214 lines
23 KiB
XML
214 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26068" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fa995d4c-58b4-474d-9899-d600b14f0240" ID-PMC="PMC6189230" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-788-183" ID-PubMed="30337829" ID-ZBK="21EE3AE1CBAC41A5A08C8420E132F63C" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-788-183" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 788" ModsDocTitle="A new genus and three new species of noctuid moths from western United States of America and Mexico (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Eriopygini)" checkinTime="1539050161020" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Crabo, Lars G." docDate="2018" docId="033BD0F7F1445556E520B33BE4E83504" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 788: 183-199" docOrigin="ZooKeys 788" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26068" docTitle="Rhabdorthodes Crabo, 2018, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="4AFE2E20-0A73-42D0-B79D-FA7CB559F05D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="185" masterDocId="944AFFDCFFFD6C429676FF881A5CFFE3" masterDocTitle="A new genus and three new species of noctuid moths from western United States of America and Mexico (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Eriopygini)" masterLastPageNumber="199" masterPageNumber="183" pageNumber="183" updateTime="1668166259773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new genus and three new species of noctuid moths from western United States of America and Mexico (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Eriopygini)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Crabo, Lars G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>788</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>183</mods:start>
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<mods:end>199</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26068</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26068</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-788-183</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">21EE3AE1CBAC41A5A08C8420E132F63C</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">21EE3AE1CBAC41A5A08C8420E132F63C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="148657055" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4AFE2E20-0A73-42D0-B79D-FA7CB559F05D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/033BD0F7F1445556E520B33BE4E83504" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/4AFE2E20-0A73-42D0-B79D-FA7CB559F05D" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="183">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes pattersoni" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pattersoni">Rhabdorthodes pattersoni</taxonomicName>
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Crabo.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="gender">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Gender.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Masculine.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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is a distinctive genus with characteristic male and female genitalia. The adults are small to medium-sized, forewing length 13-15.5 mm, and nondescript superficially, with even gray-brown to brown forewings with limited dark markings. The eyes have interfacetal setae. Males have a long rod like extension of the right side of the dorsal juxta (Figs 7-9) that is unknown in any other North American genus. The valves are also distinctive, with massive slightly bilaterally asymmetrical claspers with horn- and molar like processes. Females have diagnostic features of the bursa and segment A7. The posterior ductus bursae is expanded into an amorphous fleshy externally frondlike sac (Figs 10-12). Externally, sternite A7 is broad, sclerotized strongly, with a broad sculpted depression on the ventrolateral surface to each side of midline (Figs 13-15). This is most apparent in intact specimens and is observed easily under low magnification. The papillae anales are very thin and needlelike and the distal abdomen is telescopic with long intersegmental membranes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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The most closely related genus based on structure and barcodes is
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protorthodes</taxonomicName>
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McDunnough, revised recently by
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<bibRefCitation author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="13" pageNumber="196" pagination="139 - 179" title="A revision of the genus Protorthodes McDunnough with descriptions of a new genus and four new species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Eriopygini)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.6664" volume="421" year="2014">Lafontaine et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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. Males of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protorthodes</taxonomicName>
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lack the rodlike extension of the juxta that is found in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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and have a normal-sized uncus. The valve of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protorthodes</taxonomicName>
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species differ from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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in having a long thin ampulla of the clasper arising from the mesial surface of the valve rather than a stout curved one at the dorsal margin, and lack massive enlargement of the distal clasper with a large ventral extension. Females of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protorthodes</taxonomicName>
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lack or have only a small fleshy components of the anterior ductus bursae, well developed in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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, and lack sculpting of the ventral seventh sternite.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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The barcode of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes pattersoni" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pattersoni">Rhabdorthodes pattersoni</taxonomicName>
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is closest to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protorthodes</taxonomicName>
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, differing from barcodes of species in this genus by at least 3.5%. The two Mexican species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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have not been barcoded.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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Adults. Males and females similar in habitus. Head. Antenna biserrate, rami densely setose, total width 3-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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shaft, anterior rami slightly longer than posterior rami (male); beadlike, biciliate (female); dorsum with small scales. Eye normal
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<pageBreakToken pageId="1" pageNumber="184" start="start">size</pageBreakToken>
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, interfacetal setae long, curved apically. Labial palpus reaching dorsal margin of eye; sides of first two segments with short strap like scales, anterior first segment with medium-length simple and long hairl-ike scales, anterior second segment scales similar, shorter; apical segment 0.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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second segment, scales very short. Haustellum normal. Frons unmodified, scales simple, medium length; dorsal head scales long, thin, spatulate, forked.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="184">
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Thorax. Dorsal vestiture dense, long, thin, spatulate and forked scales, medium to dark gray brown; weak mesial tuft on anterior metathorax. Venter scales hair like, dense, dull brown. Legs: Tibiae without claws or other modifications, dark gray brown with scattered off-white scales; tarsi except apical segment with three rows of spine like setae, segments dark brown, ringed distally in off-white. Wings: Forewing: Length 13.0-14.0 mm (males), 13.5-15.5 mm (females), length ~ 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width; outer margin smoothly convex, strongest near anal angle; dorsal scales short, straplike, uniform medium to dark gray brown or brown; costa with 6 light spots on basal, antemedial, postmedial line origins and 3 spaced evenly between postmedial line and apex; lines and stigmata except subterminal line black; lines double, filling pale; subterminal line pale gray or luteous, preceding shade dark brown or black; fringe ground color. Hindwing: Outer margin slightly concave M1-M3; dorsum gray brown, lightest basally; veins and terminal line dark; fringe lighter than ground.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="1" pageNumber="184">
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Abdomen. Male unmodified. Female sternite A7 (Figs 13-15) sclerotized, thickened posteriorly; posterior margin pointed bluntly in midline, concave to each side of midline; ventrolateral surface sculpted with broad central concavity with lateral raised flange (two species) or deep transverse cleft (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="R. petersoni" pageId="1" pageNumber="184" rank="species" species="petersoni">R. petersoni</taxonomicName>
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). Male genitalia: Uncus weak, length 0.5-1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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juxta height, shorter and thinner than juxta extension, curved evenly, tapered to thin point, distal undersurface with short thin hair like setae. Juxta base hourglass shaped, elongate, height 2.2-3.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width; dorsum asymmetric: left lobe small, flat; right with long stout tapered rod, length 1.2-1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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juxta height, projecting posteriorly with slight curve ventrad and leftward. Valve length 4.3-6.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width, weak distal to clasper; sacculus 0.5-0.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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valve length and 0.75-0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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valve width, smooth; ventral distal clasper distal to ampulla heavily sclerotized, massive, 1.0-1.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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valve width, dorsal and ventral toothlike and hornlike processes extending beyond valve margins (dorsal extension reduced in one species); ampulla origin from bulging clasper at dorsal valve, stout, hook-shaped, base oriented 30-45° basad or perpendicular to valve, then curved distad 90-180°; digitus thin, membranous, directed distad from origin near ventral valve; cucullus weak, rounded, barely wider than
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“neck,”">"neck,"</normalizedToken>
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covered densely by short thin hairlike setae, lacking corona. Phallus tubular, narrow, length ~ 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width. Vesica membranous, length ~ 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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and width 2.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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phallus, base bent 90° left, mid-section coiled 360° counter-clockwise, distal segment bent 45° cephalad to end right or ventral to phallus; small foot-shaped basal diverticulum; no cornuti. Female genitalia: Papilla analis length 6-8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width, thin, pointed, covered sparsely with short thin hairs on lateral surface and densely with very short thin hairs on medial tip; posterior intersegmental membranes long, eversible. Segment A8 length 1.25-1.50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width, with sparse short thin setae; posterior apophysis 2.1-2.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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segment A8 length; anterior apophysis 0.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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posterior apophysis. Ostium bursae sclerotized lightly with
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="185" start="start">ventral</pageBreakToken>
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short median cleft or leathery, lacking cleft. Ductus bursae 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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segment A8 length; posterior third sclerotized dorsally, expanded to fleshy frondlike structure filling most of ventral segment A7; middle third sclerotized, tubular; anterior third membranous, tubular. Corpus bursae bisaccate, corpus bursae and appendix bursae similar size; corpus bursae membranous, ovoid, length 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width, lacking signa; appendix bursae origin from left posterior corpus bursae, curved 270° anterior, leftward, and posterior to end to left of mid-ductus bursae; ductus seminalis at apex.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="185" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="185">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="185">
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The name is derived from the Greek rhabdos, meaning rod, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orthodes</taxonomicName>
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, a genus of moths in the tribe
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="tribe" tribe="Eriopygini">Eriopygini</taxonomicName>
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. It refers to the long extension of the male juxta.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="185" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="185">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="185">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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species occur in the mountains of western United States and Mexico from southern Idaho and southern Wyoming in the United States to Nuevo
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Léon">Leon</normalizedToken>
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and Durango in Mexico. Adults fly in the summer during June and July. All three species in the genus have been collected in montane forests at mid- to high elevations between 1600 and 3150 meters. The early stages are unknown for all species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="185" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="185">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="185">
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Assignment of this genus to subfamily
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Noctuinae">Noctuinae</taxonomicName>
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tribe
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="tribe" tribe="Eriopygini">Eriopygini</taxonomicName>
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is based on the presence of hairy eyes, similarity of the adults to species of other genera in this tribe, and the association of the barcode of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="R. pattersoni" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="species" species="pattersoni">R. pattersoni</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. with those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protorthodes</taxonomicName>
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McDunnough on neighbor-joining trees. Although almost certainly correct, this is provisional until the early stages are discovered. The main morphologic difference between tribes
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="tribe" tribe="Hadenini">Hadenini</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="tribe" tribe="Eriopygini">Eriopygini</taxonomicName>
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is in the mandible and spinneret of the larva (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fibiger, M" journalOrPublisher="Esperiana" pageId="12" pageNumber="195" pagination="1 - 75" title="A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna." volume="11" year="2005">Fibiger and Lafontaine 2005</bibRefCitation>
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), currently unknown for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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. This classification is supported by the presence of a long coiled vesica in males of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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, since this is a typical feature of many species in the tribe
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="tribe" tribe="Eriopygini">Eriopygini</taxonomicName>
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(Fibiger and Lafontaine op. cit.).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="185">
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The functions of the unique sexual characters of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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can only be surmised. In males, the long rodlike extension of the juxta, diminutive uncus, and the massive sculpted ampulla of the clasper with molar- and hornlike processes are unlike any other in the
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="tribe" tribe="Eriopygini">Eriopygini</taxonomicName>
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. In the female, the fleshy enlargement of the posterior ductus bursae and the sculpted lateral segments A7 are similarly unusual. The needlelike ovipositor and telescopic distal abdomen is also distinctive, although similar modifications are known in other taxa.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="185">
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The fleshy posterior ductus bursae appears gland like and might have a secretory function. It could potentially have a mechanical function as well, receiving the long juxta during copulation. Even if coupling does not occur in this fashion, the male rod must somehow engage the female. The weak uncus suggests that the rod might have supplanted all or part of its function. Similarly, the massive claspers of the distal male valve probably engage the concave pits on the posterior female abdomen. The latter modifications are analogous to those of the noctuid genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spaelotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spaelotis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spaelotis</taxonomicName>
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Boisduval (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Noctuinae">Noctuinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" rank="tribe" tribe="Noctuini">Noctuini</taxonomicName>
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)-illustrated in
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<bibRefCitation author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC" pageId="12" pageNumber="195" title="The Moths of North America including Greenland, Fascicle 27.3, NoctuoideaNoctuidae (part) Noctuinae (part-Noctuini). The Wedge Entomogical Research Foundation." year="1998">Lafontaine (1998</bibRefCitation>
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: 73)-in which females have species-specific pits on the ventral posterior abdomen that likely receive the ampullae of the male claspers. The needlelike papillae anales and long eversible posterior abdomen of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rhabdorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhabdorthodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhabdorthodes</taxonomicName>
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suggest that females lay eggs deep within a specific plant structure, less likely deep in soil.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |