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1794,1817]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,209,1751]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 26. Lampyris noctiluca. SEM image of leg in general view (23, framed area enlarged in Fig. 24); pretarsus (24). Detail of body surface on legs (25) and pronotum (26). Abbreviations: st—sensillum trichodeum; sch—sensillum chaeticum; gp—granulose protuberances." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438879/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612BAF180BFCFB5FFB86338E" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612BAF180BFCFB5FFEF232AF" box="[199,305,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180A7AFB5FFE6432AE" box="[321,423,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Lampyris noctiluca. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (3); lateral view (4). General habitus of mature larva photographed dry in dorsal (5) and ventral (6) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (7); lateral view (8). Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438874/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Figs 1–8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ten-segmented, tapering towards posterior end, segments I to VIII subdivided by fine sagittal line in dorsal view. Tergites of segments I to VIII sub-trapezoidal, similar in shape and colouration, wider than long; tergite of segment IX sub-rectangular; segment X forming a narrow, incompletely sclerotized dark ring, bearing the holdfast organ—pygopod (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180969FAE4FD56335A" box="[594,661,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Lampyris noctiluca. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (3); lateral view (4). General habitus of mature larva photographed dry in dorsal (5) and ventral (6) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (7); lateral view (8). Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438874/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
)—with several eversible processes. Ventrites of segments I to VIII sub-rectangular, slightly wider than long, well sclerotized, with a pair of long stout setae on posterolateral margins; ventrite of segment IX sub-trapezoidal. Pleural areas well sclerotized, pleural suture of segments I to V subdivide lateral areas into large sub-rectangular upper pleurite, bearing an annular spiracle, and narrow lower pleurite anteriorly covered; pleural segments VI to VIII with only upper pleurite bearing an annular spiracle. Segment VIII bearing photic organs ventrally on pleurites, appearing as two whitish spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF1808C8FA3FFBF4338E" box="[1011,1079,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Lampyris noctiluca. General habitus of mature larva photographed in alcohol in dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (3); lateral view (4). General habitus of mature larva photographed dry in dorsal (5) and ventral (6) views; abdominal segments VII to X in ventral view (7); lateral view (8). Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438874/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612BAF180BFCFA1CFD6830D7" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612BAF180BFCFA1CFE5D3062" bold="true" box="[199,414,1519,1544]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Larval behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E903BD9612BAF180926FA02FD3B3062" box="[541,760,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lampyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noctiluca">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612BAF180926FA02FD3B3062" box="[541,760,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Lampyris noctiluca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed to “ride” the snails, which means mounting the shell and assuming a favourable position to inject the head of the snail or its upper tentacles with lethal toxin. The larva then remains on the shell until the snail shows no signs of life. Feeding can take up to two days. The larva avoids feeding on digestive organs and can sometimes remove these organs from the shell before resuming feeding on the rest of the body. After feeding, the larva remains passive for certain time and after ca. one day excretes a dark brown fluid from the back of its abdomen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612BAF180BFCF934FD34311A" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">While collecting larvae in nature, a several seconds lasting glow was often observed, followed by a long period of darkness. In captivity, the larvae demonstrated this behaviour when disturbed. When undisturbed, the larvae occasionally showed photic behaviour of definite pulses of light lasting ca. 2 seconds, separated from the next one by a longer interval of darkness lasting ca. 4 seconds. The other photic manifestation consisted of continuous glow of weaker intensity, which could take several minutes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612BAF180BFCF88FFC7031B6" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612BAF180BFCF88FFDCF31FF" bold="true" box="[199,524,1916,1941]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Description of female pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612BAF180920F88FFD6331FE" box="[539,672,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 32" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1787,1810]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1766]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 32. Lampyris noctiluca. Glowing female pupa in ventral view (27). Female pupa in lateral (28) and dorsal (29) views. Male pupa in ventral (30), lateral (31) and dorsal (32) views. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438880/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Figs 27–29</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="662BFEF8612BAF180988F88EFD2831FF" box="[691,747,1917,1941]" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
of pupa:
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612BAF18086CF88FFB9D31FF" box="[855,1118,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="439">adectica exarata libera</emphasis>
|
||
. Curved, ventrally concave. Length 20 and
|
||
<quantity id="7E68EDBF612BAF180A73F853FE5E31D2" box="[328,413,1952,1976]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="439" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Colouration: yellowish white on tergites and parts that will become sclerotized in adult stage, pink especially in pleural region. Surface covered by short setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFF64FB1F36BF" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190BFCFF64FEAD36DA" box="[199,366,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Head capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Completely covered by pronotum in dorsal view. Eyes small. Antennae short, extending laterally, without reaching posterolateral corners of pronotum. Mouthparts visible in ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFF2CFAC6370F" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190BFCFF2CFEE33692" box="[199,288,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Thorax.</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum similar in shape to that of larva, with more acute posterolateral corners and less elongated. Meso- and metanotum smaller, sub-rectangular; mesonotum significantly shorter than metanotum, bearing very short elytra which become vestigial in adult individual. All pairs of legs free, visible in ventral view, proportionally shorter to the overall body size than those of males. Spiracles present on pleural areas of mesothorax.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFE9CFC9A37BA" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190BFCFE9CFEFB37E2" box="[199,312,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal segments sub-rectangular, wider than long. Ventrites on segments II–IV bearing a double sagittal line of depression in cuticle. Spiracles present on abdominal pleural areas of segments I–VIII. Segment VIII bearing functional larval photic organs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612AAF1909C3FE44FC8F37BA" box="[760,844,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 32" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1787,1810]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1766]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 32. Lampyris noctiluca. Glowing female pupa in ventral view (27). Female pupa in lateral (28) and dorsal (29) views. Male pupa in ventral (30), lateral (31) and dorsal (32) views. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438880/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFE2FFD6334EE" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190BFCFE2FFE38379F" bold="true" box="[199,507,476,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Description of male pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21AB5CDF612AAF190937FE2FFD52379E" box="[524,657,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 32" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1787,1810]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1766]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 32. Lampyris noctiluca. Glowing female pupa in ventral view (27). Female pupa in lateral (28) and dorsal (29) views. Male pupa in ventral (30), lateral (31) and dorsal (32) views. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/438880/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Figs 30–32</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="662BFEF8612AAF19099DFE2EFD1D379F" box="[678,734,477,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
of pupa:
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190874FE2FFB9A379F" box="[847,1113,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">adectica exarata libera</emphasis>
|
||
. Curved, ventrally concave. Length
|
||
<quantity id="7E68EDBF612AAF190BD4FDF3FE80347D" box="[239,323,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Colouration on young pupae: ochred yellow on tergites and parts that will become sclerotized in adult stage, pink especially in pleural region in young pupae. Colouration on older pupae: beige to brown with a tint of olive or army green on pronotum, head, elytra and legs; inner surface of dorsal and abdominal tergites ochred yellow. Surface covered by short setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFD7CFAB534A7" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190BFCFD7CFEA934C2" box="[199,362,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Head capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Completely covered by pronotum in dorsal view. Eyes distinctly large, on sides of the head. Antennae short, extending laterally towards distal end of prothoracic femur. Mouthparts visible in ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFD24FEE235A2" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190BFCFD24FEE3349A" box="[199,288,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Thorax.</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum semicircular and proportionally longer than that of female when compared to overall body size (length of pronotum to body length ratio is 0.23 while in female the ratio is 0.15). Small narrow mesonotum and large wide metanotum sub-rectangular, bearing beige wing pads with dark brown apices, covered by beige elytra of about the same length; wing pads reaching distal end of second abdominal segment, when pupa is relaxed. Pro- and mesothoracic legs free, visible in ventral view; metathoracic legs almost completely covered by wing pads except for distal segments of tarsi, which extend past second ventrite. Spiracles present on pleural areas of mesothorax.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFC27FC20327A" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190BFCFC27FEFB3587" box="[199,312,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal segments sub-rectangular, wider than long. Spiracles present on abdominal pleural areas of segments I–VIII. Segment VIII bearing functioning larval photic organs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFBEFFD563282" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190BFCFBEFFE5B325F" bold="true" box="[199,408,1052,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Pupal behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
Both male and female pupae are commonly idle, either lying on their side or back, responding only to disturbance. A luminescent response can be induced by handling the animal or even by vibrations. It consist of one short glow, lasting several seconds, with a peak intensity lasting ca. 1 second and then quickly fading away. When under a strong light source, the pupa starts to move its abdomen, twiddling from side to side or doing “crunches”. This behaviour suggests an effort to move into darker area, i.e. positive thigmotaxis. The same behaviour can be observed in prepupae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFB07FCD2333F" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE49C48612AAF190BFCFB07FBC93367" bold="true" box="[199,1034,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">Development period and ontogenetic morphological changes in pupae.</emphasis>
|
||
From the reared larvae, future male entered the stage of prepupa 1 day prior to pupation and future females 3–6 days prior to pupation. The pupal period lasted 8 days for male and 7–10 days for females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B92F405A612AAF190BFCFAACFE3B338F" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="440">The mesonotum of a female is laterally blunt in the first few days of pupal development, but later the lateral margins begin to sharpen to form vestigial elytra. On the other hand, in male pupae, the elytra and wings are already semi developed since the first day of the pupal stage. Therefore, the sex of future adult can be determined in any time of the pupal period.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |