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<mods:title id="6DAB86F19DC3E0B79AD555A01B8D0A52">Taxonomic synopsis of the genus Tomarus Erichson, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Peru</mods:title>
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<treatment id="B31B08032427FF9FFF4FC1DCA8DBFCA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5412535" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157141512" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5412535" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31B08032427FF9FFF4FC1DCA8DBFCA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31B08032427FF9FFF4FC1DCA8DBFCA2" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="430" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
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<paragraph id="3B0DB9152427FF9CFF4FC1DCA968FC3E" blockId="1.[151,779,909,971]" box="[151,779,909,936]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<heading id="60450E792427FF9CFF4FC1DCA968FC3E" bold="true" box="[151,779,909,936]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="FCB2C2962427FF9CFF4FC1DCA968FC3E" authority="(Palisot de Beauvois, 1811)" baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1811" box="[151,779,909,936]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bituberculatus">
<emphasis id="09C665072427FF9CFF4FC1DCA968FC3E" bold="true" box="[151,779,909,936]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<emphasis id="09C665072427FF9CFF4FC1DCABD4FC31" bold="true" box="[151,439,909,936]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Tomarus bituberculatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42427FF9CFE1EC1DCA960FC3E" author="Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J." box="[454,771,909,935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref7053" refString="Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. (1811) Insectes Recueillis en Afrique et en Amerique, dans les Royaumes d'Oware et de Benin, a Saint-Dominigue et dans les Etats-Unis, pendant les Annees 1786 - 1797. Livraison 7. Levrault, Schoell, et Cie, Paris, 20 pp. [pp. 101 - 120]" type="book chapter" year="1811">Palisot de Beauvois, 1811</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="73A8EA9E2427FF9CFF4FC1E0AB71FC52" box="[151,274,945,971]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" type="description">
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152427FF9CFF4FC1E0AB71FC52" blockId="1.[151,779,909,971]" box="[151,274,945,971]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
(
<figureCitation id="A389A5902427FF9CFF47C1E0AB69FC52" box="[159,266,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURES 14" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1946,1971]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,1129,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[153,1437,1151,1859]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 14. Tomarus bituberculatus: 1, habitus; 2, parameres in frontal view; 3, parameres in lateral view; 4, locality records in Peru. Habitus photograph by Yony Callohuari." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839267/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="73A8EA9E2427FF9CFF4FC1A4ABB7FBF0" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152427FF9CFF4FC1A4A886FB94" blockId="1.[151,741,1012,1129]" box="[151,741,1012,1037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1BA29E3B2427FF9CFF4FC1A4A886FB94" box="[151,741,1012,1037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<taxonomicName id="FCB2C2962427FF9CFF4FC1A4A886FB94" ID-CoL="6Y84T" authority="Palisot de Beauvois, 1811: 103" authorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" authorityPageNumber="103" authorityYear="1811" box="[151,741,1012,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bituberculatus">
<emphasis id="09C665072427FF9CFF4FC1A4ABC6FB94" box="[151,421,1013,1037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Scarabaeus bituberculatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="BA139F042427FF9CFE73C1A5A886FB94" author="Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J." box="[427,741,1012,1037]" page="103" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" year="1811">
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42427FF9CFE73C1A5A8D6FB94" author="Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J." box="[427,693,1012,1037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref7053" refString="Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. (1811) Insectes Recueillis en Afrique et en Amerique, dans les Royaumes d'Oware et de Benin, a Saint-Dominigue et dans les Etats-Unis, pendant les Annees 1786 - 1797. Livraison 7. Levrault, Schoell, et Cie, Paris, 20 pp. [pp. 101 - 120]" type="book chapter" year="1811">Palisot de Beauvois, 1811</bibRefCitation>
: 103
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152427FF9CFF4FC644AB96FBB5" blockId="1.[151,741,1012,1129]" box="[151,501,1043,1068]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1BA29E3B2427FF9CFF4FC644AB96FBB5" box="[151,501,1043,1068]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<taxonomicName id="FCB2C2962427FF9CFF4FC644AB96FBB5" ID-CoL="6PZ9T" authority="Bates, 1888: 315" authorityName="Bates" authorityPageNumber="315" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,501,1043,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ligyrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifovea">
<emphasis id="09C665072427FF9CFF4FC644AB27FBB5" box="[151,324,1044,1068]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Ligyrus latifovea</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="BA139F042427FF9CFE92C645AB96FBB5" author="Bates, H. W." box="[330,501,1043,1068]" page="315" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" year="1888">
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42427FF9CFE92C645ABA6FBB5" author="Bates, H. W." box="[330,453,1044,1068]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" pagination="296 - 342" refId="ref6147" refString="Bates, H. W. (1888) Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia, Family Dynastinae. In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera, 2 (Part 2), pp. 296 - 342." type="book chapter" year="1888">Bates, 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 315
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152427FF9CFF4FC662AB9EFBD2" blockId="1.[151,741,1012,1129]" box="[151,509,1074,1099]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1BA29E3B2427FF9CFF4FC662AB9EFBD2" box="[151,509,1074,1099]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<taxonomicName id="FCB2C2962427FF9CFF4FC662AB9EFBD2" ID-CoL="6PZ9Q" authority="Arrow, 1913: 466" authorityName="Arrow" authorityPageNumber="466" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,509,1074,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ligyrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="09C665072427FF9CFF4FC662AB26FBD3" box="[151,325,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Ligyrus maximus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="BA139F042427FF9CFE92C662AB9EFBD2" author="Arrow, G. J." box="[330,509,1074,1099]" page="466" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42427FF9CFE92C662ABAEFBD2" author="Arrow, G. J." box="[330,461,1075,1099]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" pagination="456 - 466" refId="ref6009" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1913) Some new species of lamellicorn beetles from Brazil. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 8, 456 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931308693338" type="journal article" year="1913">Arrow, 1913</bibRefCitation>
: 466
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152427FF9CFF4FC603ABB7FBF0" blockId="1.[151,741,1012,1129]" box="[151,468,1105,1129]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1BA29E3B2427FF9CFF4FC603ABB7FBF0" box="[151,468,1105,1129]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<taxonomicName id="FCB2C2962427FF9CFF4FC603ABB7FBF0" ID-CoL="6PYXQ" authority="Arrow, 1914: 273" authorityName="Arrow" authorityPageNumber="273" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,468,1105,1129]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ligyrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latus">
<emphasis id="09C665072427FF9CFF4FC603AB7FFBF0" box="[151,284,1105,1129]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Ligyrus latus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="BA139F042427FF9CFEF9C600ABB7FBF0" author="Arrow, G. J." box="[289,468,1105,1129]" page="273" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42427FF9CFEF9C600ABC7FBF0" author="Arrow, G. J." box="[289,420,1105,1129]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" pagination="257 - 276" refId="ref6054" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1914) Some further notes on lamellicorn beetles of the subfamily Dynastinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 14, 8, 257 - 276, 360. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693584" type="journal article" year="1914">Arrow, 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 273
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="6FCDE99D2427FF9CFF4FC5CBA8BAF84E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839267/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" startId="1.[151,264,1946,1971]" targetBox="[159,1429,1129,1853]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152427FF9CFF4FC5CBA8BAF84E" blockId="1.[151,1436,1946,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">
<emphasis id="09C665072427FF9CFF4FC5CBAB5DF82A" bold="true" box="[151,318,1946,1971]" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">FIGURES 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FCB2C2962427FF9CFE90C5CDA859F82A" baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1811" box="[328,570,1947,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bituberculatus">
<emphasis id="09C665072427FF9CFE90C5CDA859F82A" box="[328,570,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="429">Tomarus bituberculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1, habitus; 2, parameres in frontal view; 3, parameres in lateral view; 4, locality records in Peru. Habitus photograph by Yony Callohuari.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="73A8EA9E2424FF9FFF4FC2C9AADCFD82" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152424FF9FFF4FC2C9AEE6FEDA" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFF4FC2C9AB71FF2A" bold="true" box="[151,274,152,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FCB2C2962424FF9FFEC1C2CBA847FF2A" baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1811" box="[281,548,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bituberculatus">
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFEC1C2CBA847FF2A" box="[281,548,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Tomarus bituberculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by the antennal club subequal in length to antennomeres 27; clypeus narrowed towards apex (base 2.5 times wider than apex); frontoclypeal tubercles conical; pronotal tubercle acute and prominent; pronotal fovea transversely oval (as wide as interocular distance); protibial tridentate, rarely with an additional basal denticle; apex of metatibia with 1517 spinules; parameres with a small, acute tooth on each side, apical half strongly contracted and slender, apices triangularly expanded (
<figureCitation id="A389A5902424FF9FFBD3C378AE1BFEDA" box="[1035,1144,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURES 14" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1946,1971]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,1129,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[153,1437,1151,1859]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 14. Tomarus bituberculatus: 1, habitus; 2, parameres in frontal view; 3, parameres in lateral view; 4, locality records in Peru. Habitus photograph by Yony Callohuari." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839267/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152424FF9FFF1FC31DAADCFD82" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFF1FC31DAB8DFEFE" bold="true" box="[199,494,332,359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
Locality records (
<figureCitation id="A389A5902424FF9FFE41C31DAB83FEFE" box="[409,480,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURES 14" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1946,1971]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,1129,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[153,1437,1151,1859]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 14. Tomarus bituberculatus: 1, habitus; 2, parameres in frontal view; 3, parameres in lateral view; 4, locality records in Peru. Habitus photograph by Yony Callohuari." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2839267/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
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<specimenCount id="2DB4729C2424FF9FFE2DC31DA839FEFE" box="[501,602,332,359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" type="male">56 males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="2DB4729C2424FF9FFD49C31CA968FEFE" box="[657,779,333,359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" type="female">81 females</specimenCount>
from
<collectionCode id="5DA321D02424FF9FFC88C31CA9FAFEFE" box="[848,921,333,359]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
,
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,
<collectionCode id="5DA321D02424FF9FFBCEC31CAE09FEFE" box="[1046,1130,333,359]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" name="University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">UNSM</collectionCode>
, and
<collectionCode id="5DA321D02424FF9FFB7DC31CAE99FEFE" box="[1189,1274,333,359]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="8BDAB3482424FF9FFADCC31CAAD9FD82" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2242235137" collectionCode="CMNC" collectorName="La Mar &amp; La Merced." country="Peru" location="Iquitos" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" specimenCount="13" stateProvince="Ayacucho">
<specimenCount id="2DB4729C2424FF9FFADCC31CAFFEFEFE" box="[1284,1437,333,359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
from
<collectionCode id="5DA321D02424FF9FFF00C320AB4DFE12" box="[216,302,369,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">CMNC</collectionCode>
.
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFEE3C321AB87FE12" bold="true" box="[315,484,368,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFEE3C321ABCCFE12" box="[315,431,368,395]" country="Peru" name="Ayacucho" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Ayacucho</collectingRegion>
(1):
</emphasis>
<collectorName id="9647DCC32424FF9FFE36C320A826FE12" box="[494,581,369,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">La Mar</collectorName>
, Santa Rosa.
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFD3EC321A9F6FE12" bold="true" box="[742,917,368,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFD3EC321A930FE12" box="[742,851,368,395]" country="Peru" name="Huanuco" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Huánuco</collectingRegion>
(14):
</emphasis>
Tingo María.
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFBE6C320AEFBFE12" bold="true" box="[1086,1176,368,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFBE6C320AE00FE12" box="[1086,1123,369,395]" country="Peru" name="Ica" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Ica</collectingRegion>
(1):
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFB7AC320AEABFE12" box="[1186,1224,369,395]" country="Peru" name="Ica" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Ica</collectingRegion>
.
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFB0DC321AF2EFE12" bold="true" box="[1237,1357,368,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFB0DC321AF7AFE12" box="[1237,1305,368,395]" country="Peru" name="Junin" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Junín</collectingRegion>
(3):
</emphasis>
Chanchamayo,
<collectorName id="9647DCC32424FF9FFED5C3C4ABF2FE36" box="[269,401,405,431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">La Merced.</collectorName>
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFE41C3C4A848FE36" bold="true" box="[409,555,404,431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFE41C3C4AB8AFE36" box="[409,489,405,431]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Loreto</collectingRegion>
(81):
</emphasis>
Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas. Explorama Inn,
<locationDeviation id="2ABFA0372424FF9FFB99C3C5AF77FE36" box="[1089,1300,404,431]" location="Iquitos" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<quantity id="FC4A14F02424FF9FFB99C3C5AEE8FE36" box="[1089,1163,404,431]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.02336" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" unit="mi" value="25.0">25 mi.</quantity>
NE Iquitos
</locationDeviation>
; Explorama Lodge,
<locationDeviation id="2ABFA0372424FF9FFF36C3E9ABDEFE4A" box="[238,445,440,467]" location="Iquitos" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<quantity id="FC4A14F02424FF9FFF36C3E9AB54FE4A" box="[238,311,440,467]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" unit="mi" value="50.0">50 mi.</quantity>
NE Iquitos
</locationDeviation>
;
<location id="3E6DEFCE2424FF9FFE12C3E8A878FE4A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31B08032427FF9FFF4FC1DCA8DBFCA2:3E6DEFCE2424FF9FFE12C3E8A878FE4A" box="[458,539,441,467]" country="Peru" name="Iquitos" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" stateProvince="Ayacucho">Iquitos</location>
. Yanamono.
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFD75C3E8A947FE4A" bold="true" box="[685,804,440,467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFD75C3E8A892FE4A" box="[685,753,441,467]" country="Peru" name="Pasco" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Pasco</collectingRegion>
(1):
</emphasis>
Oxapampa, Villa Rica.
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFBEDC3E9AF63FE4A" bold="true" box="[1077,1280,440,467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFBEDC3E9AEA3FE4A" box="[1077,1216,440,467]" country="Peru" name="San Martin" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">San Martín</collectingRegion>
(34):
</emphasis>
Moyobamba. Nuevo Progreso. San Agustín. Tocache. Uchiza.
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFD68C38DA924FE6E" bold="true" box="[688,839,476,503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFD68C38DA969FE6E" box="[688,778,476,503]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
(11):
</emphasis>
Laguna Yarinacocha. Pucallpa.
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFB72C38DAF00FE6E" bold="true" box="[1194,1379,476,503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Imprecise data:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFAB1C38CAFFFFE6E" box="[1385,1436,477,503]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Peru</collectingCountry>
(4)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="73A8EA9E2424FF9FFF1FC074AE76FDFA" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" type="description">
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152424FF9FFF1FC074AE76FDFA" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFF1FC074ABB5FDA6" bold="true" box="[199,470,548,575]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Temporal distribution.</emphasis>
January (14), February (1), March (5), April (16), May (5), June (2), July (35), August (10), September (30), October (11), November (6), December (2). No data (13).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="73A8EA9E2424FF9FFF1FC03DA8DBFCA2" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152424FF9FFF1FC03DAEE7FD56" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFF1FC03DAB02FD1E" bold="true" box="[199,353,620,647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFEB0C03CABA3FD1E" box="[360,448,621,647]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFE13C03CA827FD1E" box="[459,580,621,647]" name="Guatemala" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42424FF9FFD8BC03CA95AFD1E" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. &amp; Cave, R. D. &amp; Cano, E. B." box="[595,825,621,647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" pagination="1 - 666" refId="ref7384" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C., Cave, R. D. &amp; Cano, E. B. (2013) The dynastine scarab beetles of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 27, 1 - 666." type="journal article" year="2013">
Ratcliffe
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFD66C03FA88CFD1E" box="[702,751,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFC95C03CA9DEFD1E" box="[845,957,621,647]" name="Honduras" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Honduras</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFC10C03CAE5DFD1E" box="[968,1086,621,647]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFB91C03CAEAEFD1E" box="[1097,1229,621,647]" name="El Salvador" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42424FF9FFB03C03CAAB0FD35" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. &amp; Cave, R. D." pageId="2" pageNumber="430" pagination="1 - 424" refId="ref7276" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. &amp; Cave, R. D. (2006) The dynastine scarab beetles of Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 21, 1 - 424." type="journal article" year="2006">Ratcliffe &amp; Cave 2006</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFF31C0C0AB0BFD32" box="[233,360,657,683]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFEAEC0C0ABACFD32" box="[374,463,657,683]" name="Panama" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42424FF9FFE38C0C0A8EAFD32" author="Ratcliffe, B. C." box="[480,649,657,683]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" pagination="1 - 506" refId="ref7242" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. (2003) The dynastine scarab beetles of Costa Rica and Panama. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 16, 1 - 506." type="journal article" year="2003">Ratcliffe 2003</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFD47C0C0A96EFD32" box="[671,781,657,683]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42424FF9FFCC6C0C0AE27FD32" author="Lopez-Garcia, M. M. &amp; Gasca-Alvarez, H. J. &amp; Amat-Garcia, G." box="[798,1092,656,683]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" pagination="451 - 492" refId="ref6909" refString="Lopez-Garcia, M. M., Gasca-Alvarez, H. J. &amp; Amat-Garcia, G. (2015) The scarab beetle tribe Pentodontini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) of Colombia: taxonomy, natural history, and distribution. Zootaxa, 4048 (4), 451 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4048.4.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
López-García
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFC1CC0C3A99CFD32" box="[964,1023,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFB81C0C0AEAFFD32" box="[1113,1228,657,683]" name="Venezuela" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42424FF9FFB06C0C0AAB0FD49" author="Escalona, H. E. &amp; Joly, L. J." pageId="2" pageNumber="430" pagination="111 - 137" refId="ref6677" refString="Escalona, H. E. &amp; Joly, L. J. (2006) El genero Ligyrus Burmeister, 1847 en Venezuela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini). Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 39, 111 - 137." type="journal article" year="2006">Escalona &amp; Joly 2006</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFF3FC0E4AB27FD56" box="[231,324,693,719]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42424FF9FFE8AC0E4A857FD56" author="Carvajal, V. &amp; Villamarin, C. &amp; Ortega, A. M." box="[338,564,693,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" refId="ref6230" refString="Carvajal, V., Villamarin, C. &amp; Ortega, A. M. (2011) Escarabajos del Ecuador. Principales generos. Serie Entomologia 1. Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, xviii + 350 pp." type="book" year="2011">
Carvajal
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFE62C0E7AB91FD56" box="[442,498,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFD9FC0E4A81EFD56" box="[583,637,693,719]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFD50C0E4A889FD56" box="[648,746,693,719]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFD2EC0E4A95EFD56" box="[758,829,693,719]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="43A5F9852424FF9FFCAFC0E4A9AAFD56" box="[887,969,693,719]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
(Endr̂di 1985).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B0DB9152424FF9FFF1FC088A8DBFCA2" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFF1FC088ABEBFD6A" bold="true" box="[199,392,728,755]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Natural history.</emphasis>
The examined specimens were found between
<quantity id="FC4A14F02424FF9FFC76C089AE23FD6A" box="[942,1088,728,755]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.02" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="1.04" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" unit="m" value="802.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="104.0">1041500 m</quantity>
. Twenty-five individuals were collected in oil palm plantations in the department of
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFD35C0ACA90DFC8E" box="[749,878,765,791]" country="Peru" name="San Martin" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">San Martín</collectingRegion>
.
<bibRefCitation id="5F23C4E42424FF9FFCA0C0ACAE10FC81" author="Couturier, G. &amp; Inga, H. &amp; Tanchiva, E." box="[888,1139,765,792]" pageId="2" pageNumber="430" pagination="131 - 134" refId="ref6276" refString="Couturier, G., Inga, H. &amp; Tanchiva, E. (1996) Insectos plaga del arroz en Loreto, Amazonia peruana. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 39, 131 - 134." type="journal article" year="1996">
Couturier
<emphasis id="09C665072424FF9FFC32C0AFAE78FC8E" box="[1002,1051,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">et al</emphasis>
. (1996)
</bibRefCitation>
cited this species as a pest of rice crops in the Peruvian Amazonia (
<collectingRegion id="F97677F72424FF9FFD83C170A8CFFCA2" box="[603,684,801,827]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="2" pageNumber="430">Loreto</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>