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<document id="FD062FB6A6AC69C49FB0DB4CA3FA8D52" ID-DOI="10.5252/adansonia2023v45a12" ID-ISSN="1639-4798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8006364" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1685974026623" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Pace, Marcelo R., Marcati, Carmen R., Lohmann, Lúcia G. &amp; Angyalossy, Veronica" docDate="2023" docId="039687DCFFD291288F08C2B9FA14A8FF" docLanguage="en" docName="Adansonia.45.12.167-210.pdf" docOrigin="Adansonia (3) 45 (12)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2FE19AC740987067EC2A6C89A85F9648.8:Adansonia.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="2FE19AC740987067EC2A6C89A85F9648" docStyleName="Adansonia.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Cuspidaria" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="186" masterDocId="FFAFFFA4FFC7913D8E1CC261FFBBA94E" masterDocTitle="Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis" masterLastPageNumber="210" masterPageNumber="167" pageNumber="186" updateTime="1686164729893" updateUser="julia" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="76238FEBBFAA3628925D57DE6DEAFA3F">Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1FBC3B45AC90C4A4F59B8501B29F7A5D">Pace, Marcelo R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E98A34B3C6B83B16430C5D580625EB69">Marcati, Carmen R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B2178E17B5AACB93D5E94D4CACF5DDC5">Lohmann, Lúcia G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6964B34F51A9FA42EF9CD0EAB7FC3E01">Angyalossy, Veronica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8F37DF24A75AB56089310D6F605EB278">Adansonia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AFCDC992C8BB096280077B76D1B6A7D9">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="426D4D2D7462F230C5C8F7D26C34CDE9">3</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="1BBF3FD95C996740F23CB82A7F43F54F">2023-05-30</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039687DCFFD291288F08C2B9FA14A8FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687DCFFD291288F08C2B9FA14A8FF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687DCFFD291288F08C2B9FA14A8FF" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<subSubSection id="C3256541FFD291288F08C2B9FDCCA9BC" box="[276,631,216,242]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288F08C2B9FDCCA9BC" blockId="21.[276,631,216,242]" box="[276,631,216,242]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
VIII.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288F4EC2B9FE7EA9BC" ID-CoL="99DXW" box="[338,453,216,242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cuspidaria</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288FD1C2B9FD82A9BC" box="[461,569,216,242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tynanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tynanthus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
clade
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3256541FFD291288E98C370FA14A8FF" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" type="description">
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. — This clade contains two genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288E9AC34AFF4FA80D" box="[134,244,299,323]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288E9AC34AFF4FA80D" box="[134,244,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Cuspidaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288F37C34AFE28A80D" box="[299,403,299,323]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tynanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288F37C34AFE28A80D" box="[299,403,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Tynanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both with four phloem wedges in transversal section. While the circumscription of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288C67C327FD5BA810" box="[635,736,326,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tynanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288C67C327FD5BA810" box="[635,736,326,350]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Tynanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has remained constant in different classification systems,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288C80C301FCBCA836" box="[668,775,352,376]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288C80C301FCBCA836" box="[668,775,352,376]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Cuspidaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
currently includes species from three previously recognized genera (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B3BFFD291288EC7C3F4FE25A8E3" author="FISCHER E. &amp; THEISEN I. &amp; LOHMANN L. G." box="[219,414,405,429]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" pagination="9 - 38" refId="ref28319" refString="FISCHER E., THEISEN I. &amp; LOHMANN L. G. 2004. - Bignoniaceae. in KUBITZKI K. &amp; KADEREIT J. K. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg: 9 - 38." type="book chapter" year="2004">
Fischer
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288F31C3F7FEDAA8E3" box="[301,353,405,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6BD0371FFD291288FB1C3F4FE41A8E3" box="[429,506,405,429]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="4.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetId="graphics-462@4.[132,1455,417,1315]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. — Past and present taxonomic circunscription of the genera in Bignonieae according to Lohmann (2006). *, Species segregated from Tanaecium to a monophyletic Bignonia; **, species segregrated from Pyrostegia to a monophyletic Cuspidaria." pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Table 1</tableCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288C0FC3F4FCBBA8E3" authority=", Arrabidaea" authorityName="Arrabidaea" box="[531,768,405,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288C0FC3F4FD3AA8E3" box="[531,641,405,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Cuspidaria</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288C8DC3F4FCBBA8E3" box="[657,768,405,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Arrabidaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288EADC3D1FEAEA889" box="[177,277,432,455]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Pyrostegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pyrostegia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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. — 35 species belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288ED5C398FE8FAB5F" box="[201,308,505,529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288ED5C398FE8FAB5F" box="[201,308,505,529]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Cuspidaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(21) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288F87C398FDBBAB5F" box="[411,512,505,529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tynanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288F87C398FDBBAB5F" box="[411,512,505,529]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Tynanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(14) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B3BFFD291288C5DC398FF03AB62" author="LOHMANN L. G. &amp; TAYLOR C. M." pageId="21" pageNumber="186" pagination="348 - 489" refId="ref30238" refString="LOHMANN L. G. &amp; TAYLOR C. M. 2014. - A new generic classification of tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 99: 348 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2003187" type="journal article" year="2014">Lohmann &amp; Taylor 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B3BFFD291288EDAC075FE5FAB62" author="MEDEIROS M. C. M. P. &amp; LOHMANN L. G." box="[198,484,532,556]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref30485" refString="MEDEIROS M. C. M. P. &amp; LOHMANN L. G. 2015. - Taxonomic revision of Tynanthus (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae). Phytotaxa 216: 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 216.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Medeiros &amp; Lohmann 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B3BFFD291288FEDC075FD0AAB62" author="KAEHLER M. &amp; MICHELANGELI F. A. &amp; LOHMANN L. G." box="[497,689,532,556]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" pagination="751 - 770" refId="ref29554" refString="KAEHLER M., MICHELANGELI F. A. &amp; LOHMANN L. G. 2019. - Fine tuning the circumscription of Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae). Taxon 68: 751 - 770. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 12121" type="journal article" year="2019">
Kaehler
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288C5AC074FDCCAB62" box="[582,631,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E98C025FD2CABDE" blockId="21.[131,776,273,656]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D66A016FFD291288EFAC028FE94AB14" baselines="598" box="[230,303,585,602]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="species" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">SPECIES</smallCapsWord>
.
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288F23C025FEE3AB15" box="[319,344,580,603]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">—</emphasis>
Four species,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288FECC025FF41AB38" authority="(Vell.) A. H. Gentry" authorityName="A. H. Gentry" baseAuthorityName="Vell." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="convoluta">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288FECC025FD7AAB12" box="[496,705,580,604]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Cuspidaria convoluta</emphasis>
(Vell.) A.H.Gentry
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288F1EC03FFDF7AB38" authority="(Cham.) L. G. Lohmann" authorityName="L. G. Lohmann" baseAuthorityName="Cham." box="[258,588,606,630]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulchra">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288F1EC03FFED9AB38" box="[258,354,606,630]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">C. pulchra</emphasis>
(Cham.) L.G.Lohmann
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288C4FC03FFEA0ABDE" authority="(Cham.) Miers" authorityName="Miers" baseAuthorityName="Cham." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tynanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cognatus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288C4FC03FFCBEAB38" box="[595,773,606,630]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Tynanthus cognatus</emphasis>
(Cham.) Miers
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288F49C018FD2CABDE" authority="(Vell.) L. G. Lohmann." box="[341,663,632,656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tynanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288F49C018FE09ABDE" box="[341,434,632,656]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">T. elegans</emphasis>
(Vell.) L.G.Lohmann.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E99C0D7FE91AB9E" blockId="21.[132,774,694,784]" box="[133,298,694,720]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288E99C0D7FE91AB9E" box="[133,298,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Regular phloem</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E98C0B7FD14AA5E" blockId="21.[132,774,694,784]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
Thin to thick fiber bands, assemblages present (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288C8EC0B7FD42ABBE" box="[658,761,726,752]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
). Mostly thin fiber bands in
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288FADC096FD92AA5E" box="[433,553,759,784]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tynanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cognatus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288FADC096FD92AA5E" box="[433,553,759,784]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">T. cognatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288C26C097FD24AA5E" box="[570,671,758,784]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E98C157FE91AA1E" blockId="21.[131,777,822,1008]" box="[132,298,822,848]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<heading id="D0C881A6FFD291288E98C157FE91AA1E" box="[132,298,822,848]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288E98C157FE91AA1E" box="[132,298,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Variant phloem</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E98C134FEEFAAA1" blockId="21.[131,777,822,1008]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288E98C134FE32AA21" bold="true" box="[132,393,853,879]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">General configuration.</emphasis>
Fibrous (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288FE6C134FDF2AA3E" box="[506,585,853,880]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A-C, E, F), with axial elements in a tangential arrangement of one row of sieve tubes, surrounded by a sieve-tube-centric phloem parenchyma (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288F1DC1D4FEF6AA81" box="[257,333,949,975]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A-C).
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE0FFFD291288F8FC1D4FE1FAA81" box="[403,420,949,975]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
band of parenchyma sometimes present (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288EFAC1B4FEFCAAA1" box="[230,327,981,1007]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E98C674FE24AC00" blockId="21.[131,775,1045,1358]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288E98C674FEDEAD61" bold="true" box="[132,357,1045,1071]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Sieve-tube elements.</emphasis>
As seen in transverse section, each sieve element is associated with 2-3 (sometimes over 4) companion cells that occur at the same side of the sieve element (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288E91C615FEB3ADC1" box="[141,264,1140,1167]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11B, E</figureCitation>
). The sieve elements generally occur in multiples of 2-3 (up to 5) radially elongated cells (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288C20C6F5FD25ADE1" box="[572,670,1172,1199]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
). Solitary sieve elements are also present in
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288FEDC6D5FDDCAD80" box="[497,615,1204,1230]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288FEDC6D5FDDCAD80" box="[497,615,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Cuspidaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288C64C6D5FD62AD80" box="[632,729,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
). As seen in transverse section, the sieve elements are of variable length, from 400 µm to approximately
<quantity id="4CC79B2FFFD291288C32C695FDD5AC41" box="[558,622,1268,1295]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
and their end walls are inclined, bearing compound sieve plates with 12- 30 sieve areas (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288F37C755FE29AC00" box="[299,402,1332,1358]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E98C712FDCDAF63" blockId="21.[131,775,1395,1581]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288E98C712FEE6ACC0" bold="true" box="[132,349,1395,1422]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Axial parenchyma.</emphasis>
The phloem parenchyma is typically sieve-tube-centric, surrounding the groups of sieve elements (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288ECAC7D2FE2BAC80" box="[214,400,1459,1486]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11B, C, E, F</figureCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288FA3C7D2FD25AC83" box="[447,670,1459,1485]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="convoluta">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288FA3C7D2FD25AC83" box="[447,670,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Cuspidaria convoluta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lignified lines of phloem parenchyma cross the entire phloem wedge (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288E92C792FF55AF43" box="[142,238,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
yellow arrows); some non-lignified lines are also found occasionally in this species (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288C14C472FDD2AF63" box="[520,617,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E98C432FEDEAFC3" blockId="21.[132,775,1619,1677]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288E98C432FF6AAF23" bold="true" box="[132,209,1619,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fibers.</emphasis>
Fibers are very abundant, forming background tissue (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288EA5C412FEBCAFC3" box="[185,263,1651,1677]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A-C, F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E99C4D2FF4DAE22" blockId="21.[131,777,1714,1900]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288E99C4D2FF78AF83" bold="true" box="[133,195,1715,1741]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Rays.</emphasis>
The limiting rays are lignified to both xylem and phloem faces (
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFD291288F37C4B3FE29AFA3" box="[299,402,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,143,1511,1528]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[131,1456,215,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples.Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006394/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
), with a radial row non-lignified between them. The wedge rays have randomly alternating portions lignified and non-lignified. The lignified portions never bear crystals and are differentiated very close to the cambium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288E98C5F0FF42AEA5" blockId="21.[132,775,1937,2027]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288E98C5F0FF52AEE5" bold="true" box="[132,233,1937,1963]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Crystals.</emphasis>
Acicular and navicular crystals are present solely on the non-lignified portions of the phloem and ray parenchyma.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288D31C2B9FC30A9BC" blockId="21.[811,1455,216,434]" box="[813,907,216,242]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<heading id="D0C881A6FFD291288D31C2B9FC30A9BC" box="[813,907,216,242]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288D31C2B9FC30A9BC" box="[813,907,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Periderm</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFD291288D31C299FA14A8FF" blockId="21.[811,1455,216,434]" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE0FFFD291288D31C299FC85A85C" box="[813,830,248,274]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
single periderm is formed. The phellem is stratified, composed of thin and thick-walled cells in alternation. The phelloderm is thick, with over three cell layers, non-stratified (
<tableCitation id="C6BD0371FFD291288D2AC336FC3DA83F" box="[822,902,343,369]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="6.[506,517,219,236]" captionTargetId="graphics-35@6.[132,1455,651,2022]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 2. — Description of the periderm of the lianas of Bignoniaceae." pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Table 2</tableCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288DA0C336FB93A83F" box="[956,1064,343,369]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tynanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288DA0C336FB93A83F" box="[956,1064,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Tynanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lenticels are non-stratified, with unlignified filling tissue (
<tableCitation id="C6BD0371FFD291288A2BC316FB3EA8DF" box="[1079,1157,375,401]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="6.[506,517,219,236]" captionTargetId="graphics-35@6.[132,1455,651,2022]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 2. — Description of the periderm of the lianas of Bignoniaceae." pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Table 2</tableCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFD291288AAAC316FA92A8DF" box="[1206,1321,375,401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Cuspidaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFD291288AAAC316FA92A8DF" box="[1206,1321,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Cuspidaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lenticels are stratified, with a closing layer of lignified cells (
<tableCitation id="C6BD0371FFD291288B53C3F6FA24A8FF" box="[1359,1439,407,433]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="6.[506,517,219,236]" captionTargetId="graphics-35@6.[132,1455,651,2022]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 2. — Description of the periderm of the lianas of Bignoniaceae." pageId="21" pageNumber="186">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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