treatments-xml/data/03/D2/44/03D24409FFDB784779DE1520FE882A0F.xml

<document id="4E729D5FD328F4EBBAFBE2AE79F4E5BD" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.185409" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1e8adb1d-85ac-48e8-98ba-42355c1d777a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="185409" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459985649705" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Penz, Carla M." docDate="2009" docId="03D24409FFDB784779DE1520FE882A0F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01985p020.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1985" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Opoptera Aurivillius 1882" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFEB3C71FFDE784F79491612FFC02E23" masterDocTitle="The phylogeny of Opoptera butterflies, and an assessment of the systematic position of O. staudingeri (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698232223456" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6610482F4A1423315A2D4796A7F57AE2">The phylogeny of Opoptera butterflies, and an assessment of the systematic position of O. staudingeri (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="371E37F4A8300BF730ECA0B2D5F308A1">2009</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFDB784A79DE1520FDF52D6F" blockId="5.[151,565,818,844]" box="[151,565,818,844]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D08C4273FFDB784A79DE1520FDF52D6F" bold="true" box="[151,565,818,844]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A79DE1520FDF52D6F" bold="true" box="[151,565,818,844]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A79A71520FDF52D6F" ID-CoL="92HBL" authority="Aurivillius, 1882" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1882" box="[238,565,818,844]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A79A71520FE9F2D6F" bold="true" box="[238,351,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Opoptera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFDB784A782C1520FDF52D6F" author="Aurivillius" box="[357,565,818,844]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" refString="Aurivillius, P. O. C. (1882) Recensio critica Lepidopterorum Musei Ludovicae Ulricae quae descripsit Carolus a Linne. Kongliga svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar (Ny Foljd) 19 (5), 1 - 188, 1 pl., 4 figs." type="journal article" year="1882">Aurivillius, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFDB784A79DE156AFCE52B69" blockId="5.[151,1436,888,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Seven unambiguous character changes support the monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7AD0156AFBC92DB2" box="[921,1033,888,913]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7AD0156AFBC92DB2" box="[921,1033,888,913]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Opoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A7D53156AFB9E2DB1" box="[1050,1118,888,914]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,181,1640]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,171,1643]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. (A) Tree derived from Stichel (1904) classification showing Sections and Groups. (B) (C) Two most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 37 characters. (C) Most parsimonious tree from the analysis of structural characters only (excluding color characters 3 – 8, 11), where all character changes were traced. Character numbers correspond to list in Appendix 2. Legend for character status follows MacClade 4. Gray numbers below branches are jackknife values for the analysis of the complete matrix, and black numbers are support values for the analysis of structural characters only." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185412/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C, character illustrations in 
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A79DE15B2FF3C2D99" box="[151,252,928,954]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox-0="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1414,789,1834]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,770,1841]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Opoptera adult females, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, South America. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina. (C) fruhstorferi South Brazil. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. Venation of O. syme, drawn from the ventral side. Vein thickness is not represented. (G) male FW. (H) male HW, note the bulge on the wing surface at vein Cu 2 that represents the scent-pocket." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/185411/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1–2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A784315B2FEFA2D99" box="[266,314,928,954]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="6.[151,255,1733,1757]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,255,1727,1751]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,255,754,778]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1421,220,1664]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1418,205,1661]" captionTargetBox-2="[154,1428,184,727]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1697]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1694]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[151,1436,176,749]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Opoptera male genitalia in lateral view. Scale bar next to A = 1 mm. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 43 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06 - 12 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, South Brazil, 01 - 60 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08 - 17 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris Ecuador, Oriente, 08 - 34 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 57 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras, 06 - 22 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia, 01 - 59 Dissected by C. M. Penz. Detail of the valva apex in lateral view, localities same as in F, G and H. Setae omitted. Scale bar next to H = 1 mm. I, staudingeri. J, arsippe. K, bracteolata." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Opoptera male genitalia in ventral view (setae omitted from right side of figure), with separate drawings of the juxta and dorsal view of tegumen + uncus. Scale bar next to A = 1 mm. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 43 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06 - 12 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, South Brazil, 01 - 60 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08 - 17 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Oriente, 08 - 34 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 57 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras, 06 - 22 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia, 01 - 59 Dissected by C. M. Penz. Detail of the gnathos in lateral view, localities same as in F and G. Gnathos of arsippe drawn in ventrolateral view (different angle from that in Fig. 4 F). Scale bar next to H = 1 mm. (I) staudingeri. (J) arsippe." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Opoptera female sterigma and corpus bursa (schematic). Line below sterigma indicates the shape of the intersegmental sac. Scale bars next to A = 1 mm, note that sterigma and corpus bursa are in different magnifications. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis, 06 - 28 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, 01 - 44 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, São Paulo, Itaporanga, 06 - 07 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 42 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios, 08 - 37 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 58 Dissected by C. M. Penz." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/185413/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/185414/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/185415/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4–6</figureCitation>
). As a group, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A78AD15B2FD942D9A" box="[484,596,928,953]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A78AD15B2FD942D9A" box="[484,596,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Opoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not homogeneous in either wing shape or color (
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A7DF215B2FAE32D99" box="[1211,1315,928,954]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox-0="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1414,789,1834]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,770,1841]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Opoptera adult females, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, South America. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina. (C) fruhstorferi South Brazil. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. Venation of O. syme, drawn from the ventral side. Vein thickness is not represented. (G) male FW. (H) male HW, note the bulge on the wing surface at vein Cu 2 that represents the scent-pocket." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/185411/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1–2</figureCitation>
). The FW apex can be rounded (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A78E215DAFE252DC2" box="[427,485,968,993]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syme">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A78E215DAFE252DC2" box="[427,485,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">syme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A78B115DAFD892DC2" box="[504,585,968,993]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcius">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A78B115DAFD892DC2" box="[504,585,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sulcius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7B1415DAFD242DC2" box="[605,740,968,993]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fruhstorferi">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7B1415DAFD242DC2" box="[605,740,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fruhstorferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), mildly pointed (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7A8F15DAFB8B2DC2" box="[966,1099,968,993]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7A8F15DAFB8B2DC2" box="[966,1099,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">staudingeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or angular (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7DBB15DAFAF52DC2" box="[1266,1333,968,993]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7DBB15DAFAF52DC2" box="[1266,1333,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">aorsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7C0115DAFA542DC2" box="[1352,1428,968,993]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7C0115DAFA542DC2" box="[1352,1428,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">hilaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A79DE15E2FF2F2A2A" box="[151,239,1008,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arsippe">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A79DE15E2FF2F2A2A" box="[151,239,1008,1033]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">arsippe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A784815E2FE482A2A" box="[257,392,1008,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bracteolata">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A784815E2FE482A2A" box="[257,392,1008,1033]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">bracteolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; character 2). FW with three apical white spots and intersected by an incomplete ‘Yshaped’, usually orange, postmedial band (white in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7BA6120AFCB62A12" box="[751,886,1048,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fruhstorferi">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7BA6120AFCB62A12" box="[751,886,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fruhstorferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, character 7:2), a pattern element that is shared with most brassolines. The proximal arm of this band can be either continuous or broken (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7DF91252FAF72A7A" box="[1200,1335,1088,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bracteolata">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7DF91252FAF72A7A" box="[1200,1335,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">bracteolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, character 6). Ventral FW with an eyespot at cell M1, discal cell intersected by two bands. Ventral HW broadly rippled and with well developed eyespots in cells Sc+Rs and Cu1. The HW contour can be nearly smooth (
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A79E812AAFE4D2AF2" box="[161,397,1208,1233]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A79E812AAFEE92AF2" box="[161,297,1208,1233]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">staudingeri</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A787C12AAFE4D2AF2" box="[309,397,1208,1233]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arsippe">arsippe</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), but it is usually mildly scalloped with or without a tail at M3 (character 10). HW precostal cell arched-out and large within the context of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7A5A12F2FC4A2AD9" box="[787,906,1248,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Brassolini">Brassolini</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A7AD212F2FC232AD9" box="[923,995,1248,1274]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[156,1414,789,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,770,1841]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Opoptera adult females, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, South America. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina. (C) fruhstorferi South Brazil. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. Venation of O. syme, drawn from the ventral side. Vein thickness is not represented. (G) male FW. (H) male HW, note the bulge on the wing surface at vein Cu 2 that represents the scent-pocket." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185411/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
H, see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFDB784A7D7F12F2FB0A2AD9" author="Stichel" box="[1078,1226,1248,1274]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" refString="Stichel, H. (1909) Brassolidae. Das Tierreich, 25, xiv + 244 p." type="book" year="1909">Stichel 1909</bibRefCitation>
for a comparison with other genera). There is no sexual dimorphism in color, but females may be slightly larger and paler than males, and may have a faint HW iridescence (
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A7BF81322FCD72B69" box="[689,791,1328,1354]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,255,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox-0="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1414,789,1834]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,770,1841]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Opoptera adult females, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, South America. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina. (C) fruhstorferi South Brazil. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. Venation of O. syme, drawn from the ventral side. Vein thickness is not represented. (G) male FW. (H) male HW, note the bulge on the wing surface at vein Cu 2 that represents the scent-pocket." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/185411/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1–2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A694FFDB7847798E134AFE882A0F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFDB784A798E134AFDD12971" blockId="5.[151,1436,888,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Depending on the species, male HW androconial organs may vary. A patch of androconial scales is located immediately adjacent to vein Cu2 (character 15), where the wing membrane is folded over to form a ‘scent-pocket’ (15:2, 
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A78DA13BAFE142BE1" box="[403,468,1448,1474]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
K). Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7B1713BAFD182BE1" box="[606,728,1448,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Brassolini">Brassolini</taxonomicName>
, this scent-pocket is unique to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7D0D13BAFB742BE2" box="[1092,1204,1448,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7D0D13BAFB742BE2" box="[1092,1204,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Opoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it is present in all species of the genus except for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7B7B13C2FD6F2BCA" box="[562,687,1488,1513]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arsippe">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7B7B13C2FD6F2BCA" box="[562,687,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. arsippe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which it constitutes a shallow depression on the wing membrane (15:1, 
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A786713EAFEB02831" box="[302,368,1528,1554]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
L). Some species (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7B1813EAFD4B2832" box="[593,651,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syme">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7B1813EAFD4B2832" box="[593,651,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">syme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7BD213EAFD2C2832" box="[667,748,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcius">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7BD213EAFD2C2832" box="[667,748,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sulcius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7BB513EAFC432832" box="[764,899,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fruhstorferi">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7BB513EAFC432832" box="[764,899,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fruhstorferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7ADA13EAFBDA2832" box="[915,1050,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bracteolata">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7ADA13EAFBDA2832" box="[915,1050,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">bracteolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) possess a thin hairpencil inside the discal cell that crosses over vein Cu1-Cu2 (character 12:1). This hairpencil is formed by thin, elongate scales closely joined together, as can be seen by their insertion sockets, and it fits inside the scent-pocket (see 
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A79DE1062FF1928A9" box="[151,217,1648,1674]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A and B). In species lacking this hairpencil, different hairbrushes can be found. Elongate, dense HW discal cell ‘hairs’ form a ‘discal cell hairbrush’ present in two 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7A27108AFC1F2892" box="[878,991,1688,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7A27108AFC1F2892" box="[878,991,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Opoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7D02108AFB102892" box="[1099,1232,1688,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7D02108AFB102892" box="[1099,1232,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">staudingeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7D97108AFAF62892" box="[1246,1334,1688,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arsippe">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7D97108AFAF62892" box="[1246,1334,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">arsippe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; character 13:1; 
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A784A10D2FE8528F9" box="[259,325,1728,1754]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
K). Furthermore, elongate, dense HW ‘hairs’ in cells Cu1 and Cu2 form two hairbrushes that are in close proximity to the scent-pocket (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7BC510FAFD0F2922" box="[652,719,1768,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7BC510FAFD0F2922" box="[652,719,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">aorsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7B9410FAFCE92922" box="[733,809,1768,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7B9410FAFCE92922" box="[733,809,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">hilaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A7A7110FAFCBA2921" box="[824,890,1768,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
J). Finally, HW ‘hairs’ in cell Cu2 form a long ‘Cu2 hairbrush’ (character 14:1, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7B691102FDA2290A" box="[544,610,1808,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7B691102FDA2290A" box="[544,610,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">aorsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFDB784A7B3D1102FD00290A" box="[628,704,1808,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFDB784A7B3D1102FD00290A" box="[628,704,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">hilaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A7B9B1102FCD62909" box="[722,790,1808,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
J). The hairpencil and hairbrushes are both associated with the Cu2 androconial organ.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFDB784A798E1172FE3529D1" blockId="5.[151,1436,888,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The male valva has two defining characters: a sclerotization of the dorsal edge that encircles the valva tip (i.e., sclerotized carena), and bears minute ribbed serrations (characters 21:2 and 22:0; 
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A7DFB119AFB3D2981" box="[1202,1277,1928,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1733,1757]" captionTargetBox="[157,1421,220,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1697]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Opoptera male genitalia in lateral view. Scale bar next to A = 1 mm. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 43 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06 - 12 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, South Brazil, 01 - 60 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08 - 17 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris Ecuador, Oriente, 08 - 34 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 57 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras, 06 - 22 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia, 01 - 59 Dissected by C. M. Penz. Detail of the valva apex in lateral view, localities same as in F, G and H. Setae omitted. Scale bar next to H = 1 mm. I, staudingeri. J, arsippe. K, bracteolata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185413/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The female sterigma is highly variable in shape (
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A7B0411A2FD5629E9" box="[589,662,1968,1994]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,754,778]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,184,727]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,176,749]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opoptera female sterigma and corpus bursa (schematic). Line below sterigma indicates the shape of the intersegmental sac. Scale bars next to A = 1 mm, note that sterigma and corpus bursa are in different magnifications. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis, 06 - 28 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, 01 - 44 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, São Paulo, Itaporanga, 06 - 07 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 42 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios, 08 - 37 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 58 Dissected by C. M. Penz." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185415/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), and has a continuous anterior section (character 33:0). The corpus bursa lacks signa (
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFDB784A78D611CAFE2729D1" box="[415,487,2008,2034]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,754,778]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,184,727]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,176,749]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opoptera female sterigma and corpus bursa (schematic). Line below sterigma indicates the shape of the intersegmental sac. Scale bars next to A = 1 mm, note that sterigma and corpus bursa are in different magnifications. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis, 06 - 28 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, 01 - 44 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, São Paulo, Itaporanga, 06 - 07 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 42 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios, 08 - 37 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 58 Dissected by C. M. Penz." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185415/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04A597FFD8784979DE10D7FCCE298F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185413/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[157,1421,220,1664]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD8784979DE10D7FCCE298F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1733,1964]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD8784979DE10D7FED928FE" bold="true" box="[151,281,1733,1757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD87849786910D7FE4628FF" box="[288,390,1733,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD87849786910D7FE4628FF" box="[288,390,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Opoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male genitalia in lateral view. Scale bar next to A = 1mm. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497AB410D7FBE228FE" bold="true" box="[1021,1058,1733,1757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">(A)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD878497D6010D7FB9E28FF" box="[1065,1118,1733,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syme">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497D6010D7FB9E28FF" box="[1065,1118,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">syme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01-43 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497B0510F5FDB028DC" bold="true" box="[588,624,1767,1791]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">(B)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD878497B3F10FAFD0028DC" box="[630,704,1768,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcius">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497B3F10FAFD0028DC" box="[630,704,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">sulcius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06-12 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497C7810F5FA9528DC" bold="true" box="[1329,1365,1767,1791]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">(C)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD878497C1510FAFF1B2901" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fruhstorferi">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497C1510FAFF1B2901" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">fruhstorferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, South Brazil, 01-60 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497B9C1118FD3A2901" bold="true" box="[725,762,1802,1826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">(D)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD878497A4A1119FC802901" box="[771,832,1803,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497A4A1119FC802901" box="[771,832,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">aorsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08-17 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD8784979DE113FFF7A2966" bold="true" box="[151,186,1837,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">(E)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD87849798A113FFEC82967" box="[195,264,1837,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD87849798A113FFEC82967" box="[195,264,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">hilaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ecuador, Oriente, 08-34 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497A62113FFC8D2966" bold="true" box="[811,845,1837,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">(F)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD878497A1C113FFC0E2967" box="[853,974,1837,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497A1C113FFC0E2967" box="[853,974,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">staudingeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01-57 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD8784978EB115DFE092944" bold="true" box="[418,457,1871,1895]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">(G)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD8784978991142FDE02944" box="[464,544,1872,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arsippe">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD8784978991142FDE02944" box="[464,544,1872,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">arsippe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Peru, Chuchurras, 06-22 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497D00115DFBAF2944" bold="true" box="[1097,1135,1871,1895]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">(H)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD878497D3E1142FB322944" box="[1143,1266,1872,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bracteolata">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497D3E1142FB322944" box="[1143,1266,1872,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">bracteolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Bolivia, 01-59 Dissected by C.M.Penz. Detail of the valva apex in lateral view, localities same as in F, G and H. Setae omitted. Scale bar next to H = 1mm. I, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD8784978381187FE2A298F" box="[369,490,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD8784978381187FE2A298F" box="[369,490,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">staudingeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. J, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD878497B461187FD9F298F" box="[527,607,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arsippe">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497B461187FD9F298F" box="[527,607,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">arsippe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. K, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD878497BC41187FCC8298F" box="[653,776,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bracteolata">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD878497BC41187FCC8298F" box="[653,776,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">bracteolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF04A597FFD9784879DE10ADFA8429E9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185414/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[152,1418,205,1661]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD9784879DE10ADFA8429E9" blockId="7.[151,1436,1727,1994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD9784879DE10ADFED928F4" bold="true" box="[151,281,1727,1751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD97848786910D2FE4628F4" box="[288,390,1728,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD97848786910D2FE4628F4" box="[288,390,1728,1751]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Opoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male genitalia in ventral view (setae omitted from right side of figure), with separate drawings of the juxta and dorsal view of tegumen+uncus. Scale bar next to A = 1mm. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487A8A10F0FC2828D9" bold="true" box="[963,1000,1762,1786]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(A)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD978487AB910F1FBE528D9" box="[1008,1061,1763,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syme">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487AB910F1FBE528D9" box="[1008,1061,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">syme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01-43 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487B641117FD90293E" bold="true" box="[557,592,1797,1821]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(B)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD978487B1E1117FD61293F" box="[599,673,1797,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcius">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487B1E1117FD61293F" box="[599,673,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">sulcius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06-12 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487C5B1117FAF7293E" bold="true" box="[1298,1335,1797,1821]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(C)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD978487C741117FF7C291C" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fruhstorferi">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487C741117FF7C291C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">fruhstorferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, South Brazil, 01-60 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487BF81135FD16291C" bold="true" box="[689,726,1831,1855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(D)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD978487B94113AFCDA291C" box="[733,794,1832,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487B94113AFCDA291C" box="[733,794,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">aorsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08-17 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487C311135FA5C291C" bold="true" box="[1400,1436,1831,1855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(E)</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD9784879DE1159FF232941" box="[151,227,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD9784879DE1159FF1F2941" box="[151,223,1867,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">hilaris</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
Ecuador, Oriente, 08-34 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487BB41158FCDF2941" bold="true" box="[765,799,1866,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(F)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD978487A6E1159FC602941" box="[807,928,1867,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487A6E1159FC602941" box="[807,928,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">staudingeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01-57 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487833117FFE6029A6" bold="true" box="[378,416,1901,1925]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(G)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD9784878EE117FFE3729A7" box="[423,503,1901,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arsippe">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD9784878EE117FFE3729A7" box="[423,503,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">arsippe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Peru, Chuchurras, 06-22 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487D5E117FFBFE29A6" bold="true" box="[1047,1086,1901,1925]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(H)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD978487D0C117FFB0029A7" box="[1093,1216,1901,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bracteolata">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487D0C117FFB0029A7" box="[1093,1216,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">bracteolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Bolivia, 01-59 Dissected by C.M.Penz. Detail of the gnathos in lateral view, localities same as in F and G. Gnathos of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD978487DAA1182FAF32984" box="[1251,1331,1936,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arsippe">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487DAA1182FAF32984" box="[1251,1331,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">arsippe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
drawn in ventrolateral view (different angle from that in Fig. 4F). Scale bar next to H = 1mm. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487D5711A0FBFA29E9" bold="true" box="[1054,1082,1970,1994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(I)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD978487D0811A1FB7A29E9" box="[1089,1210,1971,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487D0811A1FB7A29E9" box="[1089,1210,1971,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">staudingeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487D8111A0FB2729E9" bold="true" box="[1224,1255,1970,1994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(J)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD978487DA711A1FAFE29E9" box="[1262,1342,1971,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arsippe">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD978487DA711A1FAFE29E9" box="[1262,1342,1971,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">arsippe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF04A597FFD6784779DE14E0FBBB2D94" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185415/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[154,1428,184,727]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD6784779DE14E0FBBB2D94" blockId="8.[151,1436,754,952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD6784779DE14E0FEDC2D29" bold="true" box="[151,284,754,778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD67847786C14E1FE4B2D29" box="[293,395,755,778]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD67847786C14E1FE4B2D29" box="[293,395,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Opoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female sterigma and corpus bursa (schematic). Line below sterigma indicates the shape of the intersegmental sac. Scale bars next to A = 1mm, note that sterigma and corpus bursa are in different magnifications. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD678477C3E1507FA5B2D0E" bold="true" box="[1399,1435,789,813]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(A)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD6784779DE152AFF0C2D6C" box="[151,204,824,847]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syme">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD6784779DE152AFF0C2D6C" box="[151,204,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">syme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis, 06-28 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD678477AD9152AFC742D73" bold="true" box="[912,948,824,848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(B)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD678477AF3152AFBC42D6C" box="[954,1028,824,847]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcius">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD678477AF3152AFBC42D6C" box="[954,1028,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">sulcius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, Santa Catarina, 01-44 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD6784778121548FE402D51" bold="true" box="[347,384,858,882]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(C)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD6784778C11549FDC32D51" box="[392,515,859,882]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fruhstorferi">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD6784778C11549FDC32D51" box="[392,515,859,882]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">fruhstorferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, São Paulo, Itaporanga, 06-07 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD678477DE41548FB122D51" bold="true" box="[1197,1234,858,882]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(D)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD678477D921549FAD72D51" box="[1243,1303,859,882]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD678477D921549FAD72D51" box="[1243,1303,859,882]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">aorsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01-42 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD678477A76156FFCA22DB6" bold="true" box="[831,866,893,917]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(E)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD678477A39156FFC752DB7" box="[880,949,893,916]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD678477A39156FFC752DB7" box="[880,949,893,916]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">hilaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Ecuador, Sucumbios, 08-37 Dissected by C.M.Penz. 
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD67847784615B2FEF12D9B" bold="true" box="[271,305,928,952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(F)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD67847787E15B2FE712D94" box="[311,433,928,951]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD67847787E15B2FE712D94" box="[311,433,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">staudingeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01-58 Dissected by C.M.Penz.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD6784779DE1200FE882A0F" blockId="8.[151,328,1042,1068]" box="[151,328,1042,1068]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Species groups</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>