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<document id="C234351DE51F95BC827E5B295975EFBC" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4136.2.7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4136.2.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="01b23b5f-66af-47bb-8943-4b0307b4e57d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="262694" ID-ZooBank="50C131BE-E262-4658-A53C-C11A1A709046" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1467807717808" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Avendaño, Jorge Enrique, Barker, F. Keith &amp; Cadena, Carlos Daniel" docDate="2016" docId="03A7326DFFEF833443F4FC17FC52FC20" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4136.2.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4136 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Chlorospingus flavovirens" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="379" masterDocId="FF9E4A15FFED83324363FF99FFB8FFA0" masterDocTitle="The Yellow-green Bush-tanager is neither a bush-tanager nor a sparrow: Molecular phylogenetics reveals that Chlorospingus flavovirens is a tanager (Aves: Passeriformes; Thraupidae)" masterLastPageNumber="381" masterPageNumber="373" pageNumber="375" updateTime="1698363790689" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="3DE650ED35A65CD51E3E625FE81FBF1E">The Yellow-green Bush-tanager is neither a bush-tanager nor a sparrow: Molecular phylogenetics reveals that Chlorospingus flavovirens is a tanager (Aves: Passeriformes; Thraupidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="91DA21DD83C8CAC733989A4072B019D7">Avendaño, Jorge Enrique</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6B5C1EA3A89EAC4E9459DDECF5DDA37F">Barker, F. Keith</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="19CD0FB96E2CC03E702D7C709B9AE941">Cadena, Carlos Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEF833043F4FC17FE17FC08" blockId="2.[151,431,910,936]" box="[151,431,910,936]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833043F4FC17FE17FC08" ID-CoL="5XWZS" box="[151,431,910,936]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833043F4FC17FE17FC08" bold="true" box="[151,431,910,936]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Results and discussion</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEF833043F4FC4CFAD9F9AA" blockId="2.[151,1437,981,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">
Analyses based on all three mitochondrial genes suggested that the Yellow-green Bush-tanager is not closely related to species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF8330421CFC60FD9BFBB2" box="[383,547,1017,1042]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF8330421CFC60FD9BFBB2" box="[383,547,1017,1042]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Chlorospingus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or to any other emberizid, but instead, is deeply nested within the
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304675FC60FA21FBB2" box="[1302,1433,1017,1042]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Thraupidae</taxonomicName>
. For the ATPase 6 &amp; 8 genes (
<figureCitation id="13359FFEFFEF83304170FB84FDE3FB96" box="[531,603,1053,1078]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[156,1433,741,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,735,1735]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum clade credibility tree reconstructed in BEAST showing relationships of Chlorospingus flavovirens and representatives of six families of nine-primaried oscines, based on ATPase 6 &amp; 8 genes. The phylogeny indicates that Chlorospingus flavovirens is more closely related to tanagers (Thraupidae) than to other Chlorospingus species (Emberizidae). For each node, the posterior probability from the BEAST analysis is given above the branch leading to that node, and the maximum likelihood value from the RAxML analysis is given below the branch. Nodes that lacked bootstrap support based on 1000 maximum-likelihood replicates are indicated by ‘‘ – ’’. Illustrations are from C. flavovirens and some selected Chlorospingus species (courtesy of Lynx Edicions; Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 16, 2011). Numbers in front on taxon names correspond to sample ID (see Supplementary file)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262695/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), all
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833041C6FB84FCF1FB96" box="[677,841,1053,1078]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833041C6FB84FCF1FB96" box="[677,841,1053,1078]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Chlorospingus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species formed a well-supported clade (posterior probability = 0.96; ML bootstrap = 50%; supports hereafter in this order) within the
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833047F8FBD8FA90FBFA" box="[1179,1320,1089,1114]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Emberizidae</taxonomicName>
(or more specifically the
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF8330422AFBFCFE66FBDE" box="[329,478,1125,1150]" class="Aves" family="Passerellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Passerellidae</taxonomicName>
, following the taxonomy of
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEF8330407DFBFCFC56FBDE" author="Barker" box="[798,1006,1125,1150]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" refString="Barker, F. K., Burns, K. J., Klicka, J., Lanyon, S. M. &amp; Lovette, I. J. (2013) Going to extremes: Contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds. Systematic Biology, 62, 298 - 320. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / sys 094" type="journal article" year="2013">
Barker
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF83304011FBFFFC1BFBDE" box="[882,931,1125,1150]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
), whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304707FBFFFAB9FBDE" box="[1124,1281,1125,1150]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF83304707FBFFFAB9FBDE" box="[1124,1281,1125,1150]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was included in a distantly related but weakly supported clade containing tanagers and cardinals. Within this clade, however, the species was included in a strongly supported clade (1.0; 64%) containing typical
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304740FB34FB1BFB66" box="[1059,1187,1197,1222]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thraupinae">Thraupinae</taxonomicName>
taxa (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF8330467BFB34FA2CFB66" box="[1304,1428,1197,1222]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Buthraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF8330467BFB34FA2CFB66" box="[1304,1428,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Buthraupis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833043F4FB4BFF4DFB49" box="[151,245,1234,1257]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Tangara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833043F4FB4BFF4DFB49" box="[151,245,1234,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Tangara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). ND2 analyses clearly showed
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF8330413CFB4BFD42FB4A" box="[607,762,1233,1258]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF8330413CFB4BFD42FB4A" box="[607,762,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the core tanager clade (1.0; 70%;
<figureCitation id="13359FFEFFEF833047AAFB48FAB3FB4A" box="[1225,1291,1233,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1117,1139]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,192,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1098]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum clade credibility trees reconstructed in BEAST for the core tanagers (Thraupinae) based on ND 2 (A) and Cyt b (B) genes. While the ND 2 topology indicates that Chlorospingus flavovirens is closely related to Bangsia arcaei, the Cyt b topology points to C. flavovirens as sister to all Bangsia species, although this relationship is weakly supported. For each node, the posterior probability from the BEAST analysis is given above the branch leading to that node, and the maximum likelihood value from the RAxML analysis is given below the branch. Nodes that lacked bootstrap support based on 1000 maximum-likelihood replicates are indicated by ‘‘ – ’’. Numbers in front on taxon names correspond to sample ID (see Supplementary file)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A). Morever, sequences of this gene strongly suggested the species is sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833040F2FB6FFAE5FAAE" authority="Sclater &amp; Salvin (1869)" authorityName="Sclater &amp; Salvin" authorityYear="1869" box="[913,1373,1269,1294]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833040F2FB6FFB85FAAD" box="[913,1085,1270,1293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Bangsia arcaei</emphasis>
Sclater &amp; Salvin (1869)
</taxonomicName>
(1.0; 94%); the clade formed by
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833042B7FA83FDCBFA92" box="[468,627,1305,1330]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833042B7FA83FDCBFA92" box="[468,627,1305,1330]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833041CEFA83FCACFA91" box="[685,788,1306,1329]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833041CEFA83FCACFA91" box="[685,788,1306,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was sister to a clade including the remaining species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833043F4FAA7FEF5FAF6" authority="Penard" authorityName="Penard" box="[151,333,1341,1366]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833043F4FAA7FF4BFAF5" box="[151,243,1342,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Bangsia</emphasis>
Penard
</taxonomicName>
(1.0; 98%). Relationships inferred based on the cyt
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833040AAFAA4FC6FFAF6" box="[969,983,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">b</emphasis>
gene were not as strongly supported, especially within the core tanagers (
<figureCitation id="13359FFEFFEF83304153FAF8FDCEFADA" box="[560,630,1377,1402]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1117,1139]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,192,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1098]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum clade credibility trees reconstructed in BEAST for the core tanagers (Thraupinae) based on ND 2 (A) and Cyt b (B) genes. While the ND 2 topology indicates that Chlorospingus flavovirens is closely related to Bangsia arcaei, the Cyt b topology points to C. flavovirens as sister to all Bangsia species, although this relationship is weakly supported. For each node, the posterior probability from the BEAST analysis is given above the branch leading to that node, and the maximum likelihood value from the RAxML analysis is given below the branch. Nodes that lacked bootstrap support based on 1000 maximum-likelihood replicates are indicated by ‘‘ – ’’. Numbers in front on taxon names correspond to sample ID (see Supplementary file)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Although support was not strong in analyses based on this gene,
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833046E1FAFBFEABFA3E" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833046E1FAFBFEABFA3E" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also found to be a member of the core tanagers; in contrast to the ND2 topology, it was not recovered as sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833042C4FA33FDABFA61" box="[423,531,1450,1473]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833042C4FA33FDABFA61" box="[423,531,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but rather as the sister group of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833040A3FA33FBA4FA61" box="[960,1052,1450,1473]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833040A3FA33FBA4FA61" box="[960,1052,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, albeit with weak support. The concatenated analyses resulted in topologies and support values similar to those obtained in the ND2 analyses (
<figureCitation id="13359FFEFFEF8330460CFA54FF1FF9AA" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1830,1852]" captionTargetBox="[193,1386,193,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[193,1386,193,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum clade credibility tree reconstructed in BEAST for the Core Tanagers (Thraupinae) based on concatenated ND 2 and Cyt b sequences. The phylogeny indicates that Chlorospingus flavovirens is nested within a clade of Bangsia species, and most closely related to Bangsia arcaei. For each node, the posterior probability from the BEAST analysis is given above the branch leading to that node, and the maximum likelihood value from the RAxML analysis is given below the branch. Nodes that lacked bootstrap support based on 1000 maximum-likelihood replicates are indicated by ‘‘ – ’’. Illustrations are from C. flavovirens and Bangsia species (courtesy of Lynx Edicions; Handbook of the birds of the world, Vol. 16, 2011). Numbers in front on taxon names correspond to sample ID (see Supplementary file)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262697/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
):
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833043DEFA6BFEE1F9AA" box="[189,345,1521,1546]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833043DEFA6BFEE1F9AA" box="[189,345,1521,1546]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was nested within the
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF8330413AFA6BFD0DF9A9" box="[601,693,1522,1545]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF8330413AFA6BFD0DF9A9" box="[601,693,1522,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (0.99; 81%) as the sister taxon to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304715FA6BFB63F9A9" box="[1142,1243,1522,1545]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF83304715FA6BFB63F9A9" box="[1142,1243,1522,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.0; 93%).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEF833043A4F98FFC96F8A5" blockId="2.[151,1437,981,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">
We used estimates of marginal likelihoods based on the concatenated data set to contrast the null hypothesis where
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304386F9A3FE3DF9F2" box="[229,389,1593,1618]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF83304386F9A3FE3DF9F2" box="[229,389,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304173F9A3FDC0F9F1" box="[528,632,1594,1617]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF83304173F9A3FDC0F9F1" box="[528,632,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the alternative hypothesis where
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF8330477CF9A3FB06F9F2" box="[1055,1214,1593,1618]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF8330477CF9A3FB06F9F2" box="[1055,1214,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to a clade formed by all species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833042D3F9C7FDB4F9D5" box="[432,524,1630,1653]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833042D3F9C7FDB4F9D5" box="[432,524,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
using the Bayes factor. Estimates of the marginal likelihood were -82045.67 for the null hypothesis and -82519.12 for the alternative hypothesis, resulting in an absolute difference (i.e. Bayes factor) of 473.45. Because Bayes factors larger than 150 should be interpreted as very strong evidence in favor of the better model (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEF83304207F953FDE7F942" author="Kass" box="[356,607,1737,1762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" refString="Kass, R. E., &amp; Raftery, A. E. (1995) Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association 90, 773 - 795. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01621459.1995.10476572" type="journal article" year="1995">Kass &amp; Raftery 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEF8330410EF953FCE3F942" author="Bergsten" box="[621,859,1737,1762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" refString="Bergsten, J., Nilsson, A. N. &amp; Ronquist, F. (2013) Bayesian tests of topology hypotheses with an example from diving beetles. Systematic Biology, 62, 660 - 673. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syt 029" type="journal article" year="2013">
Bergsten
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833041B9F953FCADF942" box="[730,789,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
), this analysis strongly favors the hypothesis that, given our mtDNA data,
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833042C5F977FDFBF8A6" box="[422,579,1773,1798]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833042C5F977FDFBF8A6" box="[422,579,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833041A1F976FC9FF8A5" box="[706,807,1774,1798]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833041A1F976FC9FF8A5" box="[706,807,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEF833043A4F888FA24F87D" blockId="2.[151,1437,981,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833043A4F888FE48F88A" box="[199,496,1809,1834]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833043A4F888FE48F88A" box="[199,496,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Chlorospingus flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described as
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304054F88BFAB7F88A" authority="Lawrence, 1867" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1867" box="[823,1295,1809,1834]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF83304054F88BFB81F88A" box="[823,1081,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Buarremon flavovirens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEF83304729F88BFABEF88A" author="Lawrence" box="[1098,1286,1809,1834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" refString="Lawrence, G. N. (1867) Descriptions of new species of American birds. Annals of Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 8, 466 - 482. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1867. tb 00333. x" type="journal article" year="1867">Lawrence, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It was later transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304254F8ACFD3CF8EE" authority="Cabanis, 1851" authorityName="Cabanis" authorityYear="1851" box="[311,644,1845,1870]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF83304254F8ACFE63F8EE" box="[311,475,1845,1870]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Chlorospingus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEF83304280F8ACFD3CF8EE" author="Cabanis" box="[483,644,1845,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" refString="Cabanis, J. L. (1851) Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstatdt. Museum Heineanum, 1, 1 - 234." type="journal article" year="1851">Cabanis, 1851</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEF833041D2F8ACFCEAF8EE" author="Sclater" box="[689,850,1845,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" refString="Sclater, P. L. (1885) On some little-known species of tanagers. Ibis, 27, 271 - 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919 X. 1885. tb 07184. x" type="journal article" year="1885">Sclater (1885)</bibRefCitation>
based on its short and strong beak, more typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833043F4F8C0FE83F8D2" box="[151,315,1881,1906]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833043F4F8C0FE83F8D2" box="[151,315,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Chlorospingus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Since then, it has been consistently considered a
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833040B5F8C0FBC2F8D2" box="[982,1146,1881,1906]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833040B5F8C0FBC2F8D2" box="[982,1146,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Chlorospingus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sharing similar plumage patterns (particularly with some species; e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833041FAF8E7FC80F836" box="[665,824,1918,1942]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tacarcunae">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833041FAF8E7FC80F836" box="[665,824,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. tacarcunae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304024F8E7FC6DF835" box="[839,981,1918,1941]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF83304024F8E7FC6DF835" box="[839,981,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. inornatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), habitat and behavior with members of this group (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEF83304274F838FE5BF81A" author="Isler" box="[279,483,1953,1978]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" refString="Isler, M. L. &amp; Isler, P. R. (1999) The Tanagers: Natural History, Distribution, and Identification. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 406 pp." type="book" year="1999">Isler &amp; Isler 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEF8330428CF838FDD2F81A" author="Hilty" box="[495,618,1953,1978]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" refString="Hilty, S. L. (2011) Family Thraupidae (Tanagers). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. &amp; Christie, D. A. (Eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Tanagers to New World Blackbird s, vol 16. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 46 - 329." type="journal article" year="2011">Hilty 2011</bibRefCitation>
; see
<figureCitation id="13359FFEFFEF833041C2F838FD59F81A" box="[673,737,1953,1978]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[156,1433,741,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,735,1735]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum clade credibility tree reconstructed in BEAST showing relationships of Chlorospingus flavovirens and representatives of six families of nine-primaried oscines, based on ATPase 6 &amp; 8 genes. The phylogeny indicates that Chlorospingus flavovirens is more closely related to tanagers (Thraupidae) than to other Chlorospingus species (Emberizidae). For each node, the posterior probability from the BEAST analysis is given above the branch leading to that node, and the maximum likelihood value from the RAxML analysis is given below the branch. Nodes that lacked bootstrap support based on 1000 maximum-likelihood replicates are indicated by ‘‘ – ’’. Illustrations are from C. flavovirens and some selected Chlorospingus species (courtesy of Lynx Edicions; Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 16, 2011). Numbers in front on taxon names correspond to sample ID (see Supplementary file)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262695/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Our results conclusively show that
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF833047E6F83BFA99F81A" box="[1157,1313,1953,1978]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833047E6F83BFA99F81A" box="[1157,1313,1953,1978]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is actually a tanager distantly related to true
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEF83304153F85CFD6CF87E" box="[560,724,1989,2014]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF83304153F85CFD6CF87E" box="[560,724,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">Chlorospingus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for which the
<typeStatus id="54B53DD9FFEF833040F6F85FFC7DF87E" box="[917,965,1990,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">type</typeStatus>
species is the taxon now known as
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEF833046E1F85FFA24F87D" box="[1410,1436,1990,2013]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="375">C.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEE833143F4FF0EFDA4FF75" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833143F4FF0EFEAFFF10" box="[151,279,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavopectus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833143F4FF0EFEAFFF10" box="[151,279,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">flavopectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE83314245FF0EFD28FF10" authority="Du Bus, 1847" authorityName="Du Bus" authorityYear="1847" box="[294,656,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophthalmicus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE83314245FF0EFE05FF10" box="[294,445,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">ophthalmicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEE833142B6FF01FD30FF10" author="Du" box="[469,648,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" refString="Du Bus, B. (1847) Note sur quelques especes nouvelles d'oiseaux d'Amerique. Bulletin des Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 8, 101 - 108." type="journal article" year="1847">Du Bus, 1847</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Accordingly, the species must be transferred to the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833143F4FF25FEAFFF75" box="[151,279,188,213]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thraupinae">Thraupinae</taxonomicName>
within the
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833142F6FF25FDA0FF75" box="[405,536,188,213]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Thraupidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEE833143A4FF46FA35FE0D" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">
Examples of morphological similarity between phylogenetically distant taxa are not rare among Emberizoids, and this is one of the reasons why classification in groups like tanagers, emberizids and cardinalids has been subject to extensive revision following molecular phylogenetic analyses (Burns
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE83314757FEB0FBD7FEE0" box="[1076,1135,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
2014, 2016; Klicka
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE83314602FEB0FA24FEE0" box="[1377,1436,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
2014;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEE83314385FED5FE74FEC5" author="Barker" box="[230,460,332,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" refString="Barker, F. K., Burns, K. J., Klicka, J., Lanyon, S. M. &amp; Lovette, I. J. (2015) New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies. Auk, 132, 333 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1642 / AUK- 14 - 110.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
Barker
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE83314222FED4FE3AFEC5" box="[321,386,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEE83314283FED4FD6EFEC5" author="Remsen" box="[480,726,332,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" refString="Remsen, J. V. Jr., Areta, N. I., Cadena, C. D., Jaramillo, A., Nores, M., Pacheco, J. F., Perez-Eman, J. L., Robbins, M. B., Stiles, F. G., Stotz, D. F. &amp; Zimmer, K. J. (2016) A Classification of the Bird Species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. Version available from: http: // www. museum. lsu. edu / ~ Remsen / SACCBaseline. htm (accessed 20 March 2016)" type="journal article" year="2016">
Remsen
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE8331412AFED4FD32FEC5" box="[585,650,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). However, the similarity between
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833147E6FED4FA91FEC5" box="[1157,1321,332,357]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833147E6FED4FA91FEC5" box="[1157,1321,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and true
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833143F4FEF6FEF1FE28" box="[151,329,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Cholorospingus</emphasis>
that had thus far misled taxonomists who considered them congeneric represents a remarkable case of evolutionary convergence in plumage, morphology, and behavior between taxa belonging to different families.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEE833143A4FE21FDADFD6D" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">
In addition to being transferred to the
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE83314113FE2EFD4BFE70" box="[624,755,439,464]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Thraupidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE8331419EFE21FC22FE70" box="[765,922,439,464]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE8331419EFE21FC22FE70" box="[765,922,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be placed in a different genus to make classification consistent with phylogeny. The genus name
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE83314051FE44FBCDFE55" authority="Bonaparte, 1850" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1850" box="[818,1141,476,501]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE83314051FE44FC08FE54" box="[818,944,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Buarremon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEE833140D9FE44FBCDFE55" author="Bonaparte" box="[954,1141,476,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" refString="Bonaparte, C. L. (1850) Conspectus Generum Avium. Leyden. 542 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 70841" type="book" year="1850">
Bonaparte,
<quantity id="4CF62E9EFFEE8331475EFE45FBCDFE55" box="[1085,1141,476,501]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.699" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" unit="in" value="1850.0">1850</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in which the species was originally described is not available because the
<typeStatus id="54B53DD9FFEE833141A2FD99FD49FDB8" box="[705,753,512,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">type</typeStatus>
species is
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE8331400DFE66FF6AFD9C" authority="Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, 1837" authorityName="Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1837" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Embernagra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquata">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE8331400DFE66FBDCFDB8" box="[878,1124,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Embernagra torquata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEE8331470FFE66FF6AFD9C" author="Lafresnaye" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" refString="Lafresnaye, M. F. &amp; d'Orbigny, A. (1837) Synopsis Avium. Magasin de Zoologie, 2, 1 - 88." type="journal article" year="1837">Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny, 1837</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, (i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE8331427BFDBDFE54FD9C" box="[280,492,548,572]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Arremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE8331427BFDBDFE54FD9C" box="[280,492,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Arremon torquatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEE8331429FFDBDFCB3FD9C" author="Cadena" box="[508,779,548,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" refString="Cadena, C. D. &amp; Cuervo, A. M. (2010) Molecules, ecology, morphology, and songs in concert: how many species is Arremon torquatus (Aves: Emberizidae)? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 99, 152 - 176. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2009.01333. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Cadena &amp; Cuervo 2010</bibRefCitation>
), an emberizid distantly related to
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833147F0FDBCFA80FD9D" box="[1171,1336,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833147F0FDBCFA8BFD9D" box="[1171,1331,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">C. flavovirens</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Because no generic name is available for
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE8331417CFDD1FD07FDC0" box="[543,703,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE8331417CFDD1FD07FDC0" box="[543,703,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on our results we see three alternatives: (1) creating a monotypic genus for
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833142EAFDF4FD9EFD25" box="[393,550,620,645]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833142EAFDF4FD9EFD25" box="[393,550,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (2) placing
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833141DBFDF4FCEDFD25" box="[696,853,620,645]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833141DBFDF4FCEDFD25" box="[696,853,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the closely allied
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE83314735FDF4FB04FD24" box="[1110,1212,621,644]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE83314735FDF4FB04FD24" box="[1110,1212,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a genus separate from the other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833142D5FD08FDAAFD08" box="[438,530,657,680]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833142D5FD08FDAAFD08" box="[438,530,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or (2) merging
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833141AFFD09FCD1FD08" box="[716,873,655,680]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Buarremon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833141AFFD09FCD1FD08" box="[716,873,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833140C3FD08FC44FD08" box="[928,1020,657,680]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833140C3FD08FC44FD08" box="[928,1020,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a single genus. We favor the third option for reasons outlined below.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF71D3F3FFEE833143F4F97CFCA4F844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262695/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" targetBox="[156,1433,741,1721]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEE833143F4F97CFCA4F844" blockId="3.[151,1437,1765,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833143F4F97CFEABF95A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1765,1787]" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Maximum clade credibility tree reconstructed in BEAST showing relationships of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE83314706F97CFAC8F95B" box="[1125,1392,1765,1787]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE83314706F97CFAC8F95B" box="[1125,1392,1765,1787]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Chlorospingus flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and representatives of six families of nine-primaried oscines, based on ATPase 6 &amp; 8 genes. The phylogeny indicates that
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833143F4F8B1FE1AF89E" box="[151,418,1832,1854]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833143F4F8B1FE1AF89E" box="[151,418,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Chlorospingus flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more closely related to tanagers (
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE8331406CF8B1FC3EF89E" box="[783,902,1832,1854]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Thraupidae</taxonomicName>
) than to other
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE83314779F8B1FB17F89E" box="[1050,1199,1832,1854]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE83314779F8B1FB17F89E" box="[1050,1199,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Chlorospingus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE8331466FF8B1FA2AF89E" box="[1292,1426,1832,1854]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Emberizidae</taxonomicName>
). For each node, the posterior probability from the BEAST analysis is given above the branch leading to that node, and the maximum likelihood value from the RAxML analysis is given below the branch. Nodes that lacked bootstrap support based on 1000 maximum-likelihood replicates are indicated by ‘‘–’’. Illustrations are from
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE83314748F814FB7AF802" box="[1067,1218,1932,1954]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE83314748F814FB7AF802" box="[1067,1218,1932,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some selected
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEE833143F4F834FE93F863" box="[151,299,1965,1987]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="376" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833143F4F834FE93F863" box="[151,299,1965,1987]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Chlorospingus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (courtesy of Lynx Edicions;
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEE833141C9F834FBA3F863" box="[682,1051,1965,1987]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="376">Handbook of the Birds of the World</emphasis>
, Vol. 16, 2011). Numbers in front on taxon names correspond to sample ID (see Supplementary file).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF71D3F3FFE9833643F4FBC4FED0FA8B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262696/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" targetBox="[161,1428,192,1091]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFE9833643F4FBC4FED0FA8B" blockId="4.[151,1436,1117,1323]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833643F4FBC4FEACFBD3" bold="true" box="[151,276,1117,1139]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Maximum clade credibility trees reconstructed in BEAST for the core tanagers (
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE98336473BFBC4FB77FBD3" box="[1112,1231,1117,1139]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thraupinae">Thraupinae</taxonomicName>
) based on ND2 (A) and Cyt
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE98336438FFBE5FF41FB32" box="[236,249,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">b</emphasis>
(B) genes. While the ND2 topology indicates that
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE98336419FFBE5FBBFFB32" box="[764,1031,1148,1170]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE98336419FFBE5FBBFFB32" box="[764,1031,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Chlorospingus flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833647B4FBE4FAC9FB32" box="[1239,1393,1149,1170]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833647B4FBE4FAC9FB32" box="[1239,1393,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Bangsia arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the Cyt
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833643A1FB02FF77FB11" box="[194,207,1179,1201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">b</emphasis>
topology points to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833642F0FB05FD98FB11" box="[403,544,1179,1201]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833642F0FB05FD98FB11" box="[403,544,1179,1201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to all
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833641D4FB05FCB2FB11" box="[695,778,1180,1201]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833641D4FB05FCB2FB11" box="[695,778,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, although this relationship is weakly supported. For each node, the posterior probability from the BEAST analysis is given above the branch leading to that node, and the maximum likelihood value from the RAxML analysis is given below the branch. Nodes that lacked bootstrap support based on 1000 maximum-likelihood replicates are indicated by ‘‘–’’. Numbers in front on taxon names correspond to sample ID (see Supplementary file).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFE9833643A4FACAFB12F910" blockId="4.[151,1436,1363,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">
Creating a monotypic genus for
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE983364111FACDFCA4FACC" box="[626,796,1363,1388]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE983364111FACDFCA4FACC" box="[626,796,1363,1388]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would recognize the phenotypic and evolutionary distinctiveness of this taxon. However, given our finding of its close relation with
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE98336473AFAE1FB7AFA2F" box="[1113,1218,1400,1423]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE98336473AFAE1FB7AFA2F" box="[1113,1218,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is the
<typeStatus id="54B53DD9FFE98336460FFAE1FA24FA30" box="[1388,1436,1400,1424]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE98336426EFA05FD97FA13" authority="Ridgway, 1893" authorityName="Ridgway" authorityYear="1893" box="[269,559,1435,1460]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE98336426EFA05FED1FA13" box="[269,361,1436,1459]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Bangsia</emphasis>
(Ridgway, 1893)
</taxonomicName>
, this would require naming an additional genus for the remaining four species now included in this genus. This would result in recognizing three genera and in changing the genus of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833646E1FA59FEABFA5C" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833646E1FA59FEABFA5C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and of four species of
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE983364151FA7DFD2DFA5B" box="[562,661,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE983364151FA7DFD29FA5B" box="[562,657,1508,1531]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bangsia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a solution that would involve substantial changes to the existing classification. In addition, this alternative would imply recognizing two monotypic genera (one for
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE98336479BF991FA2CF980" box="[1272,1428,1543,1568]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE98336479BF991FA2CF980" box="[1272,1428,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one for
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE983364390F9B5FEE3F9E3" box="[243,347,1580,1603]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE983364390F9B5FEE3F9E3" box="[243,347,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); we favor not doing so because monotypic genera convey no information about phylogenetic relationships. Of course, classifying species in monotypic genera does convey phylogenetic information in cases where it highlights deeply divergent lineages with no close relatives (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE983364747F9EDFB59F92B" authority="Hartert" authorityName="Hartert" box="[1060,1249,1652,1675]" class="Aves" family="Sapayoaidae" genus="Sapayoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE983364747F9EDFB3CF92B" box="[1060,1156,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Sapayoa</emphasis>
Hartert
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE983364677F9EAFEBCF910" authority="Swainson" authorityName="Swainson" class="Aves" family="Donacobiidae" genus="Donacobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE983364677F9EAFA23F92C" box="[1300,1435,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Donacobius</emphasis>
Swainson
</taxonomicName>
among Neotropical passerines), but we argue this is not the case for
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE983364765F901FB12F910" box="[1030,1194,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE983364765F901FB1EF910" box="[1030,1190,1687,1712]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">C. flavovirens</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFE9833643A4F922FEABF854" blockId="4.[151,1436,1363,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">
The second alternative (i.e. merging
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE983364109F925FCB0F974" box="[618,776,1723,1748]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE983364109F925FCB0F974" box="[618,776,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE983364022F925FC10F973" box="[833,936,1724,1747]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE983364022F925FC10F973" box="[833,936,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833640ACF925FB93F973" box="[975,1067,1724,1747]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833640ACF925FB93F973" box="[975,1067,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) would prevent the naming of a new genus for the former, but again this would require naming a new genus for the remaining four species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833643F4F89DFF4BF8BB" box="[151,243,1796,1819]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833643F4F89DFF4BF8BB" box="[151,243,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, although the ND2 data and the concatenated analyses strongly show that
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833647C5F89DFAF9F8BC" box="[1190,1345,1795,1820]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833647C5F89DFAF9F8BC" box="[1190,1345,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833643D5F8B1FEA5F89F" box="[182,285,1832,1855]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833643D5F8B1FEA5F89F" box="[182,285,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this was not supported by the cyt
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833641D6F8BEFD7BF8E0" box="[693,707,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">b</emphasis>
data. An important consideration regarding this and the former alternatives, both of which imply separating
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833641F7F8D5FD43F8C3" box="[660,763,1868,1891]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833641F7F8D5FD43F8C3" box="[660,763,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other species of
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE98336409CF8D5FBD9F8C3" box="[1023,1121,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE98336409CF8D5FBE6F8C3" box="[1023,1118,1868,1891]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bangsia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
is that this has no apparent phenotypic basis given the relatively conserved plumage and morphology across these species. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFE98336462DF8F6FF59F80B" author="Penard" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" refString="Penard, T. E. (1919) Revision of the genus Buthraupis Cabanis. Auk, 36, 536 - 540. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4073348" type="journal article" year="1919">Penard (1919)</bibRefCitation>
noted some differences in bill shape and primary length between
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE9833640DCF80DFB9DF80B" box="[959,1061,1940,1963]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="377" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE9833640DCF80DFB9DF80B" box="[959,1061,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="377">B. arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its congeners, neither we nor Penard could draw reliable conclusions about the taxonomic validity of these characters due to the scarcity of specimens.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF71D3F3FFE8833743F4F8BFFC48F854" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262697/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" targetBox="[193,1386,193,1800]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFE8833743F4F8BFFC48F854" blockId="5.[151,1437,1830,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE8833743F4F8BFFEA2F89C" bold="true" box="[151,282,1830,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Maximum clade credibility tree reconstructed in BEAST for the Core Tanagers (
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE8833747CDF8BFFA9DF89C" box="[1198,1317,1830,1852]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thraupinae">Thraupinae</taxonomicName>
) based on concatenated ND2 and Cyt b sequences. The phylogeny indicates that
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE883374016F8DCFB39F8FB" box="[885,1153,1861,1883]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE883374016F8DCFB39F8FB" box="[885,1153,1861,1883]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Chlorospingus flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is nested within a clade of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE8833743F4F8FCFF53F8DA" box="[151,235,1893,1914]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE8833743F4F8FCFF53F8DA" box="[151,235,1893,1914]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, and most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE883374138F8FCFD4CF8DA" box="[603,756,1893,1914]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcaei">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE883374138F8FCFD4CF8DA" box="[603,756,1893,1914]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Bangsia arcaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For each node, the posterior probability from the BEAST analysis is given above the branch leading to that node, and the maximum likelihood value from the RAxML analysis is given below the branch. Nodes that lacked bootstrap support based on 1000 maximum-likelihood replicates are indicated by ‘‘–’’. Illustrations are from
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE883374395F858FE3DF876" box="[246,389,1984,2006]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE883374395F858FE3DF876" box="[246,389,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFE8833742DAF858FDB5F876" box="[441,525,1985,2006]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE8833742DAF858FDB5F876" box="[441,525,1985,2006]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (courtesy of Lynx Edicions;
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFE8833740E9F859FB4DF876" box="[906,1269,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="378">Handbook of the birds of the world</emphasis>
, Vol. 16, 2011). Numbers in front on taxon names correspond to sample ID (see Supplementary file).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEB833443A4FF0EFBFBFD08" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">
Finally, merging
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB833442E5FF01FD9BFF10" box="[390,547,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833442E5FF01FD9BFF10" box="[390,547,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB83344139FF00FD0EFF10" box="[602,694,153,176]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB83344139FF00FD0EFF10" box="[602,694,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a single genus would avoid naming two new genera and would imply changing the name of only one species, thus maximizing taxonomic stability. In addition, this treatment would be consistent with all of our analyses, which unequivocally place
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB833440B7FF79FBC9FF58" box="[980,1137,223,248]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833440B7FF79FBC9FF58" box="[980,1137,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a clade with species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB833443F4FE9CFF4BFEBC" box="[151,243,261,284]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833443F4FE9CFF4BFEBC" box="[151,243,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
regardless of its position within such clade. Despite our findings showing strong support for the position of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB833443D6FEB1FEE9FEE0" box="[181,337,295,320]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833443D6FEB1FEE9FEE0" box="[181,337,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833442B6FEB0FD80FEE0" box="[469,568,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB833442B6FEB0FD8CFEE0" box="[469,564,297,320]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bangsia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
we do not deny the possibility that
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB833440A4FEB1FBDCFEE0" box="[967,1124,295,320]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833440A4FEB1FBDCFEE0" box="[967,1124,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB83344641FEB0FAC6FEE0" box="[1314,1406,297,320]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB83344641FEB0FAC6FEE0" box="[1314,1406,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as suggested by the cyt
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833442F1FED5FE18FEC5" box="[402,416,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">b</emphasis>
data; however, if this were to be confirmed with additional analyses considering other characters (i.e. nuclear DNA data), our proposal to merge
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB8334403DFEE9FBBAFE28" box="[862,1026,367,392]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB8334403DFEE9FBBAFE28" box="[862,1026,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB83344726FEE8FB19FE28" box="[1093,1185,369,392]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB83344726FEE8FB19FE28" box="[1093,1185,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would still render a classification consistent with phylogeny. Moreover, we suggest that this treatment is more informative about the evolutionary relationships of the taxa involved despite implying the recognition of a phenotypically heterogeneous genus. Although differences in plumage coloration between
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB83344007FE44FBBEFE55" box="[868,1030,476,501]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB83344007FE44FBBEFE55" box="[868,1030,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and species currently included in
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB833443F4FD98FF4BFDB8" box="[151,243,513,536]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833443F4FD98FF4BFDB8" box="[151,243,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are rather striking (
<figureCitation id="13359FFEFFEB833442B3FE66FDABFDB8" box="[464,531,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1830,1852]" captionTargetBox="[193,1386,193,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[193,1386,193,1803]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum clade credibility tree reconstructed in BEAST for the Core Tanagers (Thraupinae) based on concatenated ND 2 and Cyt b sequences. The phylogeny indicates that Chlorospingus flavovirens is nested within a clade of Bangsia species, and most closely related to Bangsia arcaei. For each node, the posterior probability from the BEAST analysis is given above the branch leading to that node, and the maximum likelihood value from the RAxML analysis is given below the branch. Nodes that lacked bootstrap support based on 1000 maximum-likelihood replicates are indicated by ‘‘ – ’’. Illustrations are from C. flavovirens and Bangsia species (courtesy of Lynx Edicions; Handbook of the birds of the world, Vol. 16, 2011). Numbers in front on taxon names correspond to sample ID (see Supplementary file)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262697/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), all these taxa are generally similar in size and proportions, so one may think of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB833443F4FDBCFE8FFD9D" box="[151,311,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833443F4FDBCFE8FFD9D" box="[151,311,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a taxon lacking complex plumage patterns and some of the colors present in relatively close relatives such as
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB83344236FDD0FDCFFDC0" authority="Elliot, 1865" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1865" box="[341,631,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB83344236FDD0FE61FDC0" box="[341,473,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">B. edwardsi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEB8334428BFDDEFDD7FDC0" author="Elliot" box="[488,623,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" refString="Elliot, D. G. (1865) Rapport sur quelques adquisitions nouvelles faites par la galerie ornithologique du museum addrese a l'assamblee des professeurs-administrateurs, par M. Milne Edwards. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, 1, 75 - 77." type="journal article" year="1865">Elliot, 1865</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB833441FFFDD0FBB2FDC0" authority="Hellmayr, 1910" authorityName="Hellmayr" authorityYear="1910" box="[668,1034,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureocincta">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB833441FFFDD0FCF8FDC0" box="[668,832,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">B. aureocincta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEB8334402DFDDEFBBAFDC0" author="Hellmayr" box="[846,1026,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" refString="Hellmayr, C. E. (1910) Descriptions of two new species of Tanagers from Western Colombia. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 25, 111 - 112." type="journal article" year="1910">Hellmayr, 1910</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, we note that
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB83344663FDD1FA24FDC0" box="[1280,1436,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB83344663FDD1FA24FDC0" box="[1280,1436,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">C. flavovirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies the center of the geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB83344068FDF4FCDFFD24" box="[779,871,621,644]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB83344068FDF4FCDFFD24" box="[779,871,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Bangsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, reflecting a shared history of diversification in northwestern South
<collectingCountry id="F319C3EBFFEB8334421BFD16FE60FD08" box="[376,472,655,680]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">America</collectingCountry>
among members of this clade (Sedano &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9FFE8AFFEB833440D3FD09FB8FFD08" author="Burns" box="[944,1079,656,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" refString="Lovette, I. J., Perez-Eman, J. L., Sullivan, J. P., Banks, R. C., Fiorentino, I., Cordoba-Cordoba, S., Echeverry-Galvis, M. A., Barker, F. K., Burns, K. J., Klicka, J., Lanyon, S. M. &amp; Bermingham, E. (2010) A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood-warblers and a revised classification of the Parulidae (Aves). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 753 - 770. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.07.018" type="journal article" year="2010">Burns 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1837BFFEB833443A4FD2CFC52FC20" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">
In summary, to make classification consistent with our current understanding of phylogeny, we suggest that the taxon heretofore referred to as
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB8334429FFD4EFC76FD50" box="[508,974,727,752]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB8334429FFD4EFC9DFD50" box="[508,805,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Chlorospingus flavovirens</emphasis>
(Emberizidae)
</taxonomicName>
should be transferred to the
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB8334467FFD4EFA23FD50" box="[1308,1435,727,752]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Thraupidae</taxonomicName>
and referred to as
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB83344205FD64FDF5FCB5" box="[358,589,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB83344205FD64FDF1FCB5" box="[358,585,764,789]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Bangsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavovirens">Bangsia flavovirens</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
To avoid confusion with members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0EF8F8FFEB83344717FD65FAA0FCB5" box="[1140,1304,764,789]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="379" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97A5F69FFEB83344717FD65FAA0FCB5" box="[1140,1304,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="379">Chlorospingus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we further suggest that its English name should be changed to Yellow-green Tanager. We encourage further studies involving a broader gene sampling, together with morphological and vocal analyses to improve our understanding of the systematic relationships and evolution of phenotypic diversity in this group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>
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