304 lines
37 KiB
XML
304 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="C109635B6520F91F694E38A986D091F5" ID-CLB-Dataset="50608" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.172963" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7a65d33b-5cc2-4684-94cd-3c756bb8f24a" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="172963" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459766513748" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pitts, James P." docDate="2006" docId="03E88785FFD44210A568CFC897CF6274" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01248p020.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1248" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Sphaeropthalma imperialis" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFD1FFFDFFD74215A460CD1C942F6672" masterDocTitle="Review of the Sphaeropthalma imperialis speciesgroup (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with descriptions of females and taxonomic notes" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698222631856" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C6F3847D52621F3A663DC3EB9B2C97CC">Review of the Sphaeropthalma imperialis speciesgroup (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with descriptions of females and taxonomic notes</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E352914636FB5AE1C28D97B99ADF586E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="DB1106DB7432B7BD327DBD06530DD4F5">Pitts, James P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4DE3DDE64A6A65E61CA6254BD3DF8E99">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="519EE099E0EC104154A5B72C2FA188CC">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E88785FFD44210A568CFC897CF6274" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6252841" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119346081" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6252841" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E88785FFD44210A568CFC897CF6274" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88785FFD44210A568CFC897CF6274" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C35B6518FFD44216A568CFC8972E649C" box="[264,769,724,750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD44216A568CFC8972E649C" blockId="3.[264,769,724,750]" box="[264,769,724,750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D0B681FFFFD44216A568CFC8972E649C" bold="true" box="[264,769,724,750]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A568CFC8972E649C" bold="true" box="[264,769,724,750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A568CFC8967E649C" box="[264,593,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A568CFC8967E649C" bold="true" box="[264,593,724,750]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sphaeropthalma imperialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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speciesgroup
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B6518FFD44216A568CE03962A63E3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD44216A568CE039550654A" blockId="3.[264,1324,799,1425]" box="[264,383,799,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A568CE039550654A" box="[264,383,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD44216A558CE5B962A63E3" blockId="3.[264,1324,799,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Males have the head rounded to quadrate posteriorly (
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<figureCitation id="137A2A16FFD44216A7DFCE5B901B6513" box="[959,1076,839,865]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7. 1" captionStartId="4.[265,383,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[381,1215,884,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[364,1237,879,1755]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. 1. Sphaeropthalma imperialis male, posterior portion of head in dorsal view; 2 – 4. S. marpesia: 2. male, posterior portion of head, dorsal view; 3. female mesosoma, dorsal view; 4. posterior portion of second metasomal tergite; 5. S. imperialis male, mandible, lateral view; 6. S. marpesia male, mandible, lateral view; 7. 5. S. megagnathos male, mandible, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172964/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1, 2</figureCitation>
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). The mandibles are broadly dilated and vertical throughout with the dorsal carina sharp and complete to the dorsal (third) mandibular tooth (
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<figureCitation id="137A2A16FFD44216A6E1CE8B96DD65C3" box="[641,754,919,945]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7. 1" captionStartId="4.[265,383,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[381,1215,884,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[364,1237,879,1755]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. 1. Sphaeropthalma imperialis male, posterior portion of head in dorsal view; 2 – 4. S. marpesia: 2. male, posterior portion of head, dorsal view; 3. female mesosoma, dorsal view; 4. posterior portion of second metasomal tergite; 5. S. imperialis male, mandible, lateral view; 6. S. marpesia male, mandible, lateral view; 7. 5. S. megagnathos male, mandible, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172964/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 5–7</figureCitation>
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). The mandible also has only a slight angulation on the ventral margin (
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<figureCitation id="137A2A16FFD44216A67ECEA396BC65AB" box="[542,659,959,985]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7. 1" captionStartId="4.[265,383,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[381,1215,884,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[364,1237,879,1755]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. 1. Sphaeropthalma imperialis male, posterior portion of head in dorsal view; 2 – 4. S. marpesia: 2. male, posterior portion of head, dorsal view; 3. female mesosoma, dorsal view; 4. posterior portion of second metasomal tergite; 5. S. imperialis male, mandible, lateral view; 6. S. marpesia male, mandible, lateral view; 7. 5. S. megagnathos male, mandible, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172964/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 5–7</figureCitation>
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). The clypeus varies from slightly to deeply depressed forming a basin with the closed mandibles. The mesosternum, coxae and trochanters are unarmed. The marginal cell is acuminate to almost truncate distally. Notauli are complete and deep. Parapsidal furrows are present on posterior portion of mesonotal disk. The sternal felt line is either entirely absent or present as small but distinct tuft. Genitalia are distinct for the speciesgroup, having a long cylindrical cuspidis bearing simple setae (
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<figureCitation id="137A2A16FFD44216A571C9B395BD62BB" box="[273,402,1199,1225]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 19" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[271,1322,322,1273]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[271,1330,300,1286]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 19. Genitalia: penial valve, lateral view; internal lateral view, penial valve removed; ventral view left, dorsal view right; Sphaeropthalma edwardsii: 8 – 10. S. imperialis: 11 – 13. S. marpesia: 14 – 16; S. megagnathos: 17 – 19." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172965/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 8–19</figureCitation>
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). Females have the head round and not as wide as the mesosoma. The eyes are round and the antennal scrobes are carinate dorsally. The mesosoma varies from slightly longer than wide to distinctly wider than long. The first metasomal segment is distinctly petiolate with the second segment. The pygidium is defined laterally by carinae and is colliculate to distinctly granulate in sculpture (
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<figureCitation id="137A2A16FFD44216A746C8539752631B" box="[806,893,1359,1385]" captionStart="FIGURES 20 – 25" captionStartId="7.[264,383,1710,1734]" captionTargetBox="[271,1315,526,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[271,1315,526,1686]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 20 – 25. Sphaeropthalma imperialis female, dark form: 20. lateral view; 21. anterior portion of second metasomal tergite; S. imperialis female, light form: 22. lateral view; 23. pygidium, dorsal view; 24. S. edwardsii female, lateral view; 25. S. marpesia female, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172966/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
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). The females also bear plumose and brachyplumose setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B6518FFD44210A568C8DB908565FC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD44216A568C8DB95416392" blockId="3.[264,1323,1479,1905]" box="[264,366,1479,1504]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A568C8DB95416392" box="[264,366,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD44211A558C8F3901C672F" blockId="3.[264,1323,1479,1905]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,284,830]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Study of Schuster’s
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A64CC8F396ED607A" box="[556,706,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A64CC8F396ED607A" box="[556,706,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. imperialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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speciesgroup revealed that the marginal cell of
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A174C8F395516042" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A174C8F395516042" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. imperialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A5A2CB0B96B36042" box="[450,668,1559,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialiformis">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A5A2CB0B96B36042" box="[450,668,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. imperialiformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are similar to that of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A786CB0B90546042" box="[998,1147,1559,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsii">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A786CB0B90546042" box="[998,1147,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. edwardsii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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speciesgroup
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A568CB239566602A" box="[264,329,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sensu</emphasis>
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Schuster and are never as short, or shorter, than the stigma as stated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B62FFD44216A0A6CB23957560F3" author="Schuster" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Schuster, R. M. (1958) A revision of the Sphaeropthalmine Mutillidae of America North of Mexico. II. Entomologica Americana, 37, 1 - 130." type="journal article" year="1958">Schuster (1958)</bibRefCitation>
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. Furthermore, after surveying all of the characters used by Schuster to separate the males of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A5CCCB93966F60DA" box="[428,576,1679,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsii">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A5CCCB93966F60DA" box="[428,576,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. edwardsii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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speciesgroup from those of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A7BCCB93905A60DA" box="[988,1141,1679,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A7BCCB93905A60DA" box="[988,1141,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. imperialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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speciesgroup, these two speciesgroups differ only by presence or absence of a sternal felt line. This level of variation in the development of the sternal felt line occurs in other
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A00ACBC39104608A" box="[1130,1323,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A00ACBC39104608A" box="[1130,1323,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sphaeropthalma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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speciesgroups and in the small genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A68DCA1B90746153" authority="Schuster. Study" authorityName="Schuster. Study" box="[749,1115,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Dilophotopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A68DCA1B97BE6152" box="[749,913,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dilophotopsis</emphasis>
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Schuster. Study
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</taxonomicName>
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of the genitalia, which was not considered by Schuster, has revealed that they are quite similar in morphology as well, but differ from other
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD44216A69CCA4B97936102" box="[764,956,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD44216A69CCA4B97936102" box="[764,956,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sphaeropthalma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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speciesgroups. As such, these four species are deemed closely related and the
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A75BCC0097FF6747" box="[827,976,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A75BCC0097FF6747" box="[827,976,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. imperialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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speciesgroup is redefined to contain
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A506CC5895DA672F" box="[358,501,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsii">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A506CC5895DA672F" box="[358,501,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. edwardsii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A664CC5896B6672F" box="[516,665,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A664CC5896B6672F" box="[516,665,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. imperialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A6C7CC58971E672F" box="[679,817,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marpesia">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A6C7CC58971E672F" box="[679,817,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. marpesia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A712CC58901C672F" box="[882,1075,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A712CC589000672F" box="[882,1071,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megagnathos">S. megagnathos</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD34211A558CC709082654C" blockId="4.[264,1323,284,830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Mandibular morphology of the males of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A75BCC7097E167F7" box="[827,974,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
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<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A75BCC7097E167F7" box="[827,974,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. imperialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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speciesgroup is quite similar to that of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A5D1CC88964467DF" box="[433,619,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pensylvanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A5D1CC88964467DF" box="[433,619,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. pensylvanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroup. These two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A7D1CC88905D67DF" box="[945,1138,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A7D1CC88905D67DF" box="[945,1138,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sphaeropthalma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroups also share integumental melanization, or at least integumental coloration darker than the normal “nocturnal” brown seen in the remainder of the Nearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A066CCF890E8678F" box="[1030,1223,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A066CCF890E8678F" box="[1030,1223,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sphaeropthalma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Be aware that the integumental coloration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A742CF1097F36457" box="[802,988,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megagnathos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A742CF1097F36457" box="[802,988,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. megagnathos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does, however, tend toward the standard light brown coloration normal for other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A7DFCF2890AF643F" box="[959,1152,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A7DFCF2890AF643F" box="[959,1152,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sphaeropthalma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The genitalia, especially the shape and vestiture of the cuspidis and the shape of the parameres, differ greatly between these two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A6F7CF98977764EF" box="[663,856,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A6F7CF98977764EF" box="[663,856,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sphaeropthalma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroups (see Pitts 2005). Other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A568CFB095E764B7" box="[264,456,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A568CFB095E764B7" box="[264,456,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sphaeropthalma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in Central and South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3567603FFD34211A741CFB097A664B4" box="[801,905,684,710]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which are mostly undescribed, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A568CFC89637649C" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[264,536,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A568CFC895BC649F" box="[264,403,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. unicolor</emphasis>
|
||
(Cresson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in the Western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3567603FFD34211A731CFC897A3649C" box="[849,908,724,750]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
can also have brown to black integumental coloration, but these species have a different mandibular morphology with the apex oblique rather than vertical and greatly differing genitalic morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3E661BFFD34211A569CBFA90E7611F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172964/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[381,1215,884,1742]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD34211A569CBFA90E7611F" blockId="4.[264,1325,1766,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A569CBFA959A608C" bold="true" box="[265,437,1766,1790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURES 1–7.</emphasis>
|
||
1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A5B8CBFB96D5608C" box="[472,762,1767,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A5B8CBFB96D5608C" box="[472,762,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sphaeropthalma imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, posterior portion of head in dorsal view; 2–4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A568CA1095A86151" box="[264,391,1804,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marpesia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A568CA1095A86151" box="[264,391,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. marpesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 2. male, posterior portion of head, dorsal view; 3. female mesosoma, dorsal view; 4. posterior portion of second metasomal tergite; 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A744CA2E9783613B" box="[804,940,1842,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A744CA2E9783613B" box="[804,940,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, mandible, lateral view; 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A176CA2E9544611C" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marpesia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A176CA2E9544611C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. marpesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, mandible, lateral view; 7. 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD34211A684CA4B97A2611C" box="[740,909,1879,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megagnathos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD34211A684CA4B97A2611C" box="[740,909,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. megagnathos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, mandible, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD24210A558CC00900267DC" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The mandibular morphology of the males of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A7EDCC00900A6747" box="[909,1061,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A7EDCC00900A6747" box="[909,1061,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroup also is similar to that of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A664CC589701672F" box="[516,814,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontophotopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A664CC589701672F" box="[516,814,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Odontophotopsis venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, to a lesser extent, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A017CC5890D2672F" box="[1143,1277,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontophotopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A017CC5890D2672F" box="[1143,1277,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. conifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A16ECC58956367F7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontophotopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A16ECC58956367F7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. parva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A5E4CC7095D167F7" box="[388,510,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontophotopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapajos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A5E4CC7095D167F7" box="[388,510,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O. tapajos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroups. These groups, however, can be easily separated from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A553CC8895E767DF" box="[307,456,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A553CC8895E767DF" box="[307,456,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroup due to genericlevel characters alone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD24210A558CCA0908565FC" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The females of this speciesgroup are defined by the small ventral angulation located basally on the mandible, the distinctly petiolate metasomal segment 1, the granulate pygidium, which is defined laterally by carinae, and presence of plumose setae especially on the fringes of the metasomal tergites. These females are morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A568CF40972D6404" authority="Viereck" authorityName="Viereck" box="[264,770,604,630]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Dilophotopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="concolor" subSpecies="crassa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A568CF4096AD6407" box="[264,642,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dilophotopsis concolor crassa</emphasis>
|
||
(Viereck)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(being described elsewhere),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A0E6CF40962164EC" authority="Schuster" authorityName="Schuster" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Dilophotopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stenognatha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A0E6CF4095B864EF" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dilophotopsis stenognatha</emphasis>
|
||
Schuster
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B62FFD24210A63FCF98972E64EC" author="Mickel" box="[607,769,644,670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refString="Mickel, C. E. (1963) Description of the female of Dilophotopsis stenognatha Schuster. The Pan- Pacific Entomologist, 39, 183 - 184." type="journal article" year="1963">Mickel 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A73DCF98900764EC" authority="Fox" authorityName="Fox" box="[861,1064,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orestes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A73DCF9897F964EF" box="[861,982,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. orestes</emphasis>
|
||
(Fox)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B62FFD24210A01ACF98913364EC" author="Mickel" box="[1146,1308,644,670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refString="Mickel, C. E. (1938) Photopsoid mutillids collected by Dr. K. A. Salman at Eagle Lake, California (Hymenoptera). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 14, 178 - 185." type="journal article" year="1938">Mickel 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), especially the sculpturing of the pygidium. The ventral mandibular tooth is much smaller for the females of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A679CFC8969E649F" box="[537,689,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A679CFC8969E649F" box="[537,689,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, however. These females differ from those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A568CFE095EE6567" box="[264,449,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stethophotopsis</emphasis>
|
||
Pitts, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A621CFE0971B6567" box="[577,820,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uro">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A621CFE0971B6567" box="[577,820,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sphaeropthalma uro</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroup, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A048CFE0912D6564" authority="Schuster" authorityName="Schuster" box="[1064,1282,764,790]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jacala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A048CFE090BD6567" box="[1064,1170,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. jacala</emphasis>
|
||
Schuster
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by laterally defined pygidium (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B62FFD24210A6E3CE3897B9654C" author="Pitts" box="[643,918,804,830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refString="Pitts, J. P. & McHugh, J. V. (1999) Stethophotopsis, a new genus of Sphaeropthalminae (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) from Arizona. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 9, 29 - 33." type="journal article" year="1999">Pitts & McHugh, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B62FFD24210A7C3CE389089654C" author="Pitts" box="[931,1190,804,830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" refString="Pitts, J. P. & Manley, D. G. (2002) Description of the females of Stethophotopsis Pitts and Photopsioides Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 672 - 679." type="journal article" year="2002">Pitts & Manley, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B62FFD24210A0D4CE3895696514" author="Pitts" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" refString="Pitts, J. P., Parker, F. D., & Pitts-Singer, T. L. (2004) A review of the Sphaeropthalma uro speciesgroup (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with taxonomic changes. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 77, 223 - 234." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Pitts
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A08ECE389104654F" box="[1262,1323,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B62FFD24210A535CE5096606514" author="Pitts" box="[341,591,844,870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" refString="Pitts, J. P. & Parker, F. D. (2005) Description of the female, redescription of the male, and host associations of the Nearctic species Sphaeropthalma jacala Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Zootaxa, 1011, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2005">Pitts & Parker, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B62FFD24210A605CE5097A66514" author="Manley" box="[613,905,844,870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="20" refString="Pitts, J. P. & Manley, D. G. (2002) Description of the females of Stethophotopsis Pitts and Photopsioides Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 672 - 679." type="journal article" year="2002">Manley and Pitts (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
present other characters useful for diagnosing the females of
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A65DCE68979D65FF" box="[573,946,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A65DCE6896CA65FF" box="[573,741,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Dilophotopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dilophotopsis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D10FFD24210A691CE68979D65FF" box="[753,946,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Sphaeropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaeropthalma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A78ACE68908C65FF" box="[1002,1187,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stethophotopsis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35B6518FFD24210A568CED897CF6274" box="[264,992,964,1030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD24210A568CED895B865AF" blockId="5.[264,992,964,1030]" box="[264,407,964,989]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA81FFD24210A568CED895B865AF" box="[264,407,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3693FFD24210A558CEF097CF6274" blockId="5.[264,992,964,1030]" box="[312,992,1004,1030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Found throughout the western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3567603FFD24210A6C0CEF096F46274" box="[672,731,1004,1030]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3567603FFD24210A71ECEF097F36274" box="[894,988,1004,1030]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |